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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indochina_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indochina_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indochina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indochina_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1954 Geneva Conference</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_1954" title="مؤتمر جنيف 1954 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤتمر جنيف 1954" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenevr%C9%99_Konfrans%C4%B1_(1954)" title="Cenevrə Konfransı (1954) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cenevrə Konfransı (1954)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_(1954)" title="Жэнеўская канферэнцыя (1954) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жэнеўская канферэнцыя (1954)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feurio%C3%B9-emglev_Geneva" title="Feurioù-emglev Geneva – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Feurioù-emglev Geneva" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenevsk%C3%A1_konference_(1954)" title="Ženevská konference (1954) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ženevská konference (1954)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynhadledd_Genefa_(1954)" title="Cynhadledd Genefa (1954) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cynhadledd Genefa (1954)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevekonferencen_(1954)" title="Genevekonferencen (1954) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Genevekonferencen (1954)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinakonferenz" title="Indochinakonferenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indochinakonferenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferencia_de_Ginebra" title="Conferencia de Ginebra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conferencia de Ginebra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954ko_Genevako_Konferentzia" title="1954ko Genevako Konferentzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1954ko Genevako Konferentzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B5%DB%B4_%DA%98%D9%86%D9%88" title="کنفرانس ۱۹۵۴ ژنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنفرانس ۱۹۵۴ ژنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Accords de Genève – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accords de Genève" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%84%A4%EB%B0%94_%ED%9A%8C%EB%8B%B4_(1954%EB%85%84)" title="제네바 회담 (1954년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제네바 회담 (1954년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferensi_Jenewa_(1954)" title="Konferensi Jenewa (1954) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konferensi Jenewa (1954)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genfarr%C3%A1%C3%B0stefnan_1954" title="Genfarráðstefnan 1954 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Genfarráðstefnan 1954" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferenza_di_Ginevra_(1954)" title="Conferenza di Ginevra (1954) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conferenza di Ginevra (1954)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%96%27%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%94_(1954)" title="ועידת ז'נבה (1954) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ועידת ז'נבה (1954)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(1954)" title="ჟენევის კონფერენცია (1954) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟენევის კონფერენცია (1954)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkataba_wa_Geneva" title="Mkataba wa Geneva – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkataba wa Geneva" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(1954)" title="Женева макулдашуулары (1954) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Женева макулдашуулары (1954)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A1%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E2%80%8B" title="1954 ກອງປະຊຸມເຈນີວາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="1954 ກອງປະຊຸມເຈນີວາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persidangan_Geneva_1954" title="Persidangan Geneva 1954 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persidangan Geneva 1954" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="1954 оны Женевийн хурал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="1954 оны Женевийн хурал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferentie_van_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Conferentie van Genève – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Conferentie van Genève" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="ジュネーヴ協定 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジュネーヴ協定" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A8ve-konferansen_(1954)" title="Genève-konferansen (1954) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Genève-konferansen (1954)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%86%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9F%A1%E1%9F%A9%E1%9F%A5%E1%9F%A4" title="សន្និសីទទីក្រុងហ្សឺណែវឆ្នាំ១៩៥៤ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សន្និសីទទីក្រុងហ្សឺណែវឆ្នាំ១៩៥៤" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferencja_genewska_(1954)" title="Konferencja genewska (1954) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konferencja genewska (1954)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_de_Genebra_(1954)" title="Conferência de Genebra (1954) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conferência de Genebra (1954)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1954)" title="Женевская конференция (1954) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Женевская конференция (1954)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" title="Geneva Conference (1954) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geneva Conference (1954)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DA%8F%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="جنيوا گڏجاڻيون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جنيوا گڏجاڻيون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDenevsk%C3%A1_konferencia_(1954)" title="Ženevská konferencia (1954) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ženevská konferencia (1954)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(1954)" title="Женевска конференција (1954) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Женевска конференција (1954)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneven_konferenssi_(1954)" title="Geneven konferenssi (1954) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Geneven konferenssi (1954)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A8vekonferensen_(1954)" title="Genèvekonferensen (1954) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genèvekonferensen (1954)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1954)" title="การประชุมเจนีวา (ค.ศ. 1954) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประชุมเจนีวา (ค.ศ. 1954)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenevre_Konferans%C4%B1_(1954)" title="Cenevre Konferansı (1954) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cenevre Konferansı (1954)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until October 14, 2025 at 02:32 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International conference on dismantling French Indochina</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other similar events, see <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Geneva Conference (disambiguation)">Geneva Conference</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Indochina_post_partition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/French_Indochina_post_partition.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="457" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>The partition of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> that resulted from the Conference. Three <a href="/wiki/Successor_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor states">successor states</a> were created: the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>, the state led by <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>. The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> was reduced to the southern part of Vietnam. The division of Vietnam was intended to be temporary, with elections planned for by 1956 to reunify the country.