CINXE.COM

Hidrogen - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hidrogen - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"11251638-7f5e-4992-836b-7ae6afbb7b33","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hidrogen","wgTitle":"Hidrogen","wgCurRevisionId":25843792,"wgRevisionId":25843792,"wgArticleId":3720,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Halaman dengan argumen ganda di pemanggilan templat","Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list","Galat CS1: tanggal","Halaman yang menggunakan rujukan dengan accessdate dan tanpa URL","Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan","Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif","Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen","Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit","CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)", "Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki parameter duplikat","Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN","Artikel mengandung aksara Latin","Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan","Chembox having GHS data","Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes","Chembox articles without image","Templat webarchive tautan wayback","Pranala Commons ada di Wikidata","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA","Unsur kimia","Senyawa hidrogen","Hidrogen","Nonlogam","Tabel periodik"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hidrogen","wgRelevantArticleId":3720,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q556","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["architecture","bitness","brands","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&amp;modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.3"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/1200px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/800px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="267"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/640px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="213"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hidrogen - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hidrogen rootpage-Hidrogen skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&amp;returnto=Hidrogen" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&amp;returnto=Hidrogen" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&amp;returnto=Hidrogen" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&amp;returnto=Hidrogen" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sifat_kimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sifat_kimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sifat kimia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sifat kimia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sifat_kimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pembakaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembakaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pembakaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembakaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lidah_api" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lidah_api"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Lidah api</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lidah_api-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaktan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaktan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Reaktan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaktan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aras_tenaga_elektron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aras_tenaga_elektron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Aras tenaga elektron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aras_tenaga_elektron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentuk-bentuk_molekul_unsur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk-bentuk_molekul_unsur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Bentuk-bentuk molekul unsur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk-bentuk_molekul_unsur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fasa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bentuk_monoatomik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk_monoatomik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Bentuk monoatomik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk_monoatomik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senyawa-senyawa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa-senyawa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Senyawa-senyawa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa-senyawa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senyawa_kovalen_dan_senyawa_organik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senyawa_kovalen_dan_senyawa_organik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Senyawa kovalen dan senyawa organik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senyawa_kovalen_dan_senyawa_organik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.2</span> <span>Hidrida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proton_dan_asam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proton_dan_asam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.3</span> <span>Proton dan asam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proton_dan_asam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atom_hidrogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atom_hidrogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.4</span> <span>Atom hidrogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atom_hidrogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Isotop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keberadaan_alami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keberadaan_alami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Keberadaan alami</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keberadaan_alami-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Keberadaan alami</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Keberadaan_alami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bentuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bentuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bentuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bentuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penemuan_dan_penggunaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penemuan_dan_penggunaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Penemuan dan penggunaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penemuan_dan_penggunaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peranan_dalam_teori_kuantum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peranan_dalam_teori_kuantum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peranan dalam teori kuantum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peranan_dalam_teori_kuantum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Produksi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Produksi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Produksi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logam-asam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logam-asam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Logam-asam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logam-asam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektrolisis_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektrolisis_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Elektrolisis air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektrolisis_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_reforming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_reforming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Steam reforming</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_reforming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termokimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termokimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Termokimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termokimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korosi_anaerobik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korosi_anaerobik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Korosi anaerobik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korosi_anaerobik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keberadaan_geologi:_reaksi_serpentinisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keberadaan_geologi:_reaksi_serpentinisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Keberadaan geologi: reaksi serpentinisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keberadaan_geologi:_reaksi_serpentinisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan_dalam_transformator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan_dalam_transformator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Pembentukan dalam transformator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan_dalam_transformator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aplikasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Aplikasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industri_petrokimia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industri_petrokimia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Industri petrokimia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industri_petrokimia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrogenasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrogenasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Hidrogenasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrogenasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pendingin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pendingin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Pendingin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pendingin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembawa_energi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembawa_energi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pembawa energi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembawa_energi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industri_semikonduktor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industri_semikonduktor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Industri semikonduktor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industri_semikonduktor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penggunaan_lain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penggunaan_lain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Penggunaan lain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penggunaan_lain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaksi_biologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaksi_biologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reaksi biologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaksi_biologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wewanti_keselamatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wewanti_keselamatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wewanti keselamatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wewanti_keselamatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hidrogen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 218 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-218" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">218 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%80%E1%8B%AD%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AE%E1%8C%85%E1%8A%95" title="ሀይድሮጅን – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሀይድሮጅን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocheno" title="Hidrocheno – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hidrocheno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A6tertimber" title="Wætertimber – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wætertimber" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هيدروجين – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هيدروجين – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هيدروجين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هايدروجين – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هايدروجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উদজান – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদজান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xenu" title="Hidróxenu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hidróxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هیدروژن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیدروژن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassastoff" title="Wassastoff – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wassastoff" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C4%97nilis" title="Ondėnilis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ondėnilis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrohino" title="Idrohino – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Idrohino" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вадарод – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вадарод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вадарод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вадарод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဟုဲက်ဒရိုစဲန် – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟုဲက်ဒရိုစဲန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হাইড্রোজেন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাইড্রোজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡང་རླུང་། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡང་རླུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Уһантүрэгшэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уһантүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ADng" title="Kĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Хилург – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хилург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھایدرۆجین – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھایدرۆجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogenu" title="Idrogenu – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Idrogenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrogen" title="Gidrogen – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gidrogen" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vod%C3%ADk" title="Vodík – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Водородъ – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Водородъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Шывамăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шывамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brint" title="Brint – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brint" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrocen" title="Hidrocen – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hidrocen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3%C5%BAik" title="Wóźik – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wóźik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ހައިޑްރަޖަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހައިޑްރަޖަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Υδρογόνο – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδρογόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B4gen" title="Idrôgen – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Idrôgen" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hidrogeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Hidrógeno – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vesinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hidrogeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B3genu" title="Idrógenu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Idrógenu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="هیدروژن – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیدروژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vety" title="Vety – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vety" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydrogène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weederstoof" title="Weederstoof – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weederstoof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogjen" title="Idrogjen – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Idrogjen" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetterstof" title="Wetterstof – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wetterstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrigin" title="Hidrigin – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hidrigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroj%C3%A8n" title="Idrojèn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Idrojèn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haidridean" title="Haidridean – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Haidridean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xeno" title="Hidróxeno – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidróxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatavev%C3%BDi" title="Tatavevýi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatavevýi" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8" title="હાઈડ્રોજન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હાઈડ્રોજન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiddragien" title="Hiddragien – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hiddragien" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi%C3%A2ng" title="Khiâng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiâng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eawai" title="Eawai – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Eawai" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="מימן – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C5%BAik" title="Wodźik – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wodźik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idwoj%C3%A8n" title="Idwojèn – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Idwojèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջրածին – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջրածին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ջրածին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeno" title="Hydrogeno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hydrogeno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidro" title="Hidro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hidro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetni" title="Vetni – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vetni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrogeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="水素 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aijrojin" title="Aijrojin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aijrojin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cidro" title="cidro – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cidro" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყალბადი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodorod" title="Vodorod – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vodorod" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hid%E1%B9%9Bujin" title="Hidṛujin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Hidṛujin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%A9dr%C9%94z%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hɩdrɔzɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Сутегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сутегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="អ៊ីដ្រូសែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីដ្រូសែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ಜಲಜನಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಲಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%86%8C" title="수소 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ваувтыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ваувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86" title="ہایڈروجَن – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہایڈروجَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEdrojen" title="Hîdrojen – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîdrojen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Вачужысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Вачужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen" title="Hidrojen – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hidrojen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Суутек – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суутек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenium" title="Hydrogenium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hydrogenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waasserstoff" title="Waasserstoff – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Waasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrojen" title="Idrojen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Idrojen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waterstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogeno" title="Idrogeno – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Idrogeno" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogen" title="Idrogen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Idrogen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogen" title="Idrogen – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Idrogen" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroj%C9%9B%CC%81n%C3%AD" title="Idrojɛ́ní – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Idrojɛ́ní" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%99" title="ໄຮໂດຣເຈນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໄຮໂດຣເຈນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenilis" title="Vandenilis – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandenilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAde%C5%86radis" title="Ūdeņradis – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdeņradis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Ведьшачфты – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ведьшачфты" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidir%C3%B4zenina" title="Hidirôzenina – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hidirôzenina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B1%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Вӱдеж – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вӱдеж" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauwai_(p%C5%ABmotu)" title="Hauwai (pūmotu) – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hauwai (pūmotu)" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈഡ്രജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Устөрөгч – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Устөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯥꯏꯗ꯭ꯔꯣꯖꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हायड्रोजन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हायड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idro%C4%A1enu" title="Idroġenu – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Idroġenu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidrog%C3%A9nio" title="Heidrogénio – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Heidrogénio" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိုက်ဒရိုဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ведь чачтый – Eryza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ведь чачтый" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Eryza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayocoxqui" title="Ayocoxqui – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ayocoxqui" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstoff" title="Waterstoff – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Waterstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waeterstof" title="Waeterstof – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Waeterstof" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइद्रोजन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाइद्रोजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterstof_(element)" title="Waterstof (element) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterstof (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogene" title="Hidrogene – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Hidrogene" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1%C3%A1ji%CA%BCjin" title="Háájiʼjin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Háájiʼjin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrog%C3%A8n" title="Idrogèn – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Idrogèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezisuadu" title="Vezisuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vezisuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haayidroojiinii" title="Haayidroojiinii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Haayidroojiinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଉଦ୍‌ଜାନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଦ୍‌ଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Донгуыр – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Донгуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਈਡਰੋਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3geno" title="Hidrógeno – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hidrógeno" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserstoff" title="Wasserstoff – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Wasserstoff" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाइड्रोजन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="हाइड्रोजन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiidrojen" title="Hiidrojen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hiidrojen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C3%B3r" title="Wodór – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2gen" title="Idrògen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Idrògen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Υδρογόνον – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Υδρογόνον" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%DA%89%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="هايډروجن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هايډروجن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9nio" title="Hidrogénio – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidrogénio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakuchaq" title="Yakuchaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yakuchaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidrogen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroghenu" title="Hidroghenu – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hidroghenu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гідроґен – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гідроґен" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="उदजन – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उदजन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Уулук – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уулук" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱳᱡᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrogenu" title="Idrogenu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Idrogenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2gginu" title="Idrògginu – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Idrògginu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DA%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ھائڊروجن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھائڊروجن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahidrujin" title="Ahidrujin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ahidrujin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="හයිඩ්‍රජන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හයිඩ්‍රජන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vod%C3%ADk" title="Vodík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vety" title="Vety – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Vety" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaydarojiin" title="Haaydarojiin – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Haaydarojiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogjeni" title="Hidrogjeni – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hidrogjeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоник – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водоник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaterstof" title="Woaterstof – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Woaterstof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrog%C3%A9n" title="Hidrogén – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hidrogén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4te" title="Väte – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Väte" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojeni" title="Hidrojeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hidrojeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wod%C5%8Dr" title="Wodōr – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wodōr" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஐதரசன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐதரசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హైడ్రోజన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హైడ్రోజన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ҳидроген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳидроген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ไฮโดรเจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฮโดรเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrohino" title="Idrohino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Idrohino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrojen" title="Hidrojen – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hidrojen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Водород – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Водород" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%86" title="ھىدروگېن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىدروگېن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Водень – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="ہائیڈروجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہائیڈروجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodorod" title="Vodorod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vodorod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idr%C3%B2geno" title="Idrògeno – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Idrògeno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezinik" title="Vezinik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vezinik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro" title="Hydro – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hydro" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaterstof" title="Woaterstof – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Woaterstof" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrin" title="Hidrin – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hidrin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrodjinne" title="Idrodjinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Idrodjinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroheno" title="Hidroheno – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hidroheno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氢" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Гидроҗен – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Гидроҗен" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="წყარბადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წყარბადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="הידראגען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הידראגען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hydrogen" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵀⵉⴷⵔⵓⵊⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Chúi-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" title="氫 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHwanzi" title="IHwanzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IHwanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Hidrogen" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Hidrogen" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Hidrogen" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;oldid=25843792" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&amp;page=Hidrogen&amp;id=25843792&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHidrogen"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHidrogen"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Hidrogen"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Hidrogen&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q556" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333552">.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}@media only screen and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-station{width:25.