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id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Childhood and youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_music_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_music_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early music career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_music_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_teacher_of_Nannerl_and_Wolfgang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_teacher_of_Nannerl_and_Wolfgang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>As teacher of Nannerl and Wolfgang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_teacher_of_Nannerl_and_Wolfgang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life_in_Salzburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life_in_Salzburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Family life in Salzburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life_in_Salzburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_his_children_in_their_adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_his_children_in_their_adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relations with his children in their adulthood</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_his_children_in_their_adulthood-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations with his children in their adulthood subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_his_children_in_their_adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Nannerl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Nannerl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Relations with Nannerl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Nannerl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raising_Nannerl's_child" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raising_Nannerl's_child"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Raising Nannerl's child</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raising_Nannerl's_child-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Wolfgang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Wolfgang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Relations with Wolfgang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Wolfgang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Compositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leopold Mozart</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ليوبولد موتسارت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليوبولد موتسارت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Motsart" title="Leopold Motsart – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leopold Motsart" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Леапольд Моцарт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леапольд Моцарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Леополд Моцарт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Леополд Моцарт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84" title="Λέοπολντ Μότσαρτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέοπολντ Μότσαρτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="لئوپلد موتسارت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئوپلد موتسارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%8F%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%AA%A8%EC%B0%A8%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="레오폴트 모차르트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레오폴트 모차르트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Լեոպոլդ Մոցարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոպոլդ Մոցարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%98" title="לאופולד מוצרט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאופולד מוצרט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლეოპოლდ მოცარტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეოპოლდ მოცარტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldus_Mozartus" title="Leopoldus Mozartus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leopoldus Mozartus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopolds_Mocarts" title="Leopolds Mocarts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leopolds Mocarts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Леополд Моцарт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Леополд Моцарт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლეოპოლდ მოცარტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლეოპოლდ მოცარტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="ليوپولد موتسارت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليوپولد موتسارت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="レオポルト・モーツァルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオポルト・モーツァルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Моцарт, Леопольд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моцарт, Леопольд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AF_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="لیۆپۆڵد مۆتسارت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لیۆپۆڵد مۆتسارت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mocart" title="Leopold Mocart – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Leopold Mocart" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97" title="เลโอพ็อลท์ โมทซาร์ท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เลโอพ็อลท์ โมทซาร์ท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Леопольд Моцарт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леопольд Моцарт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Leopold Mozart" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%89%8E%E7%89%B9" title="利奥波德·莫扎特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利奥波德·莫扎特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%9C%AD%E7%89%B9" title="利奧波德莫札特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利奧波德莫札特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A7%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%89%8E%E7%89%B9" title="列奧波爾德·莫扎特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="列奧波爾德·莫扎特" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German composer (1719–1787)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leopold Mozart</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Mozart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Elderly man in a brown coat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leopold_Mozart.jpg/220px-Leopold_Mozart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leopold_Mozart.jpg/330px-Leopold_Mozart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Leopold_Mozart.jpg/440px-Leopold_Mozart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Leopold Mozart, about 1765</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Johann Georg Leopold Mozart</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1719-11-14</span>)</span>November 14, 1719<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 28, 1787<span style="display:none">(1787-05-28)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Holy Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Composer</li><li>violinist</li><li>music theorist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Versuch_einer_gr%C3%BCndlichen_Violinschule" title="Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule">Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule</a></i> (1756)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart" title="Anna Maria Mozart">Anna Maria Pertl</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1747; died 1778)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mozart_family" title="Mozart family">Mozart family</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Leopold_Mozart.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Signatur_Leopold_Mozart.PNG/150px-Signatur_Leopold_Mozart.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Signatur_Leopold_Mozart.PNG/225px-Signatur_Leopold_Mozart.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Signatur_Leopold_Mozart.PNG/300px-Signatur_Leopold_Mozart.PNG 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="79" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Johann Georg Leopold Mozart</b> (November 14, 1719 – May 28, 1787) was a German composer, violinist, and music theorist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is best known today as the father and teacher of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, and for his <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a> textbook <i><a href="/wiki/Versuch_einer_gr%C3%BCndlichen_Violinschule" title="Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule">Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule</a></i> (1756). