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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorado_franc%C3%A9s_de_Tonk%C3%ADn" title="Protectorado francés de Tonkín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protectorado francés de Tonkín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorat_fran%C3%A7ais_du_Tonkin" title="Protectorat français du Tonkin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protectorat français du Tonkin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_(protektorat_Prancis)" title="Tonkin (protektorat Prancis) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tonkin (protektorat Prancis)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="טונקין (הצרפתית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונקין (הצרפתית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectoraat_Tonkin" title="Protectoraat Tonkin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protectoraat Tonkin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="トンキン保護国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トンキン保護国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Протекторат Тонкин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протекторат Тонкин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Тонкин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тонкин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkin_(francuski_protektorat)" title="Tonkin (francuski protektorat) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tonkin (francuski protektorat)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franska_protektoratet_Tonkin" title="Franska protektoratet Tonkin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franska protektoratet Tonkin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Bắc Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bắc Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="東京保護國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="東京保護國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="東京保護國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="東京保護國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20969067#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&params=21.0000_N_106.0000_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">21°00′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">106°00′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">21.0000°N 106.0000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">21.0000; 106.0000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1883–1949 French protectorate</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Protectorate of Tonkin</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Protectorat du Tonkin</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Xứ bảo hộ Bắc Kỳ</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>)</span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">處保護北圻</span> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1883–1949</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tonkin"><img alt="Flag of Tonkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/125px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/188px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg/250px-Flag_of_Colonial_Annam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam#Historical_flags" title="List of flags of Vietnam">Protectorate flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Resident-Superior_of_Tonkin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Resident-Superior of Tonkin"><img alt="Seal of the Resident-Superior of Tonkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_the_Resident-Superior_of_Tonkin.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_Resident-Superior_of_Tonkin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_the_Resident-Superior_of_Tonkin.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_Resident-Superior_of_Tonkin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Seal_of_the_Resident-Superior_of_Tonkin.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_Resident-Superior_of_Tonkin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1620" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_France" title="Great Seal of France">Seal of the Resident-Superior</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span><div>"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a>"<br /> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="142" data-mwtitle="La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_Républicaine.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/La_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise_Rouget_de_Lisle_Musique_de_la_Garde_R%C3%A9publicaine.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">Royal anthem</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%91%C3%A0n_cung" title="Đăng đàn cung">Đăng đàn cung</a><br />(English: <span lang="en">"The Emperor Mounts His Throne"</span>)<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="Đăng_Đàn_cung_(登壇宮)_-_1941_Annam_Anthem_-_Recreation_by_Prof._Liam_C._Kelley_(Lê_Minh_Khải).mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%90%C3%A0n_cung_%28%E7%99%BB%E5%A3%87%E5%AE%AE%29_-_1941_Annam_Anthem_-_Recreation_by_Prof._Liam_C._Kelley_%28L%C3%AA_Minh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i%29.mp3/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%90%C3%A0n_cung_%28%E7%99%BB%E5%A3%87%E5%AE%AE%29_-_1941_Annam_Anthem_-_Recreation_by_Prof._Liam_C._Kelley_%28L%C3%AA_Minh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i%29.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%90%C3%A0n_cung_%28%E7%99%BB%E5%A3%87%E5%AE%AE%29_-_1941_Annam_Anthem_-_Recreation_by_Prof._Liam_C._Kelley_%28L%C3%AA_Minh_Kh%E1%BA%A3i%29.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty#Tổng_Trấn_and_Kinh_lược_sứ" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Great Seal</a> of the Viceroy of Tonkin</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Khâm sai đại thần</a> quan phòng</i></span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hant">欽差大臣關防</span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kh%C3%A2m_sai_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BA%A7n_quan_ph%C3%B2ng_(%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E9%97%9C%E9%98%B2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kh%C3%A2m_sai_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BA%A7n_quan_ph%C3%B2ng_%28%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E9%97%9C%E9%98%B2%29.svg/85px-Kh%C3%A2m_sai_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BA%A7n_quan_ph%C3%B2ng_%28%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E9%97%9C%E9%98%B2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kh%C3%A2m_sai_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BA%A7n_quan_ph%C3%B2ng_%28%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E9%97%9C%E9%98%B2%29.svg/128px-Kh%C3%A2m_sai_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BA%A7n_quan_ph%C3%B2ng_%28%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E9%97%9C%E9%98%B2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Kh%C3%A2m_sai_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BA%A7n_quan_ph%C3%B2ng_%28%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E9%97%9C%E9%98%B2%29.svg/170px-Kh%C3%A2m_sai_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_th%E1%BA%A7n_quan_ph%C3%B2ng_%28%E6%AC%BD%E5%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E9%97%9C%E9%98%B2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br />(Until 1897)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_de_l%27Indochine_dress%C3%A9_(...)Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise_bpt6k11001779_67.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Administrative divisions of Tonkin 1920"><img alt="Administrative divisions of Tonkin 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Atlas_de_l%27Indochine_dress%C3%A9_%28...%29Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise_bpt6k11001779_67.jpg/250px-Atlas_de_l%27Indochine_dress%C3%A9_%28...%29Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise_bpt6k11001779_67.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Atlas_de_l%27Indochine_dress%C3%A9_%28...%29Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise_bpt6k11001779_67.jpg/375px-Atlas_de_l%27Indochine_dress%C3%A9_%28...%29Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise_bpt6k11001779_67.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Atlas_de_l%27Indochine_dress%C3%A9_%28...%29Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise_bpt6k11001779_67.jpg/500px-Atlas_de_l%27Indochine_dress%C3%A9_%28...%29Indochine_fran%C3%A7aise_bpt6k11001779_67.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8040" data-file-height="5752" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Administrative divisions of Tonkin 1920</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Protectorate of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (1883–1945)<br /> Constituent territory of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> (1887–1949)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">French, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Tai_languages" title="Central Tai languages">Central Tai languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Tai_languages" title="Southwestern Tai languages">Southwestern Tai languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Vietnam" title="Catholic Church in Vietnam">Catholicism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Folk religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tonkinese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonial administration</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">Resident-Superior</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1886 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Paulin François Alexandre Vial</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Yves Jean Digo</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><i>Kinh lược sứ</i> (Viceroy of Tonkin)</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1883–1885 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Nguyễn Hữu Độ (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1890–1897 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Cao_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Hoàng Cao Khải">Hoàng Cao Khải</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)<br />House of Representatives (<i>de jure</i> advisory body)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Harmand Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1883</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Patenôtre Treaty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 June 1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese occupation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">September 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty">Abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Creation of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">Élysée Accords</a> signed on March 8; ratification by France in 1950, formally recognising the end of the protectorate over Vietnam<sup id="cite_ref-Le-Monde-illustré-1950_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le-Monde-illustré-1950-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1949</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1885 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,487,000<sup id="cite_ref-UCDavis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDavis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1939 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,509,000<sup id="cite_ref-UCDavis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCDavis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cash" title="Vietnamese cash">Vietnamese cash</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">French Indochinese piastre</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/20px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/30px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/40px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="677" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty"><span style="font-size:85%;">1883:</span><br />Empire of Đại Nam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Seal_of_Sip_Song_Chau_Tai.svg/20px-Seal_of_Sip_Song_Chau_Tai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Seal_of_Sip_Song_Chau_Tai.svg/30px-Seal_of_Sip_Song_Chau_Tai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Seal_of_Sip_Song_Chau_Tai.svg/40px-Seal_of_Sip_Song_Chau_Tai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1738" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai"><span style="font-size:85%;">1889:</span><br />Sip Song Chau Tai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang#Imperial_China_era" title="Zhanjiang"><span style="font-size:85%;">1898:</span><br />Zhanjiang</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang"><span style="font-size:85%;">1945:</span><br />Zhanjiang</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam"><span style="font-size:85%;">1949:</span><br />State of Vietnam</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/20px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg/40px-Flag_of_South_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><br />  <b>∟</b><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang" title="Zhanjiang">Zhanjiang</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tonkin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <span style="font-style:normal;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798" /><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">東京</span></span>), or <b>Bắc Kỳ</b> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798" /><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">北圻</span>), was a French <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> encompassing modern <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a> from 1883 to 1949. Like the <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorate of Annam</a>, Tonkin was still nominally ruled by the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>. In 1886, the French separated Tonkin from the Nguyễn imperial court in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> by establishing the office of "Viceroy" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798" /><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">經略衙</span>, <span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Kinh lược nha</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dommen-2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dommen-2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 26 July 1897, the position of Viceroy was abolished, officially making the French <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">resident-superior of Tonkin</a> both the representative of the French colonial administration and the Nguyễn dynasty court in Huế, giving him the power to appoint local <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dommen-2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dommen-2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1887, Tonkin became a part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Union of Indochina</a>. </p><p>In 1945, the emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> rescinded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Patenôtre Treaty</a>, ending the French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin, creating the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> puppet state.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, ending <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Việt Minh</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a> which led to the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty">abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a>. </p><p>Tonkin was briefly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Chinese National Army</a> before being returned to France. After eliminating virtually all nationalist oppositions,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the communist-led Việt Minh <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">clashed with the French</a> over control of the territory. On 27 May 1948, Tonkin and Annam were partly merged under the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French legally maintained the protectorate until they formally signed over sovereignty to the Bảo Đại and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> in 1950 after signing the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Accords" title="Élysée Accords">Élysée Accords</a> in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Le-Monde-illustré-1950_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le-Monde-illustré-1950-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-French war">Sino-French war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Treaty of Huế (1883)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Treaty of Huế (1884)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tientsin (1885)">Treaty of Tientsin (1885)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></div> <p>After defeating the Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a>, the French colonised <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Southern Vietnam</a> including <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> in 1862 and 1867. Their sovereignty over here was recognized by the Vietnamese in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1874)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1874)">1874</a>. Central and Northern Vietnam later became the <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorates of Annam</a> and Tonkin and French influence in the Indochina Peninsula strengthened. However unlike Cochinchina, these two territories were still parts of Vietnam legally. During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a> (1884–85), the northernmost part of Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a> (then considered a crucial foothold in Southeast Asia and a key to the Chinese market), was <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Campaign">invaded by the French</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Treaty of Huế</a> (1883) with Vietnam and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tientsin (1885)">Treaty of Tientsin</a> (1885) with the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, all of Vietnam was governed by the French. </p><p>During the French colonial administration, Vietnam was administratively divided into three different territories: Tonkin (in the north), <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a> (in the centre), and the colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a> (in the south). These territories were fairly arbitrary in their geographic extent as the vast majority of the Vietnamese regarded their country as a single land and minor resistance to French rule continued over the next 70 years to achieve an independent state. Annam and Tonkin were originally a single entity, the <i>Résidence supérieure</i> of Annam-Tonkin. On June 3, 1886, the Nguyễn emperor <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> delegated all of his powers in Tonkin to a <i>Kinh lược sứ</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798" /><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">經略使</span>, equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>), who acted under French supervision. On May 9, 1889, the Résidence supérieure of Annam-Tonkin was abolished, with <a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a> and Tonkin being separated in two Résidences supérieures, each subordinated to the governor-general of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. On July 26, 1897, Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a> had Emperor <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a> abolish the post of <i>Kinh lược sứ</i>. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> still nominally reigned over Tonkin; it was now <i>de facto</i> under direct French rule.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During French rule, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> was made capital of Tonkin and, in 1901, of the whole <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. Cities in Tonkin saw significant infrastructure and economic development under the French, such as the development of the port of <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a> and construction of the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Railway_(Vietnam)" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South Railway (Vietnam)">Trans-Indochinois Railway</a> linking Hanoi to Saigon. Under French economic plans, mines yielding gold, silver, and tin as well as the farming of rice, corn, and tea powered Tonkin's economy. The imports included rice, iron goods, flour, wine, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> and cotton goods. Industrialization later led to the opening of factories producing textiles and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_ceramics" title="Vietnamese ceramics">ceramics</a> for export throughout the French Empire. French cultural influence on Tonkin was also significant as French became the primary language of education, government, trade and media and heavy <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> missionary activity resulted in almost 10% of the population identifying as Catholic by the 1940s. Prominent buildings in Hanoi were also constructed during the period of French rule, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Opera_House" title="Hanoi Opera House">Hanoi Opera House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hanoi_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanoi University of Technology">Hanoi University of Technology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></div> <p>French colonial administration lasted until March 9, 1945, during Japanese occupation (1941–1945). Although French administration was allowed during Japanese occupation as a puppet government, Japan briefly took full control of Vietnam in March 1945 under the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> and Tonkin became the site of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese Famine of 1945">Vietnamese Famine of 1945</a> during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the war, the north of Vietnam (including Tonkin) saw a sphere of influence by China while the south was briefly occupied by the British for French forces to regroup and regain control. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>, stated an intention to hand the region back to French rule, a sharp contrast to <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s strong opposition to colonialism and commitment to support the Viet Minh. However, after the Japanese withdrew from Vietnam, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> proclaimed the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Square" title="Ba Đình Square">Ba Đình Square</a>. Hanoi was later <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanoi_(1946)" title="Battle of Hanoi (1946)">reoccupied by the French</a> and conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> and France broke out into the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End">End</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: End"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></div> <p>As the French sought to establish a coherent government in Vietnam as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>, Tonkin was merged in 1948 into the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a>, which was replaced the next year by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a>, following the reunification with Cochinchina.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the French defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a> in Western Tonkin in 1954, the Communist state of <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> was formed, consisting of Tonkin and northern Annam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Bulletin_in_the_Indigenous_Language_(Number_4_-_1939)_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Official_Bulletin_in_the_Indigenous_Language_%28Number_4_-_1939%29_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin.gif/220px-Official_Bulletin_in_the_Indigenous_Language_%28Number_4_-_1939%29_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Official_Bulletin_in_the_Indigenous_Language_%28Number_4_-_1939%29_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin.gif/330px-Official_Bulletin_in_the_Indigenous_Language_%28Number_4_-_1939%29_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Official_Bulletin_in_the_Indigenous_Language_%28Number_4_-_1939%29_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin.gif/440px-Official_Bulletin_in_the_Indigenous_Language_%28Number_4_-_1939%29_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin.gif 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>The 1939 Vietnamese language edition of Tonkin's official government bulletin shows the overlapping authority of the <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina#Administration" title="French Indochina">French colonial administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">government of the Nguyễn dynasty</a>, with French public laws and official decisions as well statements by the emperor <a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tonkin was a component of French Indochina. It was a <i>de facto</i> French colony despite being a protectorate on paper. The British Naval Intelligence Division wrote during World War II that "at first the native political organization was maintained, but in 1897 the office of the viceroy, representing the king of Annam in Tonkin, was abolished, and since then other changes have further weakened the influence of the native government."<sup id="cite_ref-NID_203_204_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NID_203_204-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formally the four protectorates of French Indochina were ruled by their respective monarchs, but in fact the protectorates were all under the close control of the French senior residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the governor-general of French Indochina <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pasquier_(colonial_administrator)" title="Pierre Pasquier (colonial administrator)">Pierre Pasquier</a> stated: "The King reigns but the Resident superior rules."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effective power in the protectorate was in the hands of the resident-superior with both the monarch and the local high officials playing a subordinate role to his office.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonkin was administered by a French resident similar to those in Annam, Laos, and Cambodia, but he had much greater authority because of the absence of any indigenous administration.<sup id="cite_ref-NID_203_204_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NID_203_204-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>conseil du protectorat</i> composed of important officials and representatives from the chambers of agriculture and commerce, assisted the resident in performing his duties. There was also an advisory council made up of Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-NID_203_204_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NID_203_204-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 1898 the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Faure" title="Félix Faure">Félix Faure</a>, issued a decree that established a central bank for the entirety of French Indochina and that this bank would set the federal French Indochinese budget, on the same day the French president issued a decree that established a budget for the government of Tonkin.<sup id="cite_ref-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the French president also decreed that the budget of Tonkin would be financed through direct tax revenue collected in the territory as opposed to only <a href="/wiki/Indirect_tax" title="Indirect tax">indirect taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decree also meant that the treasury of the Nguyễn dynasty was abolished and all finances to be directly managed by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resident-superior was assisted by various agencies such as the Tokin Protectorate Council, the Tokin Chamber of Commerce, the Tonkin Chamber of Agriculture, and the House of People's Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its name the House of People's Representatives was not democratically elected but was composed of appointed Vietnamese elites and it only discussed issues related to taxation rather than legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tonkin was made up of 23 provinces, subdivided into <i>phu</i> or <i>huyen,</i> cantons, and communes.<sup id="cite_ref-NID_203_204_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NID_203_204-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local administration was in the hands of Vietnamese mandarins, although they were appointed by the resident rather than the emperor as in Annam.<sup id="cite_ref-NID_203_204_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NID_203_204-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smallest unit of administration, the commune, was overseen by two councils: the <i>toc bieu,</i> and the mandarin-dominated <i>ky muc</i> with the authority to veto decisions of the <i>toc bieu.</i><sup id="cite_ref-NID_203_204_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NID_203_204-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanoi and Haiphong had municipal councils appointed by the governor-general of Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-NID_203_204_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NID_203_204-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each province was headed by "Công sứ" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798" /><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">公使</span>), a French resident-minister, who was also assisted by a number of different agencies such as the Resident-Minister's Office, the Provincial Council, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_(Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices),_Hanoi,_French_Indo-China_(1920%27s)_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girls study chemistry in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)"><img alt="Girls study chemistry in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_05.jpg/120px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_05.jpg/180px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_05.jpg/240px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Girls study chemistry in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_(Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices),_Hanoi,_French_Indo-China_(1920%27s)_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girls study tailoring in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)"><img alt="Girls study tailoring in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_09.jpg/120px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_09.jpg/180px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_09.jpg/240px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Girls study tailoring in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_(Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices),_Hanoi,_French_Indo-China_(1920%27s)_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girls study maths in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)"><img alt="Girls study maths in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_12.jpg/120px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_12.jpg/180px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_12.jpg/240px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="493" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Girls study maths