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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Life during World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_after_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_after_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Life after the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_after_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_and_Paris_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_and_Paris_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Emigration and Paris years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_and_Paris_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetic_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Poetic style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Romanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Romanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In Romanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Romanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilingual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Bilingual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writers_translated_by_Celan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers_translated_by_Celan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Writers translated by Celan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers_translated_by_Celan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-About_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>About translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Selected criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio-visual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio-visual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Audio-visual</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Audio-visual-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Audio-visual subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Audio-visual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Celan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باول سيلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="باول سيلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پل سلان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پل سلان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Паул Целан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паул Целан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پل سلان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پل سلان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8_%EC%B2%BC%EB%9E%80" title="파울 첼란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파울 첼란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պաուլ Ցելան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պաուլ Ցելան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פאול צלאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאול צלאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Celan" title="Paulus Celan – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paulus Celan" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauls_C%C4%93lans" title="Pauls Cēlans – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pauls Cēlans" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="പോൾ സെലാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോൾ സെലാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باول سيلان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باول سيلان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="パウル・ツェラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パウル・ツェラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Целан, Пауль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Целан, Пауль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul Celan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-language poet of Romanian descent, holocaust survivor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Paul Celan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Celan_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Celan_.jpg/250px-Celan_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7f/Celan_.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Paul Antschel<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1920-11-23</span>)</span>23 November 1920<br />Cernăuți, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a>, Ukraine)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">20 April 1970<span style="display:none">(1970-04-20)</span> (aged 49)<br />Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Romanian, French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Poetry, translation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">"<a href="/wiki/Todesfuge" title="Todesfuge">Todesfuge</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le_Lestrange" title="Gisèle Lestrange">Gisèle Lestrange</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Celan_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paul_Celan_signature.svg/150px-Paul_Celan_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paul_Celan_signature.svg/225px-Paul_Celan_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paul_Celan_signature.svg/300px-Paul_Celan_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="77" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Celan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈtseːlaːn]</a></span>; born <b>Paul Antschel</b>; 23 November 1920 – c. 20 April 1970) was a Romanian-born French poet, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivor" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust survivor">Holocaust survivor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Literary_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary translation">literary translator</a>. Celan is regarded as one of the most important figures in <a href="/wiki/German-language_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="German-language literature">German-language literature</a> of the post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era and a poet whose verse has gained an immortal place in the literary pantheon. Celan’s poetry, with its many radical poetic and linguistic innovations, is characterized by a complicated and cryptic style that deviates from poetic conventions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Celan was born into a German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Cern%C4%83u%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cernăuți">Cernăuți</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, a region then part of Romania and earlier part of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> (when his birthplace was known as Czernowitz). His first home was in the Wassilkogasse in Cernăuți. His father, Leo Antschel, was a <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> who advocated his son's education in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> at the Jewish school <i>Safah Ivriah</i> (meaning <i>the Hebrew language</i>). Celan's mother, Friederike (Fritzi) Antschel née Schrager, was an avid reader of <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a> who insisted <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a> be the language of the household. In his teens, Celan became active in Jewish <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> organizations and fostered support for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican</a> cause in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. His earliest known poem is titled <i>Mother's Day 1938</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul attended the Liceul Ortodox de Băieți No. 1 (Boys' Orthodox Secondary School No. 1) from 1930 until 1935, Liceul de Băieți No. 2 în Cernăuți (Boys' Secondary School No. 2 in Cernăuți) from 1935 to 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the Liceul Marele Voievod Mihai (Great Prince Mihai Preparatory School, now Chernivtsi School No. 5), where he studied from 1936 until graduating in 1938. At this time Celan secretly began to write poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Celan traveled to <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, France, to study <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> precluded his study in Vienna, and Romanian schools were harder to get into due to the newly imposed <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a>. His journey to France took him through Berlin as the events of <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> unfolded, and also introduced him to his uncle, Bruno Schrager, who was later among the French detainees murdered at <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II_.28Birkenau.29" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Birkenau</a>. Celan returned to Cernăuți in 1939 to study <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_during_World_War_II">Life during World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Life during World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> occupation of Bukovina in June 1940, deportations to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> started. A year later, following the reconquest by Romania, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the then-fascist Romanian regime brought <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a>, internment, and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania in World War II</a>). </p><p>On arrival in Cernăuți in July 1941, the German <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzkommando" title="Einsatzkommando">Einsatzkommando</a></i> and their Romanian allies set the city's <a href="/wiki/Czernowitz_Synagogue" title="Czernowitz Synagogue">Great Synagogue</a> on fire. In October, the Romanians deported a large number of Jews after forcing them into a ghetto, where Celan translated <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">sonnets</a> and continued to write his own poetry. Before the ghetto was dissolved in the fall of that year, Celan was pressed into labor, first clearing the debris of a demolished post office, and then gathering and destroying <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> books.