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_youth">Childhood and youth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood and youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Mozart" title="Johann Georg Mozart">Johann Georg Mozart</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinder</a>, and his second wife Anna Maria Sulzer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon199521_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon199521-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an early age he sang as a choirboy. He attended a local <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> school, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Salvator,_Augsburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Salvator, Augsburg (page does not exist)">St. Salvator</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuitenkolleg_St._Salvator" class="extiw" title="de:Jesuitenkolleg St. Salvator">de</a>]</span>, where he studied logic, science, and theology, graduating <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a></i> in 1735. He studied then at the St. Salvator Lyzeum.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_22-23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_1995,_22-23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a student in Augsburg, he appeared in student theater productions as an actor and singer,<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a skilled violinist and organist.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also developed an interest, which he retained, in microscopes and telescopes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his parents had planned a career for Leopold as a Catholic priest, this apparently was not Leopold's own wish. An old school friend told Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1777, "Ah he [Leopold] was a great fellow. My father thought the world of him. And how he hoodwinked the clerics about becoming a priest!"<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_23_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_1995,_23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He withdrew from the St. Salvator Lyzeum after less than a year. Following a year's delay, he moved to Salzburg to resume his education, enrolling in November 1737 at the Benedictine University (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salzburg" title="University of Salzburg">University of Salzburg</a>) to study philosophy and jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_22-23_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_1995,_22-23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time Salzburg was the capital of an independent state within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Salzburg">Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg</a>), now part of Austria. Except for periods of travel, Leopold spent the rest of his life there. </p><p>Leopold received the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy in 1738.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in September 1739, he was expelled from the university for poor attendance, having "hardly attended Natural Science more than once or twice".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_music_career">Early music career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early music career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Maria_Mozart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anna_Maria_Mozart.jpg/170px-Anna_Maria_Mozart.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anna_Maria_Mozart.jpg/255px-Anna_Maria_Mozart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anna_Maria_Mozart.jpg/340px-Anna_Maria_Mozart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Anna Maria Pertl Mozart, wife of Leopold</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_2.jpg/170px-Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_2.jpg/255px-Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_2.jpg/340px-Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3023" data-file-height="3782" /></a><figcaption>W. A. Mozart in 1763</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1740, Mozart began his career as a professional musician, becoming violinist and valet to one of the university's canons, Johann Baptist, Count of <a href="/wiki/Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Thurn und Taxis">Thurn-Valsassina and Taxis</a>. This was also the year of his first musical publication, the six Trio Sonatas, Opus 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_23_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_1995,_23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were titled <i>Sonate sei da chiesa e da camera</i>; Leopold did the work of copper engraving himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to compose, producing a series of German Passion cantatas.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1747, he married <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart" title="Anna Maria Mozart">Anna Maria Pertl</a>, who bore him seven children, although only two of them survived past infancy:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Johann Leopold Joachim (August 18, 1748 – February 2, 1749)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DbD1749_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DbD1749-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maria Anna Cordula (June 18, 1749 – June 24, 1749)<sup id="cite_ref-DbD1749_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DbD1749-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maria Anna Nepomucena Walpurgis (May 13, 1750 – July 29, 1750)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Mozart">Maria Anna Walburga Ignatia</a>, "Nannerl" (July 30, 1751 – October 29, 1829)</li> <li>Johann Karl Amadeus (November 4, 1752 – February 2, 1753)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maria Crescentia Francisca de Paula (May 9, 1754 – June 27, 1754)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Theophilus</a> (January 27, 1756 – December 5, 1791)</li></ul> <p>In 1743, Leopold Mozart was appointed to a position (fourth violinist) in the musical establishment of <a href="/wiki/Count_Leopold_Anton_von_Firmian" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Leopold Anton von Firmian">Count Leopold Anton von Firmian</a>, the ruling <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Salzburg#Prince-Bishopric_(1213–1803)" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Salzburg">Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His duties included composition and the teaching of violin (later, piano) to the choirboys of the Salzburg cathedral. He was promoted to second violinist in 1758 and in 1763 to deputy <a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rose no further; others were repeatedly promoted over him to the head position of Kapellmeister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon199528_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon199528-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of whether Leopold was successful as a composer (either in terms of artistic success or fame) is debated. The <i>Grove Dictionary</i> says that as of 1756, "Mozart was already well-known. His works circulated widely in German-speaking Europe." However, biographer <a href="/wiki/Maynard_Solomon" title="Maynard Solomon">Maynard Solomon</a> asserts that he "failed to make his mark as a composer",<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_32_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_1995,_32-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Einstein" title="Alfred Einstein">Alfred Einstein</a> "judged him to be an undistinguished composer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon199533_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon199533-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars agree, however, that Leopold was successful as a pedagogue. In 1755, he wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Versuch_einer_gr%C3%BCndlichen_Violinschule" title="Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule">Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule</a></i>, a comprehensive treatise on <a href="/wiki/Playing_the_violin" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing the violin">violin playing</a>. This work was published in 1756 (the year of Wolfgang's birth), and went through two further German editions (1769, 1787), as well as being translated into Dutch (1766) and French (1770).<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_32_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_1995,_32-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the work is consulted by musicians interested in 18th-century performance practice; see <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">Historically informed performance</a>. This work made a reputation in Europe for Leopold, and his name begins to appear around this time in music dictionaries and other works of musical pedagogy.<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_32_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon_1995,_32-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Carrogis_dit_Carmontelle_-_Portrait_de_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_(Salzbourg,_1756-Vienne,_1791)_jouant_%C3%A0_Paris_avec_son_p%C3%A8re_Jean..