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Geneva Conference</b> was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> and involved several nations. It took place in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, from 26 April to 20 July 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The part of the conference on the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals and so is generally considered less relevant. On the other hand, the Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> proved to have long-lasting repercussions. The crumbling of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> led to the formation of the states of the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (North Vietnam), the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> (precursor of the future <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Vietnam">Republic of Vietnam</a>, or South Vietnam), the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>. Three agreements about French Indochina, covering Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, were signed on 21 July 1954 and took effect two days later. </p><p>Diplomats from <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> dealt with the Korean side of the conference. For the Indochina side, the Accords were between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>, the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, the United States, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the future states being made from French Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones: a northern zone to be governed by the Viet Minh and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam, which was headed by former <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>. A Conference Final Declaration, which was issued by the British chairman of the conference, provided that a general election be held by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. Despite helping create some of the agreements, they were not directly signed or accepted by delegates of the State of Vietnam and the United States. After a military buildup in North Vietnam, the State of Vietnam, under <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, subsequently withdrew from the proposed elections. Worsening relations between the North and South would eventually lead to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>On 18 February 1954, at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference_(1954)" title="Berlin Conference (1954)">Berlin Conference</a>, participants agreed that "the problem of restoring peace in Indochina will also be discussed at the Conference [on the Korean question] to which representatives of the United States, France, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Chinese People's Republic and other interested states will be invited."<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 436">: 436 </span></sup> </p><p>The conference was held at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations,_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Nations, Geneva">Palace of Nations</a> in Geneva, commencing on 26 April 1954. The first agenda item was the Korean question to be followed by Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 549">: 549 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h3></div> <p>"China's belligerent policies in Korea and Indochina", coupled with their increasing diplomatic closeness to the Soviet Union, would actively make China's international presence rather isolated.<sup id="cite_ref-Garver_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> Fearing further isolation from the emerging de-colonized world, and also a possible American intervention into Indochina, the PRC's Foreign Affairs Ministry (led by Zhou Enlai) would go into the conference with the key objective of breaking the US embargo of China and preventing American military intervention. Moreover, Zhou also stressed adopting a more "realistic" and moderate attitude which could deliver tangible results to the Indochina problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Garver_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96–97">: 96–97 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a></div> <p>The armistice signed at the end of the Korean War required a political conference within three months—a timeline which was not met—"to settle through negotiation the questions of the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Korea, the peaceful settlement of the Korean question, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indochina">Indochina</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="Special:EditPage/1954 Geneva Conference">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen-commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gen-commons.jpg/250px-Gen-commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gen-commons.jpg/375px-Gen-commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gen-commons.jpg/500px-Gen-commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The Geneva Conference</figcaption></figure> <p>As decolonization took place in Asia, France had to relinquish its power over Indochina (Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam). While Laos and Cambodia were both given independence, France chose to stay in Vietnam. This ended with a war between French troops and the Vietnamese nationalists led by <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>. The latter's army, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>, fought a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla war">guerrilla war</a> against the French, who relied on Western technology. After a series of offensives, gradually whittling away at French held territory between 1950 and 1954, hostilities culminated in a decisive defeat for the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a>. This resulted in a French withdrawal and the Geneva conference. </p><p>It was decided that Vietnam would be divided at the <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17th parallel</a> until 1956 when democratic elections would be held under international supervision and auspices. All parties involved agreed to this (Ho Chi Minh had strong support in the north, which was more populous than the south, and was thus confident that he would win an election), except for the U.S., which, in the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, feared seeing communism spreading in a <a href="/wiki/Domino_effect" title="Domino effect">domino effect</a> throughout Asia as written in a National Intelligence Estimate dated 3 August 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korea_2">Korea</h2></div> <p>The South Korean representative proposed that the South Korean government was the only legal government in Korea, that UN-supervised elections should be held in the North, that <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">Chinese forces</a> should withdraw, and that <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">UN forces</a>, a belligerent party in the war, should remain as a police force. The North Korean representative suggested that elections be held throughout all of Korea, that all foreign forces leave beforehand, that the elections be run by an all-Korean Commission to be made up of equal parts from North and South Korea, and to increase general relations economically and culturally between the North and the South.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_1992_163_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_1992_163-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese delegation proposed an amendment to have a group of 'neutral' nations supervise the elections, which the North accepted. The U.S. supported the South Korean position, saying that the USSR wanted to turn North Korea into a puppet state. Most allies remained silent and at least one, Britain, thought that the South Korean–U.S. proposal would be deemed unreasonable.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_1992_163_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey_1992_163-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South Korean representative proposed that all-Korea elections, be held according to South Korean constitutional procedures and still under UN supervision. On June 15, the last day of the conference on the Korean question, the USSR and China both submitted declarations in support of a unified, democratic, independent Korea, saying that negotiations to that end should resume at an appropriate time. The Belgian and British delegations said that while they were not going to accept "the Soviet and Chinese proposals, that did not mean a rejection of the ideas they contained".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, however, the conference participants did not agree on any declaration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indochina_2">Indochina</h2></div> <p>While the delegates began to assemble in Geneva in late April, the discussions on Indochina did not begin until 8 May 1954. The Viet Minh had achieved their decisive victory over the French Union forces at Dien Bien Phu the previous day.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 549">: 549 </span></sup> </p><p>The Western allies did not have a unified position on what the Conference was to achieve in relation to Indochina. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, leading the British delegation, favored a negotiated settlement to the conflict. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bidault" title="Georges Bidault">Georges Bidault</a>, leading the French delegation, vacillated and was keen to preserve something of France's position in Indochina to justify past sacrifices, even as the nation's military situation deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 559">: 559 </span></sup> The U.S. had been supporting the French in Indochina for many years and the Republican <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower administration">Eisenhower administration</a> wanted to ensure that it could not be accused of another "<a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta</a>" or of having "lost" Indochina to the Communists. Its leaders had previously accused the Democratic <a href="/wiki/Truman_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman administration">Truman administration</a> of having "<a href="/wiki/Loss_of_China" title="Loss of China">lost China</a>" when the Communists were successful in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">securing control</a> of virtually all of the country. </p><p>The Eisenhower administration had <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vulture" title="Operation Vulture">considered air strikes</a> in support of the French at Dien Bien Phu but was unable to obtain a commitment to united action from key allies such as the United Kingdom. Eisenhower was wary of becoming drawn into "another Korea" that would be deeply unpopular with the American public. U.S. domestic policy considerations strongly influenced the country's position at Geneva.