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local mayor, <a href="/wiki/Traian_Popovici" title="Traian Popovici">Traian Popovici</a>, strove to mitigate the harsh circumstances, until the governor of Bukovina had the Jews rounded up and deported, starting on a Saturday night in June 1942. Celan hoped to convince his parents to leave the country so as to escape certain persecution. While Celan was away from home, on 21 June 1942, his parents were taken from their home and sent by train to an <a href="/wiki/Internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camp">internment camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_Governorate" title="Transnistria Governorate">Transnistria Governorate</a>, where two-thirds of the deportees eventually perished. Celan's father likely perished of <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> and his mother was shot after being exhausted by forced labour. Later that year, after being taken to a labour camp in <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Old_Kingdom" title="Romanian Old Kingdom">Romania</a>, Celan received reports of his parents' deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celan remained imprisoned in a work camp until February 1944, when the Red Army's advance forced the Romanians to abandon the camps, whereupon he returned to Cernăuți shortly before the Soviets returned. There, he worked briefly as a nurse in the mental hospital. Friends from this period recall Celan expressing immense guilt over his separation from his parents, whom he had tried to convince to go into hiding prior to the deportations, shortly before their deaths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_after_the_war">Life after the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Life after the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considering emigration to Palestine, Celan left Cernăuți in 1945 for Bucharest, where he remained until 1947. He was active in the Jewish literary community as both a translator of <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> into Romanian, and as a poet, publishing his work under a variety of pseudonyms. The literary scene of the time was richly populated with <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gellu_Naum" title="Gellu Naum">Gellu Naum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilarie_Voronca" title="Ilarie Voronca">Ilarie Voronca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gherasim_Luca" title="Gherasim Luca">Gherasim Luca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_P%C4%83un" title="Paul Păun">Paul Păun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dolfi_Trost" title="Dolfi Trost">Dolfi Trost</a>. It was in this period that Celan developed pseudonyms both for himself and his friends, including the one he took as his pen name. He also met with the poets <a href="/wiki/Rose_Ausl%C3%A4nder" title="Rose Ausländer">Rose Ausländer</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Weissglas" class="extiw" title="de:Immanuel Weissglas">Immanuel Weissglas</a>, elements of whose works he reused in his poem "<a href="/wiki/Todesfuge" title="Todesfuge">Todesfuge</a>", which first appeared as "<span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Tangoul Morții</i></span>" ("Death <a href="/wiki/Tango_music" title="Tango music">Tango</a>") in a Romanian translation of May 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_and_Paris_years">Emigration and Paris years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emigration and Paris years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">communist regime in Romania</a> at the beginning of 1948, Celan fled Romania for Vienna, Austria. It was there that he befriended <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>, who had just completed a dissertation on <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>. Celan, however, found only a ruined city divided between Allied powers and which bore little resemblance to the literary, musical, and cultural mecca it had been as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. Furthermore, the urbane, cultured, and sophisticated <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vienna" title="History of the Jews in Vienna">Viennese Jewish</a> community described by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_of_Yesterday" title="The World of Yesterday">The World of Yesterday</a></i> had been largely annihilated by the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Austria">Holocaust in Austria</a>. This is why, like the poet <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> before him, Celan emigrated to Paris in 1948. In that year his first poetry collection, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Sand_aus_den_Urnen" title="Der Sand aus den Urnen">Der Sand aus den Urnen</a></i> ("Sand from the Urns"), was published in Vienna by A. Sexl. His first few years in Paris were marked by intense feelings of loneliness and isolation, as expressed in letters to his colleagues, including his longtime friend from Cernăuți, Petre Solomon. It was also during this time that he exchanged many letters with Diet Kloos, a young singer and anti-Nazi <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Resistance">Dutch Resistance</a> veteran who had witnessed her husband of just a few months being tortured to death. She visited Celan twice in Paris between 1949 and 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, Celan's writing began to gain recognition when he read his poetry on his first reading trip to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he was invited to read at the semiannual meetings of the hugely influential <a href="/wiki/Group_47" title="Group 47">Group 47</a> literary group.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At their May meeting he read his poem <i><a href="/wiki/Todesfuge" title="Todesfuge">Todesfuge</a></i> ("Death Fugue"), a depiction of concentration camp life. When <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>, with whom Celan had an affair, won the group's prize instead for her poetry collection <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die gestundete Zeit</i></span></i> (<i>The Extended Hours</i>), Celan (whose work had received only six votes) said "After the meeting, only six people remembered my name".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (June 2020)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> He did not attend any other meeting of the group.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave-Paul-Celan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grave-Paul-Celan.jpg/220px-Grave-Paul-Celan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grave-Paul-Celan.jpg/330px-Grave-Paul-Celan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Grave-Paul-Celan.jpg/440px-Grave-Paul-Celan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Paul Celan at the <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Thiais" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière de Thiais">Cimetière de Thiais</a> near Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1951, he met the <a href="/wiki/Graphic_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic artist">graphic artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gis%C3%A8le_Lestrange" title="Gisèle Lestrange">Gisèle Lestrange</a>, in Paris. He sent her many love letters, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>'s correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Milena_Jesensk%C3%A1" title="Milena Jesenská">Milena Jesenská</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felice_Bauer" title="Felice Bauer">Felice Bauer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married on 21 December 1952, despite the opposition of her aristocratic family. During the following 18 years they wrote over 700 letters; Celan's active correspondents also included <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lenz" title="Hermann Lenz">Hermann Lenz</a> and his wife Hanne.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made his living as a translator and lecturer in German at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">École normale supérieure</a>. He was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a>, who later won the Nobel Prize for literature.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celan became a French citizen in 1955 and lived in Paris. Celan's sense of persecution increased after the widow of a friend, the French-German poet <a href="/wiki/Yvan_Goll" title="Yvan Goll">Yvan Goll</a>, unjustly accused him of having plagiarised her husband's work.