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_Carrogis_dit_Carmontelle_-_Portrait_de_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_%28Salzbourg%2C_1756-Vienne%2C_1791%29_jouant_%C3%A0_Paris_avec_son_p%C3%A8re_Jean..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_Carrogis_dit_Carmontelle_-_Portrait_de_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_%28Salzbourg%2C_1756-Vienne%2C_1791%29_jouant_%C3%A0_Paris_avec_son_p%C3%A8re_Jean..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Louis_Carrogis_dit_Carmontelle_-_Portrait_de_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_%28Salzbourg%2C_1756-Vienne%2C_1791%29_jouant_%C3%A0_Paris_avec_son_p%C3%A8re_Jean..._-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3322" data-file-height="5203" /></a><figcaption>The Mozart family on tour: Leopold, Wolfgang, and Nannerl. Watercolor by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Carrogis_Carmontelle" title="Louis Carrogis Carmontelle">Carmontelle</a>, ca. 1763<sup id="cite_ref-Solomon1995_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_teacher_of_Nannerl_and_Wolfgang">As teacher of Nannerl and Wolfgang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As teacher of Nannerl and Wolfgang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mozart discovered that his two children were <a href="/wiki/Child_prodigies" class="mw-redirect" title="Child prodigies">child prodigies</a> in about 1759, when he began with keyboard lessons for the seven-year-old Nannerl. The toddler Wolfgang immediately began imitating his sister, at first picking out thirds on the keyboard<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then making rapid progress under Leopold's instruction. By 1762, the children were ready to work as concert performers, and Leopold began taking the family on extensive concert tours, performing for both aristocracy and public, throughout central and western Europe. This tour included Munich, Vienna, Pressburg (Bratislava), Paris and the Hague together with a lengthy stay in London;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see <a href="/wiki/Mozart_family_Grand_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart family Grand Tour">Mozart family Grand Tour</a>. </p><p>The discovery of his children's talent is considered to have been a life-transforming event for Mozart. He once referred to his son as the "miracle which God let be born in Salzburg".<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of Leopold's attitude, the <i>Grove Dictionary</i> says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The recognition of this 'miracle' must have struck Leopold with the force of a divine revelation and he felt his responsibility to be not merely a father's and teacher's but a missionary's as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By "missionary", the <i>Grove Dictionary</i> refers to the family's concert tours. </p><p>Scholars differ on whether the tours made substantial profits. To be sure, often the children performed before large audiences and took in large sums, but the expenses of travel were also very high, and no money at all was made during the various times that Mozart and the children suffered serious illnesses. Mozart biographer Maynard <a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a> takes the view that the tours were lucrative and produced long-term profits for Leopold; Ruth <a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a> states to the contrary that their income generally only covered their travel and living expenses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the instruction took much of his time, and the touring kept him away from Salzburg for long periods, Mozart cut down his activities in other areas. Nannerl later claimed that he "entirely gave up both violin instruction and composition in order to direct that time not claimed in service to the prince to the education of his two children".<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1762, his compositional efforts seem to have been limited to revising his earlier work, and by 1771 he had ceased composing altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The touring continued into the early 1770s. The last three trips were to Italy, with only the father accompanying Wolfgang. Leopold Mozart's failure to advance above his Vice-Kapellmeister position at Salzburg is attributed by the <i>Grove Dictionary</i><sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the great amount of time that the journeys kept him away from Salzburg (the longest journey was about three-and-a-half years). After the final return from Italy in 1773, Leopold was repeatedly passed over for the Kapellmeister post.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_life_in_Salzburg">Family life in Salzburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family life in Salzburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BoezlschiessenTargetMozartAndBaesle.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BoezlschiessenTargetMozartAndBaesle.PNG/220px-BoezlschiessenTargetMozartAndBaesle.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BoezlschiessenTargetMozartAndBaesle.PNG/330px-BoezlschiessenTargetMozartAndBaesle.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BoezlschiessenTargetMozartAndBaesle.PNG/440px-BoezlschiessenTargetMozartAndBaesle.PNG 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6lzlschiessen" title="Bölzlschiessen">Bölzlschiessen</a></i> target, Wolfgang and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla Mozart</a>, October 1777</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Mozart is portrayed (notably by Halliwell 1998) as generally quite worried about money, the Mozart family evidently by 1773 felt prosperous enough to upgrade their living quarters. They left the home in the <a href="/wiki/Getreidegasse" title="Getreidegasse">Getreidegasse</a> where the children had been born and moved to rooms in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tanzmeisterhaus_Salzburg" title="Tanzmeisterhaus Salzburg">Tanzmeisterhaus</a></i> ("Dancing-Master's House"), which had been the home of the recently deceased dancing master Franz Karl Gottlieb Spöckner. As tenants of Spöckner's cousin and heir Maria Anna Raab, the Mozarts had eight rooms, including the quite large room that Spöckner had used for dancing lessons. This the Mozarts used for teaching, for domestic concerts, for storing keyboard instruments sold by Leopold, and for <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6lzlschiessen" title="Bölzlschiessen">Bölzlschiessen</a></i>, a form of recreation in which family and their guests shot airguns at humorously designed paper targets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998202_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998202-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting around this time, a major preoccupation was the lengthy and frustrating struggle to find a professional position for his son. His wife died in 1778 in Paris while accompanying Wolfgang on a job-hunting tour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_his_children_in_their_adulthood">Relations with his children in their adulthood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relations with his children in their adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mozart is a controversial figure among his biographers, with the largest disagreements arising concerning his role as the parent of adult children. Mozart biographer Maynard Solomon has taken a particularly harsh view of Leopold, treating him as tyrannical, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mendacious#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:mendacious">mendacious</a>, and possessive; Ruth Halliwell adopts a far more sympathetic view, portraying his correspondence as a sensible effort to guide the life of a grossly irresponsible Wolfgang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998649_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998649-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Nannerl">Relations with Nannerl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relations with Nannerl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wolfgang left home permanently in 1781 (see below), and from this time until 1784, his father lived in Salzburg with just Nannerl (now in her early thirties) and their servants. Nannerl had a number of suitors,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of whom the most important was Franz Armand d'Ippold, with whom she was evidently in love. In the end she did not marry him, and the reason for this is unknown. One possibility, frequently entertained by biographers,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that the marriage was blocked by Leopold, who liked having Nannerl at home as the lady of the house. However, Halliwell <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998366_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998366-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observes that no written evidence on this point survives and insists that we simply do not know why Nannerl married so late. Nannerl finally did marry in August 1784, at age 33. She moved to the home of her new husband, Johann Baptist Franz von Berchtold zu Sonnenburg, in the small rural town of <a href="/wiki/St._Gilgen" title="St. Gilgen">St. Gilgen</a>, roughly six hours journey east of Salzburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998476_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998476-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his remaining years, Mozart spent a fair amount of his time trying to help Nannerl at a distance, as her new marriage situation, involving five apparently ill-educated stepchildren, was apparently not easy. According to Halliwell, Nannerl depended on him in many ways: he did "shopping [and] the engagement of servants. ... He relayed news from Salzburg, Munich, and Vienna to divert her, did his best to organize the maintenance of her <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a>, paid for Wolfgang's music to be copied and arranged for her to receive it; collected musicians together when she had visited him so that she could play it with most of the parts; .. tried to look after her health; and encouraged her to stand up to her husband when he was being unreasonable."