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 551–53">: 551–53 </span></sup> Columnist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> wrote on 29 April that "the American position at Geneva is an impossible one, so long as leading Republican senators have no terms for peace except unconditional surrender of the enemy and no terms for entering the war except as a collective action in which nobody is now willing to engage."<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 554">: 554 </span></sup> At the time of the conference, the U.S. did not recognize the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a>, an anticommunist, forbade any contact with the Chinese delegation, refusing to shake hands with <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a>, the lead Chinese negotiator.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 555">: 555 </span></sup> </p><p>Dulles fell out with the UK delegate <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> over the perceived failure of the UK to support united action and U.S. positions on Indochina; he left Geneva on 3 May and was replaced by his deputy <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 555–58">: 555–58 </span></sup> The State of Vietnam refused to attend the negotiations until Bidault wrote to <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>, assuring him that any agreement would not partition Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 550–51">: 550–51 </span></sup> </p><p>Bidault opened the conference on 8 May by proposing a cessation of hostilities, a ceasefire in place, a release of prisoners of war, and a disarming of irregulars, despite the French surrender at Dien Bien Phu the previous day in northwestern Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 559–60">: 559–60 </span></sup> </p><p>On 10 May, <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> (DRV) delegation set out their position, proposing a ceasefire; separation of the opposing forces; a ban on the introduction of new forces into Indochina; the exchange of prisoners; independence and sovereignty for Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos; elections for unified governments in each country, the withdrawal of all foreign forces; and the inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Issarak" title="Khmer Issarak">Khmer Issarak</a> representatives at the Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 560">: 560 </span></sup> Pham Van Dong first proposed a temporary partition of Vietnam on 25 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197592_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197592-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following their victory at Dien Bien Phu and given the worsening French security position around the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a>, a ceasefire and partition would not appear to have been in the interests of the DRV. It appears that the DRV leadership thought the balance of forces was uncomfortably close and was worried about morale problems in the troops and supporters, after eight years of war.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 561">: 561 </span></sup> Turner has argued that the Viet Minh might have prolonged the negotiations and continued fighting to achieve a more favorable position militarily, if not for Chinese and Soviet pressure on them to end the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197592_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197592-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, there was a widespread perception that the Diem government would collapse, leaving the Viet Minh free to take control of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975108_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975108-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 May, the State of Vietnam rejected any partition of the country, and the U.S. expressed a similar position the next day. The French sought to implement a physical separation of the opposing forces into enclaves throughout the country, known as the "leopard-skin" approach. The DRV/Viet Minh would be given the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A0_Mau_Peninsula" title="Cà Mau Peninsula">Cà Mau Peninsula</a>, three enclaves near <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a>, large areas of <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>; the French Union forces would retain most urban areas and the Red River Delta, including <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a>, allowing it to resume combat operation in the north, if necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 562–63">: 562–63 </span></sup> </p><p>Behind the scenes, the U.S. and the French governments continued to discuss the terms for possible U.S. military intervention in Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 563–66">: 563–66 </span></sup> By 29 May, the U.S. and the French had reached an agreement that if the Conference failed to deliver an acceptable peace deal, Eisenhower would seek Congressional approval for military intervention in Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 568–69">: 568–69 </span></sup> However, after discussions with the Australian and New Zealand governments in which it became evident that neither would support U.S. military intervention, reports of the plummeting morale among the French Union forces and opposition from U.S. Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a>, the U.S. began to shift away from intervention and continued to oppose a negotiated settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 569–73">: 569–73 </span></sup> By early to mid-June, the U.S. began to consider the possibility that rather than supporting the French in Indochina, it might be preferable for the French to leave and for the U.S. to support the new Indochinese states. That would remove the taint of French colonialism. Unwilling to support the proposed partition or intervention, by mid-June, the U.S. decided to withdraw from major participation in the Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 574–75">: 574–75 </span></sup> </p><p>On 15 June, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> proposed that the ceasefire should be monitored by a supervisory commission, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-aligned</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. On 16 June, Zhou Enlai stated that the situations in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were not the same and should be treated separately. He proposed that Laos and Cambodia could be treated as neutral nations if they had no foreign bases. On 18 June, Pham Van Dong said the Viet Minh would be prepared to withdraw their forces from Laos and Cambodia if no foreign bases were established in Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 581">: 581 </span></sup> The apparent softening of the Communist position appeared to arise from a meeting among the DRV, Chinese and Soviet delegations on 15 June in which Zhou warned the Viet Minh that its military presence in Laos and Cambodia threatened to undermine negotiations in relation to Vietnam. That represented a major blow to the DRV, which had tried to ensure that the Pathet Lao and Khmer Issarak would join the governments in Laos and Cambodia, respectively, under the leadership of the DRV. The Chinese likely also sought to ensure that Laos and Cambodia were not under Vietnam's influence in the future but under China's.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 581–53">: 581–53 </span></sup> </p><p>On 18 June, following a vote of no-confidence, the French <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Laniel" title="Joseph Laniel">Laniel government</a> fell and was replaced by a coalition with <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France" title="Pierre Mendès France">Pierre Mendès France</a> as Prime Minister, by a vote of 419 to 47, with 143 abstentions.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 579">: 579 </span></sup> Prior to the collapse of the Laniel government, France recognized Vietnam as "a fully independent and sovereign state" on 4 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197593_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197593-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A long-time opponent of the war, Mendès France had pledged to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> that he would resign if he failed to achieve a ceasefire within 30 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 575">: 575 </span></sup> Mendès France retained the Foreign Ministry for himself, and Bidault left the Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 579">: 579 </span></sup> The new French government abandoned earlier assurances to the State of Vietnam that France would not pursue or accept partition, and it engaged in secret negotiations with the Viet Minh delegation, bypassing the State of Vietnam to meet Mendès France's self-imposed deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197588_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197588-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 June, Mendès France secretly met with Zhou Enlai at the French embassy in <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>. Zhou outlined the Chinese position that an immediate ceasefire was required, the three nations should be treated separately, and the two governments that existed