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celan was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Literaturpreis_der_Stadt_Bremen" title="Literaturpreis der Stadt Bremen">Bremen Literature Prize</a> in 1958 and the <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google.com_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celan drowned in the river <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> in Paris around 20 April 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may have been suicide, and if so, perhaps related to the appearance of Weissglas's poem, dated 1944, in the Romanian journal <i>Neue Literatur</i>, and fears that he might again be accused unfairly of plagiarism, the initial assertions about which, in 1953, later occasioned four psychotic episodes involving paranoia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetic_style">Poetic style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poetic style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to writing poetry (in German and, earlier, in Romanian), he was an extremely active translator and <a href="/wiki/Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot">polyglot</a>, translating literature from Romanian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Hebrew, and English into German. Meanwhile, Celan's own poetry became progressively more cryptic, fractured and monosyllabic, often deviating from conventional poetic meter and verse structures. He created and used German <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>, especially in his later works <i><a href="/wiki/Fadensonnen" title="Fadensonnen">Fadensonnen</a></i> ("Threadsuns") and <i><a href="/wiki/Lichtzwang" title="Lichtzwang">Lichtzwang</a></i>. Celan has been seen as attempting either to destroy or remake the German language in his poetry, using it to convey dense imagery and subjective experiences; he described this stance in a letter to his wife Gisèle Lestrange as feeling as though "the German I talk is not the same as the language the German people are talking here". </p><p>The death of his parents and the trauma of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> are regarded by scholars as being defining forces in Celan's poetry and his use of language. In his Bremen Prize speech, Celan said of language after <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Only one thing remained reachable, close and secure amid all losses: language. Yes, language. In spite of everything, it remained secure against loss. But it had to go through its own lack of answers, through terrifying silence, through the thousand darknesses of murderous speech. It went through. It gave me no words for what was happening, but went through it. Went through and could resurface, 'enriched' by it all.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Celan also said: "There is nothing in the world for which a poet will give up writing, not even when he is a Jew and the language of his poems is German."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His masterpiece, "Todesfuge", may have drawn some key motifs from the poem "ER" by his fellow Romanian poet Immanuel Weissglas, another Czernovitz poet.<sup id="cite_ref-Rostagno_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostagno-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characters of Margarete and Sulamith, with their respectively golden and ashen hair, can be interpreted as a reflection of Celan's Jewish-German culture,<sup id="cite_ref-Rostagno_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rostagno-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the blue-eyed "Master from Germany" embodies German Nazism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literaturpreis_der_Stadt_Bremen" title="Literaturpreis der Stadt Bremen">Bremen Literature Prize</a> 1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a> 1960</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophers including <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Maurice Blanchot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> devoted at least one of their books to the <a href="/wiki/Poetics" title="Poetics">poetics</a> of Celan's work.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been regarded, alongside <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rilke</a>, as one of the most significant German poets, and a radical innovator of <a href="/wiki/German-language_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="German-language literature">German-language literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the difficulty of his work, his poetry is thoroughly researched, with the total number of scholarly papers numbering in the thousands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dreamed_Ones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Dreamed Ones (page does not exist)">The Dreamed Ones</a></i> (<i>Die Geträumten</i>; 2016), is a feature film based on the almost 20-year correspondence between Celan and poet <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was directed by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Beckermann" title="Ruth Beckermann">Ruth Beckermann</a>, and won several awards.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celan is featured as an inspiration for the work of <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a>, who reads Celan's poem <a href="/wiki/Todesfuge" title="Todesfuge">Todesfuge</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a>' 2023 3D movie <a href="/wiki/Anselm_(film)" title="Anselm (film)">Anselm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Sand_aus_den_Urnen" title="Der Sand aus den Urnen">Der Sand aus den Urnen</a></i> (<i>The Sand from the Urns</i>, 1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mohn_und_Ged%C3%A4chtnis" title="Mohn und Gedächtnis">Mohn und Gedächtnis</a></i> (<i>Poppy and Destiny</i>, 1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Von_Schwelle_zu_Schwelle" title="Von Schwelle zu Schwelle">Von Schwelle zu Schwelle</a></i> (<i>From Threshold to Threshold</i>, 1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sprachgitter" title="Sprachgitter">Sprachgitter</a></i> (<i>Speechwicket</i> / <i>Speech Grille</i>, 1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Niemandsrose" title="Die Niemandsrose">Die Niemandsrose</a></i> (<i>The No-One's-Rose</i>, 1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atemwende" title="Atemwende">Atemwende</a></i> (<i>Breathturn</i>, 1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fadensonnen" title="Fadensonnen">Fadensonnen</a></i> (<i>Threadsuns</i> / <i>Twinesuns</i> / <i>Fathomsuns</i>, 1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lichtzwang" title="Lichtzwang">Lichtzwang</a></i> (<i>Lightduress</i> / <i>Light-Compulsion</i>, 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneepart" title="Schneepart">Schneepart</a></i> (<i>Snow Part</i> [posthumous], 1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeh%C3%B6ft" title="Zeitgehöft">Zeitgehöft</a></i> (<i>Timestead</i> / <i>Homestead of Time</i> [posthumous], 1976)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Celan_-_Nachmittag_mit_Zirkus_und_Zitadelle_-_Middelweg_19,_Leiden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Paul_Celan_-_Nachmittag_mit_Zirkus_und_Zitadelle_-_Middelweg_19%2C_Leiden.JPG/250px-Paul_Celan_-_Nachmittag_mit_Zirkus_und_Zitadelle_-_Middelweg_19%2C_Leiden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Paul_Celan_-_Nachmittag_mit_Zirkus_und_Zitadelle_-_Middelweg_19%2C_Leiden.JPG/330px-Paul_Celan_-_Nachmittag_mit_Zirkus_und_Zitadelle_-_Middelweg_19%2C_Leiden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Paul_Celan_-_Nachmittag_mit_Zirkus_und_Zitadelle_-_Middelweg_19%2C_Leiden.JPG/500px-Paul_Celan_-_Nachmittag_mit_Zirkus_und_Zitadelle_-_Middelweg_19%2C_Leiden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2576" /></a><figcaption>Poem ("Nachmittag mit Zirkus und Zitadelle") by Paul Celan on a <a href="/wiki/Wall_poems_in_Leiden" title="Wall poems in Leiden">wall in Leiden</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Celan's poetry has been translated into English, with many of the volumes being bilingual. The most comprehensive collections are from <a href="/wiki/John_Felstiner" title="John Felstiner">John Felstiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joris" title="Pierre Joris">Pierre Joris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hamburger" title="Michael Hamburger">Michael Hamburger</a>, who revised his translations of Celan over a period of two decades. Susan H. Gillespie and Ian Fairley have released English translations. </p><p>Joris has also translated Celan's German poems into French: </p> <ul><li><i>"Speech-Grille" and Selected Poems</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Neugroschel" title="Joachim Neugroschel">Joachim Neugroschel</a> (1971)</li> <li><i>Nineteen Poems by Paul Celan</i>, translated by Michael Hamburger (1972)</li> <li><i>Paul Celan, 65 Poems</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lynch_(Irish_writer)" title="Brian Lynch (Irish writer)">Brian Lynch</a> and Peter Jankowsky (1985)</li> <li><i>Last Poems</i>, translated by Katharine Washburn and Margret Guillemin (1986)</li> <li><i>Collected Prose</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Rosmarie_Waldrop" title="Rosmarie Waldrop">Rosmarie Waldrop</a> (1986) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935296-92-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935296-92-1">978-0-935296-92-1</a></li> <li><i>Atemwende/Breathturn</i>, translated by Pierre Joris (1995)</li> <li><i>Paul Celan, <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a>: Correspondence</i>, translated by Christopher Clark, edited with an introduction by John Felstiner (1998)</li> <li><i>Glottal Stop: 101 Poems</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_B._Popov" title="Nikolai B. Popov">Nikolai B. Popov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heather_McHugh" title="Heather McHugh">Heather McHugh</a> (2000) (winner of the 2001 International <a href="/wiki/Griffin_Poetry_Prize" title="Griffin Poetry Prize">Griffin Poetry Prize</a>)</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFFelstiner2000"><i>Selected Poems and Prose of Paul Celan</i>, edited and translated by John Felstiner (2000) (winner of the <a href="/wiki/PEN_International" title="PEN International">PEN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">MLA</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Translators_Association_prizes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Translators