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-station-name{width:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="background:lightgray;padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="float:right;display:inline;background:lightgray;font-size:150%;"><sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">1</span></sub>H</div>Hidrogen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/220px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/330px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/440px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gas hidrogen dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabung_lucutan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabung lucutan (halaman belum tersedia)">tabung lucutan</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background:black"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg/220px-Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg/330px-Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg/440px-Hydrogen_Spectra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </div><div class="infobox-caption">Garis spektrum hidrogen</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#e7ff8f">Sifat umum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Pengucapan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">/hidrogèn/<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Penampilan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">gas tak berwarna dengan nyala ungu dalam keadaan plasma</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#e7ff8f">Hidrogen dalam <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">tabel periodik</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:185px;margin:0.1em;font-family:&#39;Linux Libertine&#39;,Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Media:Electron_shell_001_Hydrogen.svg" title="Media:Electron shell 001 Hydrogen.svg"><img alt="Perbesar gambar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Electron_shell_001_Hydrogen.svg/50px-Electron_shell_001_Hydrogen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Electron_shell_001_Hydrogen.svg/75px-Electron_shell_001_Hydrogen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Electron_shell_001_Hydrogen.svg/100px-Electron_shell_001_Hydrogen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="z-index:1;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;font-size:120%;right:140px;margin:0.1em;font-family:&#39;Linux Libertine&#39;,Georgia,Times,serif ; line-height:0.9"><span style="font-size:85%;"><br /></span><sub><span style="font-size:smaller;">1</span></sub>H</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999; border:1px solid black; box-sizing: border-box;;">Hidrogen</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Helium</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Lithium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Berilium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Boron</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Karbon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nitrogen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oksigen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fluor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Neon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Natrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Magnesium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Aluminium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Silikon</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Fosfor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Sulfur</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clor&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Clor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Clor</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Argon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potasium" class="mw-redirect" title="Potasium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Potasium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Kalsium</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Skandium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Titanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Vanadium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Chromium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mangan</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Besi</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cobalt</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Nikel</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tembaga</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seng</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Gallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Germanium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Arsen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Selen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Selen</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bromin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Kripton</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Rubidium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" class="mw-redirect" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Strontium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Yttrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Zirconium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Niobium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Molybdenum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Technetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Ruthenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhodium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Palladium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Silver</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Cadmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Indium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tin</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Antimony</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tellurium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Iodine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Xenon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Caesium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Barium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Lanthanum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Cerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Praseodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neodymium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Promethium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Samarium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Europium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Gadolinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Terbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Dysprosium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Holmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Erbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thulium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Ytterbium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lutetium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hafnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tantalum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Tungsten</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rhenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Osmium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Iridium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Platinum</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Gold</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Mercury (element)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Thallium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Lead</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Bismuth</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Polonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Astatine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Radon</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Francium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#ff9999;">Radium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Actinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Thorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Protactinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Uranium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Neptunium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Plutonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" class="mw-redirect" title="Americium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Americium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Curium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Berkelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Californium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Einsteinium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Fermium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Mendelevium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#9bff99;">Nobelium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Lawrencium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Rutherfordium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Dubnium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Seaborgium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Bohrium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Hassium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Meitnerium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Darmstadtium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Roentgenium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#99ccff;">Copernicium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Nihonium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Flerovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Moscovium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Livermorium</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Tennessine</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" class="mw-redirect" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#fdff8c;">Oganesson</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">–<br />↑<br /><strong>H</strong><br />↓<br /><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;">– ← <strong>hidrogen</strong> → <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Navbox_unsur_diperbesar" title="Templat:Navbox unsur diperbesar">Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">Nomor atom</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>Z</i>)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Golongan_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golongan (tabel periodik)">Golongan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">golongan&#160;1</a></span>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">Periode</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_(tabel_periodik)#Periode_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Periode (tabel periodik)">periode&#160;1</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Blok_(tabel_periodik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok (tabel periodik)">Blok</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">blok-s</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nama_kategori_unsur_kimia#Kategori" title="Nama kategori unsur kimia">Kategori unsur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span title="color legend: nonlogam diatomik" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#e7ff8f">&#160;</span> <a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">nonlogam diatomik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Berat_atom_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Berat atom standar">Berat atom standar</a><span style="font-weight:normal;">&#x20;(<i>A</i><sub>r</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100784000000000♠"></span>1,00784</span>,&#160;<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100811000000000♠"></span>1,00811</span>]</li><li><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100800000000000♠"></span>1,0080<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>0,0002</span>&#160;(diringkas)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">Konfigurasi elektron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1s<sup>1</sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kelopak_elektron" title="Kelopak elektron">Elektron per kelopak</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#e7ff8f">Sifat fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Warna</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">tak berwarna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Fase_benda" title="Fase benda">Fase</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">pada&#160;<a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">STS</a> (0&#160;°C dan 101,325&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(satuan)" title="Pascal (satuan)">kPa</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_lebur" title="Titik lebur">Titik&#160;lebur</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">(H<sub>2</sub>) 13,99&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>&#x20;&#x200b;(−259,16&#160;°C,&#x20;&#x200b;−434,49&#160;°F)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_didih" title="Titik didih">Titik&#160;didih</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">(H<sub>2</sub>) 20,271&#160;K&#x20;&#x200b;(−252,879&#160;°C,&#x20;&#x200b;−423,182&#160;°F)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Kerapatan</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(pada&#160;STS)</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">0,08988&#160;g/L</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><span style="font-weight:normal;">saat&#160;cair, pada&#160;<abbr title="titik lebur">t.l.</abbr></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">0,07&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup>&#x20;(padat: 0,0763&#160;g/cm<sup>3</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_tripel" title="Titik tripel">Titik&#160;tripel</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">13,8033&#160;K,&#x20;&#x200b;7,041&#160;kPa&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Titik_kritis_(termodinamika)" title="Titik kritis (termodinamika)">Titik&#160;kritis</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">32,938&#160;K, 1,2858&#160;MPa&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kalor_peleburan" title="Kalor peleburan">Kalor&#160;peleburan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">(H<sub>2</sub>) 0,117&#160;<a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mol" title="Joule per mol">kJ/mol</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Entalpi_penguapan" title="Entalpi penguapan">Kalor&#160;penguapan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">(H<sub>2</sub>) 0,904&#160;kJ/mol&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kapasitas_kalor" title="Kapasitas kalor">Kapasitas kalor molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">(H<sub>2</sub>)<br />28,836&#160;J/(mol·K)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_uap" title="Tekanan uap"><b>Tekanan&#160;uap</b></a><div style="margin:0 auto;"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><i><abbr title="Suhu (Pascal)">P</abbr></i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(Pa)</span> </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1&#160;k </th> <th>10&#160;k </th> <th>100&#160;k </th></tr> <tr> <th>pada&#160;<i><abbr title="Suhu (Kelvin)">T</abbr></i>&#160;<span style="font-weight:normal;">(K)</span> </th> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>&#160; </td> <td>15 </td> <td>20 </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#e7ff8f">Sifat atom</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Bilangan_oksidasi" title="Bilangan oksidasi">Bilangan oksidasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span style="font-size:112%;"><b>−1</b></span>, <span style="font-size:112%;"><b>+1</b></span> (oksida <a href="/wiki/Amfoterisme" title="Amfoterisme">amfoter</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">Elektronegativitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">Skala&#160;Pauling: 2,20&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Energi_ionisasi" title="Energi ionisasi">Energi ionisasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">ke-1:&#160;1312,0&#160;kJ/mol&#x20;&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_atom" title="Jari-jari atom">Jari-jari atom</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">empiris:&#x20;25&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pikometer" title="Pikometer">pm</a>&#x20;<br />perhitungan:&#x20;53&#160;pm&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_kovalen" title="Jari-jari kovalen">Jari-jari kovalen</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">31±5&#160;pm&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Jari-jari_van_der_Waals" title="Jari-jari van der Waals">Jari-jari van der Waals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">120&#160;pm&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#e7ff8f">Lain-lain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Kelimpahan alami</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Nuklida_primordial" title="Nuklida primordial">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">Struktur kristal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">&#x20;&#x200b;<a href="/wiki/Sistem_kristal_heksagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem kristal heksagon">heksagon</a><div style="float:right;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur kristal Heksagonal untuk hidrogen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_suara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan suara">Kecepatan suara</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">(gas, 27&#160;°C) 1310 <a href="/wiki/Meter_per_detik" title="Meter per detik">m/s</a>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">Konduktivitas termal</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">0,1805&#160;W/(m·K)&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Arah magnet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamagnetik">diamagnetik</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#x20;</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Suseptibilitas_magnetik" title="Suseptibilitas magnetik">Suseptibilitas magnetik molar</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="3005602000000000000♠"></span>−3,98<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup></span>&#160;cm<sup>3</sup>/mol&#x20;(298&#160;K)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Nomor_CAS" title="Nomor CAS">Nomor CAS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;">12385-13-6&#x20;<br />1333-74-0 (H<sub>2</sub>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#e7ff8f">Sejarah</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em"><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_unsur_kimia" title="Penemuan unsur kimia">Penemuan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">H. Cavendish</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="nowrap">&#x20;(1766)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.75em;;padding-left:0.35em">Asal nama</th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">A. Lavoisier</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><span class="nowrap">&#x20;(1783)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center; line-height:normal;background:#e7ff8f"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_hidrogen" title="Isotop hidrogen">Isotop hidrogen</a> yang utama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-left:0em; padding-right:0em;line-height:1.35em;"> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="1" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Iso&#173;top</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">Kelim&#173;pahan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Waktu_paruh" title="Waktu paruh">Waktu paruh</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>)</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif#Mode_peluruhan" title="Peluruhan radioaktif">Mode peluruhan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Produk_peluruhan" title="Produk peluruhan">Pro&#173;duk</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Atom_hidrogen" title="Atom hidrogen"><sup>1</sup>H</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right">99,98% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Isotop_stabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotop stabil">stabil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium"><sup>2</sup>H</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right">0,02% </td> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">stabil </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium"><sup>3</sup>H</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Radioisotop_renik" title="Radioisotop renik">renik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,32&#160;thn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">β<sup>−</sup></a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3"><sup>3</sup>He</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><div style="clear:both;"></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="border-top:1px dotted #e7ff8f; line-height:0.7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Kotak_info_hidrogen" title="Templat:Kotak info hidrogen"><span title="Lihat templat ini">lihat</span></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Kotak_info_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Kotak info hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span title="Diskusikan templat ini">bicara</span></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Kotak_info_hidrogen&amp;action=edit"><span title="Sunting templat ini">sunting</span></a></li></ul></div>|&#x20;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" class="extiw" title="en:List of data references for chemical elements">referensi</a>&#x20;|&#x20;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556" class="extiw" title="d:Q556">di Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hidrogen</b>&#32;(<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a>&#58; <span lang="la"><i>hydrogenium</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>&#58; <span lang="en"><i>hydrogen</i></span>), yang juga disebut <b>zat air</b>, adalah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Lambang_unsur" title="Lambang unsur">lambang</a> <b>H</b> dan <a href="/wiki/Nomor_atom" title="Nomor atom">nomor atom</a> 1. Pada <a href="/wiki/Suhu_dan_tekanan_standar" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhu dan tekanan standar">suhu dan tekanan standar</a>, hidrogen tidak berwarna, tidak berbau, bersifat <a href="/wiki/Non-logam" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-logam">non-logam</a>, ber<a href="/wiki/Valensi" title="Valensi">valensi</a> tunggal, dan merupakan <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomik">diatomik</a> yang sangat mudah <a href="/wiki/Pembakaran" class="mw-disambig" title="Pembakaran">terbakar</a>. Dengan <a href="/wiki/Massa_atom" title="Massa atom">massa atom</a> 1,00794 amu,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> hidrogen adalah unsur teringan di dunia. </p><p>Hidrogen juga adalah unsur paling <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami_unsur" title="Kelimpahan alami unsur">melimpah</a> dengan persentase kira-kira 75% dari total massa unsur alam semesta.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang</a> dibentuk oleh hidrogen dalam keadaan <a href="/wiki/Plasma" class="mw-disambig" title="Plasma">plasma</a>. Senyawa hidrogen relatif langka dan jarang dijumpai secara alami di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>, dan biasanya dihasilkan secara industri dari berbagai senyawa <a href="/wiki/Hidrokarbon" title="Hidrokarbon">hidrokarbon</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a>. Hidrogen juga dapat dihasilkan dari air melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a>, namun proses ini secara komersial lebih mahal daripada produksi hidrogen dari gas alam.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/220px--Emissions_Spectra.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="290" data-mwtitle="Emissions_Spectra.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Berkas:Emissions_Spectra.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/Emissions_Spectra.webm/Emissions_Spectra.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&amp;title=File%3AEmissions_Spectra.webm&amp;lang=en&amp;trackformat=vtt&amp;origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Uji spektrum hidrogen</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop">Isotop</a> hidrogen yang paling banyak dijumpai di alam adalah <a href="/wiki/Protium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protium">protium</a>, yang <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">inti atomnya</a> hanya mempunyai proton tunggal dan tanpa <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. Senyawa ionik hidrogen dapat bermuatan positif (<a href="/wiki/Kation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kation">kation</a>) ataupun negatif (<a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anion</a>). Hidrogen dapat membentuk senyawa dengan kebanyakan unsur dan dapat dijumpai dalam <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">senyawa-senyawa organik</a>. Hidrogen sangat penting dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_asam_basa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaksi asam basa">reaksi asam basa</a> yang mana banyak reaksi ini melibatkan pertukaran proton antar molekul terlarut. Oleh karena hidrogen merupakan satu-satunya atom netral yang <a href="/wiki/Persamaan_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Persamaan Schrödinger">persamaan Schrödingernya</a> dapat diselesaikan secara analitik, kajian pada energetika dan ikatan <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> hidrogen memainkan peran yang sangat penting dalam perkembangan <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">mekanika kuantum</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sifat_kimia">Sifat kimia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sifat kimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sifat kimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kelarutan" title="Kelarutan">Kelarutan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Karakteristik" class="mw-disambig" title="Karakteristik">karakteristik</a> hidrogen dengan berbagai macam logam merupakan subjek yang sangat penting dalam bidang <a href="/wiki/Metalurgi" title="Metalurgi">metalurgi</a> (karena <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perapuhan_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perapuhan hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">perapuhan hidrogen</a> dapat terjadi pada kebanyakan logam <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) dan dalam riset pengembangan cara yang aman untuk menyimpan hidrogen sebagai bahan bakar.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen sangatlah larut dalam berbagai senyawa yang terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Logam_tanah_jarang" title="Logam tanah jarang">logam tanah nadir</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Takeshita_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takeshita-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan dapat dilarutkan dalam logam <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a> maupun logam <a href="/wiki/Amorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorf">amorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirchheim1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirchheim1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelarutan hidrogen dalam logam disebabkan oleh distorsi setempat ataupun ketidakmurnian dalam <a href="/wiki/Struktur_kristal" title="Struktur kristal">kekisi hablur</a> logam.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirchheim2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirchheim2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembakaran">Pembakaran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Pembakaran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembakaran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sebuah obyek hitam seperti cangkir tergantung di bagian bawah pesawat dengan cahaya biru keluar dari lubangnya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg/170px-Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg/255px-Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg/340px-Shuttle_Main_Engine_Test_Firing_cropped_edited_and_reduced.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">Mesin Utama Pesawat Ulang-alik</a> membakar hidrogen dengan oksigen, menghasilkan nyala yang nyaris tak terlihat pada dorongan penuh.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hindenburg_burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hindenburg_burning.jpg/250px-Hindenburg_burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hindenburg_burning.jpg/375px-Hindenburg_burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hindenburg_burning.jpg/500px-Hindenburg_burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption>Hidrogen sangatlah mudah terbakar di udara bebas. Peristiwa <a href="/wiki/Musibah_Hindenburg" title="Musibah Hindenburg">meledaknya pesawat Hindenburg</a> pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/6_Mei" title="6 Mei">6 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gas hidrogen (<b>dihidrogen</b> atau molekul hidrogen) sangat mudah terbakar dan akan terbakar pada konsentrasi serendah 4% H<sub>2</sub> di udara bebas.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Entalpi" title="Entalpi">Entalpi</a> pembakaran hidrogen adalah −286&#160;kJ/mol.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen terbakar menurut persamaan kimia: </p><p>2 H<sub>2</sub>(g) + O<sub>2</sub>(g) → 2 H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + 572&#160;kJ (286&#160;kJ/mol)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hidrogen akan meledak sendiri pada temperatur 500&#160;°C.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen membentuk campuran yang bisa meledak dengan udara dalam konsentrasi hidrogen 4–74%<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan dengan klorin dalam konsentrasi 5–95%. Reaksi ledakan dapat dipicu oleh percikan api, panas, atau sinar matahari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lidah_api">Lidah api</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Lidah api" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lidah api"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lidah api hasil pembakaran hidrogen-oksigen murni memancarkan gelombang <a href="/wiki/Ultraungu" title="Ultraungu">ultraviolet</a> dan hampir tidak terlihat dengan mata telanjang. Deteksi kebocoran hidrogen yang terbakar mungkin memerlukan detektor api; kebocoran semacam itu bisa sangat berbahaya. Nyala api hidrogen dalam kondisi lain berwarna biru, menyerupai nyala api gas alam berwarna biru.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kasus <a href="/wiki/Musibah_Hindenburg" title="Musibah Hindenburg">meledaknya pesawat Hindenburg</a> adalah salah satu contoh terkenal dari pembakaran hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karakteristik lainnya dari api hidrogen adalah nyala api cenderung menghilang dengan cepat di udara, sehingga kerusakan akibat ledakan hidrogen lebih ringan dari ledakan hidrokarbon. Dalam kasus kecelakaan Hindenburg, dua pertiga dari penumpang pesawat selamat dan kebanyakan kasus meninggal disebabkan oleh terbakarnya bahan bakar diesel yang bocor.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reaktan">Reaktan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Reaktan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reaktan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>H<sub>2</sub> relatif tidak reaktif. Basis termodinamika dari reaktivitas yang rendah ini adalah ikatan H-H yang sangat kuat, dengan <a href="/wiki/Energi_disosiasi_ikatan" title="Energi disosiasi ikatan">energi disosiasi ikatan</a> 435,7 kJ/mol.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dasar kinetik dari reaktivitas rendah adalah sifat nonpolar H<sub>2</sub> dan polarisabilitasnya yang lemah. H<sub>2</sub> bereaksi secara langsung dengan unsur-unsur oksidator lainnya. Ia bereaksi dengan spontan dan hebat pada suhu kamar dengan <a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin">fluorin</a>, menghasilkan hidrogen halida berupa <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_klorida" title="Hidrogen klorida">hidrogen klorida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_fluorida" title="Hidrogen fluorida">hidrogen fluorida</a>, yang merupakan <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> berbahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="background-color:#fff9f9; color:DarkSlateGray;border:1px solid #ffdcdc">Lelehan natrium dan kalium bereaksi dengan gas untuk menghasilkan hidrida masing-masing <a href="/wiki/Natrium_hidrida" title="Natrium hidrida">NaH</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalium_hidrida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalium hidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">KH</a>.</span><sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan"><span title="Klaim ini membutuhkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya from August 2020">rujukan?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <pre>Reaktivitas H2 sangat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan katalis logam. Oleh karena itu, walaupun H<sub>2</sub> mudah terbakar, campuran H<sub>2</sub> dan O<sub>2</sub> tidak bereaksi tanpa adanya katalis. </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aras_tenaga_elektron">Aras tenaga elektron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Aras tenaga elektron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aras tenaga elektron"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Atom_hidrogen" title="Atom hidrogen">Atom hidrogen</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hydrogen_atom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/200px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/300px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hydrogen_atom.svg/400px-Hydrogen_atom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Gambaran atom hidrogen yang menampakkan diameter atom dua kali lebih besar dari jari-jari <a href="/wiki/Model_Bohr" title="Model Bohr">model Bohr</a>(citra tidak berskala).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aras_tenaga&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aras tenaga (halaman belum tersedia)">Aras tenaga</a> <a href="/wiki/Keadaan_dasar" title="Keadaan dasar">keadaan dasar</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> pada atom hidrogen adalah −13.6&#160;<a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">eV</a>, yang ekuivalen dengan <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> kira-kira 92&#160;<a href="/wiki/Meter" title="Meter">nm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aras tenaga hidrogen dapat dihitung dengan cukup akurat menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Model_Bohr" title="Model Bohr">model atom Bohr</a> yang menggambarkan elektron beredar mengelilingi proton dengan analogi Bumi beredar mengelilingi Matahari. Oleh karena diskretisasi <a href="/wiki/Momentum_sudut" title="Momentum sudut">momentum sudut</a> yang dipostulatkan pada awal <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">mekanika kuantum</a> oleh Bohr, elektron pada model Bohr hanya dapat menempati jarak-jarak tertentu saja dari proton dan oleh karena itu hanya beberapa energi tertentu saja yang diperbolehkan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deskripsi atom hidrogen yang lebih akurat didapatkan dengan perlakuan mekanika kuantum murni menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Persamaan_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Persamaan Schrödinger">persamaan Schrödinger</a> atau dengan perumusan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integral_lintasan_Feyman&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Integral lintasan Feyman (halaman belum tersedia)">integral lintasan Feyman</a> untuk menghitung <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapat_kebolehjadian&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapat kebolehjadian (halaman belum tersedia)">rapat kementakan</a> elektron di sekitar proton.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perlakuan yang paling rumit memungkinkan efek kecil dari <a href="/wiki/Relativitas_khusus" title="Relativitas khusus">relativitas khusus</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polarisasi_vakum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polarisasi vakum (halaman belum tersedia)">polarisasi vakum</a>. Dalam perlakuan mekanika kuantum, elektron dalam atom hidrogen dalam keadaan dasar tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Momentum_sudut" title="Momentum sudut">momentum sudut</a> sama sekali, yang menggambarkan bagaimana "orbit planet" berbeda dari gerakan elektron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk-bentuk_molekul_unsur">Bentuk-bentuk molekul unsur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Bentuk-bentuk molekul unsur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bentuk-bentuk molekul unsur"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentuk_isometrik_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentuk isometrik hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Bentuk isometrik hidrogen</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Liquid_hydrogen_bubblechamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Liquid_hydrogen_bubblechamber.jpg/175px-Liquid_hydrogen_bubblechamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Liquid_hydrogen_bubblechamber.jpg/263px-Liquid_hydrogen_bubblechamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Liquid_hydrogen_bubblechamber.jpg/350px-Liquid_hydrogen_bubblechamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Jejak pertama yang terlihat pada hidrogen cair di dalam <a href="/wiki/Bilik_gelembung" title="Bilik gelembung">bilik gelembung</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bevatron&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bevatron (halaman belum tersedia)">Bevatron</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Terdapat dua jenis <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> diatomik hidrogen yang berbeda berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Spin" title="Spin">spin</a> relatif <a href="/wiki/Inti" class="mw-disambig" title="Inti">inti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uigi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uigi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortohidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortohidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">ortohidrogen</a>, spin dari dua proton adalah paralel dan dalam keadaan triplet; dalam bentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parahidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Parahidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">parahidrogen</a>, spin-nya adalah antiparalel dan dalam keadaan singlet. Pada keadaan standar, gas hidrogen terdiri dari 25% bentuk para dan 75% bentuk orto, juga dikenal dengan sebutan "bentuk normal".<sup id="cite_ref-Tikhonov_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tikhonov-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rasio kesetimbangan antara ortohidrogen dan parahidrogen tergantung pada termperatur. Namun oleh karena bentuk orto dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keadaan_tereksitasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Keadaan tereksitasi (halaman belum tersedia)">keadaan tereksitasi</a>, bentuk ini tidaklah stabil dan tidak bisa dimurnikan. Pada suhu yang sangat rendah, hampir semua hidrogen yang ada adalah dalam bentuk parahidrogen. Sifat fisik dari parahidrogen murni berbeda sedikit dengan "bentuk normal".<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Perbedaan orto/para juga terdapat pada <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekul</a> yang terdiri dari atom hidrogen seperti air dan <a href="/wiki/Metilena" title="Metilena">metilena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antarubahan yang tidak dikatalis antara H<sub>2</sub> para dan orto meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya temperatur; oleh karenanya H<sub>2</sub> yang diembunkan dengan cepat mengandung banyak hidrogen dalam bentuk orto yang akan berubah menjadi bentuk para dengan sangat lambat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nisbah orto/para pada H<sub>2</sub> yang diembunkan adalah faktor yang perlu diperhitungkan dalam persiapan dan penyimpanan hidrogen cair: antarubahan dari bentuk orto ke para adalah <a href="/wiki/Eksotermik" title="Eksotermik">eksotermik</a> dan dapat menghasilkan bahang yang cukup untuk menguapkan hidrogen cair tersebut dan menyebabkan berkurangnya komponen cair. <a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">Katalis</a> untuk antarubahan orto-para, seperti misalnya senyawa <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a>, sering digunakan selama pendinginan hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-Svadlenak_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svadlenak-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebuah bentuk molekul yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Molekul_hidrogen_terprotonasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekul hidrogen terprotonasi">molekul hidrogen terprotonasi</a>, atau H, ditemukan pada <a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">medium antarbintang</a> (Interstellar medium) (ISM), di mana ia dihasilkan dengan ionisasi molekul hidrogen dari <a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinar kosmos">sinar kosmos</a>. Molekul ini juga dapat dipantau di bagian atas atmosfer planet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. Molekul ini relatif cukup stabil pada lingkungan luar angkasa oleh karena suhu dan rapatan yang rendah. H adalah salah satu dari ion yang paling melimpah di <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta">alam semesta</a> ini, dan memainkan peran penting dalam proses kimia medium antarbintang.