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<span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Photosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_production_in_tropical_streams_and_rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_production_in_tropical_streams_and_rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Primary production in tropical streams and rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_production_in_tropical_streams_and_rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_autotrophs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_autotrophs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Origin of autotrophs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_autotrophs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autotroph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ذاتي التغذية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذاتي التغذية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtotroflar" title="Avtotroflar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avtotroflar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Аўтатрофы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтатрофы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Автотроф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автотроф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Autotrof" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aototrofiezh" title="Aototrofiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aototrofiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B2trof" title="Autòtrof – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autòtrof" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Autotrof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroof" title="Autotroof – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autotroof" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αυτότροφος οργανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτότροφος οργανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B3trofo" title="Autótrofo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autótrofo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtotrofo" title="Aŭtotrofo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtotrofo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrofo" title="Autotrofo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autotrofo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خودپروردگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودپروردگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrophe" title="Autotrophe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autotrophe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatr%C3%B3fach" title="Uatrófach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uatrófach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EC%98%81%EC%96%91%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="독립영양생물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독립영양생물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ավտոտրոֆներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավտոտրոֆներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="स्वपोषी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वपोषी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Autotrof" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotropho" title="Autotropho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Autotropho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Autotroph" title="I-Autotroph – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Autotroph" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumbjarga_l%C3%ADfvera" title="Frumbjarga lífvera – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frumbjarga lífvera" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A3" title="אוטוטרוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטוטרוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Autotrof" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ავტოტროფული ორგანიზმები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავტოტროფული ორგანიზმები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Автотрофтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автотрофтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototw%C3%B2f" title="Ototwòf – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ototwòf" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Автотрофтор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Автотрофтор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrofi" title="Autotrofi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autotrofi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrofai" title="Autotrofai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Autotrofai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotr%C3%B3fia" title="Autotrófia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Autotrófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Автотроф – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автотроф" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സ്വപോഷികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വപോഷികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Autotrof" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroof" title="Autotroof – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autotroof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%A0%84%E9%A4%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="独立栄養生物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="独立栄養生物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtotropizm" title="Avtotropizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avtotropizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autotrof" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8B" title="Автотрофы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автотрофы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Автотрофтар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Автотрофтар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Autotrof" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Autotroph" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtotrof" title="Avtotrof – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtotrof" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%86%D9%81" title="ئۆتۆتڕۆف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆتۆتڕۆف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Аутотрофи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутотрофи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Autotrof" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrofi" title="Autotrofi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Autotrofi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrofi" title="Autotrofi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Autotrofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="தன்னூட்ட உயிரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தன்னூட்ட உயிரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89" title="สิ่งมีชีวิตสร้างอาหารเองได้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สิ่งมีชีวิตสร้างอาหารเองได้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ototrof" title="Ototrof – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ototrof" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Автотрофи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автотрофи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%B0%DB%8C" title="خود تغذی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خود تغذی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh_v%E1%BA%ADt_t%E1%BB%B1_d%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng" title="Sinh vật tự dưỡng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sinh vật tự dưỡng" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Producer (biology)" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Producer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Producer (disambiguation)">Producer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organism type</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>Needs revisions for better readability and clarity.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autotroph" title="Special:EditPage/Autotroph">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto-and_heterotrophs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/300px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/450px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Auto-and_heterotrophs.png/600px-Auto-and_heterotrophs.png 2x" data-file-width="2722" data-file-height="3167" /></a><figcaption>Overview of cycle between autotrophs and <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> is the main means by which plants, algae and many bacteria produce organic compounds and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water (<span style="color:green;">green arrow</span>).