in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_(Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices),_Hanoi,_French_Indo-China_(1920%27s)_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Girls study drawing in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)"><img alt="Girls study drawing in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_04.jpg/120px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_04.jpg/180px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_04.jpg/240px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Girls study drawing in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_(Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices),_Hanoi,_French_Indo-China_(1920%27s)_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bedrooms at school"><img alt="Bedrooms at school" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_08.jpg/120px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_08.jpg/180px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_08.jpg/240px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bedrooms at school</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_(Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices),_Hanoi,_French_Indo-China_(1920%27s)_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Play time"><img alt="Play time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_06.jpg/120px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_06.jpg/180px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_06.jpg/240px-Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_N%E1%BB%AF_S%C6%B0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_%28Ecole_Normale_d%27Institutrices%29%2C_Hanoi%2C_French_Indo-China_%281920%27s%29_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Play time</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Campagne_du_Tonkin_Le_commandant_Riviere_entre_dans_Nam_Dinh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capture of Nam Định, 1883"><img alt="Capture of Nam Định, 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Campagne_du_Tonkin_Le_commandant_Riviere_entre_dans_Nam_Dinh.jpg/120px-Campagne_du_Tonkin_Le_commandant_Riviere_entre_dans_Nam_Dinh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Campagne_du_Tonkin_Le_commandant_Riviere_entre_dans_Nam_Dinh.jpg/180px-Campagne_du_Tonkin_Le_commandant_Riviere_entre_dans_Nam_Dinh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Campagne_du_Tonkin_Le_commandant_Riviere_entre_dans_Nam_Dinh.jpg/240px-Campagne_du_Tonkin_Le_commandant_Riviere_entre_dans_Nam_Dinh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="753" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Nam_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_(1883)" title="Capture of Nam Định (1883)">Capture of Nam Định</a>, 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="French zouave officer in Tonkin, spring 1885"><img alt="French zouave officer in Tonkin, spring 1885" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png/89px-Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png/133px-Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png/177px-Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">French <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">zouave</a> officer in Tonkin, spring 1885</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hano%C3%AF_-_Election_d%27un_chef_de_Rue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hanoi around 1910"><img alt="Hanoi around 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hano%C3%AF_-_Election_d%27un_chef_de_Rue.jpg/120px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Election_d%27un_chef_de_Rue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hano%C3%AF_-_Election_d%27un_chef_de_Rue.jpg/180px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Election_d%27un_chef_de_Rue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Hano%C3%AF_-_Election_d%27un_chef_de_Rue.jpg/240px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Election_d%27un_chef_de_Rue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1034" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> around 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hano%C3%AF_-_Palais_du_Gouverneur,_fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_Jardin_botanique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The French Governor-General's Palace in Hanoi"><img alt="The French Governor-General's Palace in Hanoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hano%C3%AF_-_Palais_du_Gouverneur%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_Jardin_botanique.jpg/120px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Palais_du_Gouverneur%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_Jardin_botanique.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hano%C3%AF_-_Palais_du_Gouverneur%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_Jardin_botanique.jpg/180px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Palais_du_Gouverneur%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_Jardin_botanique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hano%C3%AF_-_Palais_du_Gouverneur%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_Jardin_botanique.jpg/240px-Hano%C3%AF_-_Palais_du_Gouverneur%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_sur_le_Jardin_botanique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="1061" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Hanoi" title="Presidential Palace, Hanoi">French Governor-General's Palace</a> in Hanoi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin woman with black-painted teeth, ca. 1908"><img alt="Tonkin woman with black-painted teeth, ca. 1908" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tonkin_woman.jpg/71px-Tonkin_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tonkin_woman.jpg/107px-Tonkin_woman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tonkin_woman.jpg/143px-Tonkin_woman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin woman with <a href="/wiki/Tooth_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth painting">black-painted teeth</a>, ca. 1908</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais_Colonies_Protectorats_(...)Pollacchi_Paul_bpt6k1100182m.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Administrative divisions of Tonkin in 1929"><img alt="Administrative divisions of Tonkin in 1929" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Atlas_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais_Colonies_Protectorats_%28...%29Pollacchi_Paul_bpt6k1100182m.jpg/120px-Atlas_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais_Colonies_Protectorats_%28...%29Pollacchi_Paul_bpt6k1100182m.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Atlas_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais_Colonies_Protectorats_%28...%29Pollacchi_Paul_bpt6k1100182m.jpg/180px-Atlas_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais_Colonies_Protectorats_%28...%29Pollacchi_Paul_bpt6k1100182m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Atlas_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais_Colonies_Protectorats_%28...%29Pollacchi_Paul_bpt6k1100182m.jpg/240px-Atlas_colonial_fran%C3%A7ais_Colonies_Protectorats_%28...%29Pollacchi_Paul_bpt6k1100182m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5367" data-file-height="3905" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Administrative divisions of Tonkin in 1929</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin in 1930"><img alt="Tonkin in 1930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tonkin_1930.jpg/120px-Tonkin_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tonkin_1930.jpg/180px-Tonkin_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tonkin_1930.jpg/240px-Tonkin_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9232" data-file-height="6672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin in 1930</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1899_Map_of_Tonkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1899 map of Tonkin"><img alt="1899 map of Tonkin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1899_Map_of_Tonkin.jpg/118px-1899_Map_of_Tonkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1899_Map_of_Tonkin.jpg/177px-1899_Map_of_Tonkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/1899_Map_of_Tonkin.jpg/236px-1899_Map_of_Tonkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8864" data-file-height="9000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1899 map of Tonkin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin_1889-1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1889–1895"><img alt="Tonkin, 1889–1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tonkin_1889-1895.jpg/120px-Tonkin_1889-1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tonkin_1889-1895.jpg/180px-Tonkin_1889-1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tonkin_1889-1895.jpg/240px-Tonkin_1889-1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10260" data-file-height="7774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1889–1895</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin_1889-1895_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1889–1895"><img alt="Tonkin, 1889–1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tonkin_1889-1895_%282%29.jpg/120px-Tonkin_1889-1895_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tonkin_1889-1895_%282%29.jpg/180px-Tonkin_1889-1895_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tonkin_1889-1895_%282%29.jpg/240px-Tonkin_1889-1895_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10864" data-file-height="8178" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1889–1895</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkingearly20thcentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin in the early 1900s"><img alt="Tonkin in the early 1900s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tonkingearly20thcentury.jpg/120px-Tonkingearly20thcentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tonkingearly20thcentury.jpg/180px-Tonkingearly20thcentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tonkingearly20thcentury.jpg/240px-Tonkingearly20thcentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="974" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin in the early 1900s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golfe_du_Tonkin1880s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin in the 1880s"><img alt="Tonkin in the 1880s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Golfe_du_Tonkin1880s.jpg/120px-Golfe_du_Tonkin1880s.