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasa">Fasa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Fasa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Fasa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_bertekanan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen bertekanan (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidrogen bertekanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_cair" title="Hidrogen cair">Hidrogen cair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_slush&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen slush (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidrogen <i>slush</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_padat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen padat (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidrogen padat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_metalik" title="Hidrogen metalik">Hidrogen logam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk_monoatomik">Bentuk monoatomik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Bentuk monoatomik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bentuk monoatomik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/wiki/Atom_hidrogen" title="Atom hidrogen">Atom hidrogen</a></div> <p>Atom H, juga disebut <i>hidrogen nasen</i> atau <i>hidrogen atomik</i>, diklaim eksis secara fana namun cukup lama untuk menimbulkan reaksi kimia. Menurut klaim itu, hidrogen nasen dihasilkan secara <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i>, biasanya reaksi antara <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a>, atau dengan <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a> pada <a href="/wiki/Katode" title="Katode">katode</a>. Sebagai molekul monoatomik, atom H sangat reaktif dan oleh karena itu adalah reduktor yang lebih kuat dari H<sub>2</sub> diatomik, namun pertanyaan kuncinya terletak pada keberadaan atom H itu sendiri. Konsep ini lebih populer di bidang teknik dan di literatur-literatur lama. </p><p>Hidrogen nasen diklaim mereduksi <a href="/wiki/Nitrit" title="Nitrit">nitrit</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Arsenik" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenik">arsenik</a> menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsina&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsina (halaman belum tersedia)">arsina</a> bahkan dalam keadaan lunak. Penelitian yang lebih mendetail menunjukkan lintasan alternatif lainnya dan bukanlah atom H. </p><p>Atom hidrogen dapat dihasilkan pada temperatur yang cukup tinggi (&gt;2000 K) agar molekul H<sub>2</sub> dapat berdisosiasi. Selain itu, radiasi elektromagnetik di atas 11 <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">eV</a> juga dapat diserap H<sub>2</sub> dan menyebabkan disosiasi. </p><p>Kadang kala, hidrogen yang terserap secara kimiawi pada permukaan logam juga dirujuk sebagai hidrogen nasen, walaupun terminologi ini sudah mulai ditinggalkan. Pandangan lainnya mengatakan bahwa hidrogen yang terserap secara kimiawi itu "kurang reaktif" dari hidrogen nasen disebabkan oleh ikatan yang dihasilkan oleh permukaan katalis logam tersebut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senyawa-senyawa">Senyawa-senyawa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa-senyawa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa-senyawa"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Senyawa_hidrogen" title="Kategori:Senyawa hidrogen">Senyawa hidrogen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senyawa_kovalen_dan_senyawa_organik">Senyawa kovalen dan senyawa organik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Senyawa kovalen dan senyawa organik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Senyawa kovalen dan senyawa organik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walaupun H<sub>2</sub> tidaklah begitu reaktif dalam keadaan standar, ia masih dapat membentuk senyawa dengan kebanyakan unsur. Jutaan jenis <a href="/wiki/Hidrokarbon" title="Hidrokarbon">hidrokarbon</a> telah diketahui, namun itu semua tidaklah dihasilkan secara langsung dari hidrogen dan karbon. Hidrogen dapat membentuk senyawa dengan unsur yang lebih <a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitas" title="Elektronegativitas">elektronegatif</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> (F, Cl, Br, I); dalam senyawa ini hidrogen memiliki muatan parsial positif.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ketika berikatan dengan <a href="/wiki/Fluor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluor">fluor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen">oksigen</a> ataupun <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, hidrogen dapat berpartisipasi dalam bentuk ikatan non-kovalen yang kuat, yang disebut dengan <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_hidrogen" title="Ikatan hidrogen">ikatan hidrogen</a> yang sangat penting untuk menjaga kestabilan kebanyakan molekul biologi.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen juga membentuk senyawa dengan unsur yang kurang elektronegatif seperti <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">metaloid</a>, yang mana hidrogen memiliki muatan parsial negatif. Senyawa ini dikenal dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Hidrida" title="Hidrida">hidrida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hidrogen membentuk senyawa yang sangat banyak dengan <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a>. Oleh karena asosiasi senyawa itu dengan kebanyakan zat hidup, senyawa ini disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_organik" title="Senyawa organik">senyawa organik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrocarbon_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrocarbon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Studi sifat-sifat senyawa tersebut disebut <a href="/wiki/Kimia_organik" title="Kimia organik">kimia organik</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan studi dalam konteks kehidupan <a href="/wiki/Organisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisme">organisme</a> dinamakan <a href="/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia">biokimia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada beberapa definisi, senyawa "organik" hanya memerlukan atom karbon untuk disebut sebagai organik. Namun kebanyakan senyawa organik mengandung atom hidrogen. Dan oleh karena ikatan ikatan hidrogen-karbon inilah yang memberikan karakteristik sifat-sifat hidrokarbon, ikatan hidrogen-karbon diperlukan untuk beberapa definisi dari kata "organik" di kimia.<sup id="cite_ref-hydrocarbon_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydrocarbon-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Jutaan hidrokarbon telah diketahui, dan biasanya terbentuk oleh jalur yang rumit yang jarang melibatkan unsur hidrogen. </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik">kimia anorganik</a>, hidrida dapat berperan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligan_penghubung&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligan penghubung (halaman belum tersedia)">ligan penghubung</a> yang menghubungkan dua pusat logam dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompleks_berkoordinasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompleks berkoordinasi (halaman belum tersedia)">kompleks berkoordinasi</a>. Fungsi ini umum ditemukan pada unsur <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur golongan 13">golongan 13</a>, terutama pada kompleks <a href="/wiki/Borana" title="Borana">borana</a> (hidrida <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>) dan <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> serta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karborana&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karborana (halaman belum tersedia)">karborana</a> yang bergerombol.<sup id="cite_ref-Miessler_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miessler-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hidrogen larut dengan mudah dalam banyak <a href="/wiki/Logam_tanah_jarang" title="Logam tanah jarang">logam tanah jarang</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">logam transisi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Takeshita_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takeshita-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan larut dalam logam nanokristalin dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Logam_amorf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Logam amorf (halaman belum tersedia)">amorf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirchheim1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirchheim1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kelarutan hidrogen dalam logam dipengaruhi oleh distorsi lokal atau ketidakmurnian dalam <a href="/wiki/Kisi_Bravais" title="Kisi Bravais">kisi kristal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirchheim2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirchheim2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sifat-sifat ini mungkin berguna ketika hidrogen dimurnikan dengan melewatkan hidrogen melalui cakram <a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium">paladium</a> panas, tetapi kelarutan gas yang tinggi merupakan masalah metalurgi, yang berkontribusi pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penggetasan_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penggetasan hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">penggetasan</a> banyak logam,<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_1999_1057–1064_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers_1999_1057–1064-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> mempersulit desain jaringan pipa dan tangki penyimpanan.<sup id="cite_ref-Christensen_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christensen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hidrida">Hidrida</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Hidrida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hidrida"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Hidrida" title="Hidrida">Hidrida</a></div><p>Senyawa hidrogen sering disebut sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hidrida" title="Hidrida">hidrida</a>, sebuah istilah yang tidak mengikat. Oleh kimiawan, istilah "hidrida" biasanya memiliki arti atom H yang mendapat sifat anion, ditandai dengan H<sup>−</sup>. Keberadaan anion hidrida, dikemukakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewis</a> pada tahun 1916 untuk golongan I dan II hidrida garam, didemonstrasikan oleh Moers pada tahun 1920 dengan melakukan elektrolisis <a href="/wiki/Litium_hidrida" title="Litium hidrida">litium hidrida</a> cair (LiH) yang menghasilkan sejumlah hidrogen pada anode.<sup id="cite_ref-Moers_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moers-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Untuk hidrida selain logam golongan I dan II, istilah ini sering kali membuat kesalahpahaman oleh karena elektronegativitas hidrogen yang rendah. Pengecualian adalah hidrida golongan II BeH<sub>2</sub> yang polimerik. </p><p>Walaupun hidrida dapat dibentuk dengan hampir semua golongan unsur, jumlah dan kombinasi dari senyawa bervariasi, sebagai contoh terdapat lebih dari 100 hidrida borana biner yang diketahui, namun cuma satu hidrida aluminium biner yang diketahui.<sup id="cite_ref-Downs_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downs-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrida <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> biner sampai sekarang belum diketahui, walaupun ada sejumlah komplek yang lebih besar.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbs_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbs-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Kimia_anorganik" title="Kimia anorganik">kimia anorganik</a>, hidrida juga dapat berfungsi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Jembatan_ligan" title="Jembatan ligan">jembatan ligan</a> yang menghubungkan dua pusat logam dalam <a href="/wiki/Kompleks_koordinasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kompleks koordinasi">kompleks koordinasi</a>. Fungsi ini banyak ditemukan pada <a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsur golongan 13">unsur golongan 13</a>, terutama pada <a href="/wiki/Borana" title="Borana">borana</a> (hidrida <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>) dan kompleks <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, serta pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karboran&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karboran (halaman belum tersedia)">karboran</a> yang berkerumunan.<sup id="cite_ref-Miessler2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miessler2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proton_dan_asam">Proton dan asam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Proton dan asam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Proton dan asam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Informasi lebih lanjut: <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_asam_basa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaksi asam basa">Reaksi asam basa</a></div> <p>Oksidasi H<sub>2</sub> secara formal menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> H<sup>+</sup>. Spesies ini merupakan topik utama dari pembahasan <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a>, walaupun istilah proton digunakan secara longgar untuk merujuk pada hidrogen kationik yang positif dan ditandai dengan H<sup>+</sup>. Menurut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teori_Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teori Brønsted–Lowry (halaman belum tersedia)">teori Brønsted–Lowry</a>, asam adalah donor proton, sementara basa adalah akseptor (penerima) proton. </p><p>Proton H<sup>+</sup> tidak dapat ditemukan berdiri sendiri dalam larutan karena ia memiliki kecenderungan mengikat pada atom atau molekul yang memiliki elektron. Selain pada temperatur tinggi dan bergabung dengan plasma, proton semacam ini tidak dapat dihilangkan dari <a href="/wiki/Awan_elektron" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan elektron">awan elektron</a> atom dan molekul, dan akan tetap terikat pada atom dan molekul tersebut. </p><p>Untuk menghindari kesalahpahaman akan "proton terlarut" dalam larutan, larutan asam sering dianggap memiliki spesies fiktif yang disebut ion <a href="/wiki/Hidronium" title="Hidronium">hidronium</a> (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) yang bergerombol membentuk H<sub>9</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Okumura_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okumura-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksonium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksonium (halaman belum tersedia)">oksonium</a> juga ditemukan ketika air dalam larutan asam dengan pelarut lain.<sup id="cite_ref-Perdoncin_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perdoncin-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walaupun sangat langka di Bumi, salah satu ion yang paling melimpah dalam alam semesta ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Molekul_hidrogen_terprotonasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekul hidrogen terprotonasi">H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup></a>, dikenal sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kation_trihidrogen" title="Kation trihidrogen">molekul hidrogen terprotonasi</a> ataupun kation hidrogen triatomik.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrington_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrington-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atom_hidrogen">Atom hidrogen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Atom hidrogen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Atom hidrogen"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Badan_Penerbangan_dan_Antariksa_Amerika_Serikat" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Penerbangan dan Antariksa Amerika Serikat">NASA</a> telah menyelidiki penggunaan atom hidrogen sebagai <a href="/wiki/Propelan_roket" title="Propelan roket">propelan roket</a>. Atom hidrogen bisa disimpan dalam helium cair untuk mencegah atom hidrogen bergabung kembali menjadi molekul hidrogen. Ketika helium menjadi uap, atom hidrogen akan dilepaskan dan bergabung kembali menjadi hidrogen molekuler. Hasilnya adalah aliran gas hidrogen dan helium yang sangat panas. Berat lepas landas roket dapat dikurangi hingga 50% dengan metode ini.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sebagian besar hidrogen di luar angkasa berbentuk atom hidrogen karena atom dapat, walaupun jarang, bertabrakan dan bergabung. Atom hidrogen adalah sumber penting <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">garis hidrogen</a> 21&#160;cm dalam <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a> pada frekuensi 1420&#160;MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotop">Isotop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Isotop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Isotop"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Isotop_hidrogen" title="Isotop hidrogen">Isotop hidrogen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/220px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/330px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg/440px-Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Tabung spektrum hidrogen</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg/220px-Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg/330px-Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg/440px-Deuterium_discharge_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Tabung spektrum deuterium</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Hydrogen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hydrogen.svg/150px-Hydrogen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hydrogen.svg/225px-Hydrogen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hydrogen.svg/300px-Hydrogen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Protium, isotop hidrogen yang paling umum dijumpai, memiliki satu proton dan satu elektron. Keunikan isotop ini adalah ia tidak mempunyai neutron (lihat pula <a href="/wiki/Diproton" class="mw-redirect" title="Diproton">diproton</a> untuk pembahasan mengenai mengapa isotop tanpa neutron yang lain tidak eksis.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hidrogen memiliki tiga isotop alami, ditandai dengan <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>2</sup>H, dan <sup>3</sup>H. Isotop lainnya yang tidak stabil (<sup>4</sup>H hingga <sup>7</sup>H) juga telah disintesiskan di laboratorium namun tidak pernah dijumpai secara alami.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurov_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurov-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Korsheninnikov_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korsheninnikov-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><sup>1</sup>H</b> adalah isotop hidrogen yang paling melimpah, memiliki persentase 99.98% dari jumlah atom hidrogen. Oleh karena <a href="/wiki/Inti_atom" title="Inti atom">inti atom</a> isotop ini hanya memiliki <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> tunggal, ia diberikan nama yang deskriptif sebagai <a href="/wiki/Protium" class="mw-redirect" title="Protium">protium</a>, namun nama ini jarang sekali digunakan.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><sup>2</sup>H</b>, isotop hidrogen lainnya yang stabil, juga dikenal sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a></i> dan mengandung satu proton dan satu <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> pada intinya. Deuterium tidak bersifat radioaktif, dan tidak memberikan bahaya keracunan yang signifikan. Air yang atom hidrogennya merupakan isotop deuterium dinamakan <a href="/wiki/Air_berat" title="Air berat">air berat</a>. Deuterium dan senyawanya digunakan sebagai penanda non-radioaktif pada percobaan kimia dan untuk pelarut <sup>1</sup>H-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektroskopi_NMR&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektroskopi NMR (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi NMR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Air berat digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Moderator_neutron" title="Moderator neutron">moderator neutron</a> dan pendingin pada reaktor nuklir. Deuterium juga berpotensi sebagai bahan bakar fusi nuklir komersial.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><sup>3</sup>H</b> dikenal dengan nama <i><a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a></i> dan mengandung satu proton dan dua neutron pada intinya. Ia memiliki sifat radioaktif, dan mereras menjadi <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">Helium-3</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Peluruhan_beta" title="Peluruhan beta">pererasan beta</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Umur_paruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Umur paruh">umur paruh</a> 12,32 <a href="/wiki/Tahun" title="Tahun">tahun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miessler_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miessler-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejumlah kecil tritium dapat dijumpai di alam oleh karena interaksi sinar kosmos dengan atmosfer Bumi; tritium juga dilepaskan selama <a href="/wiki/Uji_coba_nuklir" title="Uji coba nuklir">uji coba nuklir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia juga digunakan dalam reaksi fusi nuklir,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sebagai penanda dalam <a href="/wiki/Geokimia_isotop" title="Geokimia isotop">geokimia isotop</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan terspesialisasi pada peralatan <i>self-powered lighting</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tritium juga digunakan dalam penandaan percobaan kimia dan biologi sebagai <a href="/wiki/Radiolabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiolabel">radiolabel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-holte_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holte-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Hidrogen adalah satu-satunya unsur yang memiliki tiga nama berbeda untuk isotopnya. (Dalam awal perkembangan keradioaktivitasan, beberapa isotop radioaktif berat diberikan nama, namun nama-nama tersebut tidak lagi digunakan). Simbol D dan T kadang-kadang digunakan untuk merujuk pada deuterium dan tritium, namun simbol P telah digunakan untuk merujuk pada <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a>, sehingga tidak digunakan untuk merujuk pada protium.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Tatanama_IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatanama IUPAC">tatanama IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i> mengizinkan penggunaan D, T, <sup>2</sup>H, dan <sup>3</sup>H walaupun <sup>2</sup>H dan <sup>3</sup>H lebih dianjurkan.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muonium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Muonium (halaman belum tersedia)">muonium</a> (simbol Mu) <a href="/wiki/Atom_eksotis" title="Atom eksotis">eksotis</a>, terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">antimuon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>, kadang-kadang juga dianggap sebagai radioisotop ringan hidrogen, karena perbedaan massa antara antimuon dan elektron.<sup id="cite_ref-Gold_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gold-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Muonium ditemukan pada tahun 1960. Dalam <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000220000000000000♠"></span>2,2&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikrodetik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikrodetik (halaman belum tersedia)">µs</a></span>, yaitu masa hidup muon, muonium dapat masuk ke dalam senyawa seperti muonium klorida (MuCl) atau natrium muonida (NaMu), yang serupa dengan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_klorida" title="Hidrogen klorida">hidrogen klorida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Natrium_hidrida" title="Natrium hidrida">natrium hidrida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iupac_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iupac-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keberadaan_alami">Keberadaan alami</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Keberadaan alami" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keberadaan alami"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/250px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/375px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/500px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_604" title="NGC 604">NGC 604</a>, sebuah <a href="/wiki/Daerah_H_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah H II">daerah yang terdiri dari hidrogen yang terionisasi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Triangulum" title="Galaksi Triangulum">Galaksi Triangulum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hidrogen adalah unsur yang paling <a href="/wiki/Kelimpahan_alami" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelimpahan alami">melimpah</a> di alam semesta ini dengan persentase 75% dari <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">barion</a> berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massa</a> dan lebih dari 90% berdasarkan jumlah atom (Sebagian besar massa alam semesta bukan dalam bentuk materi jenis unsur kimia, melainkan didalilkan terjadi sebagai bentuk massa yang belum terdeteksi seperti <a href="/wiki/Materi_gelap" title="Materi gelap">materi gelap</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Energi_gelap" title="Energi gelap">energi gelap</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Unsur ini ditemukan dalam kelimpahan yang besar di bintang-bintang dan planet-planet <a href="/wiki/Raksasa_gas" title="Raksasa gas">raksasa gas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Awan_molekul" title="Awan molekul">Awan molekul</a> dari H<sub>2</sub> diasosiasikan dengan <a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_bintang" title="Pembentukan bintang">pembentukan bintang</a>. Hidrogen memainkan peran penting dalam pemberian energi <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang</a> melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_proton-proton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi proton-proton (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi proton-proton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Fusi_nuklir" title="Fusi nuklir">fusi nuklir</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_CNO&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur CNO (halaman belum tersedia)">daur CNO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bentuk">Bentuk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Bentuk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bentuk"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di seluruh alam semesta ini, hidrogen kebanyakan ditemukan dalam keadaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomik (halaman belum tersedia)">atomik</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Plasma" class="mw-disambig" title="Plasma">plasma</a> yang sifatnya berbeda dengan molekul hidrogen. Sebagai plasma, elektron hidrogen dan proton terikat bersama, dan menghasilkan konduktivitas listrik yang sangat tinggi dan daya pancar yang tinggi (menghasilkan cahaya dari Matahari dan bintang lain). Partikel yang bermuatan dipengaruhi oleh medan magnet dan medan listrik. Sebagai contoh, dalam <a href="/wiki/Angin_surya" title="Angin surya">angin surya</a>, partikel-partikel ini berinteraksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfer" title="Magnetosfer">magnetosfer</a> Bumi dan mengakibatkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arus_Birkeland&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arus Birkeland (halaman belum tersedia)">arus Birkeland</a> dan fenomena <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">Aurora</a>. Hidrogen ditemukan dalam keadaan atom netral di <a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">medium antarbintang</a>. Sejumlah besar atom hidrogen netral yang ditemukan di sistem Lyman-alpha teredam diperkirakan mendominasi rapatan barionik <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta">alam semesta</a> sampai dengan <a href="/wiki/Pergeseran_merah" title="Pergeseran merah">pergeseran merah</a> <i>z</i>=4.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam keadaan normal di Bumi, unsur hidrogen berada dalam keadaan gas diatomik, H<sub>2</sub>. Namun, gas hidrogen sangat langka di atmosfer Bumi (1 <a href="/wiki/Bagian_per_juta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagian per juta">ppm</a> berdasarkan volume) oleh karena beratnya yang ringan. Oleh karena itu, gas hidrogen lebih mudah <a href="/wiki/Pelepasan_atmosfer" title="Pelepasan atmosfer">lepas dari gravitasi Bumi</a> daripada gas yang lebih berat. Walaupun demikian, hidrogen masih merupakan unsur paling melimpah di permukaan Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-ArgonneBasic_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArgonneBasic-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan hidrogen di Bumi berada dalam keadaan bersenyawa dengan unsur lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Hidrokarbon" title="Hidrokarbon">hidrokarbon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miessler_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miessler-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gas hidrogen dihasilkan oleh beberapa jenis bakteri dan <a href="/wiki/Ganggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganggang">ganggang</a> dan merupakan komponen alami dari <a href="/wiki/Kentut" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentut">kentut</a>. Penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a> sebagai sumber hidrogen akhir-akhir ini juga menjadi semakin penting.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bentuk molekuler yang disebut <a href="/wiki/Kation_trihidrogen" title="Kation trihidrogen">molekul hidrogen terprotonasi</a> (H<sup>+3</sup>) ditemukan dalam media antarbintang. Ini terbentuk melalui ionisasi hidrogen molekuler dari <a href="/wiki/Sinar_kosmik" title="Sinar kosmik">sinar kosmik</a>. Ion bermuatan ini juga telah diamati dalam atmosfer atas planet <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. Ion ini relatif stabil di lingkungan angkasa luar karena rendahnya temperatur dan kerapatan. H<sup>+3</sup> adalah ion paling melimpah di jagat raya, dan memainkan peran penting dalam kimia media antarbintang.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kation_trihidrogen" title="Kation trihidrogen">Hidrogen triatomik</a> netral H<sub>3</sub> hanya ada dalam bentuk tereksitasi dan tidak stabil.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebaliknya, ion positif <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_molekul_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ion molekul hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrogen molekular</a> (H<sup>+2</sup>) adalah molekul yang jarang ditemukan di jagat raya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penemuan_dan_penggunaan">Penemuan dan penggunaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Penemuan dan penggunaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penemuan dan penggunaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gas hidrogen, H<sub>2</sub>, pertama kali dihasilkan secara artifisial oleh T. Von Hohenheim (dikenal juga sebagai <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, 1493–1541) melalui pencampuran <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Asam_kuat" class="mw-redirect" title="Asam kuat">asam kuat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dia tidak menyadari bahwa gas mudah terbakar yang dihasilkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Reaksi_kimia" title="Reaksi kimia">reaksi kimia</a> ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> yang baru. Pada tahun 1671, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> menemukan kembali dan mendeskripsikan reaksi antara <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam" title="Asam">asam</a> yang menghasilkan gas hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1766, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cavendish" title="Henry Cavendish">Henry Cavendish</a> adalah orang yang pertama mengenali gas hidrogen sebagai zat diskret dengan mengidentifikasikan gas tersebut dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_logam-asam&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi logam-asam (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi logam-asam</a> sebagai "udara yang mudah terbakar". Pada tahun 1781 dia lebih lanjut menemukan bahwa gas ini menghasilkan air ketika dibakar.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1783, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> memberikan unsur ini dengan nama hidrogen (dari <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Bahasa Yunani</a> <i>hydro</i> yang artinya air dan <i>genes</i> yang artinya membentuk)<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ketika dia dan <a href="/wiki/Laplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplace">Laplace</a> mengulang kembali penemuan Cavendish yang mengatakan pembakaran hidrogen menghasilkan air.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_(by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre)RENEW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_%28by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre%29RENEW.jpg/175px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_%28by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre%29RENEW.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_%28by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre%29RENEW.jpg/262px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_%28by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre%29RENEW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_%28by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre%29RENEW.jpg/349px-Antoine-Laurent_Lavoisier_%28by_Louis_Jean_Desire_Delaistre%29RENEW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2158" /></a><figcaption>Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier</figcaption></figure> <p>Lavoisier menghasilkan hidrogen pada percobaannya tentang konservasi massa dengan mereaksikan flux uap dengan besi logam melalui tabung besi pijar yang dipanaskan dalam api. Oksidasi anaerobik besi oleh proton air pada temperatur tinggi dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut: </p> <dl><dd>&#160;&#160; Fe +&#160;&#160;H<sub>2</sub>O → FeO + H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <dl><dd>2 Fe + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O → Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <dl><dd>3 Fe + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O → Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + 4 H<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Banyak logam seperti <a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">zirkonium</a> mengalami reaksi yang sama dengan air menghasilkan hidrogen. </p><p>Hidrogen pertama kali dicairkan oleh <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> pada tahun 1898 dengan menggunakan penemuannya, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guci_hampa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guci hampa (halaman belum tersedia)">guci hampa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dia kemudian menghasilkan hidrogen padat setahun kemudian.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a> ditemukan pada tahun 1931 Desember oleh <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a> dibuat pada tahun 1934 oleh <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Harteck&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Harteck (halaman belum tersedia)">Paul Harteck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nostrand_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nostrand-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Air_berat" title="Air berat">Air berat</a>, yang mengandung deuterium menggantikan hidrogen biasa, ditemukan oleh Urey dkk. pada tahun 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Salah satu dari penggunaan pertama H<sub>2</sub> adalah untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinar_sorot&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinar sorot (halaman belum tersedia)">sinar sorot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Isaac_de_Rivaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="François Isaac de Rivaz (halaman belum tersedia)">François Isaac de Rivaz</a> membangun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesin_de_Rivaz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesin de Rivaz (halaman belum tersedia)">mesin de Rivaz</a> pertama, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Motor_bakar_pembakaran_dalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor bakar pembakaran dalam">mesin pembakaran internal</a> yang ditenagai oleh campuran hidrogen dan oksigen pada tahun 1806. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Daniel_Clarke" title="Edward Daniel Clarke">Edward Daniel Clarke</a> menciptakan pipa sembur gas hidrogen pada tahun 1819. <a href="/wiki/Lampu_D%C3%B6bereiner" title="Lampu Döbereiner">Lampu Döbereiner</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Lampu_sorot" title="Lampu sorot">lampu sorot</a> (<i>limelight</i>) ditemukan pada tahun 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Balon" title="Balon">Balon</a> pertama yang diisikan dengan hidrogen diciptakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Charles" title="Jacques Charles">Jacques Charles</a> pada tahun 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen memberikan tenaga dorong untuk perjalanan udara yang aman dan pada tahun 1852 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Giffard&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Giffard (halaman belum tersedia)">Henri Giffard</a> menciptakan kapal udara yang diangkat oleh hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Bangsawan Jerman <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a> mempromosikan idenya tentang kapal udara yang diangkat dengan hidrogen dan kemudian dinamakan <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin" title="Zeppelin">Zeppelin</a> dengan penerbangan perdana pada tahun 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Penerbangan yang terjadwal dimulai pada tahun 1910 dan sampai pecahnya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a> pada Agustus 1914, Zeppelin telah membawa 35.000 penumpang tanpa insiden yang serius. Kapal udara yang diangkat dengan hidrogen digunakan sebagai platform observasi dan pengebom selama perang. </p><p>Penerbangan tanpa henti melewati samudra atlantik pertama kali dilakukan kapal udara Britania <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R34&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="R34 (halaman belum tersedia)">R34</a></i> pada tahun 1919. Pelayanan penerbangan udara dipulihkan pada tahun 1920 dan penemuan cadangan <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> di <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> memberikan peluang ditingkatkannya keamanan penerbangan, namun pemerintah Amerika Serikat menolak menjual gas tersebut untuk digunakan dalam penerbangan. Oleh karenanya, gas H<sub>2</sub> digunakan di pesawat <a href="/wiki/Musibah_Hindenburg" title="Musibah Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a>, yang pada akhirnya meledak di langit <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/6_Mei" title="6 Mei">6 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Insiden ini ditayangkan secara langsung di radio dan direkam. Banyak yang menduga terbakarnya hidrogen yang bocor sebagai akibat insiden tersebut, namun investigasi lebih lanjut membuktikan sebab insiden tersebut karena terbakarnya salut fabrik oleh <a href="/wiki/Listrik_statis" title="Listrik statis">keelektrikan statis</a>. Tetapi reputasi hidrogen sebagai gas pengangkat telah rusak dan pesawat komersial yang menggunakan hidrogen dihentikan. Hidrogen masih digunakan sebagai gas pengangkat untuk balon cuaca, karena lebih murah daripada helium. </p><p>Pada tahun yang sama, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turbogenerator_berpendingin_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Turbogenerator berpendingin hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">turbogenerator berpendingin hidrogen</a> diluncurkan pertama kali dengan gas hidrogen sebagai <a href="/wiki/Pendingin" class="mw-disambig" title="Pendingin">pendingin</a> dalam rotor dan stator pada tahun 1937 di <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a>, Ohio oleh Dayton Power &amp; Light Co.;<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> karena konduktivitas termal gas hidrogen, ini adalah jenis yang palling umum di lapangan saat ini untuk generator besar (biasanya lebih atau sama dengan 60 MW; generator yang lebih kecil biasanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendinginan_dengan_udara&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendinginan dengan udara (halaman belum tersedia)">didinginkan dengan udara</a>). </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baterai_nikel_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baterai nikel hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Baterai nikel hidrogen</a> pertama kali digunakan pada tahun 1977 dalam <i>U.S Navy's Navigation Technology Satellite-2</i> (NTS-2).