Association prizes (page does not exist)">American Translators Association prizes</a>)</cite></li> <li><i>Poems of Paul Celan: A Bilingual German/English Edition, Revised Edition</i>, translated by Michael Hamburger (2001)</li> <li><i>Fathomsuns/Fadensonnen and Benighted/Eingedunkelt</i>, translated by Ian Fairley (2001)</li> <li><i>Romanian Poems</i>, translated by Julian Semilian and Sanda Agalidi (2003)</li> <li><i>Paul Celan: Selections</i>, edited and with an introduction by Pierre Joris (2005)</li> <li><i>Lichtzwang/Lightduress</i>, translated and with an introduction by Pierre Joris, a bilingual edition (<a href="/wiki/Green_Integer" title="Green Integer">Green Integer</a>, 2005)</li> <li><i>Snow Part</i>, translated by Ian Fairley (2007)</li> <li><i>From Threshold to Threshold</i>, translated by David Young (2010)</li> <li><i>Paul Celan, <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a>: Correspondence</i>, translated by Wieland Hoban (2010)</li> <li><i>The Correspondence of Paul Celan and Ilana Shmueli</i>, translated by Susan H. Gillespie with a preface by John Felstiner (2011)</li> <li><i>The Meridian: Final Version – Drafts – Materials</i>, edited by Bernhard Böschenstein and Heino Schmull, translated by Pierre Joris (2011)</li> <li><i>Corona: Selected Poems of Paul Celan</i>, translated by Susan H. Gillespie (Station Hill of Barrytown, 2013)</li> <li><i>Breathturn into Timestead: The Collected Later Poetry: A Bilingual Edition</i>, translated by Pierre Joris (2015)</li> <li><i>Something is still present and isn't, of what's gone. A bilingual anthology of avant-garde and avant-garde inspired Rumanian poetry</i>, (translated by Victor Pambuccian), Aracne editrice, Rome, 2018.</li> <li><i>Microliths They Are, Little Stones: Posthumous Prose</i>, translated by Pierre Joris (2020)</li> <li><i>Memory Rose Into Threshold Speech: The Collected Earlier Poetry, A Bilingual Edition</i>, translated by Pierre Joris (2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Romanian">In Romanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Romanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><span title="Romanian-language text"><i lang="ro">Paul Celan și "meridianul" său. Repere vechi și noi pe un atlas central-European</i></span></i>, Andrei Corbea Hoișie</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilingual">Bilingual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bilingual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Paul Celan. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Biographie et interpretation</i></span>/<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Biographie und Interpretation</i></span></i>, editor Andrei Corbea Hoișie</li> <li>Schneepart / Snøpart. Translated 2012 to Norwegian by Anders Bærheim and Cornelia Simon</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writers_translated_by_Celan">Writers translated by Celan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Writers translated by Celan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Apollinaire" title="Guillaume Apollinaire">Guillaume Apollinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Arghezi" title="Tudor Arghezi">Tudor Arghezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cayrol" title="Jean Cayrol">Jean Cayrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Char" title="René Char">René Char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Daive" title="Jean Daive">Jean Daive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Desnos" title="Robert Desnos">Robert Desnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_du_Bouchet" title="André du Bouchet">André du Bouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dupin" title="Jacques Dupin">Jacques Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89luard" title="Paul Éluard">Paul Éluard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Clement Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._Housman" title="A. E. Housman">A. E. Housman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov" title="Velimir Khlebnikov">Velimir Khlebnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Michaux" title="Henri Michaux">Henri Michaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gellu_Naum" title="Gellu Naum">Gellu Naum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_Pastoureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri Pastoureau (page does not exist)">Henri Pastoureau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pastoureau" class="extiw" title="fr:Henri Pastoureau">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_P%C3%A9ret" title="Benjamin Péret">Benjamin Péret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Arthur Rimbaud</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Rokeah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Rokeah (page does not exist)">David Rokeah</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rokeah" class="extiw" title="de:David Rokeah">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Simenon" title="Georges Simenon">Georges Simenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Supervielle" title="Jules Supervielle">Jules Supervielle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil_Teodorescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgil Teodorescu (page does not exist)">Virgil Teodorescu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Teodorescu" class="extiw" title="ro:Virgil Teodorescu">ro</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Giuseppe Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yesenin" title="Sergei Yesenin">Sergei Yesenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Yevtushenko" title="Yevgeny Yevtushenko">Yevgeny Yevtushenko</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="About_translations">About translations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: About translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About translating David Rokeah from Hebrew, Celan wrote: "David Rokeah was here for two days, I have translated two poems for him, mediocre stuff, and given him comments on other German translation, suggested improvements ... I was glad, probably in the wrong place, to be able to decipher and translate a Hebrew text."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Paul Celan: A Biography of His Youth</i> Israel Chalfen, intro. <a href="/wiki/John_Felstiner" title="John Felstiner">John Felstiner</a>, trans. Maximilian Bleyleben (New York: Persea Books, 1991)</li> <li><i>Paul Celan: Poet, Survivor, Jew,</i> John Felstiner (Yale University Press, 1995)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_criticism">Selected criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Selected criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Word Traces</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aris_Fioretos" title="Aris Fioretos">Aris Fioretos</a> (ed.), includes contributions by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Hamacher" title="Werner Hamacher">Werner Hamacher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe</a> (1994)</li> <li><i>Gadamer on Celan: 'Who Am I and Who Are You?' and Other Essays</i>, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a> (trans.) and Richard Heinemann and Bruce Krajewski (eds.) (1997)</li> <li><i>Poetry as Experience</i> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe</a>, Andrea Tarnowski (trans.) (1999)</li> <li><i>Economy of the Unlost: Reading <a href="/wiki/Simonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonides">Simonides</a> of Keos with Paul Celan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Carson" title="Anne Carson">Carson, Anne</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press (1999)</li> <li><i>Zur Poetik Paul Celans: Gedicht und Mensch - die Arbeit am Sinn</i>, Marko Pajević. Universitätsverlag C. Winter, Heidelberg (2000).</li> <li><i>Poésie contre poésie. Celan et la littérature</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bollack" title="Jean Bollack">Jean Bollack</a>. PUF (2001)</li> <li><i>Celan Studies</i> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Szondi" title="Péter Szondi">Péter Szondi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bernofsky" title="Susan Bernofsky">Susan Bernofsky</a> and Harvey Mendelsohn (trans.) (2003)</li> <li><i>L'écrit : une poétique dans l'oeuvre de Celan</i>, Jean Bollack. PUF (2003)</li> <li><i>Paul Celan et Martin Heidegger: le sens d'un dialogue</i>, Hadrien France-Lanord (2004)</li> <li><i>Words from Abroad: Trauma and Displacement in Postwar German Jewish Writers</i>, Katja Garloff (2005)</li> <li><i>Sovereignties in Question: the Poetics of Paul Celan</i>, Jacques Derrida (trans.), Thomas Dutoit and Outi Pasanen (eds.), a collection of mostly late works, including "Rams," which is also a memorial essay on Gadamer and his <i>Who Am I and Who Are You?