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Leopold's death in 1787, Nannerl had to do without this support, and Halliwell asserts that "there is every reason to believe that Leopold's death was devastating" to her."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998544_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998544-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raising_Nannerl's_child"><span id="Raising_Nannerl.27s_child"></span>Raising Nannerl's child</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Raising Nannerl's child"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1785, Nannerl came to Salzburg to give birth to her first child, a son. The infant stayed with his grandfather when she returned home, and with the assistance of his servants, he raised the child. He frequently sent letters to Nannerl (at least one per week) that usually began with the sentence "Leopoldl is healthy", ("Leopoldl" is "Little Leopold") and offered a full report on the child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunbehrens1990290–291_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunbehrens1990290–291-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopoldl stayed until his grandfather's death in May 1787.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He apparently found raising his grandson a happy experience. Halliwell relates one repeated episode: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>(As a toddler,) [he] was developing a will of his own, had to be cajoled into doing what Leopold wanted – Leopold's strategem for persuading him to go to bed was to pretend to climb into Leopoldl's bed, whereupon Leopoldl would gleefully try to push him away and get in himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998535_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998535-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Maynard Solomon suggests that in keeping his grandson in his home, Mozart may have hoped to train yet another musical prodigy. Halliwell notes a different possibility: that conditions for child-rearing in the Berchtold household were distinctly suboptimal.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Wolfgang">Relations with Wolfgang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relations with Wolfgang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wolfgang left home for good in 1781, when instead of returning from a stay in Vienna with his employer <a href="/wiki/Count_Hieronymus_von_Colloredo" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Hieronymus von Colloredo">Archbishop Colloredo</a> he remained in the city to pursue a freelance career. This effort was to a fair degree successful; Wolfgang achieved great fame and was for a time quite prosperous (though poor planning later changed this status). The move almost certainly aided Wolfgang's musical development; the great majority of his most celebrated works were composed in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As indicated by Mozart's return letters (which alone survive), his father was strongly opposed to the Vienna move, wanting Wolfgang to return to Salzburg. A fairly harsh family quarrel resulted. He was also strongly opposed to Wolfgang's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Constanze_Mozart" title="Constanze Mozart">Constanze Weber</a> in 1782, and gave his permission late, reluctantly, and under duress.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographers differ on the extent that Constanze was later snubbed by Leopold, if at all, during her visit with Wolfgang (July – October 1783) to Salzburg; the <i>Grove Dictionary</i> calls the visit "not entirely happy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrove"Mozart",_section_4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove"Mozart",_section_4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1785, he visited Wolfgang and Constanze in Vienna, at a time when his son's career success was at its peak. He witnessed first hand his son's success as a performer, and on February 12 heard <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>'s widely quoted words of praise, upon hearing the <a href="/wiki/Haydn_Quartets_(Mozart)" title="Haydn Quartets (Mozart)">string quartets Wolfgang dedicated to him</a>, "Before God and as an honest man I tell you that your son is the greatest composer known to me either in person or by name: He has taste, and, furthermore, the most profound knowledge of composition."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visit was the last time that Leopold saw his son, though they continued to correspond, and Wolfgang sometimes sent copies of his piano concertos and string quartets for Leopold and Nannerl to perform with friends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998ch._24_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998ch._24-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 1785, when Leopold Mozart took in Nannerl's child, Wolfgang was not informed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998526_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998526-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the following year Wolfgang found this out from a mutual acquaintance in Vienna. At this time, Wolfgang wrote to Leopold to ask if he would be willing to take care of his own two children while he and Constanze went on concert tour. Leopold turned him down, probably with harsh words. His letter to Wolfgang does not survive, but his summary to Nannerl of it does (November 17, 1786): </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:84_Kommunegruft_St._Sebastian_Salzburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/84_Kommunegruft_St._Sebastian_Salzburg.jpg/220px-84_Kommunegruft_St._Sebastian_Salzburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/84_Kommunegruft_St._Sebastian_Salzburg.jpg/330px-84_Kommunegruft_St._Sebastian_Salzburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/84_Kommunegruft_St._Sebastian_Salzburg.jpg/440px-84_Kommunegruft_St._Sebastian_Salzburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Communal grave no. 84 in the St. Sebastian Cemetery in Salzburg, where Leopold Mozart was buried<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Today I had to answer a letter from your brother <i>which cost me a lot of writing</i>, so I can write very little to you ... You'll readily understand that I had to write a very <i>emphatic letter</i>, because he made no lesser suggestion than that I should take <i>his 2 children</i> into my care, since he would like to make a journey through Germany to England ... The good honest <a href="/wiki/Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> maker H[err] Müller had sung <i>Leopoldl's</i> praises to your brother, so he found out that the child is with me, which I'd never told him: so this was how the good idea occurred to him or perhaps his wife. that would certainly not be bad, – They could travel in peace, – could die, – – could stay in England, – – then I could run after them with the children etc: as for the payment he's offering me for the children, for servants and the children etc: – Basta!<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> my excuse is forceful and instructive, if he cares to profit from it.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For interpretations of this letter, see <a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 528, which takes a viewpoint sympathetic to Leopold, and <a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, p. 396, which takes a viewpoint sympathetic to Wolfgang. </p><p>Starting around the time he wrote this letter and continuing through the first part of 1787, his health was failing. He had become seriously ill by April 4. On this day, Wolfgang wrote to him in alarm at the news, though he did not travel to Salzburg to see him. When Leopold Mozart died on 28 May (see below), Wolfgang was unable to attend the funeral, the travel time to Salzburg being too long.