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Golfe_du_Tonkin1880s.jpg/180px-Golfe_du_Tonkin1880s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Golfe_du_Tonkin1880s.jpg/240px-Golfe_du_Tonkin1880s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin in the 1880s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_administrative_des_territoires_militaires_et_postes_militaires_du_Tonkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1894"><img alt="Tonkin, 1894" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carte_administrative_des_territoires_militaires_et_postes_militaires_du_Tonkin.jpg/120px-Carte_administrative_des_territoires_militaires_et_postes_militaires_du_Tonkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carte_administrative_des_territoires_militaires_et_postes_militaires_du_Tonkin.jpg/180px-Carte_administrative_des_territoires_militaires_et_postes_militaires_du_Tonkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Carte_administrative_des_territoires_militaires_et_postes_militaires_du_Tonkin.jpg/240px-Carte_administrative_des_territoires_militaires_et_postes_militaires_du_Tonkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4600" data-file-height="3203" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1894</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BacKy1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1890"><img alt="Tonkin, 1890" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/BacKy1890.jpg/120px-BacKy1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/BacKy1890.jpg/180px-BacKy1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/BacKy1890.jpg/240px-BacKy1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3723" data-file-height="2682" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1890</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1889"><img alt="Tonkin, 1889" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tonkin1889.jpg/120px-Tonkin1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tonkin1889.jpg/180px-Tonkin1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Tonkin1889.jpg/240px-Tonkin1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15461" data-file-height="12159" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1889</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_du_Tonquin_divis%C3%A9e_en_seize_provinces_d%27apr%C3%A8s_les_cartes_hydrographiques_fran%C3%A7aises_dress%C3%A9e_par_Mr_Mallart_1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1883"><img alt="Tonkin, 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carte_du_Tonquin_divis%C3%A9e_en_seize_provinces_d%27apr%C3%A8s_les_cartes_hydrographiques_fran%C3%A7aises_dress%C3%A9e_par_Mr_Mallart_1883.jpg/120px-Carte_du_Tonquin_divis%C3%A9e_en_seize_provinces_d%27apr%C3%A8s_les_cartes_hydrographiques_fran%C3%A7aises_dress%C3%A9e_par_Mr_Mallart_1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carte_du_Tonquin_divis%C3%A9e_en_seize_provinces_d%27apr%C3%A8s_les_cartes_hydrographiques_fran%C3%A7aises_dress%C3%A9e_par_Mr_Mallart_1883.jpg/180px-Carte_du_Tonquin_divis%C3%A9e_en_seize_provinces_d%27apr%C3%A8s_les_cartes_hydrographiques_fran%C3%A7aises_dress%C3%A9e_par_Mr_Mallart_1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Carte_du_Tonquin_divis%C3%A9e_en_seize_provinces_d%27apr%C3%A8s_les_cartes_hydrographiques_fran%C3%A7aises_dress%C3%A9e_par_Mr_Mallart_1883.jpg/240px-Carte_du_Tonquin_divis%C3%A9e_en_seize_provinces_d%27apr%C3%A8s_les_cartes_hydrographiques_fran%C3%A7aises_dress%C3%A9e_par_Mr_Mallart_1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12668" data-file-height="11145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uebersichtskarte_von_Tongking.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1883"><img alt="Tonkin, 1883" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Uebersichtskarte_von_Tongking.jpg/96px-Uebersichtskarte_von_Tongking.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Uebersichtskarte_von_Tongking.jpg/144px-Uebersichtskarte_von_Tongking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Uebersichtskarte_von_Tongking.jpg/192px-Uebersichtskarte_von_Tongking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5292" data-file-height="6608" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1883</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BacKy1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1902"><img alt="Tonkin, 1902" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BacKy1902.jpg/120px-BacKy1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BacKy1902.jpg/180px-BacKy1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/BacKy1902.jpg/240px-BacKy1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7800" data-file-height="7545" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1902</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Chine_fran%C3%A7aise._Carte_du_Tonkin_,_indiquant_les_postes_militaires_et_les_postes_de_la_garde_civile_indig%C3%A8ne,_dress%C3%A9e_au_bureau_topographique_des_troupes_de_l%27Indo-Chine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tonkin, 1891"><img alt="Tonkin, 1891" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Indo-Chine_fran%C3%A7aise._Carte_du_Tonkin_%2C_indiquant_les_postes_militaires_et_les_postes_de_la_garde_civile_indig%C3%A8ne%2C_dress%C3%A9e_au_bureau_topographique_des_troupes_de_l%27Indo-Chine.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Indo-Chine_fran%C3%A7aise._Carte_du_Tonkin_%2C_indiquant_les_postes_militaires_et_les_postes_de_la_garde_civile_indig%C3%A8ne%2C_dress%C3%A9e_au_bureau_topographique_des_troupes_de_l%27Indo-Chine.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Indo-Chine_fran%C3%A7aise._Carte_du_Tonkin_%2C_indiquant_les_postes_militaires_et_les_postes_de_la_garde_civile_indig%C3%A8ne%2C_dress%C3%A9e_au_bureau_topographique_des_troupes_de_l%27Indo-Chine.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10192" data-file-height="7135" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tonkin, 1891</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">List of French possessions and colonies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petelotiella" title="Petelotiella">Petelotiella tonkinensis</a></i> plant named after the place where it was found.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ThS. Hà Văn Huề, ThS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hường, ThS. Đoàn Thị Thu Thuỷ, PGS.TS Nguyễn Công Việt – <i>Ấn chương trên Châu bản triều Nguyễn</i>. – Năm xuất bản : 2013 Nhà xuất bản : (NXB Hà Nội Cuốn sách). Page 112. (in <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Le-Monde-illustré-1950-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Le-Monde-illustré-1950_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le-Monde-illustré-1950_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9" title="Le Monde illustré">Le Monde illustré</a> - <i>Le Vietnam à cessé d'être protectorat français cérémonie à l'hôtel de ville de Saïgon avec l'empereur Bao Daï et le commissaire de la République M. Pignon</i> (Vietnam ceased to be a French protectorate, ceremony at Saigon City Hall with Emperor Bao Dai and the Commissioner of the Republic, Mr Pignon.) Published: 1950. Quote: "Au cours d'une cérémonie qui s'est déroulée à l'hôtel de ville de Saigon, S.M. l'empereur Bao Daï et le haut commisaire de la République M. Pignon, ont signé la coxcation pour l'application des accords du 8 mars 1949, qui transfère au Vietnam, indépendant au sein de l'Union française, les pouvoies drenus par la France et remet au souverain le contrôle de l'administracion.". (in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCDavis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCDavis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCDavis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1oJtIuIQuE9gCNpDUQ7chlTeiWtjJl37SJ8V_6tJ7-Zo/"><i>GDP of North and South Vietnam from 1800 to 1970</i>, Davis, University of California, January 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dommen-2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dommen-2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dommen-2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dommen, Arthur. <i>The Indochinese Experience of the French, and the Americans, Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.</i> <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, 2001. Page 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFViệt_Nam2011" class="citation web cs1">Việt Nam, Hội Khuyến học (November 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dantri.com.vn/xa-hoi/mat-tran-to-quoc-viet-nam-chang-duong-80-nam-ve-vang-1290240396.htm">"Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam: Chặng đường 80 năm vẻ vang"</a>. <i>Dân trí</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A2n+tr%C3%AD&rft.atitle=M%E1%BA%B7t+tr%E1%BA%ADn+T%E1%BB%95+qu%E1%BB%91c+Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam%3A+Ch%E1%BA%B7ng+%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng+80+n%C4%83m+v%E1%BA%BB+vang&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft.aulast=Vi%E1%BB%87t+Nam&rft.aufirst=H%E1%BB%99i+Khuy%E1%BA%BFn+h%E1%BB%8Dc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdantri.com.vn%2Fxa-hoi%2Fmat-tran-to-quoc-viet-nam-chang-duong-80-nam-ve-vang-1290240396.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonkin+%28French+protectorate%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Marr, David G. 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University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">405–</span>406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520274150" title="Special:BookSources/9780520274150"><bdi>9780520274150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+State%2C+War%2C+and+Revolution+%281945%E2%80%931946%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E406&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780520274150&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonkin+%28French+protectorate%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKort2017" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Michael G. 