</i>, and a new translation of <i>Schibboleth</i> (2005)</li> <li><i>Paul Celan and Martin Heidegger: An Unresolved Conversation, 1951–1970</i>, James K. Lyon (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a> /Paul Celan. Myth, Mourning and Memory</i>, Andréa Lauterwein. With 157 illustrations, 140 in colour. Thames & Hudson, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-23836-3">978-0-500-23836-3</a> (2007)</li> <li><i>Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts</i>, Eric Kligerman. Berlin and New York (Interdisciplinary German Cultural Studies, 3) (2007)</li> <li><i>Vor Morgen. Bachmann und Celan. Die Minne im Angesicht der Morde</i>. Arnau Pons in <i>Kultur & Genspenster</i>. Heft Nr. 10. (2010)</li> <li><i>Das Gesicht des Gerechten. Paul Celan besucht Friedrich Dürrenmatt</i>, Werner Wögerbauer in <i>Kultur & Genspenster</i>. Heft Nr. 10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938801-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938801-73-4">978-3-938801-73-4</a> (2010)</li> <li><i>Poetry as Individuality: The Discourse of Observation in Paul Celan</i>, Derek Hillard. Bucknell University Press. (2010)</li> <li><i>Vor Morgen. Bachmann und Celan. Die Minne im Angesicht der Morde</i>, Arnau Pons in <i>Kultur & Genspenster</i>. Heft Nr. 10. (2010)</li> <li><i>Still Songs: Music In and Around the Poetry of Paul Celan</i>, Axel Englund. Farnham: Ashgate. (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781409422624" title="Special:BookSources/9781409422624">9781409422624</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and Celan: A very brief comparative Study</i>, Pinaki Roy in <i>Yearly Shakespeare</i> (ISSN 0976-9536) (xviii): 118-24. (2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio-visual">Audio-visual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Audio-visual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recordings">Recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ich hörte sagen</i></span></i>, readings of his original compositions</li> <li><i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gedichte</i></span></i>, readings of his translations of <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Osip Mandelstam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yesenin" title="Sergei Yesenin">Sergei Yesenin</a></li> <li><i>Six Celan Songs</i>, texts of his poems <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">"Chanson einer Dame im Schatten", "Es war Erde in ihnen", "Psalm", "Corona", "Nächtlich geschürzt", "Blume"</i></span>, sung by <a href="/wiki/Ute_Lemper" title="Ute Lemper">Ute Lemper</a>, set to music by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Nyman" title="Michael Nyman">Michael Nyman</a></li> <li><i>Tenebrae</i> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nah sind wir, Herr</i></span></i>) from <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Drei Gedichte von Paul Celan</i></span></i> (1998) of Marcus Ludwig, sung by the <a href="/wiki/Ensemble_amarcord" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensemble amarcord">ensemble amarcord</a></li> <li>"<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einmal</i></span>" (from <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Atemwende</i></span></i>), "Zähle die Mandeln" (from <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mohn und Gedächtnis</i></span></i>), "Psalm" (from <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Niemandsrose</i></span></i>), set to music by <a href="/wiki/Giya_Kancheli" title="Giya Kancheli">Giya Kancheli</a> as parts II–IV of <i>Exil</i>, sung by Maacha Deubner, <a href="/wiki/ECM_(record_label)" class="mw-redirect" title="ECM (record label)">ECM</a> (1995)</li> <li><i>Pulse Shadows</i> by <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Birtwistle" title="Harrison Birtwistle">Harrison Birtwistle</a>; nine settings of poems by Celan, interleaved with nine pieces for string quartet (one of which is an instrumental setting of "Todesfuge").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reviews">Reviews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dove, Richard (1981), <i>Mindus Inversus</i>, review of <i>Selected Poems</i> translated by Michael Humburger. in Murray, Glen (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a></i> No. 7, Winter 1981-82, p. 48, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>John Felstiner "Writing Zion" Paul Celan and Yehuda Amichai: An Exchange between Two Great Poets, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a></i>, 5 June 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Felstiner" title="John Felstiner">John Felstiner</a>, "Paul Celan and <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Amichai" title="Yehuda Amichai">Yehuda Amichai</a>: An Exchange between Two Great Poets", <i><a href="/wiki/Midstream_(magazine)" title="Midstream (magazine)">Midstream</a></i>, vol. 53, no. 1 (Jan.–Feb. 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Daive" title="Jean Daive">Daive, Jean</a>. <i>Under The Dome: Walks with Paul Celan</i> (tr. <a href="/wiki/Rosmarie_Waldrop" title="Rosmarie Waldrop">Rosmarie Waldrop</a>), Providence, Rhode Island: <a href="/wiki/Burning_Deck_Press" title="Burning Deck Press">Burning Deck</a>, 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Kopi%C4%87" title="Mario Kopić">Mario Kopić</a>: "Amfiteater v Freiburgu, julija 1967", Arendt, Heidegger, Celan, Apokalipsa, 153–154, 2011 (Slovenian)</li> <li>Hana Amichai: "The leap between the yet and the not any more", Yehuda Amichai and Paul Celan, <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>, 6 April 2012 (Hebrew)</li> <li>Aquilina, Mario, <i>The Event of Style in Literature</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014)</li> <li>Daive, Jean. <i>Albiach / Celan</i> (author, tr. Donald Wellman), <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Albiach" title="Anne-Marie Albiach">Anne-Marie Albiach</a> (author), (tr. Julian Kabza), Ann Arbor, Michigan: Annex Press, 2017.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Celan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0147928/">Paul Celan</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <p><b>Selected Celan exhibits, sites, homepages on the web</b> </p> <ul><li>Petri Liukkonen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/celan.htm">"Paul Celan"</a>. <i>Books and Writers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authorscalendar.info/celan.htm">Link to the new site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mason.gmu.edu/~lsmithg/celan.html">Biography of Celan at the George Mason University site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040804091001/http://www.littlebluelight.com/lblphp/intro.php?ikey=4">Overview at Littlebluelight.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090729085217/http://www.shackmanpress.com/books/paulcelan.php">Limited-edition of Paul Celan's reading before the German literary club, Group 47, from The Shackman Press</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spikemagazine.com/0900celan.php">Spike Magazine's analysis on the writing of Celan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418043638/http://www.pointandcircumference.com/Celan/main.htm">Against Time: Essays on Paul Celan on Point and Circumference</a></li></ul> <p><b>Selected poetry, poems, poetics on the web (English translations of Celan)</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artsci.uc.edu/german/celan/celanbibliography.htm">"Die Zweite Bibliographie"</a>, Jerry Glenn (copious bibliography, through 1995, in German)</li> <li>Recent Celan essays by <a href="/wiki/John_Felstiner" title="John Felstiner">John Felstiner</a>: 1) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204074806/http://www.cstone.net/~poems/essafels.htm">"Paul Celan Meets Samuel Beckett"</a>, <i>American Poetry Review</i>, July/August 2004 & poetrydaily.org, 6 July 2004; 2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tnr.com/article/writing-zion">"Writing Zion: An Exchange between Celan and Amichai"</a>, <i>New Republic</i>, 12 June 2006 & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordswithoutborders.org/article/an-exchange-on-nation-and-exile">"Paul Celan and Yehuda Amichai: An Exchange on Nation and Exile"</a>, wordswithoutborders.org; 3) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711000124/http://www.fictioninc.com/issues/number54/the-one-and-only-circle-paul-c">"The One and Only Circle: Paul Celan's Letters to Gisèle"</a>, <i>Fiction</i> 54, 2008 and (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stanford.edu/group/mantis/cgi-bin/node/112">expanded</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023070647/https://www.stanford.edu/group/mantis/cgi-bin/node/112">Archived</a> 2012-10-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) Mantis, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pjoris.blogspot.com/2007/05/celan-on-mandelstam.html">Celan on Mandelstam: extracts from the variorum edition of the <i>Meridian speech</i></a> featured on <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joris" title="Pierre Joris">Pierre Joris</a>'s blog, this is a page of notes, fragments, sketches for sentences, etc., Celan took when preparing a radio-essay on Osip Mandelstam. However, as Joris points out: "some of the thinking reappears, transformed, in the Meridian".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guernicamag.com/poetry/four_new_translations_of_paul/">"Four New Translations of Paul Celan", by Ian Fairley in <i>Guernica Magazine</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofeurope.com/celan/cel8.htm">"Fugue of Death" (English translation of "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Todesfuge</i></span>")</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poemsintranslation.blogspot.com/2010/01/paul-celan-death-fugue-from-german.html">"Death Fugue" (Another English translation of "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Todesfuge</i></span>")</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instaplanet.com/paulcelan.html">InstaPLANET Cultural Universe: three poems from <i>Die Gedichte aus dem Nachlass</i></a> in the original German with a translation into English by Ana Elsner</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102092946/http://edocs.