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little information is available on how Wolfgang took his father's death, but a postscript he included in a letter to his friend Gottfried von Jacquin suggests that, despite the quarrels and partial estrangement, his father's death was a blow to him: "I inform you that on returning home today I received the sad news of my most beloved father's death. You can imagine the state I am in."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunbehrens1990291–292_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunbehrens1990291–292-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositions">Compositions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeopoldMozartPortraitFromViolinschule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/LeopoldMozartPortraitFromViolinschule.jpg/170px-LeopoldMozartPortraitFromViolinschule.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/LeopoldMozartPortraitFromViolinschule.jpg/255px-LeopoldMozartPortraitFromViolinschule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/LeopoldMozartPortraitFromViolinschule.jpg/340px-LeopoldMozartPortraitFromViolinschule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="2893" /></a><figcaption>The first edition of Leopold Mozart's <i>Violinschule</i> included this portrait of the author. Some aspects of violin playing in his day can be seen: the lightweight, concave bow and the absence of any chin rest or shoulder rest.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i>See <a href="/wiki/Category:Compositions_by_Leopold_Mozart" title="Category:Compositions by Leopold Mozart">Category:Compositions by Leopold Mozart</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Leopold Mozart's music is inevitably overshadowed by the work of his son Wolfgang, and in any case the father willingly sacrificed his own career to promote his son's. But his <i><a href="/wiki/Cassation_(music)" title="Cassation (music)">Cassation</a> in G for Orchestra and Toys</i> (<a href="/wiki/Toy_Symphony" title="Toy Symphony">Toy Symphony</a>), (also variously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, Michael Haydn, and Austrian Benedictine monk Edmund Angerer) remains popular, and a number of symphonies, a <a href="/wiki/Trumpet_Concerto_(Leopold_Mozart)" title="Trumpet Concerto (Leopold Mozart)">trumpet concerto</a>, and other works also survive. </p><p>A contemporary report described what he had composed prior to 1757:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>many <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrapuntal">contrapuntal</a> and other church items; further a great number of symphonies, some only à 4<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but others with all the customary instruments; likewise more than 30 large <a href="/wiki/Serenade" title="Serenade">serenades</a> in which solos for various instruments appear. In addition he has brought forth many concertos, in particular for the transverse flute,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oboe, bassoon, Waldhorn, trumpet etc.: countless trios and <a href="/wiki/Divertimento" title="Divertimento">divertimentos</a> for various instruments; 12 <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a> and a number of theatrical items, even pantomimes, and especially certain occasional pieces such as martial music … <a href="/wiki/Turkish_music_(style)" title="Turkish music (style)">Turkish music</a>, music with 'steel keyboard' and lastly a musical sleigh ride; not to speak of marches, so-called 'Nachtstücke'<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuets</a>, opera dances and similar items.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Leopold Mozart was much concerned with a naturalistic feel to his compositions, his <i><a href="/wiki/Jagdsinfonie" title="Jagdsinfonie">Jagdsinfonie</a></i> (or <i>Sinfonia da Caccia</i> for four horns and strings) calls for shotguns, and his <i>Bauernhochzeit</i> (Peasant Wedding) includes <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">dulcimer</a>, whoops and whistles (ad. lib.), and pistol shots. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musikalische_Schlittenfahrt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musikalische Schlittenfahrt (page does not exist)">Musikalische Schlittenfahrt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikalische_Schlittenfahrt" class="extiw" title="de:Musikalische Schlittenfahrt">de</a>]</span></i> (musical sleigh ride) calls for bells and whips in addition to a rich orchestra. </p><p>His oeuvre was extensive, but only recently have scholars begun to assess the scope or the quality of it; much is lost, and it is not known how representative the surviving works are of his overall output. Cliff Eisen, who wrote a doctoral dissertation on Leopold Mozart's symphonies, finds in a Symphony in G major examples of his "sensitivity to orchestral colour" and a work that "compares favourably with those of virtually any of Mozart's immediate contemporaries".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of his work was erroneously attributed to Wolfgang and some pieces attributed to Leopold were subsequently shown to be the work of Wolfgang. Much of what survives is light music but there is some more substantial work including his <i>Sacramental Litany</i> in D major (1762) and three <a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a> sonatas, all published in his lifetime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The assessment of Leopold Mozart as a person and as a father brings forth serious disagreement among scholars. The <i>Grove Dictionary</i> article, by <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Cliff Eisen</a>, denounces "his misrepresentation at the hands of later biographers": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A man of broad cultural achievement ... Leopold Mozart may have been haughty, difficult to please and at times intractable, ... but there is no compelling evidence that Mozart was excessively manipulative, intolerant, autocratic or jealous of his son's talent. On the contrary, a careful reading in context of the family letters reveals a father who cared deeply for his son but who was frequently frustrated in his greatest ambition: to secure for Wolfgang a worldly position appropriate to his genius.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove-1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Other scholars have taken a harsher view. Solomon portrays Mozart as a man who loved his children but was unwilling to grant them their independence when they reached adulthood, resulting in considerable hardship for them. Daniel Steptoe makes a similar assessment, and particularly faults Leopold for having blamed Wolfgang for his mother's early death – not just immediately following the death in 1778 ("a crushing reply to a young man grieving for his mother"), but even later on in 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Spaethling, who translated Mozart's letters, typically takes a position strongly sympathetic to Wolfgang in his struggles with his father; he describes Wolfgang's resignation of his Salzburg position and marriage to Constanze as a two-act "drama of liberation from Salzburg, specially Wolfgang's liberation from Leopold Mozart".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Records of the high-quality English optical instruments, made by <a href="/wiki/John_Dollond" title="John Dollond">Dollond</a> of London, that he owned in later life appear in the public announcement of his estate sale, September 15, 1787, published in Deutsch 1965, pp296–297.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In music a <a href="/wiki/Passion_(music)" title="Passion (music)">Passion</a> tells the story of the last days of Jesus, as in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leopold is sometimes described as having had the post of "court composer" at Salzburg. The <i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary</a></i>, addressing this, says "the title 'Hofkomponist' [court composer], used to describe Mozart in a 1757 report on Salzburg published in <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Marpurg" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg">F. W. Marpurg</a>'s <i>Historisch-kritische Beyträge zur Aufnahme der Musik</i>, had no official sanction."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Nannerl's reminiscences, composed 1792 and printed in Deutsch 1965<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (September 2021)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 383 suggests that Constanze had already moved in with Wolfgang before marriage, a potential disastrous situation given the mores of the time.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Leopold Mozart to his daughter Maria Anna from February 16, 1785. In the original: "Ich sage ihnen vor gott, als ein ehrlicher Mann, ihr Sohn ist der größte Componist, den ich von Person und den Nahmen nach kenne: er hat geschmack, und über das die größte Compositionswissenschaft." For more details of the occasion, see <a href="/wiki/Haydn_and_Mozart" title="Haydn and Mozart">Haydn and Mozart</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Italian: "enough"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This would mean: four string parts only; violin I, violin II, viola, cello/bass.