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagai contoh, <a href="/wiki/Stasiun_Luar_Angkasa_Internasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Stasiun Luar Angkasa Internasional">ISS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey_2001" title="Mars Odyssey 2001">Mars Odyssey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dilengkapi dengan baterai nikel-hidrogen. Di bagian gelap orbitnya, <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_luar_angkasa_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleskop luar angkasa Hubble">Teleskop Angkasa Hubble</a> juga di bertenaga baterai nikel-hidrogen, yang akhirnya diganti pada Mei 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> lebih dari 19 tahun setelah diluncurkan, dan 13 tahun setelah mulai dihidupkan.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peranan_dalam_teori_kuantum">Peranan dalam teori kuantum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Peranan dalam teori kuantum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Peranan dalam teori kuantum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Emission_spectrum-H.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emission_spectrum-H.svg/400px-Emission_spectrum-H.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emission_spectrum-H.svg/600px-Emission_spectrum-H.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Emission_spectrum-H.svg/800px-Emission_spectrum-H.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Garis spektrum emisi hidrogen dalam rentang tampak. Ini adalah empat garis tampak dalam <a href="/wiki/Deret_Balmer" title="Deret Balmer">deret Balmer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Oleh karena struktur atomnya yang relatif sederhana, yang hanya terdiri dari sebuah <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atom_hidrogen" title="Atom hidrogen">atom hidrogen</a> bersama dengan spektrum emisinya menjadi pusat perkembangan teori struktur <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Lebih jauh lagi, kesederhanaan molekul hidrogen dan kationnya H membantu pemahaman yang lebih jauh mengenai <a href="/wiki/Ikatan_kimia" title="Ikatan kimia">ikatan kimia</a>, tidak lama setelah perlakuan mekanis kuantum atom hidrogen dikembangkan pada pertengahan 1920-an. </p><p>Salah satu dari efek kuantum yang secara eksplisit disadari (namun masih belum sepenuhnya dimengerti saat itu) adalah pengamatan Maxwell yang melibatkan hidrogen setengah abad sebelum <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantum" title="Mekanika kuantum">teori mekanika kuantum</a> benar-benar berkembang. Maxwell mengamati bahwa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapasitas_bahang_spesifik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapasitas bahang spesifik (halaman belum tersedia)">kapasitas bahang spesifik</a> dari H<sub>2</sub> tidak sesuai dengan tren gas <a href="/wiki/Diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomik">diatomik</a> lainnya di bawah suhu kamar dan mulai menyerupai tren gas <a href="/wiki/Monoatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoatomik">monoatomik</a> di temperatur <a href="/wiki/Kriogenik" title="Kriogenik">kriogenik</a>. Menurut teori kuantum, sifat-sifat ini disebabkan oleh jarak antara aras tenaga rotasi hidrogen yang lebar oleh karena massanya yang ringan. Aras yang lebar ini menghambat partisi energi bahang secara merata menjadi gerak berputar hidrogen pada temperatur yang rendah. Gas diatomik yang terdiri dari atom-atom yang lebih berat tidak mempunyai aras tenaga yang cukup lebar untuk menyebabkan efek yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-Berman_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berman-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antihidrogen" title="Antihidrogen">Antihidrogen</a> (<span class="unicode;" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="text-decoration:overline;">H</span></span>) adalah <a href="/wiki/Antimateri" title="Antimateri">antimateri</a> lawan dari hidrogen. Ia tersusun dari sebuah <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a> dan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>. Antihidrogen adalah satu-satunya atom antimateri yang telah diproduksi per 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-char15_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-char15-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keller15_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keller15-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Produksi">Produksi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Produksi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Produksi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Produksi_hidrogen" title="Produksi hidrogen">Produksi hidrogen</a></div> <p>H diproduksi di laboratorium kimia dan biologi, sering kali sebagai produk sampingan dari reaksi lain; di industri untuk <a href="/wiki/Hidrogenasi" title="Hidrogenasi">hidrogenasi</a> substrat <a href="/wiki/Senyawa_jenuh_dan_tak_jenuh" title="Senyawa jenuh dan tak jenuh">tak jenuh</a>; dan di alam sebagai sarana penyetara reaksi biokimia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logam-asam">Logam-asam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Logam-asam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Logam-asam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banyak logam bereaksi dengan air menghasilkan <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span>, tetapi laju evolusi hidrogen bergantung pada logam, pH, dan keberadaan agen paduan. Cara yang paling sering digunakan adalah dengan asam. Logam alkali dan alkali tanah, aluminium, seng, mangan, dan besi mudah bereaksi dengan asam air. Reaksi ini adalah dasar dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peralatan_Kipp&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peralatan Kipp (halaman belum tersedia)">peralatan Kipp</a>, yang pernah digunakan sebagai sumber gas laboratorium, dengan mereaksikan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_oksidator&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam oksidator (halaman belum tersedia)">asam non-oksidator</a> encer dengan beberapa logam yang reaktif seperti <a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng">seng</a> dengan peralatan Kipp: </p> <dl><dd>Zn + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sup>+</sup></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">Zn<sup>2+</sup></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Banyak logam, seperti aluminium, bereaksi lambat dengan air karena mereka membentuk lapisan oksida pasif. Namun, paduan aluminium dan <a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">galium</a> bereaksi dengan air. [97] Pada pH yang tinggi, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> dapat menghasilkan H<sub>2</sub>: </p> <dl><dd>2 Al + 6 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub>O</span> + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup>−</sup></span> → 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">Al(OH)<span style="font-size:80%; display:-moz-inline-box; -moz-box-orient:vertical; display:inline-block; vertical-align: bottom; margin-bottom:-0.4em; min-height:1em; line-height:1em;"><span style="display:block; min-height:1em; margin-top:-1.4em;">−</span><span style="display:block; min-height:1em;">4</span></span></span> + 3 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektrolisis_air">Elektrolisis air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Elektrolisis air" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Elektrolisis air"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis_air" title="Elektrolisis air">Elektrolisis air</a> adalah metode sederhana produksi hidrogen. Arus listrik lemah dialirkan melalui listrik, dan gas oksigen terbentuk di <a href="/wiki/Anoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoda">anoda</a> sementara gas hidrogen terbentuk di <a href="/wiki/Katode" title="Katode">katode</a>. Biasanya katode terbuat dari platina atau logam inert lainnya ketika hidrogen diproduksi untuk disimpan. Namun, jika gas akan dibakar di tempat, oksigen yang dihasilkan harus mendukung pembakaran, sehingga kedua elektrode harus terbuat dari bahan inert. (Besi, misalnya, akan teroksidasi, dan akibatnya menurunkan jumlah oksigen yang dihasilkan.) Efisiensi maksimum teoretis (listrik yang digunakan vs. nilai energetik hidrogen yang dihasilkan) adalah antara 88–94%.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub>O</span>(l) → 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span>(g) + <span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub>2</sub></span>(g)</dd></dl> <p>Paduan aluminium dan <a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium">galium</a> dalam bentuk pelet yang ditambahkan ke dalam air dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan hidrogen. Proses ini juga menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, tetapi harga galium yang mahal, dengan sifatnya yang dapat mencegah pembentukan lapisan oksida pada permukaan pelet, membuatnya dapat digunakan ulang. Hal ini membawa implikasi penting pada keekonomian hidrogen, karena hidrogen dapat diproduksi di tempat dan tidak memerlukan transportasi.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ketika menentukan efisiensi listrik elektrolisis PEM (<a href="/wiki/Membran_penukar_proton" title="Membran penukar proton">membran penukar proton</a>/<i>proton exchange membrane</i>), digunakan nilai kalor (HHV) yang lebih tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ini karena lapisan katalisator berinteraksi dengan air sebagai uap. Karena proses beroperasi pada suhu 80&#160;°C untuk elektroliser PEM, panas limbah dapat dialihkan melalui sistem PEM untuk menghasilkan uap, sehingga efisiensi listriknya lebih tinggi. Nilai panas yang lebih rendah (LHV) harus digunakan untuk elektroliser alkali karena proses di dalam elektroliser ini membutuhkan air dalam bentuk cair dan menggunakan alkalinitas untuk memfasilitasi pemutusan ikatan yang mengikat atom hidrogen dan oksigen. Nilai panas yang lebih rendah juga harus digunakan untuk sel bahan bakar, karena uap adalah hasilnya, bukan bahannya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_reforming"><i>Steam reforming</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Steam reforming" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Steam reforming"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hidrogen dapat diproduksi dalam beberapa cara, tetapi proses paling penting secara ekonomis adalah penghilangan hidrogen dari hidrokarbon. Hidrogen komersial biasanya diproduksi dengan cara <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steam_reforming&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Steam reforming (halaman belum tersedia)">steam reforming</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gas_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas alam">gas alam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxtoby_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxtoby-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> yang melibatkan penghilangan hidrogen dari hidrokarbon pada suhu yang sangat tinggi. 48% produksi hidrogen dihasilkan dari <i>steam reforming</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rotech_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotech-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pada temperatur tinggi (1000–1400&#160;K, 700–1100&#160;°C, atau 1300–2000&#160;°F), <i>steam</i> (uap air) bereaksi dengan <a href="/wiki/Metana" title="Metana">metana</a> menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a> dan H.<sup id="cite_ref-rotech_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rotech-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub>4</sub></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub>O</span> → CO + 3 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Reaksi ini disarankan pada tekanan rendah tetapi tetap dilakukan pada tekanan tinggi (2,0&#160;MPa (20&#160;atm; 590&#160;inHg)). Hal ini karena H bertekanan tinggi adalah produk yang paling banyak di pasaran dan sistem pemurnian <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pressure_Swing_Adsorption&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pressure Swing Adsorption (halaman belum tersedia)">Pressure Swing Adsorption</a></i> (<i>PSA</i>) bekerja lebih baik pada tekanan tinggi. Campuran produk dikenal sebagai "<a href="/wiki/Gas_sintetis" title="Gas sintetis">gas sintetis</a>" karena sering digunakan langsung untuk produksi <a href="/wiki/Metanol" title="Metanol">metanol</a> dan senyawa terkait. <a href="/wiki/Hidrokarbon" title="Hidrokarbon">Hidrokarbon</a> lain selain metana dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan gas sintetis dengan rasio produk bervariasi. Salah satu komplikasi teknologi canggih ini adalah pembentukan kokas atau karbon: </p> <dl><dd><span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub>4</sub></span> → C + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Akibatnya, <i>steam reforming</i> biasanya menggunakan H berlebih. Hidrogen tambahan dapat diperoleh kembali dari uap air dengan menggunakan karbon monoksida melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_pergeseran_gas_air&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi pergeseran gas air (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi pergeseran gas air</a>, terutama dengan katalis <a href="/wiki/Besi_oksida" title="Besi oksida">besi oksida</a>. Reaksi ini juga merupakan sumber <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> industri yang umum:<sup id="cite_ref-Oxtoby_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxtoby-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>CO + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub>O</span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">CO<sub>2</sub></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Metode penting lainnya untuk produksi H meliputi oksidasi parsial hidrokarbon:<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>2 <span class="chemf nowrap">CH<sub>4</sub></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">O<sub>2</sub></span> → 2 CO + 4 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>dan reaksi karbon, yang dapat berfungsi sebagai awal untuk reaksi pergeseran atas:<sup id="cite_ref-Oxtoby_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxtoby-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>C + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub>O</span> → CO + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Hidrogen kadang-kadang diproduksi dan dikonsumsi dalam proses industri yang sama, tanpa dipisahkan. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Proses_Haber" title="Proses Haber">proses Haber</a> untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produksi_amonia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produksi amonia (halaman belum tersedia)">produksi amonia</a>, hidrogen dihasilkan dari gas alam.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">Elektrolisis</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_garam" title="Air garam">air garam</a> untuk mendapatkan <a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin">klorin</a> juga menghasilkan hidrogen sebagai produk sampingan.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Termokimia">Termokimia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Termokimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Termokimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Terdapat lebih dari 200 daur termokimia yang dapat digunakan untuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemecahan_air&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemecahan air (halaman belum tersedia)">pemecahan air</a>, sebagian daur ini seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_besi_oksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur besi oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">daur besi oksida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_serium(IV)_oksida%E2%80%93serium(III)_oksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur serium(IV) oksida–serium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">daur serium(IV) oksida–serium(III) oksida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_seng%E2%80%93seng_oksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur seng–seng oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">daur seng–seng oksida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_belerang%E2%80%93iodin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur belerang–iodin (halaman belum tersedia)">daur belerang–iodin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_tembaga%E2%80%93klorin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur tembaga–klorin (halaman belum tersedia)">daur tembaga–klorin</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_hibrida_belerang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur hibrida belerang (halaman belum tersedia)">daur hibrida belerang</a> masih dalam tahap penelitian dan fasa pengujian untuk menghasilkan hidrogen dan oksigen dari air dan panas tanpa menggunakan listrik.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sejumlah laboratorium (termasuk di Prancis, Jerman, Yunani, Jepang dan AS) sedang mengembangkan metode termokimia untuk menghasilkan hidrogen dari energi surya dan air.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korosi_anaerobik">Korosi anaerobik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Korosi anaerobik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Korosi anaerobik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam kondisi anaerobik, <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Baja_paduan" title="Baja paduan">baja paduan</a> secara perlahan teroksidasi oleh proton dari air bersamaan dengan berkurangnya molekul hidrogen (H). Saat besi mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Korosi_anaerobik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Korosi anaerobik (halaman belum tersedia)">korosi anaerobik</a> pertama kali akan terbentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fero_hidroksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fero hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">fero hidroksida</a> (karat hijau) dan dapat dijelaskan sesuai reaksi berikut: </p> <dl><dd>Fe + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span>O → <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub></span> + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Pada gilirannya, di bawah kondisi anaerobik, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fero_hidroksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fero hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">fero hidroksida</a> (Fe(OH)) dapat dioksidasi oleh proton dari air untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a> dan molekul hidrogen. Proses ini dijelaskan melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_Schikorr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi Schikorr (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi Schikorr</a>: </p> <dl><dd>3 <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></span> + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span>O + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd> <dd><i>fero hidroksida → magnetit + air + hidrogen</i></dd></dl> <p>Kristal magnetit (Fe) yang baik lebih stabil secara termodinamika daripada besi hidroksida (Fe(OH)). </p><p>Proses ini terjadi selama korosi anaerobik <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Baja" title="Baja">baja</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Air_tanah" title="Air tanah">air tanah</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_anoksik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Air anoksik (halaman belum tersedia)">bebas oksigen</a> dan dalam <a href="/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah">tanah</a> pereduksi di bawah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permukaan_air&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Permukaan air (halaman belum tersedia)">permukaan air</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keberadaan_geologi:_reaksi_serpentinisasi">Keberadaan geologi: reaksi serpentinisasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Keberadaan geologi: reaksi serpentinisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keberadaan geologi: reaksi serpentinisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dalam ketiadaan oksigen atmosfer (O), pada kondisi geologi dalam yang jauh dari atmosfer Bumi, hidrogen (H) diproduksi selama proses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentinisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Serpentinisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">serpentinisasi</a> melalui oksidasi anaerobik oleh proton air (H<sup>+</sup>) dari fero (Fe<sup>2+</sup>) silikat yang ada dalam kisi kristal <a href="/wiki/Fayalit" title="Fayalit">fayalit</a> (Fe, <a href="/wiki/Olivin" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivin">olivin</a> besi). Reaksi pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">magnetit</a> (Fe), <a href="/wiki/Kuarsa" title="Kuarsa">kuarsa</a> (SiO) dan hidrogen (H) adalah sebagai berikut: </p> <dl><dd>3 <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub></span> → <span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></span> + 2 <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span>O + <span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub>2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>fayalit + alir → magnetit + kuasa + hidrogen </p><p>Reaksi ini mendekati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_Schikorr&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi Schikorr (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi Schikorr</a> yang teramati pada oksidasi anaerobik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fero_hidroksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fero hidroksida (halaman belum tersedia)">fero hidroksida</a> ketika terkena air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembentukan_dalam_transformator">Pembentukan dalam transformator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Pembentukan dalam transformator" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembentukan dalam transformator"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dari semua pembentukan gas akibat adanya kesalahan pada <a href="/wiki/Transformator" title="Transformator">transformator</a> daya, hidrogen adalah yang paling umum dan dihasilkan di bawah kondisi kesalahan apapun; dengan demikian, pembentukan hidrogen merupakan indikasi awal dari masalah serius dalam siklus hidup transformator.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikasi">Aplikasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Aplikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Aplikasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:BMW_Hydrogen_7_CleanEnergy_car_seen_from_above_-_Verkehrszentrum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BMW_Hydrogen_7_CleanEnergy_car_seen_from_above_-_Verkehrszentrum.JPG/220px-BMW_Hydrogen_7_CleanEnergy_car_seen_from_above_-_Verkehrszentrum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BMW_Hydrogen_7_CleanEnergy_car_seen_from_above_-_Verkehrszentrum.JPG/330px-BMW_Hydrogen_7_CleanEnergy_car_seen_from_above_-_Verkehrszentrum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/BMW_Hydrogen_7_CleanEnergy_car_seen_from_above_-_Verkehrszentrum.JPG/440px-BMW_Hydrogen_7_CleanEnergy_car_seen_from_above_-_Verkehrszentrum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Mobil <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> Hydrogen 7 CleanEnergy, salah satu mobil dengan <a href="/wiki/Mesin_pembakaran_dalam" title="Mesin pembakaran dalam">mesin pembakaran dalam</a> berbahan bakar hidrogen. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industri_petrokimia">Industri petrokimia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting bagian: Industri petrokimia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Industri petrokimia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejumlah besar H<sub>2</sub> diperlukan dalam industri petrokimia dan kimia. Penggunaan terbesar H<sub>2</sub> adalah untuk memproses bahan bakar fosil dan dalam pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. Konsumen utama dari H<sub>2</sub> di kilang petrokimia meliputi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrodealkilasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrodealkilasi (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrodealkilasi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrodesulfurisasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrodesulfurisasi (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrodesulfurisasi</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penghidropecahan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Penghidropecahan (halaman belum tersedia)">penghidropecahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>&#58; <span lang="en"><i>hydrocracking</i></span>). Banyak dari reaksi ini dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hidrogenolisis" title="Hidrogenolisis">hidrogenolisis</a>, yaitu pemutusan ikatan dengan karbon. Berikut ini adalah ilustrasi pemisahan belerang dari bahan bakar fosil cair: </p> <dl><dd>R-S-R + 2 H<sub>2</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>S + 2 RH</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrogenasi">Hidrogenasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting bagian: Hidrogenasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hidrogenasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hidrogenasi" title="Hidrogenasi">Hidrogenasi</a> adalah penambahan H<sub>2</sub> ke dalam berbagai substrat yang dilakukan dalam skala besar. Hidrogenasi N2 untuk menghasilkan amonia dengan <a href="/wiki/Proses_Haber-Bosch" class="mw-redirect" title="Proses Haber-Bosch">Proses Haber-Bosch</a> menghabiskan beberapa persen anggaran energi di seluruh industri. Amonia yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk memasok sebagian besar protein yang dikonsumsi manusia.<sup id="cite_ref-Smil_2004_Enriching_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smil_2004_Enriching-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogenasi digunakan untuk mengubah <a href="/wiki/Lemak_tak_jenuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemak tak jenuh">lemak</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Minyak_nabati" title="Minyak nabati">oli tak jenuh</a> menjadi jenuh. Aplikasi utamanya adalah untuk produksi <a href="/wiki/Margarin" title="Margarin">margarin</a>. Methanol diproduksi melalui hidrogenasi karbon dioksida. Ini juga merupakan sumber hidrogen dalam pembuatan <a href="/wiki/Asam_klorida" title="Asam klorida">asam klorida</a>. H<sub>2</sub> juga digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Reduktor" title="Reduktor">reduktor</a> untuk mengubah beberapa <a href="/wiki/Bijih" title="Bijih">bijih</a> menjadi logam.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pendingin">Pendingin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting bagian: Pendingin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pendingin"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Generator_turbo_berpendingin_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Generator turbo berpendingin hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Generator turbo berpendingin hidrogen</a></div> <p>Hidrogen banyak digunakan pada <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik" title="Pembangkit listrik">pembangkit listrik</a> sebagai pendingin generator karena sejumlah sifatnya yang berhubungan langsung dengan struktur molekul <a href="/wiki/Diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomik">diatomiknya</a> yang ringan. Ini meliputi <a href="/wiki/Densitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Densitas">densitas</a> rendah, rendah <a href="/wiki/Viskositas" class="mw-redirect" title="Viskositas">viskositasnya</a>, serta mempunyai kapasitas "<a href="/wiki/Bahang" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahang">bahang</a>" spesifik dan <a href="/wiki/Konduktivitas_termal" title="Konduktivitas termal">konduktivitas termal</a> tertinggi di antara semua <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembawa_energi">Pembawa energi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting bagian: Pembawa energi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembawa energi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonomi_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonomi hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekonomi hidrogen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infrastruktur_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Infrastruktur hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Infrastruktur hidrogen</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bahan_bakar_hidrogen" title="Bahan bakar hidrogen">Bahan bakar hidrogen</a></div><p>Hidrogen bukanlah sumber energi,<sup id="cite_ref-sustain_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustain-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> kecuali dalam konteks hipotesis pembangkit listrik <a href="/wiki/Fusi_nuklir" title="Fusi nuklir">fusi nuklir</a> komersial yang menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> ataupun <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>, sebuah teknologi yang perkembangannya masih sedikit.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Energi Matahari berasal dari fusi nuklir hidrogen, namun proses ini sulit dikontrol di Bumi.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen dari cahaya Matahari, organisme biologi, ataupun dari sumber listrik menghabiskan lebih banyak energi dalam pembuatannya daripada pembakarannya. Hidrogen dapat dihasilkan dari sumber fosil (seperti metana) yang memerlukan lebih sedikit energi daripada energi hasil pembakarannya, namun sumber ini tidak dapat diperbaharui, dan lagipula metana dapat langsung digunakan sebagai sumber energi.<sup id="cite_ref-sustain_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustain-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rapatan_energi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rapatan energi (halaman belum tersedia)">Rapatan energi</a> per <i>volume</i> pada hidrogen cair maupun hidrogen gas pada tekanan yang praktis secara signifikan lebih kecil daripada rapatan energi dari bahan bakar lainnya, walaupun rapatan energi per massa adalah lebih tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-sustain_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustain-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sekalipun demikian, hidrogen telah dibahas secara meluas dalam konteks energi sebagai pembawa energi.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sebagai contoh, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekuestrasi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekuestrasi (halaman belum tersedia)">sekuestrasi</a> CO<sub>2</sub> yang diikuti dengan <a href="/wiki/Penangkapan_dan_penyimpanan_karbon" title="Penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon">penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon</a> dapat dilakukan pada produksi H<sub>2</sub> dari bahan bakar fosil.<sup id="cite_ref-GATech_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GATech-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen yang digunakan pada transportasi relatif lebih bersih dengan sedikit emisi <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> tetapi tanpa emisi karbon.<sup id="cite_ref-GATech_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GATech-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Namun, biaya infrastruktur yang diperlukan dalam membangun ekonomi hidrogen secara penuh sangatlah besar.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sel bahan bakar dapat mengubah hidrogen dan oksigen secara langsung menjadi listrik dengan lebih efisien daripada mesin pembakaran internal.<sup id="cite_ref-garbak11_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garbak11-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industri_semikonduktor">Industri semikonduktor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting bagian: Industri semikonduktor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Industri semikonduktor"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hidrogen digunakan untuk menjenuhkan ikatan tak beraturan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silikon_amorf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Silikon amorf (halaman belum tersedia)">silikon amorf</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbon_amorf&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbon amorf (halaman belum tersedia)">karbon amorf</a> yang membantu menstabilkan sifat materi.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ia juga <a href="/wiki/Donor_elektron" title="Donor elektron">donor elektron</a> potential dalam berbagai materi oksida, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Seng_oksida" title="Seng oksida">ZnO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timah_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Timah dioksida">SnO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadmium_oksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadmium oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">CdO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oksida" title="Magnesium oksida">MgO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zirkonium_dioksida" title="Zirkonium dioksida">ZrO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafnium(IV) oksida">HfO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lantanum(III)_oksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lantanum(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">La</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Itrium(III)_oksida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Itrium(III) oksida (halaman belum tersedia)">Y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioksida" title="Titanium dioksida">TiO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stronsium_titanat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stronsium titanat (halaman belum tersedia)">SrTiO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lantanum_aluminat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lantanum aluminat (halaman belum tersedia)">LaAlO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">SiO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oksida" title="Aluminium oksida">Al</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirkon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirkon">Zirkon silikat (ZrSiO)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnon (halaman belum tersedia)">HfSiO</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stronsium_zirkonat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stronsium zirkonat (halaman belum tersedia)">SrZrO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penggunaan_lain">Penggunaan lain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting bagian: Penggunaan lain" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penggunaan lain"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selain digunakan sebagai pereaksi, H<sub>2</sub> memiliki penerapan yang luas dalam bidang fisika dan teknik. Ia digunakan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_penameng&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas penameng (halaman belum tersedia)">gas penameng</a> di metode <a href="/wiki/Las" title="Las">pengelasan</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengelasan_hidrogen_atomik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengelasan hidrogen atomik (halaman belum tersedia)">pengelasan hidrogen atomik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> H<sub>2</sub> digunakan sebagai pendingin rotor di <a href="/wiki/Generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator">generator</a> <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik" title="Pembangkit listrik">pembangkit listrik</a> karena ia mempunyai konduktivitas termal yang paling tinggi di antara semua jenis gas. H<sub>2</sub> cair digunakan di riset <a href="/wiki/Kriogenik" title="Kriogenik">kriogenik</a> yang meliputi kajian <a href="/wiki/Superkonduktivitas" title="Superkonduktivitas">superkonduktivitas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Karena H<sub>2</sub> lebih ringan dari udara, yang memiliki <span class="template-frac">⅟14</span> densitas udara, hidrogen pernah digunakan secara luas sebagai gas pengangkat pada kapal udara balon.<sup id="cite_ref-zeppelins_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeppelins-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kedepan, dengan berkembangnya kendaraan fuel cell, permintaan dan pemanfaatan hidrogen diperkirakan akan meningkat.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baru-baru ini hidrogen digunakan sebagai bahan campuran dengan nitrogen (kadang kala disebut <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forming_gas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Forming gas (halaman belum tersedia)">forming gas</a></i>) sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_perunut&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas perunut (halaman belum tersedia)">gas perunut</a> untuk pendeteksian kebocoran gas yang kecil. Aplikasi ini dapat ditemukan di bidang otomotif, kimia, pembangkit listrik, kedirgantaraan, dan industri telekomunikasi.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen adalah zat aditif (E 949) yang diperbolehkan penggunaannya dalam uji coba kebocoran bungkusan makanan dan sebagai antioksidan.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isotop hidrogen yang lebih langka juga memiliki aplikasi tersendiri. <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterium</a> (hidrogen-2) digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_CANDU" title="Reaktor CANDU">reaktor CANDU</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Moderator_neutron" title="Moderator neutron">moderator</a> untuk memperlambat neutron.