</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>autotroph</b> is an organism that can convert <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic</a> sources of energy into energy stored in <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a>, which can be used by <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">other organisms</a>. Autotrophs produce complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>) using carbon from simple substances such as carbon dioxide,<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2019_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2019-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generally <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">using energy from light</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">inorganic chemical reactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20160912_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160912-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autotrophs do not need a living source of carbon or energy and are the <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">producers</a> in a food chain, such as plants on land or <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> in water. Autotrophs can <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduce</a> carbon dioxide to make organic compounds for biosynthesis and as stored chemical fuel. Most autotrophs use water as the <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a>, but some can use other hydrogen compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary producers</a> can convert the energy in the light (<a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">phototroph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Photoautotrophism" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoautotrophism">photoautotroph</a>) or the energy in inorganic chemical compounds (<a href="/wiki/Chemotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemotrophs">chemotrophs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemolithotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemolithotrophs">chemolithotrophs</a>) to build <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecules">organic molecules</a>, which is usually accumulated in the form of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and will be used as carbon and energy source by other organisms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophs">heterotrophs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixotrophs">mixotrophs</a>). The photoautotrophs are the main primary producers, converting the energy of the light into chemical energy through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, ultimately building organic molecules from <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_source_(biology)" title="Carbon source (biology)">carbon source</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of <a href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">chemolithotrophs</a> are some <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> (unicellular organisms) that produce <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of inorganic chemical compounds, these organisms are called <a href="/wiki/Chemoautotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoautotroph">chemoautotrophs</a>, and are frequently found in <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> in the deep ocean. Primary producers are at the lowest <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic level</a>, and are the reasons why Earth sustains life to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">chemoautotrophs</a> are <a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">lithotrophs</a>, using inorganic electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen gas</a>, elemental <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">ferrous oxide</a> as reducing agents and hydrogen sources for <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> and chemical energy release. Autotrophs use a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> produced during photosynthesis or the oxidation of chemical compounds to reduce <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADP<sup>+</sup></a> to NADPH to form organic compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>autotroph</i> was coined by the German botanist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bernhard_Frank" title="Albert Bernhard Frank">Albert Bernhard Frank</a> in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stems from the ancient Greek word <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:τροφή">τροφή</a></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">trophḗ</i></span>), meaning "nourishment" or "food". The first autotrophic organisms likely evolved early in the Archean but proliferated across Earth's <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a> with an increase to the rate of oxygenic <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photoautotrophs evolved from <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophic</a> bacteria by developing <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. The earliest photosynthetic bacteria used <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen sulphide">hydrogen sulphide</a>. Due to the scarcity of hydrogen sulphide, some photosynthetic bacteria evolved to use water in photosynthesis, leading to <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some organisms rely on <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> as a source of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, but are able to use <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic compounds">inorganic compounds</a> as a source of energy. Such organisms are <a href="/wiki/Mixotroph" title="Mixotroph">mixotrophs</a>. An organism that obtains carbon from organic compounds but obtains energy from light is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Photoheterotroph" title="Photoheterotroph">photoheterotroph</a></i>, while an organism that obtains carbon from organic compounds and energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds is termed a <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">chemolithoheterotroph</a></i>. </p><p>Evidence suggests that some fungi may also <a href="/wiki/Radiosynthesis_(metabolism)" title="Radiosynthesis (metabolism)">obtain energy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing radiation</a>: Such <a href="/wiki/Radiotrophic_fungus" title="Radiotrophic fungus">radiotrophic fungi</a> were found growing inside a reactor of the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_nuclear_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl nuclear power plant">Chernobyl nuclear power plant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AutoHeteroTrophs_flowchart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AutoHeteroTrophs_flowchart.png/300px-AutoHeteroTrophs_flowchart.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AutoHeteroTrophs_flowchart.png/450px-AutoHeteroTrophs_flowchart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/AutoHeteroTrophs_flowchart.png/600px-AutoHeteroTrophs_flowchart.png 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Flowchart to determine if a species is autotroph, heterotroph, or a subtype</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many different types of autotrophs in Earth's ecosystems. <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichens</a> located in tundra climates are an exceptional example of a primary producer that, by mutualistic symbiosis, combines photosynthesis by <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> (or additionally nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria) with the protection of a decomposer <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>. As there are many examples of primary producers, two dominant types are coral and one of the many types of brown algae, kelp.