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the ordinary flute, played by blowing across it ("transversely"), as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German: "night pieces"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon199521-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon199521_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon_1995,_22-23-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_22-23_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_22-23_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon1995-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon1995_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon1995_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove-1_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrove">Grove</a>, Section 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1965" class="citation web cs1">Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mozartdocumentar0000deut_i1h0/page/n5/mode/2up">"Mozart, a documentary biography"</a>. Stanford, Stanford University Press. p. 296<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2024</span> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mozart%2C+a+documentary+biography&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Stanford%2C+Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Otto+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmozartdocumentar0000deut_i1h0%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon_1995,_23-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_23_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_23_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From his expulsion record, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roglo.eu/roglo?lang=en;i=2124374">"Maria Anna Pertl"</a>, <a href="/wiki/GeneWeb" title="GeneWeb">Genealogical database</a> by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_de_Rauglaudre" class="extiw" title="fr:Daniel de Rauglaudre">Daniel de Rauglaudre</a>. (retrieved June 14, 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1748">Mozart Day by Day: 1748</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225221342/http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1748">Archived</a> February 25, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozarteum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarteum">Mozarteum</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DbD1749-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DbD1749_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DbD1749_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1749">Mozart Day by Day: 1749</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225221224/http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1749">Archived</a> February 25, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mozarteum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1750">Mozart Day by Day: 1750</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225221339/http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1750">Archived</a> February 25, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mozarteum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1752">Mozart Day by Day: 1752</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225221456/http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1752">Archived</a> February 25, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mozarteum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1753">Mozart Day by Day: 1753</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225221222/http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1753">Archived</a> February 25, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mozarteum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1754">Mozart Day by Day: 1754</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225221227/http://www.mozarteum.at/en/mozart-life-and-work/mozarts-calender.html?suche=&jahr=1754">Archived</a> February 25, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mozarteum</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon199528-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon199528_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon_1995,_32-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_32_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_32_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_1995,_32_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon199533-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon199533_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Johann_Chrysostomus_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart">"Johann Chrysostomus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Chrysostomus+Wolfgang+Amadeus+Mozart&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Plath" title="Wolfgang Plath">Wolfgang Plath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Cliff Eisen</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998202-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998202_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998649-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998649_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>, pp. 403–404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance, <a href="#CITEREFSolomon1995">Solomon 1995</a>. Other biographers who assert similar views are cited in <a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, pp. 365–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998366-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998366_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998476-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998476_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 476.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 544; verb tenses changed</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998544-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998544_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunbehrens1990290–291-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunbehrens1990290–291_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraunbehrens1990">Braunbehrens 1990</a>, pp. 290–291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998535-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998535_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 535.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interlude.hk/mozart-diaries-28-april-1781-rondo-violin-orchestra-k-373/">"Why Mozart Wanted to Stay In Vienna"</a>. <i>Interlude</i>. April 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interlude&rft.atitle=Why+Mozart+Wanted+to+Stay+In+Vienna&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterlude.hk%2Fmozart-diaries-28-april-1781-rondo-violin-orchestra-k-373%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrove"Mozart",_section_4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrove"Mozart",_section_4_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrove">Grove</a>, "Mozart", section 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998ch._24-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998ch._24_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, ch. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998526-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell1998526_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salzburg.info/en/sights/churches-cemeteries/sebastianskirche-friedhof">"St. Sebastian's Church & Cemetery"</a>. <i>Salzburg–Stage of the World</i>. Tourismus Salzburg GmbH<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salzburg%E2%80%93Stage+of+the+World&rft.atitle=St.+Sebastian%27s+Church+%26+Cemetery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salzburg.info%2Fen%2Fsights%2Fchurches-cemeteries%2Fsebastianskirche-friedhof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation from <a href="#CITEREFHalliwell1998">Halliwell 1998</a>, pp. 526–527</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraunbehrens1990">Braunbehrens 1990</a>, p. 445, notes: "mail from Salzburg took at least three days. Leopold Mozart was already buried by the time his son learned of his death. Mozart could not have arrived in Salzburg for at least six or seven days."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraunbehrens1990291–292-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraunbehrens1990291–292_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraunbehrens1990">Braunbehrens 1990</a>, pp. 291–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Title: <i>Nachricht von dem gegenwärtigen Zustande der Musik Sr. Hochfürstl. Gnaden des Erzbischoffs zu Salzburg</i>, "Report on the present state of music [at the court of] his Princely Grace the Archbishop of Salzburg'; <a href="#CITEREFGrove">Grove</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted from <a href="#CITEREFGrove">Grove</a>, "Leopold Mozart".