<sup id="cite_ref-nbb_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Senyawa deuterium juga memiliki aplikasi dalam bidang kimia dan biologi dalam kajian reaksi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efek_isotop&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Efek isotop (halaman belum tersedia)">efek isotop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">Tritium</a> (hidrogen-3) yang diproduksi oleh <a href="/wiki/Reaktor_nuklir" title="Reaktor nuklir">reaktor nuklir</a> digunakan dalam produksi <a href="/wiki/Bom_hidrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bom hidrogen">bom hidrogen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sebagai penanda isotopik dalam biosains,<sup id="cite_ref-holte_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holte-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> dan sebagai sumber <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiasi beta">radiasi</a> di cat berpendar.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suhu pada <a href="/wiki/Titik_tripel" title="Titik tripel">titik tripel</a> hidrogen digunakan sebagai titik acuan dalam skala temperatur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skala_Temperatur_Internasional_1990&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Skala Temperatur Internasional 1990 (halaman belum tersedia)">ITS-90</a> (<i>International Temperature Scale of 1990</i>) pada 13,8033&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaksi_biologi">Reaksi biologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting bagian: Reaksi biologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Reaksi biologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat pula: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biohidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biohidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Biohidrogen</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Produksi_hidrogen_biologis_(Algae)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Produksi hidrogen biologis (Algae) (halaman belum tersedia)">Produksi hidrogen biologis (Algae)</a></div> <p>H<sub>2</sub> adalah salah satu hasil produk dari beberapa jenis <a href="/wiki/Fermentasi" title="Fermentasi">fermentasi</a> anaerobik dan dihasilkan pula pada beberapa <a href="/wiki/Mikroorganisme" title="Mikroorganisme">mikroorganisme</a>, biasanya melalui reaksi yang di<a href="/wiki/Katalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalis">katalisasi</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Enzim" title="Enzim">enzim</a> <a href="/wiki/Dehidrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehidrogenase">dehidrogenase</a> yang mengandung <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">nikel</a>. Enzim-enzim ini mengkatalisasi reaksi redoks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reversibel&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reversibel (halaman belum tersedia)">reversibel</a> antara H<sub>2</sub> dengan komponen dua proton dan dua elektronnya. Gas hidrogen dihasilkan pada transfer reduktor ekuivalen yang dihasilkan selama <a href="/wiki/Fermentasi" title="Fermentasi">fermentasi</a> <a href="/wiki/Piruvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Piruvat">piruvat</a> menjadi <a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">air</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Siklus alami produksi dan konsumsi hidrogen oleh organisme disebut siklus hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-Rhee6_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rhee6-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> H<sub>2</sub> terdapat dalam jumlah yang kecil di nafas manusia sehat. Ini hasil dari aktivitas metabolisme mikroorganisme yang mengandung hidrogenase di <a href="/wiki/Usus_besar" title="Usus besar">usus besar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemisahan_air&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemisahan air (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemisahan air</a>, yang mana air terurai menjadi komponen proton, elektron, dan oksigen, terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Fotokimia" title="Fotokimia">reaksi cahaya</a> pada proses <a href="/wiki/Fotosintesis" title="Fotosintesis">fotosintesis</a>. Beberapa organisme meliputi ganggang <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydomonas_reinhardtii&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (halaman belum tersedia)">Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</a></i> dan <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> memiliki tahap kedua, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaksi_gelap&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaksi gelap (halaman belum tersedia)">reaksi gelap</a>, yang mana proton dan elektron direduksi menjadi gas H<sub>2</sub> oleh hidrogenase tertentu di <a href="/wiki/Kloroplas" title="Kloroplas">kloroplasnya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Beberapa usaha telah diambil untuk secara genetik memodifikasi hidrogenase cyanobacteria untuk secara efisien mensintesis gas H<sub>2</sub> dibawah keberadaan oksigen.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Usaha keras juga telah diambil dalam percobaan memodifikasi gen ganggang dan mengubahnya menjadi <a href="/wiki/Bioreaktor" title="Bioreaktor">bioreaktor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wewanti_keselamatan">Wewanti keselamatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting bagian: Wewanti keselamatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Wewanti keselamatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wewanti_keselamatan_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wewanti keselamatan hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Wewanti keselamatan hidrogen</a></div> <table class="infobox bordered" style="border-collapse:collapse; width:22em; text-align:left; ;"> <caption style="text-align:center;">Hidrogen </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Bahaya </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piktogram_bahaya_GHS" title="Piktogram bahaya GHS">Piktogram GHS</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Mudah terbakar"><img alt="GHS02: Mudah terbakar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sistem_Harmonisasi_Global_Klasifikasi_dan_Label_pada_Bahan_Kimia" title="Sistem Harmonisasi Global Klasifikasi dan Label pada Bahan Kimia">Keterangan bahaya GHS</a> </td> <td>{{{value}}} </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pernyataan_bahaya_GHS" title="Pernyataan bahaya GHS">Pernyataan bahaya GHS</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="Extremely flammable gas">H220</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Langkah_perlindungan_GHS" title="Langkah perlindungan GHS">Langkah perlindungan GHS</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="Do not handle until all safety precautions have been read and understood">P202</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces – No smoking">P210</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area">P271</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Store in a well ventilated place">P403</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Leaking gas fire – do not extinguish unless leak can be stopped safely">P377</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="Eliminate all ignition sources if safe to do so">P381</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba;"><div style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Kecuali dinyatakan lain, data di atas berlaku pada <a href="/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar">suhu dan tekanan standar</a> (25&#160;°C [77&#160;°F], 100&#160;kPa).</div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f8eaba; border-top:2px solid transparent;"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Referensi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#f8eaba;"> <td style="width:40%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-right:1px solid transparent;"> </td> <td style="width:60%; max-height:1px; border-top:2px solid transparent; border-left:1px solid transparent;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Hidrogen mendatangkan beberapa bahaya kesehatan pada manusia, mulai dari potensi ledakan dan kebakaran ketika tercampur dengan udara, sampai dengan sifatnya yang menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Asfiksia" title="Asfiksia">asfiksia</a> pada keadaan murni tanpa oksigen.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAH2_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAH2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Selain itu, <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_cair" title="Hidrogen cair">hidrogen cair</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Kriogenik" title="Kriogenik">kriogen</a> dan sangat berbahaya oleh karena suhunya yang sangat rendah.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hidrogen larut dalam beberapa logam dan selain berpotensi kebocoran, juga dapat menyebabkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perapuhan_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Perapuhan hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">perapuhan hidrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gas hidrogen yang mengalami kebocoran dapat menyala dengan spontan. Selain itu api hidrogen sangat panas, namun hampir tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang, sehingga dapat menyebabkan kasus kebakaran yang tak terduga.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data wewanti keselamatan hidrogen dapat dikacaukan oleh beberapa sebab. Sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia hidrogen sangat bergantung pada nisbah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spin_isomer_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spin isomer hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">parahidrogen/ortohidrogen</a> yang memerlukan beberapa hari untuk mencapai kesetimbangan (biasanya data yang diberikan merupakan data pada saat hidrogen mencapai kesetimbangan). Parameter ledakan hidrogen, seperti tekanan dan temperatur kritis ledakan sangat bergantung pada geometri wadah penampung hidrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-NASAH2_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASAH2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Indonesia" title="Bahasa Indonesia">bahasa Indonesia</a>&#58; <span lang="id">sma (satuan massa atom)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a>&#58; <span lang="en"><i>amu (atomic mass unit)</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massa alam semesta yang dimaksud adalah massa <a href="/wiki/Barion" title="Barion">barionik</a>. Namun, sebagian besar massa alam semesta tidak berada dalam bentuk barion atau unsur kimia. Lihat <a href="/wiki/Materi_gelap" title="Materi gelap">materi gelap</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Energi_gelap" title="Energi gelap">energi gelap</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">286 kjJmol: energi per mol bahan yang terbakar (molekul hidrogen)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihidrogen" title="Antihidrogen">Antihidrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daur_hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Daur hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Daur hidrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahan_bakar_hidrogen" title="Bahan bakar hidrogen">Bahan bakar hidrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendaraan_hidrogen" title="Kendaraan hidrogen">Kendaraan hidrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oksihidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksihidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Oksihidrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotohidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotohidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Fotohidrogen</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Indonesia" lang="Indonesia">(Indonesia)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/hidrogen">"Hidrogen"</a>. <i>KBBI Daring</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 Juli</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=KBBI+Daring&amp;rft.atitle=Hidrogen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkbbi.kemdikbud.go.id%2Fentri%2Fhidrogen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=vEwj1WZKThEC&amp;pg=PA240"><i>Inorganic chemistry</i></a>. Academic Press. hlm.&#160;240. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0123526515" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0123526515">0123526515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&amp;rft.pages=240&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0123526515&amp;rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Egon%3B+Wiberg%2C+Nils%3B+Holleman%2C+Arnold+Frederick&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvEwj1WZKThEC%26pg%3DPA240&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf"><i>Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" class="extiw" title="en:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (edisi ke-81). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&amp;rft.edition=81&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Weast, Robert (1984). <i>CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i>. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. hlm.&#160;E110. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8493-0464-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8493-0464-4">978-0-8493-0464-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&amp;rft.pages=E110&amp;rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&amp;rft.date=1984&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0464-4&amp;rft.aulast=Weast&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nostrand-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nostrand_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Hydrogen". <i>Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry</i>. Wylie-Interscience. 2005. hlm.&#160;797–799. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-471-61525-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-471-61525-0">0-471-61525-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen&amp;rft.btitle=Van+Nostrand%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Chemistry&amp;rft.pages=797-799&amp;rft.pub=Wylie-Interscience&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-471-61525-0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbb-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbb_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Emsley, John (2001). <i>Nature's Building Blocks</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;183–191. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-850341-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-850341-5">0-19-850341-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pages=183-191&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-850341-5&amp;rft.aulast=Emsley&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stwertka-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stwertka_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Stwertka, Albert (1996). <i>A Guide to the Elements</i>. Oxford University Press. hlm.&#160;16–21. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-508083-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-508083-1">0-19-508083-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.pages=16-21&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-508083-1&amp;rft.aulast=Stwertka&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Palmer, David (<a href="/wiki/13_November" title="13 November">13 November</a>, <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971113i.html">"Hydrogen in the Universe"</a>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029152908/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/971113i.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2014-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen+in+the+Universe&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.aulast=Palmer&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fask_astro%2Fanswers%2F971113i.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Staff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/hydrogen/basics/production.htm">"Hydrogen Basics&#160;— Production"</a>. Florida Solar Energy Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080218210526/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/hydrogen/basics/production.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-02-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen+Basics+%E2%80%94+Production&amp;rft.pub=Florida+Solar+Energy+Center&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsec.ucf.edu%2Fen%2Fconsumer%2Fhydrogen%2Fbasics%2Fproduction.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rogers, H. C. (1999). "Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals". <i>Science</i>. <b>159</b> (3819): 1057–1064. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.159.3819.1057">10.1126/science.159.3819.1057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Embrittlement+of+Metals&amp;rft.volume=159&amp;rft.issue=3819&amp;rft.pages=1057-1064&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.159.3819.1057&amp;rft.aulast=Rogers&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Christensen, C. H. (<a href="/wiki/9_Juli" title="9 Juli">9 Juli</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtu.dk/English/About_DTU/News.aspx?guid=%7BE6FF7D39-1EDD-41A4-BC9A-20455C2CF1A7%7D">"Making society independent of fossil fuels&#160;— Danish researchers reveal new technology"</a>. Technical University of Denmark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107204859/http://www.dtu.dk/English/About_DTU/News.aspx?guid=%7BE6FF7D39-1EDD-41A4-BC9A-20455C2CF1A7%7D">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 28-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Making+society+independent+of+fossil+fuels+%E2%80%94+Danish+researchers+reveal+new+technology&amp;rft.chron=9+Juli%2C+2005&amp;rft.aulast=Christensen&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtu.dk%2FEnglish%2FAbout_DTU%2FNews.aspx%3Fguid%3D%257BE6FF7D39-1EDD-41A4-BC9A-20455C2CF1A7%257D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takeshita-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Takeshita_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Takeshita_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Takeshita, T. (1974). "Hydrogen solubility in 1:5 compounds between yttrium or thorium and nickel or cobalt". <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i>. <b>13</b> (9): 2282–2283. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50139a050">10.1021/ic50139a050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+solubility+in+1%3A5+compounds+between+yttrium+or+thorium+and+nickel+or+cobalt&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=2282-2283&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic50139a050&amp;rft.aulast=Takeshita&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirchheim1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirchheim1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirchheim1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kirchheim, R. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_materials-science-and-engineering_1988-03_99/page/457">"Hydrogen in amorphous and nanocrystalline metals"</a>. <i>Materials Science and Engineering</i>. <b>99</b>: 457–462. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0025-5416%2888%2990377-1">10.1016/0025-5416(88)90377-1</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 28-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+in+amorphous+and+nanocrystalline+metals&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.pages=457-462&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0025-5416%2888%2990377-1&amp;rft.aulast=Kirchheim&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_materials-science-and-engineering_1988-03_99%2Fpage%2F457&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirchheim2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirchheim2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirchheim2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kirchheim, R. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_progress-in-materials-science_1988_32_4/page/262">"Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in defective and amorphous metals"</a>. <i>Progress in Materials Science</i>. <b>32</b> (4): 262–325. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0079-6425%2888%2990010-2">10.1016/0079-6425(88)90010-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 28-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Materials+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+solubility+and+diffusivity+in+defective+and+amorphous+metals&amp;rft.volume=32&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=262-325&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0079-6425%2888%2990010-2&amp;rft.aulast=Kirchheim&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_progress-in-materials-science_1988_32_4%2Fpage%2F262&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carcassi, M. N. (Juni 2005). "Deflagrations of H<sub>2</sub>–air and CH<sub>4</sub>–air lean mixtures in a vented multi-compartment environment". <i>Energy</i>. <b>30</b> (8): 1439–1451. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.energy.2004.02.012">10.1016/j.energy.2004.02.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Energy&amp;rft.atitle=Deflagrations+of+H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%80%93air+and+CH%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%80%93air+lean+mixtures+in+a+vented+multi-compartment+environment&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1439-1451&amp;rft.date=2005-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.energy.2004.02.012&amp;rft.aulast=Carcassi&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">National Academy of Engineering, National Academy of Sciences (2004). <i>The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs,</i>. National Academies Press. hlm.&#160;p. 240. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0309091632" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-309-09163-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hydrogen+Economy%3A+Opportunities%2C+Costs%2C&amp;rft.pages=p.+240&amp;rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.au=National+Academy+of+Engineering%2C+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Patnaik, P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CRRJBVv5d0C&amp;pg=PA402"><i>A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances</i></a>. Wiley-Interscience. hlm.&#160;402. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-71458-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-71458-3">978-0-471-71458-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+the+Hazardous+Properties+of+Chemical+Substances&amp;rft.pages=402&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-71458-3&amp;rft.aulast=Patnaik&amp;rft.aufirst=P.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CRRJBVv5d0C%26pg%3DPA402&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carcassi, M. N.; Fineschi, F. (2005). "Deflagrations of H<sub>2</sub>–air and CH<sub>4</sub>–air lean mixtures in a vented multi-compartment environment". <i>Energy</i>. <b>30</b> (8): 1439–1451. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.energy.2004.02.012">10.1016/j.energy.2004.02.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Energy&amp;rft.atitle=Deflagrations+of+H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%80%93air+and+CH%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%80%93air+lean+mixtures+in+a+vented+multi-compartment+environment&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=1439-1451&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.energy.2004.02.012&amp;rft.aulast=Carcassi&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+N.&amp;rft.au=Fineschi%2C+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schefer, E. W.; Kulatilaka, W. D.; Patterson, B. D.; Settersten, T. B. (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1258847">"Visible emission of hydrogen flames"</a>. <i>Combustion and Flame</i>. <b>156</b> (6): 1234–1241. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.combustflame.2009.01.011">10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.01.011</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129015717/https://zenodo.org/record/1258847">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2021-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Combustion+and+Flame&amp;rft.atitle=Visible+emission+of+hydrogen+flames&amp;rft.volume=156&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1234-1241&amp;rft.date=2009-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.combustflame.2009.01.011&amp;rft.aulast=Schefer&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+W.&amp;rft.au=Kulatilaka%2C+W.+D.&amp;rft.au=Patterson%2C+B.+D.&amp;rft.au=Settersten%2C+T.+B.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1258847&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dziadecki, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spot.colorado.edu/~dziadeck/zf/LZ129fire.htm">"Hindenburg Hydrogen Fire"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221062654/http://spot.colorado.edu/~dziadeck/zf/LZ129fire.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 16-01-2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hindenburg+Hydrogen+Fire&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Dziadecki&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspot.colorado.edu%2F~dziadeck%2Fzf%2FLZ129fire.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Werthmüller, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210174159/http://www.hydropole.ch/Hydropole/Intro/Hindenburg.htm">"The Hindenburg Disaster"</a>. Swiss Hydrogen Association. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydropole.ch/Hydropole/Intro/Hindenburg.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hindenburg+Disaster&amp;rft.pub=Swiss+Hydrogen+Association&amp;rft.aulast=Werthm%C3%BCller&amp;rft.aufirst=Andreas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydropole.ch%2FHydropole%2FIntro%2FHindenburg.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lide, David R., ed. (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (edisi ke-87). Boca Raton, Florida: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8493-0487-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8493-0487-3">0-8493-0487-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&amp;rft.edition=87&amp;rft.pub=CRC+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-8493-0487-3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Clayton, Donald D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofisotop0000clay"><i>Handbook of Isotopes in the Cosmos: Hydrogen to Gallium</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0521823811" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0521823811">0521823811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Isotopes+in+the+Cosmos%3A+Hydrogen+to+Gallium&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0521823811&amp;rft.aulast=Clayton&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+D.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofisotop0000clay&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Millar, Tom (<a href="/wiki/10_Desember" title="10 Desember">10 Desember</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116023018/http://jupiter.phy.umist.ac.uk/~tjm/ISPhys/l7/ispl7.html">"Lecture 7, Emission Lines&#160;— Examples"</a>. <i>PH-3009 (P507/P706/M324) Interstellar Physics</i>. University of Manchester. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jupiter.phy.umist.ac.uk/~tjm/ISPhys/l7/ispl7.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=PH-3009+%28P507%2FP706%2FM324%29+Interstellar+Physics&amp;rft.atitle=Lecture+7%2C+Emission+Lines+%E2%80%94+Examples&amp;rft.chron=10+Desember%2C+2003&amp;rft.aulast=Millar&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjupiter.phy.umist.ac.uk%2F~tjm%2FISPhys%2Fl7%2Fispl7.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stern, David P. (16-05-2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820084047/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm">"The Atomic Nucleus and Bohr's Early Model of the Atom"</a>. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q5.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 20-12-2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Nucleus+and+Bohr%27s+Early+Model+of+the+Atom&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&amp;rft.aulast=Stern&amp;rft.aufirst=David+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fstargaze%2FQ5.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stern, David P. (13-02-2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513195241/http://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q7.htm">"Wave Mechanics"</a>. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Q7.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 16-04-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Wave+Mechanics&amp;rft.pub=NASA+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&amp;rft.aulast=Stern&amp;rft.aufirst=David+P.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-spof.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fstargaze%2FQ7.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uigi-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uigi_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Staff (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uigi.com/hydrogen.html">"Hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) Properties, Uses, Applications: Hydrogen Gas and Liquid Hydrogen"</a>. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219073329/http://www.uigi.com/hydrogen.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen+%28H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29+Properties%2C+Uses%2C+Applications%3A+Hydrogen+Gas+and+Liquid+Hydrogen&amp;rft.pub=Universal+Industrial+Gases%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uigi.com%2Fhydrogen.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tikhonov-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tikhonov_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tikhonov, Vladimir I. (2002). "Separation of Water into Its Ortho and Para Isomers". <i>Science</i>. <b>296</b> (5577): 2363. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1069513">10.1126/science.1069513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Separation+of+Water+into+Its+Ortho+and+Para+Isomers&amp;rft.volume=296&amp;rft.issue=5577&amp;rft.pages=2363&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1069513&amp;rft.aulast=Tikhonov&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hritz, James (Maret 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smad-ext.grc.nasa.gov/gso/manual/chapter_06.pdf">"CH. 6 - Hydrogen"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>NASA Glenn Research Center Glenn Safety Manual, Document GRC-MQSA.001</i>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041020183612/http://smad-ext.grc.nasa.gov/gso/manual/chapter_06.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2004-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA+Glenn+Research+Center+Glenn+Safety+Manual%2C+Document+GRC-MQSA.001&amp;rft.atitle=CH.+6+-+Hydrogen&amp;rft.date=2006-03&amp;rft.aulast=Hritz&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmad-ext.grc.nasa.gov%2Fgso%2Fmanual%2Fchapter_06.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Shinitzky, Meir; Elitzur, Avshalom C. (30-05-2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/112718398/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0">"Ortho-para spin isomers of the protons in the methylene group"</a>. <i>Chirality</i>. Rehovot, Israel: Weizmann Institute of Science. <b>18</b> (9): 754–756. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchir.20319">10.1002/chir.20319</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 25-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chirality&amp;rft.atitle=Ortho-para+spin+isomers+of+the+protons+in+the+methylene+group&amp;rft.chron=30-05-2006&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=754-756&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchir.20319&amp;rft.aulast=Shinitzky&amp;rft.aufirst=Meir&amp;rft.au=Elitzur%2C+Avshalom+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fabstract%2F112718398%2FABSTRACT%3FCRETRY%3D1%26SRETRY%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title="&#160;pranala nonaktif sejak Februari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Milenko, Yu. Ya. (1997). "Natural ortho-para conversion rate in liquid and gaseous hydrogen". <i>Journal of Low Temperature Physics</i>. <b>107</b> (1–2): 77–92. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02396837">10.1007/BF02396837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Low+Temperature+Physics&amp;rft.atitle=Natural+ortho-para+conversion+rate+in+liquid+and+gaseous+hydrogen&amp;rft.volume=107&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&amp;rft.pages=77-92&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02396837&amp;rft.aulast=Milenko&amp;rft.aufirst=Yu.+Ya.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svadlenak-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Svadlenak_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Svadlenak, R. Eldo (1957). "The Conversion of Ortho- to Parahydrogen on Iron Oxide-Zinc Oxide Catalysts". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>79</b> (20): 5385–5388. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01577a013">10.1021/ja01577a013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=The+Conversion+of+Ortho-+to+Parahydrogen+on+Iron+Oxide-Zinc+Oxide+Catalysts&amp;rft.volume=79&amp;rft.issue=20&amp;rft.pages=5385-5388&amp;rft.date=1957&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01577a013&amp;rft.aulast=Svadlenak&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+Eldo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">McCall Group, Oka Group (<a href="/wiki/22_April" title="22 April">22 April</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h3plus.uiuc.edu/">"H3+ Resource Center"</a>. Universities of Illinois and Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211244/http://h3plus.uiuc.edu/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=H3%2B+Resource+Center&amp;rft.pub=Universities+of+Illinois+and+Chicago&amp;rft.au=McCall+Group%2C+Oka+Group&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fh3plus.uiuc.edu%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Jim (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7/acidityhx.html#top">"The Acidity of the Hydrogen Halides"</a>. <i>Chemguide</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531111650/http://www.chemguide.co.uk/inorganic/group7/acidityhx.html#top">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 09-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemguide&amp;rft.atitle=The+Acidity+of+the+Hydrogen+Halides&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Jim&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemguide.co.uk%2Finorganic%2Fgroup7%2Facidityhx.html%23top&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kimball, John W. (07-08-2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304040611/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/HydrogenBonds.html">"Hydrogen"</a>. <i>Kimball's Biology Pages</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/HydrogenBonds.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 04-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Kimball%27s+Biology+Pages&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen&amp;rft.chron=07-08-2003&amp;rft.aulast=Kimball&amp;rft.aufirst=John+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.rcn.com%2Fjkimball.ma.ultranet%2FBiologyPages%2FH%2FHydrogenBonds.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, Electronic version, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319045705/http://goldbook.iupac.org/H02899.html">Hydrogen Bond</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sandrock, Gary (02-05-2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6D9jPh4UQ?url=http://hydpark.ca.sandia.gov/DBFrame.html">"Metal-Hydrogen Systems"</a>. Sandia National Laboratories. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hydpark.ca.sandia.gov/DBFrame.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 23-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Metal-Hydrogen+Systems&amp;rft.pub=Sandia+National+Laboratories&amp;rft.aulast=Sandrock&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhydpark.ca.sandia.gov%2FDBFrame.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydrocarbon-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hydrocarbon_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydrocarbon_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/organic.html">"Structure and Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons"</a>. Purdue University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510201156/http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/organic.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-05-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 23-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Structure+and+Nomenclature+of+Hydrocarbons&amp;rft.pub=Purdue+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchemed.chem.purdue.edu%2Fgenchem%2Ftopicreview%2Fbp%2F1organic%2Forganic.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/organic%20chemistry">"Organic Chemistry"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. Lexico Publishing Group. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924123443/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/organic%20chemistry">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 23-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&amp;rft.atitle=Organic+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Forganic%2520chemistry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biochemistry">"Biochemistry"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>. Lexico Publishing Group. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121216024546/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/biochemistry">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 23-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&amp;rft.atitle=Biochemistry&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fbiochemistry&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miessler-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miessler_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miessler_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miessler_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Miessler, Gary L. (2003). <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i> (edisi ke-3rd edition). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0130354716" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0130354716">0130354716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.edition=3rd+edition&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0130354716&amp;rft.aulast=Miessler&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers_1999_1057–1064-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rogers_1999_1057–1064_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rogers, H. C. (1999). "Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>159</b> (3819): 1057–1064. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...159.1057R">1968Sci...159.1057R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.159.3819.1057">10.1126/science.159.3819.1057</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17775040">17775040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Embrittlement+of+Metals&amp;rft.volume=159&amp;rft.issue=3819&amp;rft.pages=1057-1064&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17775040&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.159.3819.1057&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Sci...159.1057R&amp;rft.aulast=Rogers&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christensen-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Christensen_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Christensen, C. H.; Nørskov, J. K.; Johannessen, T. (9 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150521085421/http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0921-hydrogen_tablet.html">"Making society independent of fossil fuels&#160;– Danish researchers reveal new technology"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_University_of_Denmark&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Technical University of Denmark (halaman belum tersedia)">Technical University of Denmark</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.mongabay.com/2005/0921-hydrogen_tablet.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 21 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Making+society+independent+of+fossil+fuels+%E2%80%93+Danish+researchers+reveal+new+technology&amp;rft.date=2005-07-09&amp;rft.aulast=Christensen&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+H.&amp;rft.au=N%C3%B8rskov%2C+J.+K.&amp;rft.au=Johannessen%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.mongabay.com%2F2005%2F0921-hydrogen_tablet.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moers-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moers_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Moers, Kurt (1920). "Investigations on the Salt Character of Lithium Hydride". <i>Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie</i>. <b>113</b> (191): 179–228. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19201130116">10.1002/zaac.19201130116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&amp;rft.atitle=Investigations+on+the+Salt+Character+of+Lithium+Hydride&amp;rft.volume=113&amp;rft.issue=191&amp;rft.pages=179-228&amp;rft.date=1920&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19201130116&amp;rft.aulast=Moers&amp;rft.aufirst=Kurt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downs-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Downs_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Downs, Anthony J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_chemical-society-great-britain-chemical-society-reviews_1994-06_23_3/page/175">"The hydrides of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium: a re-evaluation"</a>. <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>. <b>23</b>: 175–184. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCS9942300175">10.1039/CS9942300175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=The+hydrides+of+aluminium%2C+gallium%2C+indium%2C+and+thallium%3A+a+re-evaluation&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=175-184&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCS9942300175&amp;rft.aulast=Downs&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_chemical-society-great-britain-chemical-society-reviews_1994-06_23_3%2Fpage%2F175&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbs-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbs_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hibbs, David E. (1999). "A remarkably stable indium trihydride complex: synthesis and characterisation of [InH<sub>3</sub>{P(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>11</sub>)<sub>3</sub>}]". <i>Chemical Communications</i>: 185–186. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fa809279f">10.1039/a809279f</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Communications&amp;rft.atitle=A+remarkably+stable+indium+trihydride+complex%3A+synthesis+and+characterisation+of+%5BInH%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%7BP%28C%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3EH%3Csub%3E11%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%7D%5D&amp;rft.pages=185-186&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fa809279f&amp;rft.aulast=Hibbs&amp;rft.aufirst=David+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miessler2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miessler2_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. (2003). <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inorganicchemist03edmies"><i>Inorganic Chemistry</i><span style="padding-left:0.15em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)"><img alt="Perlu mendaftar (gratis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></a></span> (edisi ke-3rd). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-13-035471-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-13-035471-6">978-0-13-035471-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-035471-6&amp;rft.aulast=Miessler&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+L.&amp;rft.au=Tarr%2C+D.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finorganicchemist03edmies&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okumura-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Okumura_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Okumura, Anthony M. (1990). "Infrared spectra of the solvated hydronium ion: vibrational predissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected H<sub>3</sub>O+•(H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>)n</sub>•(H<sub>2</sub>)<sub>m</sub>". <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry</i>. <b>94</b> (9): 3416–3427. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj100372a014">10.1021/j100372a014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Infrared+spectra+of+the+solvated+hydronium+ion%3A+vibrational+predissociation+spectroscopy+of+mass-selected+H%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3EO%2B%E2%80%A2%28H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO%3Csub%3E%29n%3C%2Fsub%3E%E2%80%A2%28H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%29%3Csub%3Em%3C%2Fsub%3E.&amp;rft.volume=94&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=3416-3427&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fj100372a014&amp;rft.aulast=Okumura&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perdoncin-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perdoncin_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Perdoncin, Giulio (1977). "Protonation Equilibria in Water at Several Temperatures of Alcohols, Ethers, Acetone, Dimethyl Sulfide, and Dimethyl Sulfoxide". <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>99</b> (21): 6983–6986. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00463a035">10.1021/ja00463a035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Protonation+Equilibria+in+Water+at+Several+Temperatures+of+Alcohols%2C+Ethers%2C+Acetone%2C+Dimethyl+Sulfide%2C+and+Dimethyl+Sulfoxide&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=6983-6986&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00463a035&amp;rft.aulast=Perdoncin&amp;rft.aufirst=Giulio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrington-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carrington_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Carrington, Alan (1989). "The infrared predissociation spectrum of triatomic hydrogen cation (H<sub>3</sub><sup>+</sup>)". <i>Accounts of Chemical Research</i>. <b>22</b> (6): 218–222. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far00162a004">10.1021/ar00162a004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&amp;rft.atitle=The+infrared+predissociation+spectrum+of+triatomic+hydrogen+cation+%28H%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E%29&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=218-222&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far00162a004&amp;rft.aulast=Carrington&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;access-date=</code> membutuhkan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#accessdate_missing_url" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045420/http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2002/TM-2002-211915.pdf">"NASA/TM—2002-211915&#160;: Solid Hydrogen Experiments for Atomic Propellants"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2002/TM-2002-211915.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=NASA%2FTM%E2%80%942002-211915+%3A+Solid+Hydrogen+Experiments+for+Atomic+Propellants&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgltrs.grc.nasa.gov%2Freports%2F2002%2FTM-2002-211915.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418033147/http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/hydrogen.htm">"Hydrogen"</a>. <i>mysite.du.edu</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/phys/hydrogen.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 18 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=mysite.du.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.du.edu%2F~jcalvert%2Fphys%2Fhydrogen.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurov-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurov_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gurov, Yu. B. (2004). "Spectroscopy of superheavy hydrogen isotopes in stopped-pion absorption by nuclei". <i>Physics of Atomic Nuclei</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 491–97. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2F1.1891200">10.1134/1.1891200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+of+Atomic+Nuclei&amp;rft.atitle=Spectroscopy+of+superheavy+hydrogen+isotopes+in+stopped-pion+absorption+by+nuclei&amp;rft.volume=68&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=491-97&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2F1.1891200&amp;rft.aulast=Gurov&amp;rft.aufirst=Yu.+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korsheninnikov-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Korsheninnikov_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Korsheninnikov, A. A.; et al. (2003). "Experimental Evidence for the Existence of <sup>7</sup>H and for a Specific Structure of <sup>8</sup>He". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>90</b> (8): 082501. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.90.082501">10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.082501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Experimental+Evidence+for+the+Existence+of+%3Csup%3E7%3C%2Fsup%3EH+and+for+a+Specific+Structure+of+%3Csup%3E8%3C%2Fsup%3EHe&amp;rft.volume=90&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=082501&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.90.082501&amp;rft.au=Korsheninnikov%2C+A.+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Urey, Harold C. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/citation/78/2035/602">"Names for the Hydrogen Isotopes"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>78</b> (2035): 602–603. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212212226/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/citation/78/2035/602">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2009-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 20-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Names+for+the+Hydrogen+Isotopes&amp;rft.volume=78&amp;rft.issue=2035&amp;rft.pages=602-603&amp;rft.date=1933&amp;rft.aulast=Urey&amp;rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fcitation%2F78%2F2035%2F602&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Oda, Y (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&amp;uid=1330130&amp;cmd=showdetailview&amp;indexed=google">"1H NMR studies of deuterated ribonuclease HI selectively labeled with protonated amino acids"</a>. <i>Journal of Biomolecular NMR</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 137–47<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 12-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biomolecular+NMR&amp;rft.atitle=1H+NMR+studies+of+deuterated+ribonuclease+HI+selectively+labeled+with+protonated+amino+acids.&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=137-47&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.aulast=Oda&amp;rft.aufirst=Y&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsites%2Fentrez%3Fdb%3Dpubmed%26uid%3D1330130%26cmd%3Dshowdetailview%26indexed%3Dgoogle&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Broad, William J. (<a href="/wiki/11_November" title="11 November">11 November</a>, <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4D81030F932A25752C1A967958260&amp;sec=&amp;spon=&amp;pagewanted=all">"Breakthrough in Nuclear Fusion Offers Hope for Power of Future"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524053450/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE4D81030F932A25752C1A967958260&amp;sec=&amp;spon=&amp;pagewanted=all">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 12-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Breakthrough+in+Nuclear+Fusion+Offers+Hope+for+Power+of+Future&amp;rft.chron=11+November%2C+1991&amp;rft.aulast=Broad&amp;rft.aufirst=William+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE4D81030F932A25752C1A967958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Staff (<a href="/wiki/15_November" title="15 November">15 November</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/tritium.html">"Tritium"</a>. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102171148/http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/tritium.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 12-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tritium&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&amp;rft.au=Staff&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Frpdweb00%2Fradionuclides%2Ftritium.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Nave, C. R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nucene/fusion.html">"Deuterium-Tritium Fusion"</a>. <i>HyperPhysics</i>. Georgia State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316055852/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/nucene/fusion.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 08-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=HyperPhysics&amp;rft.atitle=Deuterium-Tritium+Fusion&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.aulast=Nave&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu%2FHbase%2Fnucene%2Ffusion.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kendall, Carol&#32;(1998).&#32;"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html#2.5.1">Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry</a></i>". US Geological Survey.&#32;&#32;Diakses pada 8 Maret 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228061358/http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/tritium/">"The Tritium Laboratory"</a>. University of Miami. 2008. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/groups/tritium/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 08-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Tritium+Laboratory&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Miami&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsmas.miami.edu%2Fgroups%2Ftritium%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holte-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holte_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holte_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Holte, Aurali E.; Houck, Marilyn A.; Collie, Nathan L. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=03-11-2004&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="03-11-2004 (halaman belum tersedia)">03-11-2004</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/p361t660u1774534/">"Potential Role of Parasitism in the Evolution of Mutualism in Astigmatid Mites"</a>. <i>Experimental and Applied Acarology</i>. Lubbock: Texas Tech University. <b>25</b> (2): 97–107. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1010655610575">10.1023/A:1010655610575</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 08-03-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Experimental+and+Applied+Acarology&amp;rft.atitle=Potential+Role+of+Parasitism+in+the+Evolution+of+Mutualism+in+Astigmatid+Mites&amp;rft.chron=03-11-2004&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=97-107&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1010655610575&amp;rft.aulast=Holte&amp;rft.aufirst=Aurali+E.&amp;rft.au=Houck%2C+Marilyn+A.&amp;rft.au=Collie%2C+Nathan+L.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp361t660u1774534%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title="&#160;pranala nonaktif sejak Februari 2021">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Krogt, Peter van der (<a href="/wiki/5_Mei" title="5 Mei">5 Mei</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/h.html">"Hydrogen"</a>. Elementymology &amp; Elements Multidict. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424032122/https://elements.vanderkrogt.net/elem/h.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 20-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen&amp;rft.pub=Elementymology+%26+Elements+Multidict&amp;rft.aulast=Krogt&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+van+der&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felem%2Fh.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">§ IR-3.3.2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027174015/http://www.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/connelly_310804.html">Provisional Recommendations</a>, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division, IUPAC. Accessed on line <a href="/w/index.php?title=October_3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="October 3 (halaman belum tersedia)">October 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gold-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gold_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/M04069.html">"Muonium"</a>. Dalam A.D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson. <i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology" title="Compendium of Chemical Terminology">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i> (edisi ke-2nd). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackwell_Scientific_Publications&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackwell Scientific Publications (halaman belum tersedia)">Blackwell Scientific Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M04069">10.1351/goldbook.M04069</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-86542-684-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-86542-684-9">978-0-86542-684-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080313121643/http://goldbook.iupac.org/M04069.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2020-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Muonium&amp;rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Scientific+Publications&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fgoldbook.M04069&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-86542-684-9&amp;rft.au=IUPAC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2FM04069.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iupac-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iupac_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">W.H. Koppenol; <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514000319/http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7302x0377.pdf">"Names for muonium and hydrogen atoms and their ions"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="Pure and Applied Chemistry">Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></i>. <b>73</b> (2): 377–380. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200173020377">10.1351/pac200173020377</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7302x0377.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Names+for+muonium+and+hydrogen+atoms+and+their+ions&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=377-380&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2Fpac200173020377&amp;rft.au=W.H.+Koppenol&amp;rft.au=IUPAC&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2F2001%2Fpdf%2F7302x0377.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;s2cid=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Gagnon, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.html">"Hydrogen"</a>. Jefferson Lab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410102154/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen&amp;rft.pub=Jefferson+Lab&amp;rft.aulast=Gagnon&amp;rft.aufirst=Steve&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.jlab.org%2Fitselemental%2Fele001.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Haubold, Hans (<a href="/wiki/15_November" title="15 November">15 November</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060310214343/http://www.columbia.edu/~ah297/unesa/sun/sun-chapter4.html">"Solar Thermonuclear Energy Generation"</a>. Columbia University. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~ah297/unesa/sun/sun-chapter4.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 12-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Solar+Thermonuclear+Energy+Generation&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University&amp;rft.aulast=Haubold&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~ah297%2Funesa%2Fsun%2Fsun-chapter4.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Storrie-Lombardi, Lisa J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0006044">"Surveys for z &gt; 3 Damped Lyman-alpha Absorption Systems: the Evolution of Neutral Gas"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>543</b>: 552–576. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521210151/https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0006044">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Surveys+for+z+%3E+3+Damped+Lyman-alpha+Absorption+Systems%3A+the+Evolution+of+Neutral+Gas&amp;rft.volume=543&amp;rft.pages=552-576&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.aulast=Storrie-Lombardi&amp;rft.aufirst=Lisa+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2Fastro-ph%2F0006044&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArgonneBasic-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArgonneBasic_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dresselhaus, Mildred; et al. (<a href="/wiki/15_Mei" title="15 Mei">15 Mei</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213144956/http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.pdf">"Basic Research Needs for the Hydrogen Economy"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Argonne National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science Laboratory. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/hydrogen.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2008-02-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Basic+Research+Needs+for+the+Hydrogen+Economy&amp;rft.pub=Argonne+National+Laboratory%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Energy%2C+Office+of+Science+Laboratory&amp;rft.au=Dresselhaus%2C+Mildred&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sc.doe.gov%2Fbes%2Fhydrogen.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Berger, Wolfgang H. (<a href="/wiki/15_November" title="15 November">15 November</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange2/11_3.shtml">"The Future of Methane"</a>. University of California, San Diego. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416213641/http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/climatechange2/11_3.shtml">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2020-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 12-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Methane&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+San+Diego&amp;rft.aulast=Berger&amp;rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+H.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthguide.ucsd.edu%2Fvirtualmuseum%2Fclimatechange2%2F11_3.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcCall_GroupOka_Group2005" class="citation">McCall Group; Oka Group (22 April 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h3plus.uiuc.edu/"><i>H3+ Resource Center</i></a>, Universities of Illinois and Chicago, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211244/http://h3plus.uiuc.edu/">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 Februari</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=H3%2B+Resource+Center&amp;rft.pub=Universities+of+Illinois+and+Chicago&amp;rft.date=2005-04-22&amp;rft.au=McCall+Group&amp;rft.au=Oka+Group&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fh3plus.uiuc.edu%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHelm,_H.et.al." class="citation">Helm, H.; et.al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frhewww.physik.uni-freiburg.de/H3/guber4.pdf"><i>Coupling of Bound States to Continuum States in Neutral Triatomic Hydrogen</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Germany: Department of Molecular and Optical Physics, University of Freiburg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160616203459/http://frhewww.physik.uni-freiburg.de/H3/guber4.pdf">diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2016-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-01-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Coupling+of+Bound+States+to+Continuum+States+in+Neutral+Triatomic+Hydrogen&amp;rft.place=Germany&amp;rft.pub=Department+of+Molecular+and+Optical+Physics%2C+University+of+Freiburg&amp;rft.au=Helm%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=et.al.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrhewww.physik.uni-freiburg.de%2FH3%2Fguber4.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Andrews, A. C. (1968). "Oxygen". Dalam Clifford A. Hampel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</i></a>. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. hlm.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/272">272</a>. LCCN 68-29938.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Oxygen&amp;rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=272&amp;rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&amp;rft.date=1968&amp;rft.aulast=Andrews&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+C.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00hamp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Winter, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.html">"Hydrogen: historical information"</a>. WebElements Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410102154/http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 05-02-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen%3A+historical+information&amp;rft.pub=WebElements+Ltd&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Winter&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.jlab.org%2Fitselemental%2Fele001.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Electrical_Manufacturers_Association1946" class="citation">National Electrical Manufacturers Association (1946), <i>A chronological history of electrical development from 600 B.C.</i>, hlm.&#160;102</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+chronological+history+of+electrical+development+from+600+B.C.&amp;rft.pages=102&amp;rft.date=1946&amp;rft.au=National+Electrical+Manufacturers+Association&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117024924/https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/3.57704">NTS-2 Nickel-Hydrogen Battery Performance 31</a>". Aiaa.org. Diakses 6 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJannette,_A.G.Hojnicki,_J.S.McKissock,_D.B.Fincannon,_J.2002" class="citation">Jannette, A.G.; Hojnicki, J.S.; McKissock, D.B.; Fincannon, J.; Kerslake, T.W.; Rodriguez, C.D. (July 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20020070612_2002115777.pdf">"Validation of international space station electrical performance model via on-orbit telemetry"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <i>IECEC '02. 2002 37th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2002</i>: 45–50, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIECEC.2002.1391972">10.1109/IECEC.2002.1391972</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7803-7296-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7803-7296-4">0-7803-7296-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100514100504/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20020070612_2002115777.pdf">diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IECEC+%2702.+2002+37th+Intersociety+Energy+Conversion+Engineering+Conference%2C+2002&amp;rft.atitle=Validation+of+international+space+station+electrical+performance+model+via+on-orbit+telemetry&amp;rft.pages=45-50&amp;rft.date=2002-07&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIECEC.2002.1391972&amp;rft.isbn=0-7803-7296-4&amp;rft.au=Jannette%2C+A.G.&amp;rft.au=Hojnicki%2C+J.S.&amp;rft.au=McKissock%2C+D.B.&amp;rft.au=Fincannon%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Kerslake%2C+T.W.&amp;rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+C.D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20020070612_2002115777.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_P.M.Coyne,_J.W.2002" class="citation">Anderson, P.M.; Coyne, J.W. (2002), "A lightweight high reliability single battery power system for interplanetary spacecraft", <i>Aerospace Conference Proceedings</i>, 5–2433, <b>5</b>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FAERO.2002.1035418">10.1109/AERO.2002.1035418</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7803-7231-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7803-7231-X">0-7803-7231-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Aerospace+Conference+Proceedings&amp;rft.atitle=A+lightweight+high+reliability+single+battery+power+system+for+interplanetary+spacecraft&amp;rft.volume=5&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FAERO.2002.1035418&amp;rft.isbn=0-7803-7231-X&amp;rft.au=Anderson%2C+P.M.&amp;rft.au=Coyne%2C+J.W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130217224548/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/marveyor.htm">Mars Global Surveyor</a>". Astronautix.com. Diakses 6 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lori Tyahla, ed. (7 May 2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603010531/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/SM4/main/SM4_Essentials.html">Hubble servicing mission 4 essentials</a>". NASA. Diakses 19 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendrix, Susan (25 November 2008). Lori Tyahla, ed. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002850/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/servicing/series/battery_story.html">Extending Hubble's mission life with new batteries</a>". NASA. Retrieved 19 May 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Crepeau, Bob (01-01-2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=sch&amp;AN=19632266&amp;site=ehost-live">"Niels Bohr: The Atomic Model"</a>. <i>Great Scientific Minds</i>. Great Neck Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4298-0723-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4298-0723-7">1-4298-0723-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal 13-04-2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Great+Scientific+Minds&amp;rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr%3A+The+Atomic+Model&amp;rft.chron=01-01-2006&amp;rft.isbn=1-4298-0723-7&amp;rft.aulast=Crepeau&amp;rft.aufirst=Bob&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dsch%26AN%3D19632266%26site%3Dehost-live&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;accessdate=, &#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berman-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Berman, R. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-physical-chemistry_1956_7/page/n6">"Cryogenics"</a>. <i>Annual Review of Physical Chemistry</i>. <b>7</b>: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pc.07.100156.000245">10.1146/annurev.pc.07.100156.000245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Physical+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Cryogenics&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.pages=1-20&amp;rft.date=1956&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.pc.07.100156.000245&amp;rft.aulast=Berman&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annual-review-of-physical-chemistry_1956_7%2Fpage%2Fn6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-char15-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-char15_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Charlton, Mike; Van Der Werf, Dirk Peter (1 March 2015). "Advances in antihydrogen physics". <i>Science Progress</i>. <b>98</b> (1): 34–62. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3184%2F003685015X14234978376369">10.3184/003685015X14234978376369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Progress&amp;rft.atitle=Advances+in+antihydrogen+physics&amp;rft.volume=98&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=34-62&amp;rft.date=2015-03-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3184%2F003685015X14234978376369&amp;rft.aulast=Charlton&amp;rft.aufirst=Mike&amp;rft.au=Van+Der+Werf%2C+Dirk+Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keller15-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keller15_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kellerbauer, Alban (29 January 2015). "Why Antimatter Matters". <i>European Review</i>. <b>23</b> (01): 45–56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1062798714000532">10.1017/S1062798714000532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Why+Antimatter+Matters&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=01&amp;rft.pages=45-56&amp;rft.date=2015-01-29&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1062798714000532&amp;rft.aulast=Kellerbauer&amp;rft.aufirst=Alban&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thomassen, Magnus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417105700/http://www.fch.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Nov22_Session3_Panel%205_Slot%202_NOVEL-MEGASTACK_Thomassen%20%28ID%202891376%29.pdf">"Cost reduction and performance increase of PEM electrolysers"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>fch.europa.eu</i>. FCH JU. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fch.europa.eu/sites/default/files/Nov22_Session3_Panel%205_Slot%202_NOVEL-MEGASTACK_Thomassen%20%28ID%202891376%29.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 17 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=fch.europa.eu&amp;rft.atitle=Cost+reduction+and+performance+increase+of+PEM+electrolysers&amp;rft.aulast=Thomassen&amp;rft.aufirst=Magnus&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fch.europa.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FNov22_Session3_Panel%25205_Slot%25202_NOVEL-MEGASTACK_Thomassen%2520%2528ID%25202891376%2529.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kruse, B.; Grinna, S.; Buch, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216050327/http://bellona.org/filearchive/fil_Hydrogen_6-2002.pdf">"Hydrogen Status og Muligheter"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Bellona. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bellona.org/filearchive/fil_Hydrogen_6-2002.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2008-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen+Status+og+Muligheter&amp;rft.pub=Bellona&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Kruse&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.au=Grinna%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Buch%2C+C.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbellona.org%2Ffilearchive%2Ffil_Hydrogen_6-2002.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Venere, E. (15 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201142401/http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007a/070515WoodallHydrogen.html">"New process generates hydrogen from aluminum alloy to run engines, fuel cells"</a>. Purdue University. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2007a/070515WoodallHydrogen.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=New+process+generates+hydrogen+from+aluminum+alloy+to+run+engines%2C+fuel+cells&amp;rft.pub=Purdue+University&amp;rft.date=2007-05-15&amp;rft.aulast=Venere&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.uns.purdue.edu%2Fx%2F2007a%2F070515WoodallHydrogen.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kruse, Bjørnar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202946/http://network.bellona.org/content/uploads/sites/3/Hydrogen_6-2002.pdf">"Hydrogen Status og muligheter"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>bellona.org/</i>. Bellona Norway. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://network.bellona.org/content/uploads/sites/3/Hydrogen_6-2002.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 22 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=bellona.org%2F&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+Status+og+muligheter&amp;rft.aulast=Kruse&amp;rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B8rnar&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetwork.bellona.org%2Fcontent%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F3%2FHydrogen_6-2002.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxtoby-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxtoby_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxtoby_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxtoby_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Oxtoby, D. W. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofmode5edoxto"><i>Principles of Modern Chemistry</i></a> (edisi ke-5th). Thomson Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-03-035373-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-03-035373-4">0-03-035373-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+Modern+Chemistry&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks%2FCole&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=0-03-035373-4&amp;rft.aulast=Oxtoby&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+W.