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The Cultivation of a Nation 1860–1945</i>, <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> (2007), p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHandler1943" class="citation journal cs1">Handler, Joseph (March 1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000271624322600113?journalCode=anna">"Indo-China: Eighty Years of French Rule"</a>. <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>226</b>: 131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271624322600113">10.1177/000271624322600113</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144158566">144158566</a> – via SAGE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=Indo-China%3A+Eighty+Years+of+French+Rule&rft.volume=226&rft.pages=131&rft.date=1943-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271624322600113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144158566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Handler&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F000271624322600113%3FjournalCode%3Danna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonkin+%28French+protectorate%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThu_Nhuần_(tổng_hợp)2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thu Nhuần (tổng hợp) (July 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/2001/66916/nha-nguyen-va-nhung-thang-7-bien-djong.html">"Nhà Nguyễn và những tháng 7 biến động. – Phải chăng tháng 7 với triều Nguyễn là một sự trùng hợp, khi Pháp mở đầu cuộc tấn công 1/9/1885 (nhằm vào 24/7/1858 âm lịch) và trận chiến đấu cuối cùng dưới sự lãnh đạo của triều đình nhà Nguyễn cũng diễn ra vào 5/7/1885"</a> (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">Bảo tàng Lịch sử Quốc gia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+state+structure+in+French-ruled+Vietnam+%281858%E2%80%931945%29.&rft.pub=Vietnam+Law+and+Legal+Forum+magazine%2C+Vietnam+News+Agency+%E2%80%93+Your+gateway+to+the+law+of+Vietnam.&rft.date=2011-02-24&rft.au=Pham+Diem+%28State+and+Law+Research+Institute%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvietnamlawmagazine.vn%2Fthe-state-structure-in-french-ruled-vietnam-1858-1945-4404.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATonkin+%28French+protectorate%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tonkin_(French_protectorate)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Indochina" title="Template:French Indochina"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Indochina" title="Template talk:French Indochina"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Indochina" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Indochina"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Indochina188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">France–Asia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="France–Vietnam relations">France–Vietnam relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="France–Thailand relations">France–Thailand relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France–China relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituent<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Central_Government_of_Vietnam" title="Provisional Central Government of Vietnam">Provisional Central Government of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh (1777–1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">Lê Văn Khôi revolt (1833–35)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Bombardment of Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tourane" title="Siege of Tourane">Siege of Tourane (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina campaign (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign (1883–1886)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War (1884–1885)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion (1901-1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">1916 Cochinchina uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vue Pa Chay's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_the_recruiter_Bazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of the recruiter Bazin">Bazin assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">French–Thai War (1940–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Permanent_Military_Tribunal_in_Saigon" title="French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon">French Permanent Military Tribunal in Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu" title="Battle of Dien Bien Phu">Battle of Dien Bien Phu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of Vietnam">Partition of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1787)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1787)">Treaty of Versailles (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Treaty of Saigon (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">Treaty of Huế (1863)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1874)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1874)">Treaty of Saigon (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Treaty of Huế (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Treaty of Huế (1884)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin_(1885)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Tientsin (1885)">Treaty of Tientsin (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Conference (1954)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">French<br />personalities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pigneau_de_Behaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Pigneau de Behaine">Pierre Pigneau de Behaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chaigneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau">Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_C%C3%A9cille" title="Jean-Baptiste Cécille">Jean-Baptiste Cécille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Montigny" title="Charles de Montigny">Charles de Montigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly" title="Charles Rigault de Genouilly">Charles Rigault de Genouilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Courbet" title="Amédée Courbet">Amédée Courbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Rivi%C3%A8re_(naval_officer)" title="Henri Rivière (naval officer)">Henri Rivière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Garnier" title="Francis Garnier">Francis Garnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Doudart_de_Lagr%C3%A9e" title="Ernest Doudart de Lagrée">Ernest Doudart de Lagrée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Pavie" title="Auguste Pavie">Auguste Pavie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sarraut" title="Albert Sarraut">Albert Sarraut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs_indochinois" title="Tirailleurs indochinois">Tirailleurs indochinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps" title="Tonkin Expeditionary Corps">Tonkin Expeditionary Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkinese_Rifles" title="Tonkinese Rifles">Tonkinese Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_French_Indochina" title="List of governors-general of French Indochina">Governor-General of French Indochina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_overseas_empire62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_overseas_empire" title="Template:French overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:French overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senegal">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Communes" title="Four Communes">Four Communes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albreda" title="Albreda">Albreda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="French Cameroons">Cameroons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="French Comoros">Comoros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan" title="Anjouan">Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore" title="Grande Comore">Grande Comore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li" title="Mohéli">Mohéli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">Somaliland (Djibouti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas274" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terre Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadines" title="Grenadines">The Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haïti">Haïti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Equinoctial France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inini" title="Inini">Inini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">French West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chennai" title="History of Chennai">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puducherry" title="History of Puducherry">Pondichéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochinese Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonkin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Kouang-Tchéou-Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria<br />and the Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanto-Bordelaise_Company" title="Nanto-Bordelaise Company">Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">France–Asia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV%27s_East_India_Company" title="Louis XIV's East India Company">Louis XIV's East India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_France" title="Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_France" title="Template talk:Overseas France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_France298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inhabited_territories298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas<wbr /> regions</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas<wbr /> collectivities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">Sui generis</a><wbr /> collectivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Uninhabited_territories298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Uninhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas territory</a><wbr /> (<a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern<wbr /> and Antarctic Lands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_domains_of_Saint_Helena" title="French domains of Saint Helena">French domains of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_domains_of_the_Holy_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French domains of the Holy Land (page does not exist)">French domains of the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in<wbr /> the Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a><sup><small>2, 3</small></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser">Banc du Geyser</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Also known as <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas departments</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nguyễn_dynasty_topics275" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nguyễn dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nguyễn_dynasty_topics275" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty#Imperial_rule_(1802–1883)" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Sovereign state</a> (1802–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">French protectorates of