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Photosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gross primary production occurs by photosynthesis. This is the main way that primary producers get energy and make it available to other forms of life. Plants, many corals (by means of intracellular algae), some bacteria (<a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>), and algae do this. During photosynthesis, primary producers receive energy from the sun and use it to produce sugar and oxygen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colpfl27a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Colpfl27a.jpg/200px-Colpfl27a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Colpfl27a.jpg/300px-Colpfl27a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Colpfl27a.jpg/400px-Colpfl27a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Green fronds of a <a href="/wiki/Maidenhair_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Maidenhair fern">maidenhair fern</a>, a photoautotroph</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a></div> <p>Without primary producers, organisms that are capable of producing energy on their own, the biological systems of Earth would be unable to sustain themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants, along with other primary producers, produce the energy that other living beings consume, and the oxygen that they breathe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that the first organisms on Earth were primary producers located on the ocean floor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Autotrophs are fundamental to the food chains of all <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> in the world. They take energy from the environment in the form of sunlight or inorganic chemicals and use it to create fuel molecules such as carbohydrates. This mechanism is called <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a>. Other organisms, called <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophs</a>, take in autotrophs as <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> to carry out functions necessary for their life. Thus, heterotrophs – all <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, almost all <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, as well as most <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a> – depend on autotrophs, or <a href="/wiki/Primary_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary producer">primary producers</a>, for the raw materials and fuel they need. <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophs">Heterotrophs</a> obtain energy by breaking down carbohydrates or oxidizing organic molecules (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) obtained in food. <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">Carnivorous</a> organisms rely on autotrophs indirectly, as the <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> obtained from their heterotrophic prey come from autotrophs they have consumed. </p><p>Most ecosystems are supported by the autotrophic <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> that capture <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> initially released by the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>. Plants can only use a fraction (approximately 1%) of this energy for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_splitting" title="Water splitting">splits a water molecule</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O), releasing oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) into the atmosphere, and <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) to release the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen atoms">hydrogen atoms</a> that fuel the <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a> process of <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a>. Plants convert and store the energy of the photons into the chemical bonds of <a href="/wiki/Simple_sugars" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sugars">simple sugars</a> during photosynthesis. These plant sugars are <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerized</a> for storage as long-chain <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, such as starch and cellulose; glucose is also used to make <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>. When autotrophs are eaten by <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophs</a>, i.e., consumers such as animals, the <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> contained in them become energy sources for the <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophs" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophs">heterotrophs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-macronutrients_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macronutrients-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proteins can be made using <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_production_in_tropical_streams_and_rivers">Primary production in tropical streams and rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Primary production in tropical streams and rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquatic algae are a significant contributor to food webs in tropical rivers and streams. This is displayed by net primary production, a fundamental ecological process that reflects the amount of carbon that is synthesized within an ecosystem. This carbon ultimately becomes available to consumers. Net primary production displays that the rates of in-stream primary production in tropical regions are at least an order of magnitude greater than in similar temperate systems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_autotrophs">Origin of autotrophs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin of autotrophs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis#Deep_sea_hydrothermal_vents" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis § Deep sea hydrothermal vents</a></div> <p>Researchers believe that the first cellular lifeforms were not heterotrophs as they would rely upon autotrophs since organic substrates delivered from space were either too heterogeneous to support microbial growth or too reduced to be fermented. Instead, they consider that the first cells were autotrophs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These autotrophs might have been <a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">thermophilic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemolithoautotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemolithoautotroph">chemolithoautotrophs</a> that lived at deep sea alkaline hydrothermal vents. This view is supported by phylogenetic evidence – the physiology and habitat of the <a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">last universal common ancestor</a> (LUCA) is inferred to have also been a thermophilic anaerobe with a Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, its biochemistry was replete with FeS clusters and radical reaction mechanisms. It was dependent upon Fe, H<sub>2</sub>, and CO<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high concentration of K<sup>+</sup> present within the cytosol of most life forms suggests that early cellular life had <a href="/wiki/Sodium%E2%80%93hydrogen_antiporter" title="Sodium–hydrogen antiporter">Na<sup>+</sup>/H<sup>+</sup> antiporters</a> or possibly symporters.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autotrophs possibly evolved into heterotrophs when they were at low H<sub>2</sub> partial pressures where the first form of heterotrophy were likely amino acid and clostridial type purine fermentations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that photosynthesis emerged in the presence of faint <a href="/wiki/Near_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near infrared">near infrared</a> light emitted by hydrothermal vents. The first photochemically active pigments are then thought to be Zn-tetrapyrroles.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrolithoautotroph" title="Electrolithoautotroph">Electrolithoautotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrotroph" title="Electrotroph">Electrotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic_nutrition" title="Heterotrophic nutrition">Heterotrophic nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotroph" title="Organotroph">Organotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morris_2019-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2019_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, J. et al. (2019). "Biology: How Life Works", 3rd edition, W. H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Visions+of+Life+on+Mars+in+Earth%27s+Depths&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F13%2Fscience%2Fsouth-african-mine-life-on-mars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/primary-producers-8138961.html">"What Are Primary Producers?"</a>. <i>Sciencing</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191014195302/https://sciencing.com/primary-producers-8138961.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sciencing&rft.atitle=What+Are+Primary+Producers%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Fprimary-producers-8138961.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost2002" class="citation journal cs1">Post, David M (2002). "Using Stable Isotopes to Estimate Trophic Position: Models, Methods, and Assumptions". <i>Ecology</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 703–718. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F0012-9658%282002%29083%5B0703%3AUSITET%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0703:USITET]2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology&rft.atitle=Using+Stable+Isotopes+to+Estimate+Trophic+Position%3A+Models%2C+Methods%2C+and+Assumptions&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=703-718&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F0012-9658%282002%29083%5B0703%3AUSITET%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=David+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauseth2014" class="citation book cs1">Mauseth, James D. 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Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781284068856/page/266/mode/2up">266-267</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-6580-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4496-6580-7"><bdi>978-1-4496-6580-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botany%3A+an+introduction+to+plant+biology&rft.place=Burlington%2C+MA&rft.pages=266-267&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4496-6580-7&rft.aulast=Mauseth&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781284068856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1892–93" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Frank, Albert Bernard (1892–93). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/29599#/summary"><i>Lehrbuch der Botanik</i></a> (in German). Leipzig: W. Engelmann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307124024/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/29599#/summary">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Botanik&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=W.+Engelmann&rft.date=1892%2F1893&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Albert+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F29599%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/what-are-autotrophs.html">"What Are Autotrophs?"</a>. 11 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Are+Autotrophs%3F&rft.date=2019-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceabc.com%2Fnature%2Fwhat-are-autotrophs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrockfordBar_OnWardMilo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Crockford, Peter W.; Bar On, Yinon M.; Ward, Luce M.; Milo, Ron; Halevy, Itay (November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.040">"The geologic history of primary productivity"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>33</b> (21): 4741–4750.e5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023CBio...33E4741C">2023CBio...33E4741C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2023.09.040">10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37827153">37827153</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263839383">263839383</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315091640/https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(23)01286-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982223012861%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+geologic+history+of+primary+productivity&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=4741-4750.e5&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263839383%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023CBio...33E4741C&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2023.09.040&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37827153&rft.aulast=Crockford&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft.au=Bar+On%2C+Yinon+M.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Luce+M.&rft.au=Milo%2C+Ron&rft.au=Halevy%2C+Itay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2023.09.040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2019" class="citation web cs1">Townsend, Rich (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~townsend/static.php?ref=diploma-4#toc-The_Evolution_of_Autotrophs">"The Evolution of Autotrophs"</a>. <i>University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Astronomy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708065825/http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~townsend/static.php?ref=diploma-4#toc-The_Evolution_of_Autotrophs">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison+Department+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Autotrophs&rft.date=2019-10-13&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.wisc.edu%2F~townsend%2Fstatic.php%3Fref%3Ddiploma-4%23toc-The_Evolution_of_Autotrophs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelville2007" class="citation web cs1">Melville, Kate (23 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/20070422222547data_trunc_sys.shtml">"Chernobyl fungus feeds on radiation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204184150/http://scienceagogo.com/news/20070422222547data_trunc_sys.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mYIPXC0gEgC&pg=PA38"><i>Illustrated Human and Social Biology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-914065-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-914065-7"><bdi>978-0-19-914065-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315091624/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mYIPXC0gEgC&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Human+and+Social+Biology&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-19-914065-7&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Brian+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mYIPXC0gEgC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdum,_Eugene_P._(Eugene_Pleasants),_1913-2002.2005" class="citation book cs1">Odum, Eugene P. (Eugene Pleasants), 1913-2002. (2005). <i>Fundamentals of ecology</i>. Barrett, Gary W. (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. p. 598. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-42066-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-42066-4"><bdi>0-534-42066-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56476957">56476957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+ecology&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=598&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56476957&rft.isbn=0-534-42066-4&rft.au=Odum%2C+Eugene+P.+%28Eugene+Pleasants%29%2C+1913-2002.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2007" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Gilbert M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jmQUgBUaB_wC&pg=PA148"><i>A Textbook of General Botany</i></a>. Read Books. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-7315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-7315-6"><bdi>978-1-4067-7315-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315091638/https://books.google.com/books?id=jmQUgBUaB_wC&pg=PA148">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+General+Botany&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-7315-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gilbert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjmQUgBUaB_wC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesBunnHamilton2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter M.; Bunn, Stuart E.; Hamilton, Stephen K. (2008). 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(1 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284132666">"On the Origin of Heterotrophy"</a>. <i>Trends in Microbiology</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 12–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2015.10.003">10.1016/j.tim.2015.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-842X">0966-842X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26578093">26578093</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240315091633/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284132666_On_the_Origin_of_Heterotrophy">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/funfacts/lichens.htm">the original</a> on 1 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=herbarium.usu.edu&rft.atitle=Lichens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherbarium.usu.edu%2Ffungi%2Ffunfacts%2Flichens.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutotroph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.bio.ed.ac.uk/jdeacon/microbes/lichen.htm">"Lichens"</a>. <i>archive.bio.ed.