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofmode5edoxto&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rotech-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rotech_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rotech_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Press, Roman J.; Santhanam, K. S. V.; Miri, Massoud J.; Bailey, Alla V.; Takacs, Gerald A. (2008). <i>Introduction to hydrogen Technology</i>. John Wiley &amp; Sons. hlm.&#160;249. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-471-77985-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-471-77985-8">978-0-471-77985-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+hydrogen+Technology&amp;rft.pages=249&amp;rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-471-77985-8&amp;rft.aulast=Press&amp;rft.aufirst=Roman+J.&amp;rft.au=Santhanam%2C+K.+S.+V.&amp;rft.au=Miri%2C+Massoud+J.&amp;rft.au=Bailey%2C+Alla+V.&amp;rft.au=Takacs%2C+Gerald+A.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uigi.com/hydrogen.html">"Hydrogen Properties, Uses, Applications"</a>. Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080219073329/http://www.uigi.com/hydrogen.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen+Properties%2C+Uses%2C+Applications&amp;rft.pub=Universal+Industrial+Gases%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uigi.com%2Fhydrogen.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Funderburg, E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521074839/http://www.noble.org/ag/soils/nitrogenprices/">"Why Are Nitrogen Prices So High?"</a>. The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noble.org/Ag/Soils/NitrogenPrices/Index.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Are+Nitrogen+Prices+So+High%3F&amp;rft.pub=The+Samuel+Roberts+Noble+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.aulast=Funderburg&amp;rft.aufirst=E.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noble.org%2FAg%2FSoils%2FNitrogenPrices%2FIndex.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lees, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026052022/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/chemistry/usefulproductsrocks/chemicals_saltrev3.shtml">"Chemicals from salt"</a>. BBC. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/chemistry/usefulproductsrocks/chemicals_saltrev3.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chemicals+from+salt&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Lees&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fschools%2Fgcsebitesize%2Fchemistry%2Fusefulproductsrocks%2Fchemicals_saltrev3.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Weimer, Al (25 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027080909/http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review05/pd28_weimer.pdf">"Development of solar-powered thermochemical production of hydrogen from water"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Generation Project. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review05/pd28_weimer.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2012-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2016-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Development+of+solar-powered+thermochemical+production+of+hydrogen+from+water&amp;rft.pub=Solar+Thermochemical+Hydrogen+Generation+Project&amp;rft.date=2005-05-25&amp;rft.aulast=Weimer&amp;rft.aufirst=Al&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogen.energy.gov%2Fpdfs%2Freview05%2Fpd28_weimer.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Perret, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027080922/http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress07/ii_f_1_perret.pdf">"Development of Solar-Powered Thermochemical Production of Hydrogen from Water, DOE Hydrogen Program, 2007"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress07/ii_f_1_perret.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2012-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Development+of+Solar-Powered+Thermochemical+Production+of+Hydrogen+from+Water%2C+DOE+Hydrogen+Program%2C+2007&amp;rft.au=Perret%2C+R.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogen.energy.gov%2Fpdfs%2Fprogress07%2Fii_f_1_perret.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hirschler, M. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=bmxcV_TlsV8C&amp;pg=PA89"><i>Electrical Insulating Materials: International Issues</i></a>. ASTM International. hlm.&#160;89–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8031-2613-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8031-2613-8">978-0-8031-2613-8</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Electrical+Insulating+Materials%3A+International+Issues&amp;rft.pages=89-&amp;rft.pub=ASTM+International&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8031-2613-8&amp;rft.au=Hirschler%2C+M.+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbmxcV_TlsV8C%26pg%3DPA89&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smil_2004_Enriching-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smil_2004_Enriching_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Smil, Vaclav (2004). <i>Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production</i> (edisi ke-1st). Cambridge, MA: MIT. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780262693134" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/9780262693134">9780262693134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Enriching+the+Earth%3A+Fritz+Haber%2C+Carl+Bosch%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+World+Food+Production&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.pub=MIT&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=9780262693134&amp;rft.aulast=Smil&amp;rft.aufirst=Vaclav&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Chemistry Operations (2003-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/1.html">"Hydrogen"</a>. Los Alamos National Laboratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100111074702/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/1.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen&amp;rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&amp;rft.date=2003-12-15&amp;rft.au=Chemistry+Operations&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperiodic.lanl.gov%2Felements%2F1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sustain-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sustain_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sustain_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sustain_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">McCarthy, John (1995-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/hydrogen.html">"Hydrogen"</a>. Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523204102/http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/hydrogen.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft.date=1995-12-31&amp;rft.aulast=McCarthy&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-formal.stanford.edu%2Fjmc%2Fprogress%2Fhydrogen.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225044346/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf66.html">"Nuclear Fusion Power"</a>. World Nuclear Association. May 2007. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf66.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Nuclear+Fusion+Power&amp;rft.pub=World+Nuclear+Association&amp;rft.date=2007-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finfo%2Finf66.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6D9jc7YEz?url=http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter13.html">"Chapter 13: Nuclear Energy&#160;— Fission and Fusion"</a>. <i>Energy Story</i>. California Energy Commission. 2006. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter13.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Energy+Story&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Nuclear+Energy+%E2%80%94+Fission+and+Fusion&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.energyquest.ca.gov%2Fstory%2Fchapter13.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719105413/http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/news_transition.html">"DOE Seeks Applicants for Solicitation on the Employment Effects of a Transition to a Hydrogen Economy"</a>. <i>Hydrogen Program</i> (Siaran pers). US Department of Energy. 2006-03-22. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/news_transition.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=DOE+Seeks+Applicants+for+Solicitation+on+the+Employment+Effects+of+a+Transition+to+a+Hydrogen+Economy&amp;rft.pub=US+Department+of+Energy&amp;rft.date=2006-03-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogen.energy.gov%2Fnews_transition.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719105413/http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/news_transition.html">"Salinan arsip"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/news_transition.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Salinan+arsip&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogen.energy.gov%2Fnews_transition.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GATech-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GATech_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GATech_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=1707">"Carbon Capture Strategy Could Lead to Emission-Free Cars"</a> (Siaran pers). Georgia Tech. 2008-02-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080328050807/http://www.gatech.edu/newsroom/release.html?id=1707">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Carbon+Capture+Strategy+Could+Lead+to+Emission-Free+Cars&amp;rft.pub=Georgia+Tech&amp;rft.date=2008-02-11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatech.edu%2Fnewsroom%2Frelease.html%3Fid%3D1707&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Heffel, James W. (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2002-12-24&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2002-12-24 (halaman belum tersedia)">2002-12-24</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6V3F-47HJVY6-8&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=bbc8c5bce46f1d4ba3a814f5c828ee80">"NOx emission and performance data for a hydrogen fueled internal combustion engine at 1500&#160;rpm using exhaust gas recirculation"</a>. <i>International Journal of Hydrogen Energy</i>. Riverside, CA: University of California. <b>28</b> (8): 901–908. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0360-3199%2802%2900157-X">10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00157-X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202015709/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6V3F-47HJVY6-8&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=bbc8c5bce46f1d4ba3a814f5c828ee80">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hydrogen+Energy&amp;rft.atitle=NOx+emission+and+performance+data+for+a+hydrogen+fueled+internal+combustion+engine+at+1500+rpm+using+exhaust+gas+recirculation&amp;rft.chron=2002-12-24&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=8&amp;rft.pages=901-908&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0360-3199%2802%2900157-X&amp;rft.aulast=Heffel&amp;rft.aufirst=James+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6V3F-47HJVY6-8%26_user%3D10%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_sort%3Dd%26view%3Dc%26_acct%3DC000050221%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D10%26md5%3Dbbc8c5bce46f1d4ba3a814f5c828ee80&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <cite class="citation book">Romm, Joseph J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hypeabouthydroge0000romm"><i>The Hype About Hydrogen: Fact And Fiction In The Race To Save The Climate</i></a> (edisi ke-1st edition). Island Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/155963703X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/155963703X">155963703X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hype+About+Hydrogen%3A+Fact+And+Fiction+In+The+Race+To+Save+The+Climate&amp;rft.edition=1st+edition&amp;rft.pub=Island+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=155963703X&amp;rft.aulast=Romm&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhypeabouthydroge0000romm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garbak11-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garbak11_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Garbak, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032047/http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress10/viii_0_technology_validation_overview.pdf">"VIII.0 Technology Validation Sub-Program Overview"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Program, FY 2010 Annual Progress Report</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress10/viii_0_technology_validation_overview.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=DOE+Fuel+Cell+Technologies+Program%2C+FY+2010+Annual+Progress+Report&amp;rft.atitle=VIII.0+Technology+Validation+Sub-Program+Overview&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Garbak&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogen.energy.gov%2Fpdfs%2Fprogress10%2Fviii_0_technology_validation_overview.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Le Comber, P. G.; Jones, D. I.; Spear, W. E. (1977). "Hall effect and impurity conduction in substitutionally doped amorphous silicon". <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>35</b> (5): 1173–1187. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977PMag...35.1173C">1977PMag...35.1173C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786437708232943">10.1080/14786437708232943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&amp;rft.atitle=Hall+effect+and+impurity+conduction+in+substitutionally+doped+amorphous+silicon&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1173-1187&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786437708232943&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977PMag...35.1173C&amp;rft.aulast=Le+Comber&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+G.&amp;rft.au=Jones%2C+D.+I.&amp;rft.au=Spear%2C+W.+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Van de Walle, C.G. (2000). "Hydrogen as a cause of doping in zinc oxide". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>85</b> (5): 1012–1015. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvL..85.1012V">2000PhRvL..85.1012V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.85.1012">10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.1012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991462">10991462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+as+a+cause+of+doping+in+zinc+oxide&amp;rft.volume=85&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=1012-1015&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10991462&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.85.1012&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvL..85.1012V&amp;rft.aulast=Van+de+Walle&amp;rft.aufirst=C.G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Janotti, A.; Van De Walle, C.G. (2007). "Hydrogen multicentre bonds". <i>Nature Materials</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 44–47. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007NatMa...6...44J">2007NatMa...6...44J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmat1795">10.1038/nmat1795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17143265">17143265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature+Materials&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+multicentre+bonds&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=44-47&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17143265&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmat1795&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007NatMa...6...44J&amp;rft.aulast=Janotti&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Van+De+Walle%2C+C.G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kilic, C.; Zunger, Alex (2002). "n-type doping of oxides by hydrogen". <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 73–75. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApPhL..81...73K">2002ApPhL..81...73K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1482783">10.1063/1.1482783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=n-type+doping+of+oxides+by+hydrogen&amp;rft.volume=81&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=73-75&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1482783&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ApPhL..81...73K&amp;rft.aulast=Kilic&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Zunger%2C+Alex&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Peacock, P. W.; Robertson, J. (2003). "Behavior of hydrogen in high dielectric constant oxide gate insulators". <i>Applied Physics Letters</i>. <b>83</b> (10): 2025–2027. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApPhL..83.2025P">2003ApPhL..83.2025P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1609245">10.1063/1.1609245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+Physics+Letters&amp;rft.atitle=Behavior+of+hydrogen+in+high+dielectric+constant+oxide+gate+insulators&amp;rft.volume=83&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=2025-2027&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1609245&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApPhL..83.2025P&amp;rft.aulast=Peacock&amp;rft.aufirst=P.+W.&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Durgutlu, Ahmet (2003-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418063125/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6TX5-49W1W1V-7&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=2074bcd5650e0ca62aa09b8713708226">"Experimental investigation of the effect of hydrogen in argon as a shielding gas on TIG welding of austenitic stainless steel"</a>. <i>ScienceDirect</i>. Ankara, Turkey: Gazi University. <b>25</b> (1): 19–23. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matdes.2003.07.004">10.1016/j.matdes.2003.07.004</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6TX5-49W1W1V-7&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=2074bcd5650e0ca62aa09b8713708226">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ScienceDirect&amp;rft.atitle=Experimental+investigation+of+the+effect+of+hydrogen+in+argon+as+a+shielding+gas+on+TIG+welding+of+austenitic+stainless+steel&amp;rft.volume=25&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=19-23&amp;rft.date=2003-10-27&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.matdes.2003.07.004&amp;rft.aulast=Durgutlu&amp;rft.aufirst=Ahmet&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6TX5-49W1W1V-7%26_user%3D10%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_sort%3Dd%26view%3Dc%26_acct%3DC000050221%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D10%26md5%3D2074bcd5650e0ca62aa09b8713708226&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115120/http://www.specialwelds.com/underwater-welding/atomic-hydrogen-welding.htm">"Atomic Hydrogen Welding"</a>. Specialty Welds. 2007. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialwelds.com/underwater-welding/atomic-hydrogen-welding.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Atomic+Hydrogen+Welding&amp;rft.pub=Specialty+Welds&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.specialwelds.com%2Funderwater-welding%2Fatomic-hydrogen-welding.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hardy, Walter N. (2003-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201164253/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6TVJ-485PG6D-D&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=f4ec8a7def03583c043dd9e60aa0c07e">"From H2 to cryogenic H masers to HiTc superconductors: An unlikely but rewarding path"</a>. <i>Physica C: Superconductivity</i>. Vancouver, Canada: University of British Columbia. 388–389: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0921-4534%2802%2902591-1">10.1016/S0921-4534(02)02591-1</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6TVJ-485PG6D-D&amp;_user=10&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=&amp;_orig=search&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=f4ec8a7def03583c043dd9e60aa0c07e">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Physica+C%3A+Superconductivity&amp;rft.atitle=From+H2+to+cryogenic+H+masers+to+HiTc+superconductors%3A+An+unlikely+but+rewarding+path&amp;rft.volume=388%E2%80%93389&amp;rft.pages=1-6&amp;rft.date=2003-03-19&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0921-4534%2802%2902591-1&amp;rft.aulast=Hardy&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter+N.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%3F_ob%3DArticleURL%26_udi%3DB6TVJ-485PG6D-D%26_user%3D10%26_rdoc%3D1%26_fmt%3D%26_orig%3Dsearch%26_sort%3Dd%26view%3Dc%26_acct%3DC000050221%26_version%3D1%26_urlVersion%3D0%26_userid%3D10%26md5%3Df4ec8a7def03583c043dd9e60aa0c07e&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeppelins-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zeppelins_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Barnes, Matthew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6D9jZZE7U?url=http://www.ciderpresspottery.com/ZLA/greatzeps/german/Hindenburg.html">"LZ-129, Hindenburg"</a>. <i>The Great Zeppelins</i>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciderpresspottery.com/ZLA/greatzeps/german/Hindenburg.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Great+Zeppelins&amp;rft.atitle=LZ-129%2C+Hindenburg&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.aulast=Barnes&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciderpresspottery.com%2FZLA%2Fgreatzeps%2Fgerman%2FHindenburg.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Veza, Ibham; Idris, Muhammad; Fattah, Islam Md Rizwanul (2022-06-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/mesi/article/view/7134">"Circular economy, energy transition, and role of hydrogen"</a>. <i>Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry</i> (dalam bahasa Inggris). <b>2</b> (2): 54–56. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31603%2Fmesi.7134">10.31603/mesi.7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2798-5245">2798-5245</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711220320/https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/mesi/article/view/7134">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2022-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2022-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mechanical+Engineering+for+Society+and+Industry&amp;rft.atitle=Circular+economy%2C+energy+transition%2C+and+role+of+hydrogen&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=54-56&amp;rft.date=2022-06-08&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31603%2Fmesi.7134&amp;rft.issn=2798-5245&amp;rft.aulast=Veza&amp;rft.aufirst=Ibham&amp;rft.au=Idris%2C+Muhammad&amp;rft.au=Fattah%2C+Islam+Md+Rizwanul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.unimma.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fmesi%2Farticle%2Fview%2F7134&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference">Block, Matthias (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2004-09-03&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2004-09-03 (halaman belum tersedia)">2004-09-03</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndt.net/abstract/wcndt2004/523.htm">"Hydrogen as Tracer Gas for Leak Detection"</a>. <i>16th WCNDT 2004</i>. Montreal, Canada: Sensistor Technologies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121042020/https://www.ndt.net/abstract/wcndt2004/523.htm">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2018-11-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen+as+Tracer+Gas+for+Leak+Detection&amp;rft.btitle=16th+WCNDT+2004&amp;rft.place=Montreal%2C+Canada&amp;rft.pub=Sensistor+Technologies&amp;rft.aulast=Block&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthias&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndt.net%2Fabstract%2Fwcndt2004%2F523.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/addit_flavor/flav15_en.pdf">"Report from the Commission on Dietary Food Additive Intake"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. European Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025195541/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/addit_flavor/flav15_en.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Report+from+the+Commission+on+Dietary+Food+Additive+Intake&amp;rft.pub=European+Union&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffood%2Ffs%2Fsfp%2Faddit_flavor%2Fflav15_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reinsch, J (October 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415015445/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/255/19/9093">"The deuterium isotope effect upon the reaction of fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and butyryl-CoA"</a>. <i>J. Biol. Chem</i>. <b>255</b> (19): 9093–97. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/255/19/9093">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J.+Biol.+Chem.&amp;rft.atitle=The+deuterium+isotope+effect+upon+the+reaction+of+fatty+acyl-CoA+dehydrogenase+and+butyryl-CoA&amp;rft.volume=255&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=9093-97&amp;rft.date=1980-10&amp;rft.aulast=Reinsch&amp;rft.aufirst=J&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F255%2F19%2F9093&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bergeron, Kenneth D. (Jan–Feb 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPJ.SP06">"The Death of no-dual-use"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. <b>60</b> (1): 15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419051641/http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPJ.SP06">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&amp;rft.atitle=The+Death+of+no-dual-use&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=15&amp;rft.date=2004-01%2F2004-02&amp;rft.aulast=Bergeron&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffind.galegroup.com%2Fitx%2Fstart.do%3FprodId%3DSPJ.SP06&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Quigg, Catherine T. (March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=sch&amp;AN=11181317&amp;site=ehost-live">"Tritium Warning"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. Chicago. <b>40</b> (3): 56–57. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&amp;rft.atitle=Tritium+Warning&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=56-57&amp;rft.date=1984-03&amp;rft.issn=0096-3402&amp;rft.aulast=Quigg&amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine+T.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dsch%26AN%3D11181317%26site%3Dehost-live&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/its-90/ITS-90.pdf">"International Temperature Scale of 1990"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Procès-Verbaux du Comité International des Poids et Mesures</i>. 1989. hlm.&#160;T23–T42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629000927/http://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/its-90/ITS-90.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.atitle=International+Temperature+Scale+of+1990&amp;rft.btitle=Proc%C3%A8s-Verbaux+du+Comit%C3%A9+International+des+Poids+et+Mesures&amp;rft.pages=T23-T42&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Futils%2Fcommon%2Fpdf%2Fits-90%2FITS-90.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cammack, Richard (2001). <i>Hydrogen as a Fuel: Learning from Nature</i>. Taylor &amp; Francis Ltd. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0415242428" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0415242428">0415242428</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen+as+a+Fuel%3A+Learning+from+Nature&amp;rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Ltd&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0415242428&amp;rft.aulast=Cammack&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhee6-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rhee6_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rhee, T. S.; Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M.; Röckmann, T. (19 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824162153/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00301903/file/acpd-5-11215-2005.pdf">"The overwhelming role of soils in the global atmospheric hydrogen cycle"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</i>. <b>6</b> (6): 1611–1625. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Facp-6-1611-2006">10.5194/acp-6-1611-2006</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00301903/file/acpd-5-11215-2005.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 24 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Chemistry+and+Physics&amp;rft.atitle=The+overwhelming+role+of+soils+in+the+global+atmospheric+hydrogen+cycle&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=1611-1625&amp;rft.date=2006-05-19&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Facp-6-1611-2006&amp;rft.aulast=Rhee&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+S.&amp;rft.au=Brenninkmeijer%2C+C.+A.+M.&amp;rft.au=R%C3%B6ckmann%2C+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00301903%2Ffile%2Facpd-5-11215-2005.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Eisenmann, Alexander; Amann, Anton; Said, Michael; Datta, Bettina; Ledochowski, Maximilian (2008). "Implementation and interpretation of hydrogen breath tests". <i>Journal of Breath Research</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 046002. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JBR.....2d6002E">2008JBR.....2d6002E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1752-7155%2F2%2F4%2F046002">10.1088/1752-7155/2/4/046002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21386189">21386189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Breath+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Implementation+and+interpretation+of+hydrogen+breath+tests&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=046002&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21386189&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1752-7155%2F2%2F4%2F046002&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JBR.....2d6002E&amp;rft.aulast=Eisenmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft.au=Amann%2C+Anton&amp;rft.au=Said%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Datta%2C+Bettina&amp;rft.au=Ledochowski%2C+Maximilian&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kruse, O. (2005). "Improved photobiological H<sub>2</sub> production in engineered green algal cells". <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>280</b> (40): 34170–7. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M503840200">10.1074/jbc.M503840200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Improved+photobiological+H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+production+in+engineered+green+algal+cells&amp;rft.volume=280&amp;rft.issue=40&amp;rft.pages=34170-7&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M503840200&amp;rft.aulast=Kruse&amp;rft.aufirst=O.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smith, H. O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/addit_flavor/flav15_en.pdf">"IV.E.6 Hydrogen from Water in a Novel Recombinant Oxygen-Tolerant Cyanobacteria System"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>FY2005 Progress Report</i>. United States Department of Energy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025195541/http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sfp/addit_flavor/flav15_en.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-10-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=FY2005+Progress+Report&amp;rft.atitle=IV.E.6+Hydrogen+from+Water+in+a+Novel+Recombinant+Oxygen-Tolerant+Cyanobacteria+System&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+O.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ffood%2Ffs%2Fsfp%2Faddit_flavor%2Fflav15_en.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Williams, Chris (2006-02-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/02/24/pond_scum_breakthrough/">"Pond life: the future of energy"</a>. <i>Science</i>. The Register. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101143041/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/02/24/pond_scum_breakthrough/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.atitle=Pond+life%3A+the+future+of+energy&amp;rft.date=2006-02-24&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F02%2F24%2Fpond_scum_breakthrough%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070437/http://isolab.ess.washington.edu/isolab/images/documents/msds_sds/hydrogen.pdf">"MyChem: Chemical"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isolab.ess.washington.edu/isolab/images/documents/msds_sds/hydrogen.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 1 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=MyChem%3A+Chemical&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisolab.ess.washington.edu%2Fisolab%2Fimages%2Fdocuments%2Fmsds_sds%2Fhydrogen.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASAH2-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASAH2_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASAH2_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smith, H. O. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6D9jcoJLZ?url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeq/doctree/canceled/871916.pdf">"Safety Standard for Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codeq/doctree/canceled/871916.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2012-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Safety+Standard+for+Hydrogen+and+Hydrogen+Systems&amp;rft.pub=NASA&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=H.+O.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fcodeq%2Fdoctree%2Fcanceled%2F871916.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>); </span><span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Lebih dari satu parameter author-name-list parameters yang digunakan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#redundant_parameters" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527233910/http://www.hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info/resources/mdss/Praxair-LH2.pdf">"Liquid Hydrogen MSDS"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Praxair, Inc. September 2004. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info/resources/mdss/Praxair-LH2.pdf">versi asli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> tanggal 2008-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Liquid+Hydrogen+MSDS&amp;rft.pub=Praxair%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2004-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrogenandfuelcellsafety.info%2Fresources%2Fmdss%2FPraxair-LH2.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=sch&amp;AN=8837940&amp;site=ehost-live">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Bugs' and hydrogen embrittlement"</a>. <i>Science News</i>. Washington D.C. <b>128</b> (3): 41. 1985-07-20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8423">0036-8423</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+News&amp;rft.atitle=%27Bugs%27+and+hydrogen+embrittlement&amp;rft.volume=128&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=41&amp;rft.date=1985-07-20&amp;rft.issn=0036-8423&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dsch%26AN%3D8837940%26site%3Dehost-live&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217023850/http://www.humboldt.edu/~serc/h2safety.html">"Hydrogen Safety"</a>. Humboldt State University. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humboldt.edu/~serc/h2safety.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen+Safety&amp;rft.pub=Humboldt+State+University&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humboldt.edu%2F~serc%2Fh2safety.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>&#32;(1989).&#32;"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chartofthenuclides.com/default.html">Chart of the Nuclides</a></i>". Fourteenth Edition.&#32;General Electric Company.&#32;</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Ferreira-Aparicio, P (2005). "New Trends in Reforming Technologies: from Hydrogen Industrial Plants to Multifuel Microreformers". <i>Catalysis Reviews</i>. <b>47</b>: 491–588.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Catalysis+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=New+Trends+in+Reforming+Technologies%3A+from+Hydrogen+Industrial+Plants+to+Multifuel+Microreformers&amp;rft.volume=47&amp;rft.pages=491-588&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Ferreira-Aparicio&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#124;author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Newton, David E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemicalelements00newt"><i>The Chemical Elements</i></a>. New York, NY: Franklin Watts. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0531125017" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-531-12501-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chemical+Elements&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.aulast=Newton&amp;rft.aufirst=David+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemicalelements00newt&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Rigden, John S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hydrogenessentia0000rigd"><i>Hydrogen: The Essential Element</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0531125017" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-531-12501-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Hydrogen%3A+The+Essential+Element&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Rigden&amp;rft.aufirst=John+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhydrogenessentia0000rigd&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Romm, Joseph, J. (2004). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hype_about_Hydrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Hype about Hydrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">The Hype about Hydrogen</a>, Fact and Fiction in the Race to Save the Climate</i>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/155963703X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-55963-703-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Hype+about+Hydrogen%2C+Fact+and+Fiction+in+the+Race+to+Save+the+Climate&amp;rft.pub=Island+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.au=Romm%2C+Joseph%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpublicmedia.com/transcripts/635">Author interview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104033101/http://globalpublicmedia.com/transcripts/635">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-01-04 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. at Global Public Media.