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2009/13938/">"Dissertation on the French Reception of Celan"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040814042047/http://www.jubilat.org/n1/celan.html"><i>Ring-Narrowing Day Under</i></a>, one of seven poems translated from the German by Heather McHugh and Nikolai Popov, originally published in <i><a href="/wiki/Jubilat" title="Jubilat">Jubilat</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070109025912/http://samizdateditions.com/issue7/celan1.html">Extract from <i>Lightduress</i> (Cycle 6)</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joris" title="Pierre Joris">Pierre Joris</a>; originally published by <i><a href="/wiki/Samizdat_(poetry_magazine)" title="Samizdat (poetry magazine)">Samizdat</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbez.com/celan.html"><i>Dan Kaufman & Barbez music recorded an album based upon the life and poems of Paul Celan</i></a>, published on the Tzadik label in the series of Radical Jewish Culture.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222150131/http://ekleksographia.ahadadabooks.com/skillman/authors/cal_kinnear.html">translations from ATEMWENDE/ Breathturn</a> Cal Kinnear translates Paul Celan</li></ul> <p><b>Selected multimedia presentations</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100307124830/http://www.yes2art.com/DACH/todes_dead.html">Recordings of Celan reading a selection of his poems, including "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Todesfuge</i></span>", with translations by John Felstiner</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.griffinpoetryprize.com/see-and-hear-poetry/h-n/heather-mchugh/">Griffin Poetry Prize reading by Nikolai Popov and Heather McHugh from Glottal Stop: 101 Poems by Paul Celan, including video clip</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/celan">"Celan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GQBPcfBhPMC">[1]</a> Celan, Paul. <i>Paul Celan:Selections</i>. University of California Press, 2005, pp 7-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Celan, Paul, and Axel Gellhaus. <i>Paul Antschel/Paul Celan in Czernowitz</i>, Deutsche Schillergesellschafy 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933679-40-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933679-40-6">978-3-933679-40-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoffamilyhistory.com/czernowitz-school-lmvm.htm">"The Schools of Czernowitz Graduating Class of 1938"</a>. <i>Antschel, P., 2nd row from top</i>. MuseumOfFamilyHistory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antschel%2C+P.%2C+2nd+row+from+top&rft.atitle=The+Schools+of+Czernowitz+Graduating+Class+of+1938&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumoffamilyhistory.com%2Fczernowitz-school-lmvm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2015" class="citation news cs1">Davenport, Arlice (January 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kansas.com/entertainment/books/article5402316.html">"Collected later poetry of Paul Celan showcases his struggle to make words say what they cannot"</a>. <i>The Wichita Eagle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wichita+Eagle&rft.atitle=Collected+later+poetry+of+Paul+Celan+showcases+his+struggle+to+make+words+say+what+they+cannot&rft.date=2015-01-04&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Arlice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kansas.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Farticle5402316.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Paul Celan By Paul Celan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joris" title="Pierre Joris">Pierre Joris</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyon2006" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, James K. (2006). <i>Paul Celan and Martin Heidegger: An Unresolved Conversation, 1951–1970</i>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801883026" title="Special:BookSources/9780801883026"><bdi>9780801883026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Celan+and+Martin+Heidegger%3A+An+Unresolved+Conversation%2C+1951%E2%80%931970&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780801883026&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Lehmann, Jürgen (2008). <i>Celan-Handbuch Leben - Werk - Wirkung</i>. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler. pp. <span class="nowrap">304–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783476050168" title="Special:BookSources/9783476050168"><bdi>9783476050168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celan-Handbuch+Leben+-+Werk+-+Wirkung&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=J.B.+Metzler&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783476050168&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <i>Paul Celan, Hanne und Hermann Lenz: Briefwechsel</i>, ed. von Barbara Wiedemann (and others). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamburger p. xxiii.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2020)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> For detail on this traumatic event, see Felstiner, <i>Paul Celan</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2020)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Op._cit." title="Op. cit.">op. cit.</a></i> pp. 72, 154–155, a literary biography from which much in this entry's pages is derived.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutscheakademie.de/en/awards/georg-buechner-preis/paul-celan">"Paul Celan"</a>. <i>Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Akademie+f%C3%BCr+Sprache+und+Dichtung&rft.atitle=Paul+Celan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutscheakademie.de%2Fen%2Fawards%2Fgeorg-buechner-preis%2Fpaul-celan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collected prose / By Paul Celan, Rosemarie Waldrop</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Mark A. (31 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/12/31/reviews/001231.31anderst.html">"A Poet at War With His Language"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Poet+at+War+With+His+Language&rft.date=2000-12-31&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F00%2F12%2F31%2Freviews%2F001231.31anderst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlie Louth, 'Confinements,' <a href="/wiki/Times_Literary_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Literary Supplement">Times Literary Supplement</a> 5 April 2023 pp.22-23, p.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Celan, "Speech on the Occasion of Receiving the Literature Prize of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen", p. 34, <i>Collected Prose</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Rosmarie_Waldrop" title="Rosmarie Waldrop">Rosmarie Waldrop</a>, Riverdale-on-Hudson, New York, The Sheep Meadow Press, 1986. Cf.: "Reachable, near and not lost, there remained in the midst of the losses this one thing: language. It, the language, remained, not lost, yes in spite of everything. But it had to pass through its own answerlessness, pass through frightful muting, pass through the thousand darknesses of deathbringing speech. It passed through and gave back no words for that which happened; yet it passed through this happening. Passed through and could come to light again, 'enriched' by all this." from <a href="#CITEREFFelstiner2000">Felstiner 2000</a>, p. 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felstiner, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 56.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2020)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rostagno-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rostagno_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rostagno_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Enzo Rostagno <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anti-rev.org/textes/Traverso97a6/">"Paul Celan et la poésie de la destruction" </a> in "L'Histoire déchirée. Essai sur Auschwitz et les intellectuels", Les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Cerf" title="Éditions du Cerf">Éditions du Cerf</a> 1997 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-204-05562-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-204-05562-8">978-2-204-05562-8</a>), in French.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCelan,_Paul2014" class="citation book cs1">Celan, Paul (2 December 2014). <i>Breathturn into timestead : the collected later poetry : a bilingual edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joris" title="Pierre Joris">Joris, Pierre</a> (first ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-12598-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-12598-1"><bdi>978-0-374-12598-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869263618">869263618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breathturn+into+timestead+%3A+the+collected+later+poetry+%3A+a+bilingual+edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=first&rft.date=2014-12-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869263618&rft.isbn=978-0-374-12598-1&rft.au=Celan%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayGoßensLehmann2012" class="citation book cs1">May, Markus; Goßens, Peter; Lehmann, Jürgen, eds. (2012). <i>Celan Handbuch</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-476-05331-2">10.1007/978-3-476-05331-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-476-02441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-476-02441-1"><bdi>978-3-476-02441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celan+Handbuch&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-476-05331-2&rft.isbn=978-3-476-02441-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOltermann2016" class="citation web cs1">Oltermann, Philip (17 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/17/poets-bachmann-celan-love-letters-critically-acclaimed-film-die-getraumten">"Poets' unlikely love letters are turned into critically acclaimed film"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Poets%27+unlikely+love+letters+are+turned+into+critically+acclaimed+film&rft.date=2016-11-17&rft.aulast=Oltermann&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fnov%2F17%2Fpoets-bachmann-celan-love-letters-critically-acclaimed-film-die-getraumten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5463370/"><i>The Dreamed Ones</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2023" class="citation news cs1">Wilkinson, Alissa (2023-12-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/07/movies/anselm-review.