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span 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.side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/autotroph" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/autotroph">autotroph</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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components</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">Abiotic component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiotic_stress" title="Abiotic stress">Abiotic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">Biotic component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotic_stress" title="Biotic stress">Biotic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Ecosystem model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_world_hypothesis" title="Green world hypothesis">Green world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">Keystone species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">List of feeding behaviours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" title="Metabolic theory of ecology">Metabolic theory of ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Producers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">Chemotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_species" title="Foundation species">Foundation species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetotroph" title="Kinetotroph">Kinetotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixotroph" title="Mixotroph">Mixotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">Myco-heterotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotroph" title="Mycotroph">Mycotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotroph" title="Organotroph">Organotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoheterotroph" title="Photoheterotroph">Photoheterotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency" title="Photosynthetic efficiency">Photosynthetic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototroph" title="Phototroph">Phototrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)" title="Consumer (food chain)">Consumers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">Apex predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterivore" title="Bacterivore">Bacterivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemoorganotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoorganotroph">Chemoorganotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">Foraging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">Generalist and specialist species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraguild_predation" title="Intraguild predation">Intraguild predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic_nutrition" title="Heterotrophic nutrition">Heterotrophic nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">Insectivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopredator" title="Mesopredator">Mesopredators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopredator_release_hypothesis" title="Mesopredator release hypothesis">Mesopredator release hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimal_foraging_theory" title="Optimal foraging theory">Optimal foraging theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prey_switching" title="Prey switching">Prey switching</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Decomposer" title="Decomposer">Decomposers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemoorganoheterotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoorganoheterotrophy">Chemoorganoheterotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritivore" title="Detritivore">Detritivores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">Detritus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Microorganism#Habitats_and_ecology" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">Lithotrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_cooperation" title="Microbial cooperation">Microbial cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">Microbial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phage_ecology" title="Phage ecology">Phage ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food webs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_efficiency" title="Ecological efficiency">Ecological efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_pyramid" title="Ecological pyramid">Ecological pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" title="Energy flow (ecology)">Energy flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Example webs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_ecosystem#Trophic_relationships" title="Lake ecosystem">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem#Trophic_relationships" title="River ecosystem">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_food_web" title="Soil food web">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritrophic_interactions_in_plant_defense" title="Tritrophic interactions in plant defense">Tritrophic interactions in plant defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food webs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent#Biological_communities" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">intertidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest#Trophic_ecology" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary#Food_web" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">tide pool</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascendency" title="Ascendency">Ascendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">Bioaccumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climax_community" title="Climax community">Climax community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_exclusion_principle" title="Competitive exclusion principle">Competitive exclusion principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer%E2%80%93resource_interactions" title="Consumer–resource interactions">Consumer–resource interactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copiotroph" title="Copiotroph">Copiotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ecology)" title="Dominance (ecology)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_network" title="Ecological network">Ecological network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_quality" title="Energy quality">Energy quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_systems_language" title="Energy systems language">Energy systems language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">Feeding frenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesotrophic_soil" title="Mesotrophic soil">Mesotrophic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_mutualism" title="Trophic mutualism">Trophic mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Defense,<br />counter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_adaptations_to_plant_defense" title="Herbivore adaptations to plant defense">Herbivore adaptations to plant defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">Plant defense against herbivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling#Predator_avoidance" title="Shoaling and schooling">Predator avoidance in schooling fish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Other_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Template:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Template talk:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modelling_ecosystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modelling ecosystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Other_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Modelling ecosystems</a>: Other components</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer-resource_model" title="Consumer-resource model">Consumer-resource model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depensation" title="Depensation">Depensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_yield" title="Ecological yield">Ecological yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_population_size" title="Effective population size">Effective population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">Intraspecific competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">Logistic function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cycle" title="Population cycle">Population cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_size" title="Population size">Population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations" title="Lotka–Volterra equations">Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_(biology)" title="Recruitment (biology)">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_population_size" title="Small population size">Small population size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_stability" title="Ecological stability">Stability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_(ecology)" title="Resistance (ecology)">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_generalized_Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_model" title="Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model">Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density_dependence" title="Density