in Vietnam would be recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 584">: 584 </span></sup> </p><p>Mendès France returned to Paris. The following day he met with his main advisers on Indochina. General <a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89ly" title="Paul Ély">Paul Ély</a> outlined the deteriorating military position in Vietnam, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Chauvel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Chauvel (page does not exist)">Jean Chauvel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chauvel" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean Chauvel">fr</a>]</span> suggested that the situation on the ground called for partition at the <a href="/wiki/16th_parallel_north" title="16th parallel north">16th</a> or <a href="/wiki/17th_parallel_north" title="17th parallel north">17th parallel</a>. The three agreed that the Bao Dai government would need time to consolidate its position and that U.S. assistance would be vital. The possibility of retaining Hanoi and Haiphong or just Haiphong was dismissed, as the French believed it was preferable to seek partition with no Viet Minh enclaves in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 585–87">: 585–87 </span></sup> </p><p>On 16 June, twelve days after France granted full independence to the State of Vietnam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197594_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197594-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bao Dai appointed <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a> as Prime Minister to replace <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%ADu_L%E1%BB%99c" title="Bửu Lộc">Bửu Lộc</a>. Diem was a staunch nationalist, both anti-French and anticommunist, with strong political connections in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 576">: 576 </span></sup> Diem agreed to take the position if he received all civilian and military powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197594_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197594-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diem and his foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Tran_Van_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Tran Van Do">Tran Van Do</a>, were strongly opposed to partition. </p><p>At Geneva, the State of Vietnam's proposal included "a ceasefire without a demarcation line" and "control by the United Nations... of the administration of the entire country [and] of the general elections, when the United Nations believes that order and security will have been everywhere truly restored."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197594–95_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197594–95-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 June following an Anglo-US summit in Washington, the UK and the U.S. issued a joint communique, which included a statement that if the Conference failed, "the international situation will be seriously aggravated." The parties also agreed to a secret list of seven minimum outcomes that both parties would "respect": the preservation of a noncommunist South Vietnam (plus an enclave in the Red River Delta if possible), future reunification of divided Vietnam, and the integrity of Cambodia and Laos, including the removal of all Viet Minh forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 593–94">: 593–94 </span></sup> </p><p>Also on 28 June, Tạ Quang Bửu, a senior DRV negotiator, called for the line of partition to be at the <a href="/wiki/13th_parallel_north" title="13th parallel north">13th parallel</a>, the withdrawal of all French Union forces from the north within three months of the ceasefire, and the Pathet Lao to have virtual sovereignty over eastern Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 595–96">: 595–96 </span></sup> </p><p>From 3 to 5 July, Zhou Enlai met with Ho Chi Minh and other senior DRV leaders in <a href="/wiki/Liuzhou" title="Liuzhou">Liuzhou</a>, Guangxi. Most of the first day was spent discussing the military situation and balance of forces in Vietnam, Giáp explained that while </p> <blockquote><p>Dien Bien Phu had represented a colossal defeat for France ... she was far from defeated. She retained a superiority in numbers—some 470,000 troops, roughly half of them Vietnamese, versus 310,000 on the Viet Minh side as well as control of Vietnam's major cities (Hanoi, Saigon, <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourane">Tourane</a> (Da Nang)). A fundamental alteration of the balance of forces had thus yet to occur, Giap continued, despite Dien Bien Phu.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Wei_Guoqing" title="Wei Guoqing">Wei Guoqing</a>, the chief Chinese military adviser to the Viet Minh, said he agreed. "If the U.S. does not interfere,' Zhou asked, "and assuming France will dispatch more troops, how long will it take for us to seize the whole of Indochina?" In the best scenario, Giap replied, "full victory could be achieved in two to three years. Worst case? Three to five years."<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 596">: 596 </span></sup> </p><p>That afternoon Zhou "offered a lengthy exposition on the massive international reach of the Indochina conflict ... and on the imperative of preventing an American intervention in the war. Given Washington's intense hostility to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a> ... one must assume that the current administration would not stand idly by if the Viet Minh sought to win complete victory." Consequently, "if we ask too much at Geneva and peace is not achieved, it is certain that the U.S. will intervene, providing Cambodia, Laos, and Bao Dai with weapons and ammunition, helping them train military personnel, and establishing military bases there ... The central issue", Zhou told Ho, is "to prevent America's intervention" and "to achieve a peaceful settlement." Laos and Cambodia would have to be treated differently and be allowed to pursue their own paths if they did not join a military alliance or permit foreign bases on their territory. The Mendes France government, having vowed to achieve a negotiated solution, must be supported, for fear that it would fall and be replaced by one committed to continuing the war."<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 597">: 597 </span></sup> Ho pressed hard for the partition line to be at the 16th parallel while Zhou noted that <a href="/wiki/National_Route_9_(Vietnam)" title="National Route 9 (Vietnam)">Route 9</a>, the only land route from Laos to the South China Sea ran closer to the 17th parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 597">: 597 </span></sup> </p><p>Several days later the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Sixth Central Committee</a> plenum took place. Ho Chi Minh and General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Chinh" title="Trường Chinh">Trường Chinh</a> took turns Emphasizing the need for an early political settlement to prevent military intervention by the United States, now the "main and direct enemy" of Vietnam. "In the new situation we cannot follow the old program," Ho declared. "[B]efore, our motto was, 'war of resistance until victory.' Now, in view of the new situation, we should uphold a new motto: peace, unification, independence, and democracy." A spirit of compromise would be required by both sides to make the negotiations succeed, and there could be no more talk of wiping out and annihilating all the French troops. A demarcation line allowing the temporary regrouping of both sides would be necessary ..." The plenum endorsed Ho's analysis, passing a resolution supporting a compromise settlement to end the fighting. However, Ho and Truong Chinh plainly worried that following such an agreement in Geneva, there would be internal discontent and "leftist deviation", and in particular, analysts would fail to see the complexity of the situation and underestimate the power of the American and French adversaries. They accordingly reminded their colleagues that France would retain control of a large part of the country and that people living in the area might be confused, alienated, and vulnerable to enemy manipulations. </p> <blockquote><p>"We have to make it clear to our people," Ho said that "in the interest of the whole country, for the sake of long-term interest, they must accept this, because it is a glorious thing and the whole country is grateful for that. We must not let people have pessimistic and negative thinking; instead, we must encourage the people to continue the struggle for the withdrawal of French troops and ensure our independence."<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 597–98">: 597–98 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Conference reconvened on 10 July, and Mendès France arrived to lead the French delegation.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 599">: 599 </span></sup> The State of Vietnam continued to protest against partition which had become inevitable, with the only issue being where the line should be drawn.