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Anselm' Review: An Artist Contemplates the Cosmos, in 3-D"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Anselm%27+Review%3A+An+Artist+Contemplates+the+Cosmos%2C+in+3-D&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Alissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F12%2F07%2Fmovies%2Fanselm-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowers2023" class="citation web cs1">Powers, John (December 7, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/12/07/1217573738/anselm-kiefer-wim-wenders-documentary">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Anselm' documentary is a thrilling portrait of an artist at work"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=%27Anselm%27+documentary+is+a+thrilling+portrait+of+an+artist+at+work&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F12%2F07%2F1217573738%2Fanselm-kiefer-wim-wenders-documentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Correspondence of Paul Celan & Ilana Shmueli</i>, The Sheep Meadow Press, New York, Letter 99, pp. 103–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Thomas2002" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Thomas (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2002/Jun02/Birtwistle.htm">"Birtwistle: <i>Pulse Shadows</i>"</a>. Classical CD Reviews. <i>MusicWeb (UK)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MusicWeb+%28UK%29&rft.atitle=Birtwistle%3A+Pulse+Shadows&rft.date=2002-06&rft.au=Christopher+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicweb-international.com%2Fclassrev%2F2002%2FJun02%2FBirtwistle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+Celan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Romanian_modernist_literature_in_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Romanian modernist literature in World War II (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_modernist_literature_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian modernist literature in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanian_modernist_literature_in_World_War_II74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Romanian modernist literature in World War II</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Doyens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Arghezi" title="Tudor Arghezi">Arghezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Barbu" title="Ion Barbu">Barbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Brunea-Fox" title="F. Brunea-Fox">Brunea-Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C%C4%83linescu" title="George Călinescu">Călinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Lovinescu" title="Eugen Lovinescu">E. Lovinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Valerian" title="I. Valerian">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Vinea" title="Ion Vinea">Vinea</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_modernist_literary_magazines_of_World_War_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Romanian_modernist_literary_magazines_of_World_War_II.svg/120px-Romanian_modernist_literary_magazines_of_World_War_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Romanian_modernist_literary_magazines_of_World_War_II.svg/250px-Romanian_modernist_literary_magazines_of_World_War_II.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Junior writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Baciu" title="Ștefan Baciu">Baciu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolae_Balot%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolae Balotă (page does not exist)">Balotă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Banu%C8%99" title="Maria Banuș">Banuș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurel_Baranga" title="Aurel Baranga">Baranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_Bogza" title="Geo Bogza">Bogza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_Boeriu" title="Eta Boeriu">Boeriu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Botta" title="Emil Botta">Botta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Caraion" title="Ion Caraion">Caraion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Cassian" title="Nina Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Cavarnali" title="Vladimir Cavarnali">Cavarnali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Chihaia" title="Pavel Chihaia">Chihaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iordan_Chimet" title="Iordan Chimet">Chimet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbu_Cioculescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbu Cioculescu (page does not exist)">Cioculescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Colin" title="Vladimir Colin">Colin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Corlaciu" title="Ben Corlaciu">Corlaciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovidiu_Cotru%C8%99" title="Ovidiu Cotruș">Cotruș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Crama" title="Mihail Crama">Crama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid_S._Crohm%C4%83lniceanu" title="Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu">Crohmălniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Augustin_Doina%C8%99" title="Ștefan Augustin Doinaș">Doinaș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihu_Dragomir" title="Mihu Dragomir">Dragomir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_Dumitrescu" title="Geo Dumitrescu">Dumitrescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radu_Enescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radu Enescu (page does not exist)">Enescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Ierunca" title="Virgil Ierunca">Ierunca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiberiu_Iliescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiberiu Iliescu (page does not exist)">Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Isou" title="Isidore Isou">Isou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Iva%C8%99cu" title="George Ivașcu">Ivașcu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Jebeleanu" title="Eugen Jebeleanu">Jebeleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Lovinescu" title="Monica Lovinescu">M. Lovinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gherasim_Luca" title="Gherasim Luca">Luca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Lungu_(poet)" title="Alexandru Lungu (poet)">Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gellu_Naum" title="Gellu Naum">Naum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Negoi%C8%9Bescu" title="Ion Negoițescu">Negoițescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesto_Pals" title="Sesto Pals">Pals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Pandrea" title="Petre Pandrea">Pandrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miron_Radu_Paraschivescu" title="Miron Radu Paraschivescu">Paraschivescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_P%C4%83un" title="Paul Păun">Păun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Petra%C8%99incu" title="Dan Petrașincu">Petrașincu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinu_Pillat" title="Dinu Pillat">Pillat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornel_Regman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornel Regman (page does not exist)">Regman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Robot" title="Alexandru Robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Roll" title="Stephan Roll">Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sebastian" title="Mihail Sebastian">Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ieronim_%C8%98erbu" title="Ieronim Șerbu">Șerbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dezideriu_S%C3%AErbu" title="Ion Dezideriu Sîrbu">Sîrbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radu_Stanca" title="Radu Stanca">Stanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Stelaru" title="Dimitrie Stelaru">Stelaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Streinu" title="Vladimir Streinu">Streinu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgil_Teodorescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgil Teodorescu (page does not exist)">Teodorescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Tita" title="Ștefan Tita">Tita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Todoran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Todoran (page does not exist)">Todoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_Tonegaru" title="Constant Tonegaru">Tonegaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolfi_Trost" title="Dolfi Trost">Trost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tudor" title="Andrei Tudor">Tudor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalende (page does not exist)">Kalende</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sbur%C4%83torul" title="Sburătorul">Sburătorul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibiu_Literary_Circle" title="Sibiu Literary Circle">Sibiu Literary Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Georg_Büchner_Prize63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Template:Georg Büchner Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Template talk:Georg Büchner Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georg