dependence">Density-dependent inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" title="Ecological effects of biodiversity">Ecological effects of biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemic species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_(statistics)" title="Ordination (statistics)">Gradient analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">Indicator species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> / <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">Native species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity">Latitudinal gradients in species diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_viable_population" title="Minimum viable population">Minimum viable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_neutral_theory_of_biodiversity" title="Unified neutral theory of biodiversity">Neutral theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy%E2%80%93abundance_relationship" title="Occupancy–abundance relationship">Occupancy–abundance relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_viability_analysis" title="Population viability analysis">Population viability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_effect" title="Priority effect">Priority effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapoport%27s_rule" title="Rapoport's rule">Rapoport's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_abundance_distribution" title="Relative abundance distribution">Relative abundance distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_species_abundance" title="Relative species abundance">Relative species abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">Species diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_homogeneity" title="Species homogeneity">Species homogeneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_richness" title="Species richness">Species richness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">Species distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species%E2%80%93area_relationship" title="Species–area relationship">Species–area curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_species" title="Umbrella species">Umbrella species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Species<br />interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiosis" title="Antibiosis">Antibiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">Commensalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_facilitation" title="Ecological facilitation">Ecological facilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspecific_competition" title="Interspecific competition">Interspecific competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_effect" title="Storage effect">Storage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Spatial_ecology" title="Spatial ecology">Spatial<br />ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-boundary_subsidy" title="Cross-boundary subsidy">Cross-boundary subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">Ecocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">Ecotone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotype" title="Ecotype">Ecotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">Disturbance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_effects" title="Edge effects">Edge effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_rule" title="Foster's rule">Foster's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_free_distribution" title="Ideal free distribution">Ideal free distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_disturbance_hypothesis" title="Intermediate disturbance hypothesis">Intermediate disturbance hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_biogeography" title="Insular biogeography">Insular biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_epidemiology" title="Landscape epidemiology">Landscape epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_limnology" title="Landscape limnology">Landscape limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapopulation" title="Metapopulation">Metapopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patch_dynamics" title="Patch dynamics">Patch dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R/K_selection_theory" title="R/K selection theory"><i>r</i>/<i>K</i> selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_selection_function" title="Resource selection function">Resource selection function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source%E2%80%93sink_dynamics" title="Source–sink dynamics">Source–sink dynamics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">Niche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">Ecological niche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_trap" title="Ecological trap">Ecological trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" title="Ecosystem engineer">Ecosystem engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_distribution_modelling" title="Species distribution modelling">Environmental niche modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">marine habitats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_similarity" title="Limiting similarity">Limiting similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_apportionment_models" title="Niche apportionment models">Niche apportionment models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_construction" title="Niche construction">Niche construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche differentiation">Niche differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontogenetic_niche_shift" title="Ontogenetic niche shift">Ontogenetic niche shift</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Non-trophic_networks" title="Non-trophic networks">Other<br />networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_rules" title="Assembly rules">Assembly rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s_principle" title="Bateman's principle">Bateman's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">Ecological debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">Ecological deficit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" title="Energy flow (ecology)">Ecological energetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_indicator" title="Ecological indicator">Ecological indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_threshold" title="Ecological threshold">Ecological threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_diversity" title="Ecosystem diversity">Ecosystem diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">Extinction debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleiber%27s_law" title="Kleiber's law">Kleiber's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liebig%27s_law_of_the_minimum" title="Liebig's law of the minimum">Liebig's law of the minimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_value_theorem" title="Marginal value theorem">Marginal value theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerosere" title="Xerosere">Xerosere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allometry" title="Allometry">Allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_stable_state" title="Alternative stable state">Alternative stable state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_nature" title="Balance of nature">Balance of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_forecasting" title="Ecological forecasting">Ecological forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Ecological humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_stoichiometry" title="Ecological stoichiometry">Ecological stoichiometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_based_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem based fisheries">Ecosystem based fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_ecology" title="Functional ecology">Functional ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroecology" title="Macroecology">Macroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microecosystem" title="Microecosystem">Microecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_shift" title="Regime shift">Regime shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_ecology" title="Theoretical ecology">Theoretical ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ecology" title="Outline of ecology">Outline of ecology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&oldid=1258914161">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autotroph&oldid=1258914161</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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