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 602">: 602 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bedell_Smith" title="Walter Bedell Smith">Walter Bedell Smith</a> from the U.S. arrived in Geneva on 16 July, but the U.S. delegation was under instructions to avoid direct association with the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 602">: 602 </span></sup> </p><p>All parties at the Conference called for reunification elections but could not agree on the details. Pham Van Dong proposed elections under the supervision of "local commissions." The U.S., with the support of Britain and the Associated States of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, suggested UN supervision. That was rejected by Molotov, who argued for a commission with an equal number of communist and noncommunist members, which could determine "important" issues only by unanimous agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The negotiators were unable to agree on a date for the elections for reunification. The DRV argued that the elections should be held within six months of the ceasefire, and the Western allies sought to have no deadline. Molotov proposed June 1955 then softened to later in 1955 and finally July 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 610">: 610 </span></sup> The Diem government supported reunification elections but only with effective international supervision; it argued that genuinely free elections were impossible in the totalitarian North.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975107_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975107-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stIndochinaWar003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1stIndochinaWar003.jpg/250px-1stIndochinaWar003.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1stIndochinaWar003.jpg/375px-1stIndochinaWar003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/1stIndochinaWar003.jpg/500px-1stIndochinaWar003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Geneva Conference, 21 July 1954. Last plenary session on Indochina in the Palais des Nations. Second left Vyacheslav Molotov, two unidentified Soviets, Anthony Eden, Sir Harold Caccie, and W.D. Allen. In the foreground, the North Vietnamese delegation.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the afternoon of 20 July, the remaining outstanding issues were resolved as the parties agreed that the partition line should be at the 17th parallel and that the elections for reunification should be in July 1956, two years after the ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 604">: 604 </span></sup> The "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam" was signed only by French and Viet Minh military commands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on a proposal by Zhou Enlai, an <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a> (ICC) chaired by India, with Canada and <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> as members, was placed in charge of supervising the ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 603">: 603 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because issues were to be decided unanimously, Poland's presence in the ICC provided the communists' effective veto power over supervision of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unsigned "Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference" called for reunification elections, which the majority of delegates expected to be supervised by the ICC. The Viet Minh never accepted ICC authority over such elections, stating that the ICC's "competence was to be limited to the supervision and control of the implementation of the Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities by both parties."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197599_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197599-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the nine delegates present, only the United States and the State of Vietnam refused to accept the declaration. Bedell Smith delivered a "unilateral declaration" of the U.S. position, reiterating: "We shall seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they are conducted fairly."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197599–100_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197599–100-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the three agreements (later known as the Geneva Accords) were dated 20 July (to meet Mendès France's 30-day deadline) they were in fact signed on the morning of 21 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 605">: 605 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197596_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197596-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisions">Provisions</h2></div> <p>The accords, which were issued on 21 July 1954 (taking effect two days later),<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set out the following terms in relation to Vietnam: </p> <ul><li>a "provisional military demarcation line" running approximately along the 17th Parallel "on either side of which the forces of the two parties shall be regrouped after their withdrawal".<sup id="cite_ref-USvietAnalysis_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USvietAnalysis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 49">: 49 </span></sup></li> <li>a 3-mile wide (4.8 km) <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone">demilitarized zone</a> on each side of the demarcation line</li> <li>French Union forces regroup to the south of the line and Viet Minh to the north</li> <li>free movement of the population between the zone for three hundred days</li> <li>neither zone to join any military alliance or seek military reinforcement</li> <li>establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Control Commission</a>, comprising Canada, Poland and India as chair, to monitor the ceasefire<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 605">: 605 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>free general elections by secret ballot shall be held in July 1956, under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission" title="International Control Commission">International Supervisory Commission</a> (it was recorded only in the unsigned Final Declaration of the Conference).</li></ul> <p>The agreement was signed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, France, the People's Republic of China, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom. The State of Vietnam rejected the agreement,<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the United States stated that it "took note" of the ceasefire agreements and declared that it would "refrain from the threat or use of force to disturb them.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 606">: 606 </span></sup> </p><p>To put aside any notion specifically that the partition was permanent, an unsigned Final Declaration, stated in Article 6: "The Conference recognizes that the essential purpose of the agreement relating to Vietnam is to settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities and that the military demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary."<sup id="cite_ref-USvietAnalysis_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USvietAnalysis-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 442">: 442 </span></sup> </p><p>Separate accords were signed by the signatories with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)">Kingdom of Cambodia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a> in relation to Cambodia and Laos respectively. Following the terms of the agreement, Laos would be governed by the Khao royal court while Cambodia would be ruled by the royal court of Norodom Sihanouk. Despite retaining its monarchy, the agreement also allowed for "VWP-affiliated Laotian forces" to run the provinces of Sam Neua and Phongsal, further expanding North Vietnamese influence within Indochina. Communist forces in Cambodia, however, would remain out of power. <sup id="cite_ref-Garver_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p><p>The British and Communist Chinese delegations reached an agreement on the sidelines of the Conference to upgrade <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-British relations">their diplomatic relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe1997_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <p>The DRV at Geneva accepted a much worse settlement than the military situation on the ground indicated. "For Ho Chi Minh, there was no getting around the fact that his victory, however unprecedented and stunning was incomplete and perhaps temporary. The vision that had always driven him on, that of a 'great union' of all Vietnamese, had flickered into view for a fleeting moment in 1945–46, then had been lost in the subsequent war. Now, despite vanquishing the French military, the dream remained unrealized ..."<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 620">: 620 </span></sup> That was partly as a result of the great pressure exerted by China (Pham Van Dong is alleged to have said in one of the final negotiating sessions that Zhou Enlai double-crossed the DRV) and the Soviet Union for their own purposes, but the Viet Minh had their own reasons for agreeing to a negotiated settlement, principally their own concerns regarding the balance of forces and fear of U.S. intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 607–09">: 607–09 </span></sup> </p><p>France had achieved a much better outcome than could have been expected. Bidault had stated at the beginning of the Conference that he was playing with "a two of clubs and a three of diamonds" whereas the DRV had several aces, kings, and queens,<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 607">: 607 </span></sup> but Jean Chauvel was more circumspect: "There is no good end to a bad business."<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 613">: 613 </span></sup> </p><p>In a press conference on 21 July, US President Eisenhower expressed satisfaction that a ceasefire had been concluded but stated that the U.S. was not a party to the Accords or bound by them, as they contained provisions that his administration could not support.