Annam</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tonkin</a> (1883–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_tinh_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/75px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/113px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Long_tinh_flag.svg/150px-Long_tinh_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/75px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/113px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/150px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF,_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_(1980)_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Annam_-_S.M._Bao_Da%C3%AF%2C_Le_Dragon_d%27Annam_%281980%29_colour_scheme_-_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_%28%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%97%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Sovereign Việt Nam <br />/ Đại Nam<br />(Nhà Nguyễn <br />thời độc lập, <br />茹阮𥱯獨立)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0ng_Trong" title="Đàng Trong">Đàng Trong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam_ti%E1%BA%BFn" title="Nam tiến">Nam tiến</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Provinces_of_Southern_Vietnam" title="Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam">Six Provinces of Southern Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Saigon" title="Citadel of Saigon">Citadel of Saigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs#The_Nguyen_Campaign_against_Catholicism_in_the_19th_century" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Nguyễn dynasty's persecution of Catholics in the 19th century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c%27s_Catholic_persecution" title="Tự Đức's Catholic persecution">Tự Đức's Catholic persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A2n_movement" title="Văn Thân movement">Văn Thân movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French protectorate(s)</a><br />(Pháp thuộc, 法屬)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanoi_Rat_Massacre" title="Great Hanoi Rat Massacre">Great Hanoi Rat Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Exhibition" title="Hanoi Exhibition">Hanoi Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Du" title="Đông Du">Đông Du</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Duy Tân Hội">Duy Tân Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Poison_Plot" title="Hanoi Poison Plot">Hanoi Poison Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam_during_World_War_I" title="History of Vietnam during World War I">History of Vietnam during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Revolutionary_Youth_League" title="Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League">Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Travail_movement" title="Le Travail movement">Le Travail movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%BA_Ri%E1%BB%81ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8F" title="Phú Riềng Đỏ">Phú Riềng Đỏ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Việt Minh">Việt Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina in World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Japanese period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese famine of 1945">Vietnamese famine of 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">Abdication of Bảo Đại</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam">Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam#Kingdom_of_Vietnam_(1802–1883),_Annam_Protectorate_(1883–1945)_and_Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945)" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a> (1802–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> (1820–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> (1841–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tự Đức">Tự Đức</a> (1847–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Dục Đức">Dục Đức</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_H%C3%B2a" title="Hiệp Hòa">Hiệp Hòa</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_Ph%C3%BAc" title="Kiến Phúc">Kiến Phúc</a> (1883–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0m_Nghi" title="Hàm Nghi">Hàm Nghi</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Đồng Khánh">Đồng Khánh</a> (1885–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_Th%C3%A1i" title="Thành Thái">Thành Thái</a> (1889–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duy_T%C3%A2n" title="Duy Tân">Duy Tân</a> (1907–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Khải Định">Khải Định</a> (1916–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Bảo Đại">Bảo Đại</a> (1925–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ministries & agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorate" title="Censorate">Censorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Judicature_and_Revision" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Judicature and Revision">Court of Judicial Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Entertainments" title="Court of Imperial Entertainments">Court of Imperial Entertainments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Imperial_Stud" title="Court of the Imperial Stud">Court of the Imperial Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Imperial_Sacrifices" title="Court of Imperial Sacrifices">Court of Imperial Sacrifices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Altars" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the National Altars">Office of the National Altars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy" title="Hanlin Academy">Hàn lâm viện</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Annam)" title="House of Representatives (Annam)">House of People's Representatives of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Quốc Tử Giám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Departments_and_Six_Ministries" title="Three Departments and Six Ministries">Lục bộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)" title="Ministry of Education (Nguyễn dynasty)">Ministry of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%E1%BB%99i_c%C3%A1c_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)" title="Nội các (Nguyễn dynasty)">Nội các</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_c%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Viện cơ mật">Viện cơ mật</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Coat of arms of the Nguyễn dynasty">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C4%83ng_%C4%91%C3%A0n_cung" title="Đăng đàn cung">Đăng đàn cung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Vietnam" title="List of flags of Vietnam">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty%27s_administrative_units" title="Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units">Provincial flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Names of the Nguyễn dynasty state (Việt Nam / Đại Nam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_dragon" title="Vietnamese dragon">Vietnamese dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnam" title="Provinces of Vietnam">Provincial administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Đề Đốc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Tuần phủ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_of_Vietnam" title="Viceroys of Vietnam">Tổng Trấn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">French administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Annam" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Annam">Khâm sứ Trung Kỳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_of_the_French_protectorate_of_Tonkin" title="List of administrators of the French protectorate of Tonkin">Thống sứ Bắc Kỳ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Prominent <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">mandarins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A1ch_Xu%C3%A2n_Nguy%C3%AAn" title="Bạch Xuân Nguyên">Bạch Xuân Nguyên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Xu%C3%A2n_D%E1%BB%A5c" title="Cao Xuân Dục">Cao Xuân Dục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Chaigneau" title="Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau">Jean-Baptiste Chaigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Despiau" title="Jean Marie Despiau">Jean Marie Despiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Cao_Kh%E1%BA%A3i" title="Hoàng Cao Khải">Hoàng Cao Khải</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Di%E1%BB%87u" title="Hoàng Diệu">Hoàng Diệu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_H%E1%BB%93_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Hy" title="Michael Hồ Đình Hy">Michael Hồ Đình Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Lê Chất">Lê Chất</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Kh%E1%BA%A3" title="Ngô Đình Khả">Ngô Đình Khả</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Ngô Đình Khôi">Ngô Đình Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_T%E1%BB%99" title="Nguyễn Trường Tộ">Nguyễn Trường Tộ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức">Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C3%A2m" title="Nguyễn Văn Tâm">Nguyễn Văn Tâm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%93n" title="Nguyễn Văn Tồn">Nguyễn Văn Tồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nguyễn Văn Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%BAy" title="Phan Văn Thúy">Phan Văn Thúy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Qu%E1%BB%B3nh" title="Phạm Quỳnh">Phạm Quỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Th%E1%BA%ADn_Du%E1%BA%ADt" title="Phạm Thận Duật">Phạm Thận Duật</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Gi%E1%BA%A3n" title="Phan Thanh Giản">Phan Thanh Giản</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thanh_Li%C3%AAm" title="Phan Thanh Liêm">Phan Thanh Liêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n_Nhi%E1%BA%BFp" title="Thân Văn Nhiếp">Thân Văn Nhiếp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1" title="Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ">Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BA%A7u" title="Thoại Ngọc Hầu">Thoại Ngọc Hầu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh_(mandarin)" title="Tôn Thất Đính (mandarin)">Tôn Thất Đính</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_Thuy%E1%BA%BFt" title="Tôn Thất Thuyết">Tôn Thất Thuyết</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kim" title="Trần Trọng Kim">Trần Trọng Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Cao_V%C3%A2n" title="Trần Cao Vân">Trần Cao Vân</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng_Huy_Tr%E1%BB%A9" title="Đặng Huy Trứ">Đặng Huy Trứ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Trương Định">Trương Định</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Minh_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Minh Giảng">Trương Minh Giảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_T%E1%BA%A5n_B%E1%BB%ADu" title="Trương