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Cliff Eisen</a>, "About this Recording" Catalogue No.: 8.570499 Naxos.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFSteptoe1996">Steptoe 1996</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFSpaethling2005">Spaethling 2005</a>, p. 264.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunbehrens1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Braunbehrens" title="Volkmar Braunbehrens">Braunbehrens, Volkmar</a> (1990). <i>Mozart in Vienna</i>. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mozart+in+Vienna&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Weidenfeld&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Braunbehrens&rft.aufirst=Volkmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFGrove"><i><a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>, "(Johann Georg) Leopold Mozart", which is part of the major article "Mozart". The section about Leopold is written by <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Eisen" title="Cliff Eisen">Cliff Eisen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliwell1998" class="citation book cs1">Halliwell, Ruth (1998). <i>The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mozart+Family%3A+Four+Lives+in+a+Social+Context&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Halliwell&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maynard_Solomon" title="Maynard Solomon">Solomon, Maynard</a> (1995). <i>Mozart: A Life</i>. Harper Collins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mozart%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaethling2005" class="citation book cs1">Spaethling, Robert (2005). <i>Mozart's Letters, Mozart's Life</i>. New York: Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mozart%27s+Letters%2C+Mozart%27s+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Spaethling&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteptoe1996" class="citation book cs1">Steptoe, Daniel (1996). "Mozart's personality and creativity". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i>Wolfgang Amadè Mozart: Essays on his life and music</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 21–34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mozart%27s+personality+and+creativity&rft.btitle=Wolfgang+Amad%C3%A8+Mozart%3A+Essays+on+his+life+and+music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=21-34&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Steptoe&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+Mozart" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leopold_Mozart" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leopold Mozart">Leopold Mozart</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805232214/http://www.mozartproject.org/biography/mozart_l.html">Leopold Mozart</a>, a biographical sketch at the site of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mozartproject.org/">Mozart Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otago.ac.nz/DeepSouth/vol2no3/nancy1.html">A French Edition of Leopold Mozart's Violinschule</a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Mozart,_Leopold" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Mozart, Leopold">Free scores by Leopold Mozart</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/CompleteSearch.do;jsessionid=6B5D8B476CF1D635E402E42E65EFFB90?text=&field1val=%22Mozart%2C+Leopold%22&showYearItems=&field1Op=AND&numfields=1&exact=on&textH=&advanced=true&field1=autor&completeText=&pageSize=1&pageSizeAbrv=10&pageNumber=2">Digitalized exemplar of the French edition at Biblioteca Nacional de España</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:tan;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;">Biography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biographies_of_Mozart" title="Biographies of Mozart">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_birthplace" title="Mozart's birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_family_grand_tour" title="Mozart family grand tour">Grand tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_name" title="Mozart's name">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Nationality of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarthaus_Vienna" title="Mozarthaus Vienna">Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_scatology" title="Mozart and scatology">Scatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_smallpox" title="Mozart and smallpox">Smallpox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_in_Italy" title="Mozart in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_Berlin_journey" title="Mozart's Berlin journey">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_and_Prague" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Prague">Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appearance_and_character_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Appearance and character of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Appearance and character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_starling" title="Mozart's starling">Pet starling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concert_arias,_songs_and_canons_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of concert arias, songs and canons by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Concert arias, songs, canons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_dance" title="Mozart and dance">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_Concertos_(Mozart)" title="Horn Concertos (Mozart)">Horn concertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_masses_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of masses by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Masses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of operas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_concertos_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Piano concertos by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Piano concertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solo_piano_compositions_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of solo piano compositions by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Works for solo piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sonatas_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of sonatas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Sonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="List of symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Symphonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mozart_violin_concertos" title="Template:Mozart violin concertos">Violin concertos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart%27s_compositional_method" title="Mozart's compositional method">Compositional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_G_minor" title="Mozart and G minor">Relationship with G minor</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Editions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:tan;">Editions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6chel_catalogue" title="Köchel catalogue">Köchel catalogue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alte_Mozart-Ausgabe" title="Alte Mozart-Ausgabe">Alte Mozart-Ausgabe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Mozart-Ausgabe" title="Neue Mozart-Ausgabe">Neue Mozart-Ausgabe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mozart_family" title="Mozart family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leopold Mozart</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozart" title="Anna Maria Mozart">Anna Maria Mozart</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Mozart">Maria Anna Mozart (Nannerl)</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constanze_Mozart" title="Constanze Mozart">Constanze Mozart</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_Thekla_Mozart" title="Maria Anna Thekla Mozart">Maria Anna Thekla Mozart (Bäsle)</a> (first cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Wolfgang_Mozart" title="Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart">Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Thomas_Mozart" title="Karl Thomas Mozart">Karl Thomas Mozart</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Mozart" title="Johann Georg Mozart">Johann Georg Mozart</a> (paternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Mozart" title="Franz Mozart">Franz Mozart</a> (paternal great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lange" title="Joseph Lange">Joseph Lange</a> (brother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A4cilia_Weber" title="Cäcilia Weber">Cäcilia Weber</a> (mother-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josepha_Weber" title="Josepha Weber">Josepha Weber</a> (sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_Weber" title="Aloysia Weber">Aloysia Weber</a> (sister-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Weber" title="Sophie Weber">Sophie Weber</a> (sister-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven_and_Mozart" title="Beethoven