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 612">: 612 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/1955_State_of_Vietnam_referendum" title="1955 State of Vietnam referendum">1955 State of Vietnam referendum</a></div> <p>On 9 October 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">tricolore</a> was lowered for the last time at the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Citadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi Citadel">Hanoi Citadel</a> and the last French Union forces left the city, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Long_Bi%C3%AAn_Bridge" title="Long Biên Bridge">Paul Doumer Bridge</a> on their way to Haiphong for embarkation.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 617–18">: 617–18 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HD-SN-99-02045.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/HD-SN-99-02045.JPEG/250px-HD-SN-99-02045.JPEG" decoding="async" width="250" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/HD-SN-99-02045.JPEG/375px-HD-SN-99-02045.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/HD-SN-99-02045.JPEG/500px-HD-SN-99-02045.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Anti-communist Vietnamese refugees moving from a French <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_LSMs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Navy LSMs">LSM</a> landing ship to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Montague_(AKA-98)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Montague (AKA-98)">USS Montague</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a> in August 1954.</figcaption></figure> <p>For the communist forces, which were instrumental in the defeat of the French, the ideology of communism and nationalism were linked. Many communist sympathizers viewed the South Vietnamese as a French colonial remnant and later an American puppet regime. On the other hand, many others viewed the North Vietnamese as a puppet of International Communism. </p><p>After the cessation of hostilities, a large migration took place. North Vietnamese, especially Catholics, intellectuals, business people, land owners, anti-communist democrats, and members of the middle class moved south of the Accords-mandated ceasefire line during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Passage_to_Freedom" title="Operation Passage to Freedom">Operation Passage to Freedom</a>. The ICC reported that at least 892,876 North Vietnamese were processed through official refugee stations, while journalists recounted that as many as 2 million more might have fled had it not been for the presence of Viet Minh soldiers, who frequently beat and occasionally killed those who refused to turn back.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975102–03_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975102–03-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIA attempted to further influence Catholic Vietnamese with slogans such as "the Virgin Mary is moving South".<sup id="cite_ref-hearden-2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hearden-2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, between 14,000 – 45,000 civilians and approximately 100,000 Viet Minh fighters moved in the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. replaced the French as a political backup for Ngo Dinh Diem, the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam, who asserted his power in the South. The Geneva conference had not provided any specific mechanisms for the national elections planned for 1956, and Diem refused to hold them by citing that the South had not signed and was not bound to the Geneva Accords and that it was impossible to hold free elections in the communist North. Instead, he went about attempting to crush communist opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 May 1955, French Union forces withdrew from Saigon to a coastal base and on 28 April 1956, the last French forces left Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-Logevall_4-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 650">: 650 </span></sup> </p><p>North Vietnam violated the Geneva Accords by failing to withdraw all Viet Minh troops from South Vietnam, stifling the movement of North Vietnamese refugees, and conducting a military buildup that more than doubled the number of armed divisions in the North Vietnamese army while the South Vietnamese army was reduced by 20,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975100–04_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975100–04-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. military advisers continued to support the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a>, which was created as a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_National_Army" title="Vietnamese National Army">Vietnamese National Army</a>. </p><p>In July 1955, the prime minister of the State of Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>, announced that South Vietnam would not participate in elections to unify the country. He said that the State of Vietnam had not signed the Geneva Accords and was therefore not bound by it,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the State of Vietnam being part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union_(1946%E2%80%931958)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Union (1946–1958)">French Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was bound by the Accords.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of reunification led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam">National Liberation Front</a> (better known as the Viet Cong) by Ho Chi Minh's government. They were closely aided by the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnam People's Army">Vietnam People's Army</a> (VPA) of the North, also known as the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">North Vietnamese Army</a>. The result was the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. </p><p>Despite glaring errors with the partition, the Chinese would still manage to largely benefit from the conference's results. In addition to gaining an independent North Vietnam, China would also open up "dialogues with France, Britain, and the United States". Furthermore, China, as a result of this expanded and moderate international approach, also helped to weaken America's attempt to label China as a "Red" radical within the region. <sup id="cite_ref-Garver_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garver-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p><p> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a> said that the 1954 accords "were so hastily drafted and ambiguously worded that, from the standpoint of international law, it makes little sense to speak of violations from either side".<sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman126_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman126-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_Day" title="Reunification Day">Vietnamese reunification day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/inch022.asp">"Indochina – Midway in the Geneva Conference: Address by the Secretary of State"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Avalon_Project" title="Avalon Project">Avalon Project</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. 7 May 1954<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Avalon+Project&rft.atitle=Indochina+%E2%80%93+Midway+in+the+Geneva+Conference%3A+Address+by+the+Secretary+of+State&rft.date=1954-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Finch022.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1991" class="citation book cs1">Young, Marilyn (1991). <i>The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990</i>. New York: HarperPerennial. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092107-1"><bdi>978-0-06-092107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vietnam+Wars%3A+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092107-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchive" class="citation web cs1">Archive, Wilson Center Digital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/7/geneva-conference-of-1954">"Wilson Center Digital Archive"</a>. <i>digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=Wilson+Center+Digital+Archive&rft.aulast=Archive&rft.aufirst=Wilson+Center+Digital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fcollection%2F7%2Fgeneva-conference-of-1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logevall-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logevall_4-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogevall2012" class="citation book cs1">Logevall, Fredrik (2012). <i>Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64519-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64519-1"><bdi>978-0-679-64519-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embers+of+War%3A+The+Fall+of+an+Empire+and+the+Making+of+America%27s+Vietnam&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64519-1&rft.aulast=Logevall&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garver-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garver_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garver_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garver_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garver_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver2016" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John (2016). <i>China's Quest: The History Of The Foreign Relations of The People's Republic of China</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026105-4"><bdi>978-0-19-026105-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Quest%3A+The+History+Of+The+Foreign+Relations+of+The+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026105-4&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/korea/kwarmagr072753.html">"Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. July 27, 1953<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=Text+of+the+Korean+War+Armistice+Agreement&rft.date=1953-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.findlaw.com%2Fhdocs%2Fdocs%2Fkorea%2Fkwarmagr072753.