Tấn Bửu">Trương Tấn Bửu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Nguyễn Văn Tường">Nguyễn Văn Tường</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Vannier" title="Philippe Vannier">Philippe Vannier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Military of the Nguyễn dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Battles and wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_wars" title="Tây Sơn wars">Tây Sơn wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1811%E2%80%931812)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)">Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1820)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1820)">Cambodian rebellion (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Lidong_rebellion" title="Ja Lidong rebellion">Ja Lidong rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_B%C3%A1_V%C3%A0nh%27s_Rebellion" title="Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion">Phan Bá Vành's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Lao rebellion (1826–1828)">Anouvong's Rebellion against Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1831%E2%80%931834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduai_Kabait_rebellion" title="Nduai Kabait rebellion">Nduai Kabait rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B4ng_V%C4%83n_V%C3%A2n%27s_Rebellion" title="Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion">Nông Văn Vân's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katip_Sumat_uprising" title="Katip Sumat uprising">Katip Sumat's Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja_Thak_Wa_uprising" title="Ja Thak Wa uprising">Ja Thak Wa uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt" title="Lê Văn Khôi revolt">Lê Văn Khôi revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rebellion_(1840)" title="Cambodian rebellion (1840)">Cambodian rebellion (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)">Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Bombardment of Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_campaign" title="Cochinchina campaign">Cochinchina campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_campaign" title="Tonkin campaign">Tonkin campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">Garnier Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%E1%BA%A7n_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_movement" title="Cần Vương movement">Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_Th%E1%BA%BF_Insurrection" title="Yên Thế Insurrection">Yên Thế Insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">Pacification of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Thái Nguyên uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vue Pa Chay's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Yên Bái mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Uprising of the Nghệ-Tĩnh soviets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Prominent military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_K%E1%BA%BF_Vi%C3%AAm" title="Hoàng Kế Viêm">Hoàng Kế Viêm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Duy%E1%BB%87t" title="Lê Văn Duyệt">Lê Văn Duyệt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i" title="Lê Văn Khôi">Lê Văn Khôi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_C%C6%B0_Trinh" title="Nguyễn Cư Trinh">Nguyễn Cư Trinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức">Nguyễn Huỳnh Đức</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Nguyễn Văn Thành">Nguyễn Văn Thành</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_T%E1%BB%93n" title="Nguyễn Văn Tồn">Nguyễn Văn Tồn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Nh%C6%A1n" title="Nguyễn Văn Nhơn">Nguyễn Văn Nhơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Tri_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Nguyễn Tri Phương">Nguyễn Tri Phương</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phan_V%C4%83n_Th%C3%BAy" title="Phan Văn Thúy">Phan Văn Thúy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_Minh_Gi%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Trương Minh Giảng">Trương Minh Giảng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special administrative regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Th%C3%A0nh" title="Principality of Thuận Thành">Principality of Thuận Thành</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_H%C3%A0_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Principality of Hà Tiên">Principality of Hà Tiên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7y_X%C3%A1_and_H%E1%BB%8Fa_X%C3%A1" title="Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá">Thủy Xá and Hỏa Xá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Trấn Ninh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Th%C3%A0nh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tây Thành Province">Trấn Tây Thành</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces & mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Imperial City of Huế</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Gate_(Hu%E1%BA%BF)" title="Meridian Gate (Huế)">Meridian Gate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Gia_Long" title="Tomb of Gia Long">Thien Tho Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Tự Đức">Khiêm Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_D%E1%BB%A5c_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tomb of Dục Đức">An Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh" title="Tomb of Khải Định">Ứng Mausoleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society & culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81o_d%C3%A0i" title="Áo dài">Áo dài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_nh%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Đại Nam nhất thống chí">Đại Nam nhất thống chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Nam_th%E1%BB%B1c_l%E1%BB%A5c" title="Đại Nam thực lục">Đại Nam thực lục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_L%C3%AA_nh%E1%BA%A5t_th%E1%BB%91ng_ch%C3%AD" title="Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí">Hoàng Lê nhất thống chí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_s%E1%BB%AD_Th%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1m_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_m%E1%BB%A5c" title="Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục">Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%83n_v%E1%BA%A5n" title="Khăn vấn">Khăn vấn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblocks_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty" title="Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty">Woodblocks of the Nguyễn Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy,_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial Academy, Huế">Imperial Academy, Huế</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_court_examination_system_in_Vietnam" title="Confucian court examination system in Vietnam">Confucian court examination system in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_H%E1%BB%8Dc_%E2%80%93_Hu%E1%BA%BF_High_School_for_the_Gifted" title="Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted">Quốc Học – Huế High School for the Gifted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Tr%C3%AD_Tri" title="Hội Trí Tri">Société d’Enseignement Mutuel du Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Free_School" title="Tonkin Free School">Tonkin Free School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cash" title="Vietnamese cash">Cash coins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Tự Đức Thông Bảo">Tự Đức Thông Bảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_B%E1%BA%A3o_Sao" title="Tự Đức Bảo Sao">Tự Đức Bảo Sao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnh_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Khải Định Thông Bảo">Khải Định Thông Bảo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o" title="Bảo Đại Thông Bảo">Bảo Đại Thông Bảo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_v%C4%83n_(currency_unit)" title="Vietnamese văn (currency unit)">Văn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_m%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Vietnamese mạch">Mạch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">Quán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%81n" title="Tiền">Tiền</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Colonial currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochinese_piastre" title="French Indochinese piastre">French Indochinese piastre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyangyak#In_Vietnam" title="Hyangyak">Hương ước</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1862)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1862)">Saigon</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1863)" title="Treaty of Huế (1863)">Huế</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saigon_(1874)" title="Treaty of Saigon (1874)">Saigon</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1883)" title="Treaty of Huế (1883)">Huế</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF_(1884)" title="Treaty of Huế (1884)">Huế</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Orders, decorations, and medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_(decoration)" title="Bai (decoration)">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Order_of_the_Dragon_of_Annam" title="Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam">Imperial Order of the Dragon of Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Kh%C3%A1nh" title="Kim Khánh">Kim Khánh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_of_the_Crown" title="Domain of the Crown">Domain of the Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty_until_1884" title="Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884">Economy of the Nguyễn dynasty until 1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplanade_of_Sacrifice_to_the_Heaven_and_Earth" title="Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth">Esplanade of Sacrifice to the Heaven and Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc" title="House of Nguyễn Phúc">House of Nguyễn Phúc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Wall_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ng%C3%A3i" title="Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi">Long Wall of Quảng Ngãi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Annam_and_Tongking" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking">Postage stamps and postal history of Annam and Tongking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tho%E1%BA%A1i_H%C3%A0_Canal" title="Thoại Hà Canal">Thoại Hà Canal</a></li> <li><a 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