and Mozart">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_and_Freemasonry" title="Mozart and Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haydn_and_Mozart" title="Haydn and Mozart">Haydn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio Salieri">Salieri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:tan;;width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Nikolaus_von_Nissen" title="Georg Nikolaus von Nissen">Georg Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart_in_popular_culture" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in popular culture">Mozart in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beethoven%E2%80%93Haydn%E2%80%93Mozart_Memorial" title="Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial">Beethoven–Haydn–Mozart Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_Monument,_Vienna" title="Mozart Monument, Vienna">Mozart Monument, Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:tan;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Category:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classical_period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template talk:Classical period (music)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical period (music)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classical_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Classical-era_composers" title="List of Classical-era composers">List of Classical-era composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Viennese_School" title="First Viennese School">First Viennese School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannheim_school" title="Mannheim school">Mannheim school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ignaz_Beck" title="Franz Ignaz Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cannabich" title="Christian Cannabich">Cannabich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Fils" title="Anton Fils">Fils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Fr%C3%A4nzl" title="Ignaz Fränzl">Fränzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Richter" title="Franz Xaver Richter">Richter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stamitz" title="Carl Stamitz">C. Stamitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Stamitz" title="Johann Stamitz">J. Stamitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Abel" title="Carl Friedrich Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">J. C. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Benda" title="Georg Benda">G. Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Boccherini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cimarosa" title="Domenico Cimarosa">Cimarosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzio_Clementi" title="Muzio Clementi">Clementi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ditters_von_Dittersdorf" title="Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf">Dittersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Ladislav_Dussek" title="Jan Ladislav Dussek">Dussek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Gossec" title="François-Joseph Gossec">Gossec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Gyrowetz" title="Adalbert Gyrowetz">Gyrowetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Haydn" title="Michael Haydn">M. Haydn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_Hoffmeister" title="Franz Anton Hoffmeister">Hoffmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Martin_Kraus" title="Joseph Martin Kraus">Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ko%C5%BEeluch" title="Leopold Koželuch">Koželuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Kreutzer" title="Rodolphe Kreutzer">Kreutzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Krommer" title="Franz Krommer">Krommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Mart%C3%ADn_y_Soler" title="Vicente Martín y Soler">Martín y Soler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">L. Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Mysliveček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Georg_Neruda" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Baptist Georg Neruda">Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paisiello" title="Giovanni Paisiello">Paisiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Piccinni" title="Niccolò Piccinni">Piccinni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Pleyel" title="Ignaz Pleyel">Pleyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosetti" title="Antonio Rosetti">Rosetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sacchini" title="Antonio Sacchini">Sacchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevalier_de_Saint-Georges" title="Chevalier de Saint-Georges">Saint-Georges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salieri" title="Antonio Salieri">Salieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sarti" title="Giuseppe Sarti">Sarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Soler" title="Antonio Soler">Soler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Traetta" title="Tommaso Traetta">Traetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Viotti" title="Giovanni Battista Viotti">Viotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Wanhal" title="Johann Baptist Wanhal">Wanhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wranitzky" title="Paul Wranitzky">Wranitzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Antonio_Zingarelli" title="Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli">Zingarelli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Classical_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Classical orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_quartet" title="String quartet">String quartet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastorale" title="Pastorale">Pastorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensitive_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive style">Sensitive style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_music_(style)" title="Turkish music (style)">Turkish music (style)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales" title="Notes inégales">Notes inégales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galant_Schemata" title="Galant Schemata">Galant Schemata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_physics" title="Classical physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music">Baroque music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music">Romantic music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_period_(music)" title="Category:Classical period (music)">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156280#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156280#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156280#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108627391">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2513222">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/45262/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMjYmwC6TjBHbtWTBByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118584588">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79127794">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12171543z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12171543z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450718">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35693704">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604089&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1042215">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/677443">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span 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href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810641146105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/284830">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265632705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000052617">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510262706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14046614">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05080051?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500475850">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/45993ba5-2083-4011-8d76-9497067bd092">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/349b6a92-27c7-4739-a9da-5a8d50bcf262">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/m0913">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1045554">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118584588.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118584588">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030261872">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6dr36th">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/115317">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&oldid=1258432719">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Mozart&oldid=1258432719</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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