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/DOC_0001166385.pdf">"National Intelligence Estimate NIE 63-5-54"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CIA Reading Room</i>. 3 August 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+Reading+Room&rft.atitle=National+Intelligence+Estimate+NIE+63-5-54&rft.date=1954-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FDOC_0001166385.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_1992_163-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_1992_163_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_1992_163_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1992" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Sydney D. (1992). <i>The Korean Armistice</i>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-22104-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-22104-2"><bdi>978-1-349-22104-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Armistice&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-349-22104-2&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Sydney+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1992" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Sydney D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWOxCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"><i>The Korean Armistice</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. pp. 167–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-22104-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-22104-2"><bdi>978-1-349-22104-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Armistice&rft.pages=167-68&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-349-22104-2&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Sydney+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWOxCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197592-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197592_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197592_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975108-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975108_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197593-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197593_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197588-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197588_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197594-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197594_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197594_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197594–95-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197594–95_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197597-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197597_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975107-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975107_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197599-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197599_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197599–100-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197599–100_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner197596-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner197596_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807062726/http://vietnam.vassar.edu/overview/doc2.html">"The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21, 1954"</a>. <i>The Wars for Viet Nam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vietnam.vassar.edu/overview/doc2.html">the original</a> on 7 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wars+for+Viet+Nam&rft.atitle=The+Final+Declarations+of+the+Geneva+Conference+July+21%2C+1954&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvietnam.vassar.edu%2Foverview%2Fdoc2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USvietAnalysis-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USvietAnalysis_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USvietAnalysis_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcTurnan_KahinLewis1967" class="citation book cs1">McTurnan Kahin, George; Lewis, John W. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OYBuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The United States in Vietnam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dial_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Press">Dial Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+in+Vietnam&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=McTurnan+Kahin&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Lewis%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOYBuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Article 3) (N. Tarling, <i>The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume Two Part Two: From World War II to the present</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheng-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAng_Cheng_Guan1997" class="citation book cs1">Ang Cheng Guan (1997). <i>Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0404-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0404-3"><bdi>0-7864-0404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Communists%27+Relations+with+China+and+the+Second+Indochina+War+%281956%E2%80%9362%29&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7864-0404-3&rft.au=Ang+Cheng+Guan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe1997-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe1997_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe1997" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7s_mAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA261"><i>Containing the Cold War in East Asia: British Policies Towards Japan, China, and Korea, 1948–53</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2508-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-2508-2"><bdi>978-0-7190-2508-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Containing+the+Cold+War+in+East+Asia%3A+British+Policies+Towards+Japan%2C+China%2C+and+Korea%2C+1948%E2%80%9353&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-2508-2&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7s_mAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975102–03-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975102–03_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, pp. 102–03.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hearden-2017-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hearden-2017_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_J._Hearden2017" class="citation book cs1">Patrick J. Hearden (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RR0xDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Tragedy of Vietnam</i></a>. Routledge. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-67400-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-67400-3"><bdi>978-1-351-67400-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Vietnam&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-67400-3&rft.au=Patrick+J.+Hearden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRR0xDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trân, Thi Liên (2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam: From Polish Sources, 1954–56". <i>Cold War History</i>. London: Routledge. <b>5</b> (4): 427–49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682740500284747">10.1080/14682740500284747</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankum, Ronald (2007). <i>Operation Passage to Freedom: The United States Navy in Vietnam, 1954–55</i>. Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-608-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-608-6">978-0-89672-608-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruane, Kevin (1998). <i>War and Revolution in Vietnam</i>. 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Anderson (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lGsAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Columbia History of the Vietnam War</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5lGsAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">30–31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13480-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13480-4"><bdi>978-0-231-13480-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+History+of+the+Vietnam+War&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13480-4&rft.au=David+L.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5lGsAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1975100–04-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1975100–04_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner 1975</a>, p. 100–04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ang Cheng Guan (1997). <i>Vietnamese Communists' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War (1956–62)</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0404-9">978-0-7864-0404-9</a>. Archived from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer, Ellen J. "The Bao Dai Experiment." <i>Pacific Affairs</i>, vol. 23, no. 1, Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia, 1950, p. 55, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2753754">10.2307/2753754</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/KH-LA-VN_540720_GenevaAgreements.pdf">"Geneva Agreements 20–21 July 1954"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></i>. 