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Stwertka, Albert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements0002stwe"><i>A Guide to the Elements</i></a>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0195150279" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-515027-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Elements&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Stwertka&amp;rft.aufirst=Albert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoelements0002stwe&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AHidrogen" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=41" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/27px-P_science_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/41px-P_science_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/54px-P_science_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="371" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal kimia </a></span></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Lihat entri <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrogen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hydrogen">hydrogen</a></b></i> di kamus bebas Wiktionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" class="extiw" title="commons:Hydrogen"><b><i>Hydrogen</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/H/index.html">WebElements.com - Hidrogen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/H.html">EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Hidrogen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele001.html">It's Elemental - Hidrogen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.bnl.gov/ton/cgi-bin/nuclide?nuc=H">Table of Nuclides - Hidrogen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040407233324/http://www2.bnl.gov/ton/cgi-bin/nuclide?nuc=H">Diarsipkan</a> 2004-04-07 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4199381.html">The Truth About Hydrogen; Popular Mechanics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070522170103/http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/industry/4199381.html">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-05-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.drexel.edu/~tim/open/hydrofin/">Basic Hydrogen Calculations of Quantum Mechanics</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogenassociation.org/">National Hydrogen Association</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051016234316/http://www.hydropole.ch/Hydropole/Intro/Phasediag.gif">Hydrogen phase diagram</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riken.go.jp/engn/r-world/research/lab/wako/ribeam/">RIKEN Beam Science Laboratory, Japan&#160;— Heavy hydrogen research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070803162635/http://www.riken.go.jp/engn/r-world/research/lab/wako/ribeam/">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-08-03 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/quantum/hydwf.html#c3">Wavefunction of hydrogen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/pdf6381.pdf">Zinc Powder Will Drive your Hydrogen Car</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r14985869">.mw-parser-output .subjectbar{background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:88%}</style><table role="presentation" class="subjectbar noprint metadata plainlist"><tbody><tr><td style="width:220px"><span style="font-size:125%"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Buku" title="Wikipedia:Buku">Buku</a></b></span><br /><span style="font-size:90%">Lihat atau urutkan koleksi artikel</span></td><td style="text-align:left"><ul><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><i><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book:Hidrogen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Book:Hidrogen (halaman belum tersedia)">Hidrogen</a></b></i></span></li><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><i><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Book:Unsur_periode_1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Book:Unsur periode 1 (halaman belum tersedia)">Unsur periode 1</a></b></i></span></li><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Book:Unsur_kimia_(urut_abjad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book:Unsur kimia (urut abjad)">Unsur kimia (urut abjad)</a></b></i></span></li><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/30px-Office-book.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/45px-Office-book.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Office-book.svg/60px-Office-book.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Book:Unsur_kimia_(urut_nomor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book:Unsur kimia (urut nomor)">Unsur kimia (urut nomor)</a></b></i></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td style="width:220px"><span style="font-size:125%"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">Portal</a></b></span><br /><span style="font-size:90%">Akses topik terkait</span></td><td style="text-align:left"><ul><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:P_science_blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/29px-P_science_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/44px-P_science_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/P_science_blue.svg/58px-P_science_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="371" /></a></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kimia" title="Portal:Kimia">Portal Kimia</a></b></i></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td style="width:220px"><span style="font-size:90%">Temukan informasi lain di</span><br /><span style="font-size:125%"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proyek_saudari_Wikimedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Proyek saudari Wikimedia">proyek saudari Wikimedia</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left"><ul><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hidrogen" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Hidrogen">Berkas dan media</a><br />dari Commons</span></li><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/30px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/45px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/hydrogen#bahasa_Inggris" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/hydrogen">Definisi</a><br />dari Wiktionary</span></li><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/30px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/45px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Hydrogen" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Wikijunior:The Elements/Hydrogen">Buku teks</a><br />dari Wikibooks</span></li><li style="float:left;margin-left:0.3em;height:3.6em"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-right:0.3em;width:30px;line-height:3.6em;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/30px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/45px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Wikiversity-logo.svg/60px-Wikiversity-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span style="display:inline-block;width:11em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Hydrogen_atom" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Hydrogen atom">Sumber pembelajaran</a><br />dari Wikiversity</span></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <table class="navbox collapsible uncollapsed" cellpadding="0" style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="padding:0 1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tabel periodik unsur kimia"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tabel_periodik_unsur_kimia&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini"><a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik" title="Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Tabel_periodik_(sel_besar)" title="Tabel periodik (sel besar)"><small>(besar)</small></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">2</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_3" title="Unsur golongan 3">3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_4" title="Unsur golongan 4">4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_5" title="Unsur golongan 5">5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_6" title="Unsur golongan 6">6</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_7" title="Unsur golongan 7">7</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_8" title="Unsur golongan 8">8</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_9" title="Unsur golongan 9">9</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_10" title="Unsur golongan 10">10</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_11" title="Unsur golongan 11">11</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_golongan_12" title="Unsur golongan 12">12</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_boron" title="Golongan boron">13</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon">14</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pniktogen" title="Pniktogen">15</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" title="Kalkogen">16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_1" title="Unsur periode 1">1</a> </td> <td title="Hidrogen, 1 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:1px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="display:block">H</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="Helium, 2 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_2" title="Unsur periode 2">2</a> </td> <td title="Litium, 3 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a> </td> <td title="Berilium, 4 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Boron, 5 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a> </td> <td title="Karbon, 6 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a> </td> <td title="Nitrogen, 7 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a> </td> <td title="Oksigen, 8 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a> </td> <td title="Fluorin, 9 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorin" title="Fluorin"><span style="display:block">F</span></a> </td> <td title="Neon, 10 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_3" title="Unsur periode 3">3</a> </td> <td title="Natrium, 11 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a> </td> <td title="Magnesium, 12 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Aluminium, 13 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a> </td> <td title="Silikon, 14 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a> </td> <td title="Fosforus, 15 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fosforus" title="Fosforus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a> </td> <td title="Belerang, 16 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Belerang" title="Belerang"><span style="display:block">S</span></a> </td> <td title="Klorin, 17 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Klorin" title="Klorin"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a> </td> <td title="Argon, 18 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_4" title="Unsur periode 4">4</a> </td> <td title="Kalium, 19 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalsium, 20 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Skandium, 21 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a> </td> <td title="Titanium, 22 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a> </td> <td title="Vanadium, 23 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a> </td> <td title="Kromium, 24 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kromium" title="Kromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a> </td> <td title="Mangan, 25 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a> </td> <td title="Besi, 26 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a> </td> <td title="Kobalt, 27 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a> </td> <td title="Nikel, 28 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a> </td> <td title="Tembaga, 29 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a> </td> <td title="Seng, 30 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seng" title="Seng"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a> </td> <td title="Galium, 31 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Galium" title="Galium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a> </td> <td title="Germanium, 32 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a> </td> <td title="Arsen, 33 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen"><span style="display:block">As</span></a> </td> <td title="Selenium, 34 (polyatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#a1ffc3; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a> </td> <td title="Bromin, 35 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromin" title="Bromin"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a> </td> <td title="Kripton, 36 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_5" title="Unsur periode 5">5</a> </td> <td title="Rubidium, 37 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a> </td> <td title="Stronsium, 38 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Itrium, 39 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Itrium" title="Itrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a> </td> <td title="Zirkonium, 40 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a> </td> <td title="Niobium, 41 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a> </td> <td title="Molibdenum, 42 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molibdenum" title="Molibdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a> </td> <td title="Teknesium, 43 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Teknesium" title="Teknesium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a> </td> <td title="Rutenium, 44 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a> </td> <td title="Rodium, 45 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a> </td> <td title="Paladium, 46 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Paladium" title="Paladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a> </td> <td title="Perak, 47 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a> </td> <td title="Kadmium, 48 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a> </td> <td title="Indium, 49 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a> </td> <td title="Timah, 50 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a> </td> <td title="Antimon, 51 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a> </td> <td title="Telurium, 52 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Telurium" title="Telurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a> </td> <td title="Iodin, 53 (diatomic nonmetal)" style="text-align:center; background:#e7ff8f; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodin" title="Iodin"><span style="display:block">I</span></a> </td> <td title="Xenon, 54 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_6" title="Unsur periode 6">6</a> </td> <td title="Sesium, 55 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a> </td> <td title="Barium, 56 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a> </td> <td title="Lantanum, 57 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanum" title="Lantanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a> </td> <td title="Serium, 58 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a> </td> <td title="Praseodimium, 59 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a> </td> <td title="Neodimium, 60 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a> </td> <td title="Prometium, 61 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a> </td> <td title="Samarium, 62 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a> </td> <td title="Europium, 63 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a> </td> <td title="Gadolinium, 64 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a> </td> <td title="Terbium, 65 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a> </td> <td title="Disprosium, 66 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a> </td> <td title="Holmium, 67 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a> </td> <td title="Erbium, 68 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a> </td> <td title="Tulium, 69 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a> </td> <td title="Iterbium, 70 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iterbium" title="Iterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a> </td> <td title="Lutesium, 71 (lanthanide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a> </td> <td title="Hafnium, 72 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a> </td> <td title="Tantalum, 73 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a> </td> <td title="Wolfram, 74 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram"><span style="display:block">W</span></a> </td> <td title="Renium, 75 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a> </td> <td title="Osmium, 76 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a> </td> <td title="Iridium, 77 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a> </td> <td title="Platina, 78 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a> </td> <td title="Emas, 79 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Emas" title="Emas"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a> </td> <td title="Raksa, 80 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Raksa" title="Raksa"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a> </td> <td title="Talium, 81 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Talium" title="Talium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a> </td> <td title="Timbal, 82 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Timbal" title="Timbal"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a> </td> <td title="Bismut, 83 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a> </td> <td title="Polonium, 84 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a> </td> <td title="Astatin, 85 (metalloid)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatin" title="Astatin"><span style="display:block">At</span></a> </td> <td title="Radon, 86 (noble gas)" style="text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unsur_periode_7" title="Unsur periode 7">7</a> </td> <td title="Fransium, 87 (alkali metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a> </td> <td title="Radium, 88 (alkaline earth metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a> </td> <td title="Aktinium, 89 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a> </td> <td title="Torium, 90 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a> </td> <td title="Protaktinium, 91 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a> </td> <td title="Uranium, 92 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a> </td> <td title="Neptunium, 93 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a> </td> <td title="Plutonium, 94 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a> </td> <td title="Amerisium, 95 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Amerisium" title="Amerisium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a> </td> <td title="Kurium, 96 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kurium" title="Kurium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a> </td> <td title="Berkelium, 97 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a> </td> <td title="Kalifornium, 98 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a> </td> <td title="Einsteinium, 99 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a> </td> <td title="Fermium, 100 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a> </td> <td title="Mendelevium, 101 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a> </td> <td title="Nobelium, 102 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a> </td> <td title="Lawrensium, 103 (actinide)" style="text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a> </td> <td title="Ruterfordium, 104 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruterfordium" title="Ruterfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a> </td> <td title="Dubnium, 105 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a> </td> <td title="Seaborgium, 106 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a> </td> <td title="Bohrium, 107 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a> </td> <td title="Hasium, 108 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hasium" title="Hasium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a> </td> <td title="Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a> </td> <td title="Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a> </td> <td title="Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a> </td> <td title="Kopernisium, 112 (transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a> </td> <td title="Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a> </td> <td title="Flerovium, 114 (post-transition metal)" style="text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a> </td> <td title="Moskovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium" title="Moskovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a> </td> <td title="Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a> </td> <td title="Tenesin, 117 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tenesin" title="Tenesin"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a> </td> <td title="Oganeson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)" style="text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganeson" title="Oganeson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="33"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table style="width:100%; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff6666;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Logam alkali</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_tanah" title="Logam alkali tanah">Logam alkali tanah</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffbfff;"><a href="/wiki/Lantanida" title="Lantanida">Lan&#173;tanida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff99cc;"><a href="/wiki/Aktinida" title="Aktinida">Aktinida</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ffc0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_transisi" title="Logam transisi">Logam transisi</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccccc;"><a href="/wiki/Logam_miskin" title="Logam miskin">Logam miskin</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#cccc99;"><a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#a1ffc3;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_poliatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam poliatomik">Nonlogam poliatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#e7ff8f;"><a href="/wiki/Nonlogam_diatomik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlogam diatomik">Nonlogam diatomik</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#c0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/Gas_mulia" title="Gas mulia">Gas mulia</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="padding:0 1px; background:#e8e8e8;">Sifat kimia<br />belum diketahui </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senyawa_hidrogen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Senyawa_hidrogen" title="Templat:Senyawa hidrogen"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Senyawa_hidrogen" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Senyawa hidrogen"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Senyawa_hidrogen&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senyawa_hidrogen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Senyawa_hidrogen" title="Kategori:Senyawa hidrogen">Senyawa</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">hidrogen</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asam_arsenit" title="Asam arsenit">H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_arsenat" title="Asam arsenat">H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argon_fluorohidrida" title="Argon fluorohidrida">HArF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_astatida" title="Hidrogen astatida">HAt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_fluorosulfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam fluorosulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">HSO<sub>3</sub>F</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_fluoroborat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam fluoroborat (halaman belum tersedia)">HBF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_bromida" title="Hidrogen bromida">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_hipobromit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam hipobromit (halaman belum tersedia)">HBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_bromit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam bromit (halaman belum tersedia)">HBrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_bromat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam bromat (halaman belum tersedia)">HBrO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_perbromat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam perbromat (halaman belum tersedia)">HBrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_klorida" title="Hidrogen klorida">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_hipoklorit" title="Asam hipoklorit">HClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_klorit" title="Asam klorit">HClO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_klorat" title="Asam klorat">HClO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_perklorat" title="Asam perklorat">HClO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sianida" title="Hidrogen sianida">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_fulminat" title="Asam fulminat">HCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_kromat" title="Asam kromat">H<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_karbonat" title="Asam karbonat">H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_tiokarbonat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam tiokarbonat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>CS<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_fluorida" title="Hidrogen fluorida">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_hipoflorit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam hipoflorit (halaman belum tersedia)">HFΟ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_iodida" title="Hidrogen iodida">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_hipoiodit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam hipoiodit (halaman belum tersedia)">HIO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_iodit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam iodit (halaman belum tersedia)">HIO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_iodat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam iodat (halaman belum tersedia)">HIO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_periodat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam periodat (halaman belum tersedia)">HIO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_permanganat" title="Asam permanganat">HMnO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_molibdat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam molibdat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_isosianida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen isosianida (halaman belum tersedia)">HNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natrium_bikarbonat" title="Natrium bikarbonat">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_isosianat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam isosianat (halaman belum tersedia)">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroksil&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroksil (halaman belum tersedia)">HNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_nitrat" title="Asam nitrat">HNO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_hiponitrit" title="Asam hiponitrit">H<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_nitrosilsulfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam nitrosilsulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">HNO<sub>5</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_sulfamat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam sulfamat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>3</sub>NSO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air" title="Air">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_peroksida" title="Hidrogen peroksida">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trioksidan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Trioksidan (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_hipofosfit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam hipofosfit (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_fosfit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam fosfit (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_fosfat" title="Asam fosfat">H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_pirofosfat" title="Asam pirofosfat">H<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_trifosfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam trifosfat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_kloroplatinat" title="Asam kloroplatinat">H<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfida" title="Hidrogen sulfida">H<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_disulfida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen disulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_selenida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen selenida (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_selenit" title="Asam selenit">H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_selenat" title="Asam selenat">H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_silikat" title="Asam silikat">H<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_heksafluorosilikat" title="Asam heksafluorosilikat">H<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_tiosianat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam tiosianat (halaman belum tersedia)">HSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_tiosianat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam tiosianat (halaman belum tersedia)">HNSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfit" title="Asam sulfit">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_peroksimonosulfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam peroksimonosulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asam_tiosulfat" title="Asam tiosulfat">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_ditionat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam ditionat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_disulfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam disulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_peroksidisulfat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam peroksidisulfat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_trifluorometanasulfonat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam trifluorometanasulfonat (halaman belum tersedia)">CF<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_telurida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen telurida (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>Te</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_telurit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam telurit (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_telurat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam telurat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>6</sub>TeO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asam_titanat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asam titanat (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>4</sub>TiO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polonium_hidrida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Polonium hidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">H<sub>2</sub>Po</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobalt_tetrakarbonil_hidrida&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobalt tetrakarbonil hidrida (halaman belum tersedia)">HCo(CO)<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&amp;#124;text-top_&amp;#124;10px_&amp;#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556#identifiers&amp;#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4064784-5">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX527582">Spanyol</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120632855">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120632855">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85063416">Amerika Serikat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571624">Jepang</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph127177&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.microsoft.com/v2/detail/512968161">Microsoft Academic</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐666b478d5d‐7fqwt Cached time: 20241118131821 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.106 seconds Real time usage: 2.619 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 48164/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 729759/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 39502/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 9/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 231930/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.852/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8908616/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 2234.474 1 -total 28.19% 629.936 2 Templat:Reflist 25.38% 567.098 2 Templat:Infobox 25.24% 563.990 1 Templat:Kotak_info_hidrogen 24.99% 558.317 1 Templat:Infobox_element 16.03% 358.219 1 Templat:Compact_periodic_table 13.56% 302.948 118 Templat:Element_cell-compact 11.47% 256.381 134 Templat:Element_color 8.71% 194.595 51 Templat:Cite_web 7.22% 161.365 46 Templat:Cite_journal --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key idwiki:pcache:idhash:3720-0!canonical and timestamp 20241118131821 and revision id 25843792. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;oldid=25843792">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;oldid=25843792</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Unsur_kimia" title="Kategori:Unsur kimia">Unsur kimia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Senyawa_hidrogen" title="Kategori:Senyawa hidrogen">Senyawa hidrogen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Hidrogen" title="Kategori:Hidrogen">Hidrogen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Nonlogam" title="Kategori:Nonlogam">Nonlogam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Tabel_periodik" title="Kategori:Tabel periodik">Tabel periodik</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_argumen_ganda_di_pemanggilan_templat" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan argumen ganda di pemanggilan templat">Halaman dengan argumen ganda di pemanggilan templat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_rujukan_dengan_accessdate_dan_tanpa_URL" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan rujukan dengan accessdate dan tanpa URL">Halaman yang menggunakan rujukan dengan accessdate dan tanpa URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Teks_tambahan" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan">Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Penggunaan_et_al._yang_eksplisit" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit">Pemeliharaan CS1: Penggunaan et al. yang eksplisit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_sumber_berbahasa_Inggris_(en)" title="Kategori:CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)">CS1 sumber berbahasa Inggris (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_memiliki_parameter_duplikat" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki parameter duplikat">Halaman dengan rujukan yang memiliki parameter duplikat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_pranala_magis_ISBN" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN">Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Latin" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Latin">Artikel mengandung aksara Latin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Chembox_having_GHS_data" title="Kategori:Chembox having GHS data">Chembox having GHS data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Articles_containing_unverified_chemical_infoboxes" title="Kategori:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes">Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Chembox_articles_without_image" title="Kategori:Chembox articles without image">Chembox articles without image</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_Commons_ada_di_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Pranala Commons ada di Wikidata">Pranala Commons ada di Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_GND" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNE" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_LCCN" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NDL" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NKC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_MA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda MA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 17 Juni 2024, pukul 08.48.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-647f8b45db-jnvlc","wgBackendResponseTime":267,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.106","walltime":"2.619","ppvisitednodes":{"value":48164,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":729759,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":39502,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":231930,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2234.474 1 -total"," 28.19% 629.936 2 Templat:Reflist"," 25.38% 567.098 2 Templat:Infobox"," 25.24% 563.990 1 Templat:Kotak_info_hidrogen"," 24.99% 558.317 1 Templat:Infobox_element"," 16.03% 358.219 1 Templat:Compact_periodic_table"," 13.56% 302.948 118 Templat:Element_cell-compact"," 11.47% 256.381 134 Templat:Element_color"," 8.71% 194.595 51 Templat:Cite_web"," 7.22% 161.365 46 Templat:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.852","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8908616,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-666b478d5d-7fqwt","timestamp":"20241118131821","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hidrogen","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hidrogen","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q556","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q556","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-18T16:55:31Z","dateModified":"2024-06-17T08:48:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/83\/Hydrogen_discharge_tube.jpg","headline":"unsur kimia dengan lambang H dan nomor atom 1"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10