1954. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110053124/https://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/KH-LA-VN_540720_GenevaAgreements.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-11-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Geneva+Agreements+20%E2%80%9321+July+1954&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeacemaker.un.org%2Fsites%2Fpeacemaker.un.org%2Ffiles%2FKH-LA-VN_540720_GenevaAgreements.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadiman126-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman126_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fadiman" title="Anne Fadiman">Fadiman, Anne</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_Catches_You_and_You_Fall_Down" title="The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down">The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down</a></i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 1997. p. 126.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Asselin, Pierre. "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the 1954 Geneva Conference: a revisionist critique". <i>Cold War History</i> (2011) 11#2 pp. 155–95.</li> <li>Hannon Jr, John S. "Political Settlement for Vietnam: The 1954 Geneva Conference and Its Current Implications, A". <i>Virginia Journal of International Law</i> 8 (1967): 4.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1975" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Robert F. (1975). <i>Vietnamese Communism: Its Origins and Development</i>. Hoover Institution Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1431-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-1431-8"><bdi>978-0-8179-1431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+Communism%3A+Its+Origins+and+Development&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Publications&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-1431-8&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Waite, James. <i>The End of the First Indochina War: A Global History</i> (2013)</li> <li>Young, Kenneth T. <i>The 1954 Geneva Conference: Indo-China and Korea</i> (Greenwood Press, 1968)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Cessation_of_Hostilities_in_Viet-Nam,_July_20,_1954" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Viet-Nam, July 20, 1954">Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Viet-Nam, July 20, 1954</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Final_Declaration_of_The_Geneva_Conference:_On_Restoring_Peace_in_Indochina,_July_21,_1954" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Final Declaration of The Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina, July 21, 1954">The Final Declaration of The Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina, July 21, 1954</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327170814/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/CWIHPBulletin16_p1.pdf">"The Geneva Conference of 1954 – New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cold War International History Project Bulletin</i> (16). <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a>. 2008-04-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/CWIHPBulletin16_p1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+War+International+History+Project+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Geneva+Conference+of+1954+%E2%80%93+New+Evidence+from+the+Archives+of+the+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2008-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Ftopics%2Fpubs%2FCWIHPBulletin16_p1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1954+Geneva+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-1954-geneva-conference">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars – Cold War International History Project –?The 1954 Geneva Conference July 13, 2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040912083708/http://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/1954.html">Bibliography: Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?id=FRUS.FRUS195254v16"><i>Foreign Relations of the United States, 1952–1954</i>, Vol.XVI, <i>The Geneva Conference</i></a>. Available through the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=browse&scope=FRUS.FRUS1"><i>Foreign Relations of the United States</i> online collection</a> at the University of Wisconsin.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Indochina" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Indochina" title="Template:French Indochina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Indochina" title="Template talk:French Indochina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Indochina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Indochina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Indochina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">France–Asia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="France–Vietnam relations">France–Vietnam relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="France–Thailand relations">France–Thailand relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France–China relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituent<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Bombardment of Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tourane" title="Siege of Tourane">Siege of Tourane (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War (1884–1885)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">1916 Cochinchina uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vue Pa Chay's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_the_recruiter_Bazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of the recruiter Bazin">Bazin assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">French–Thai War (1940–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Permanent_Military_Tribunal_in_Saigon" title="French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon">French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Vietnam">Partition of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1787)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1787)">Treaty of Versailles (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Treaty of Saigon (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">Treaty of Huế (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1874)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1874)">Treaty of Saigon (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Treaty of Huế (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Treaty of Huế (1884)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tientsin (1885)">Treaty of Tientsin (1885)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geneva Conference (1954)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">French<br />personalities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pigneau_de_Behaine" title="Pierre Pigneau de Behaine">Pierre Pigneau de Behaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chaigneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau">Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_C%C3%A9cille" title="Jean-Baptiste Cécille">Jean-Baptiste Cécille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Montigny" title="Charles de Montigny">Charles de Montigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly" title="Charles Rigault de Genouilly">Charles Rigault de Genouilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Courbet" title="Amédée Courbet">Amédée Courbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rivi%C3%A8re_(naval_officer)" title="Henri Rivière (naval officer)">Henri Rivière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Garnier" title="Francis Garnier">Francis Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Doudart_de_Lagr%C3%A9e" title="Ernest Doudart de Lagrée">Ernest Doudart de Lagrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Pavie" title="Auguste Pavie">Auguste Pavie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs_indochinois" title="Tirailleurs indochinois">Tirailleurs indochinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps" title="Tonkin Expeditionary Corps">Tonkin Expeditionary Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkinese_Rifles" title="Tonkinese Rifles">Tonkinese Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_French_Indochina" title="List of governors-general of French Indochina">Governor-General of French Indochina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482407#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482407#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482407#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141864905">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50068579">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12004653n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12004653n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ženevská konference"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0301936&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007380777705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028155424">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_Geneva_Conference&oldid=1255802156">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_Geneva_Conference&oldid=1255802156</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diplomatic_conferences_in_Switzerland" title="Category:Diplomatic conferences in Switzerland">Diplomatic conferences in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Korean_War" title="Category:Korean War">Korean 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