Büchner Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Georg_Büchner_Prize63" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1923–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1923</span> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Karrillon" title="Adam Karrillon">Adam Karrillon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Mendelssohn" title="Arnold Mendelssohn">Arnold Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1924</span> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bock" title="Alfred Bock">Alfred Bock</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Thesing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Thesing (page does not exist)">Paul Thesing</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1925</span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Michel" title="Wilhelm Michel">Wilhelm Michel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Koch" title="Rudolf Koch">Rudolf Koch</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1926</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Heinrich_Kleukens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Heinrich Kleukens (page does not exist)">Christian Heinrich Kleukens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Petersen_(composer)" title="Wilhelm Petersen (composer)">Wilhelm Petersen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1927</span> <a href="/wiki/Kasimir_Edschmid" title="Kasimir Edschmid">Kasimir Edschmid</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Bischoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Bischoff (page does not exist)">Johannes Bischoff</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1928</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hoelscher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Hoelscher (page does not exist)">Richard Hoelscher</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Well_Habicht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Well Habicht (page does not exist)">Well Habicht</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1929</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zuckmayer" title="Carl Zuckmayer">Carl Zuckmayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Antes" title="Adam Antes">Adam Antes</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1930</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaus_Schwarzkopf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaus Schwarzkopf (page does not exist)">Nikolaus Schwarzkopf</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Lippmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Lippmann (page does not exist)">Johannes Lippmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1931</span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posch" title="Alexander Posch">Alexander Posch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Simon" title="Hans Simon">Hans Simon</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1932</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_H._Rausch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert H. Rausch (page does not exist)">Albert H. Rausch</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Bode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Bode (page does not exist)">Adolf Bode</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1933–1944</span> not given</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1945</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Schiebelhuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Schiebelhuth (page does not exist)">Hans Schiebelhuth</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1946</span> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Usinger" title="Fritz Usinger">Fritz Usinger</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1947</span> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1948</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heiss" title="Hermann Heiss">Hermann Heiss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1949</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Gunschmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Gunschmann (page does not exist)">Carl Gunschmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1950</span> <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Langg%C3%A4sser" title="Elisabeth Langgässer">Elisabeth Langgässer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 1951</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1951</span> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey"><span style="font-size: 85%;">1952</span> not given</span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1953</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kreuder" title="Ernst Kreuder">Ernst Kreuder</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1954</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kessel" title="Martin Kessel">Martin Kessel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1955</span> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Luise_Kaschnitz" title="Marie Luise Kaschnitz">Marie Luise Kaschnitz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1956</span> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Krolow" title="Karl Krolow">Karl Krolow</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1957</span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1958</span> <a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1959</span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Eich" title="Günter Eich">Günter Eich</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1960</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1961</span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Erich_Nossack" title="Hans Erich Nossack">Hans Erich Nossack</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1962</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Koeppen" title="Wolfgang Koeppen">Wolfgang Koeppen</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1963</span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1964</span> <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1965</span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1966</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hildesheimer" title="Wolfgang Hildesheimer">Wolfgang Hildesheimer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1967</span> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1968</span> <a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Golo Mann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1969</span> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Hei%C3%9Fenb%C3%BCttel" title="Helmut Heißenbüttel">Helmut Heißenbüttel</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1970</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1971</span> <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1972</span> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1973</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1974</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1975</span> <a href="/wiki/Man%C3%A8s_Sperber" title="Manès Sperber">Manès Sperber</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Piontek" title="Heinz Piontek">Heinz Piontek</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/Reiner_Kunze" title="Reiner Kunze">Reiner Kunze</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1978</span> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lenz" title="Hermann Lenz">Hermann Lenz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1979</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Meister" title="Ernst Meister">Ernst Meister</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1980</span> <a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1981</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1983</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfdietrich_Schnurre" title="Wolfdietrich Schnurre">Wolfdietrich Schnurre</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1984</span> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1985</span> <a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1986</span> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1987</span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1988</span> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Drach" title="Albert Drach">Albert Drach</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1989</span> <a href="/wiki/Botho_Strau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Botho Strauß">Botho Strauß</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1990</span> <a href="/wiki/Tankred_Dorst" title="Tankred Dorst">Tankred Dorst</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1991</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Biermann" title="Wolf Biermann">Wolf Biermann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1992</span> <a href="/wiki/George_Tabori" title="George Tabori">George Tabori</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1993</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_R%C3%BChmkorf" title="Peter Rühmkorf">Peter Rühmkorf</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1994</span> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1995</span> <a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/H._C._Artmann" title="H. C. Artmann">H. C. Artmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Stadler" title="Arnold Stadler">Arnold Stadler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2002</span> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hilbig" title="Wolfgang Hilbig">Wolfgang Hilbig</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Genazino" title="Wilhelm Genazino">Wilhelm Genazino</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Kronauer" title="Brigitte Kronauer">Brigitte Kronauer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2006</span> <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Pastior" title="Oskar Pastior">Oskar Pastior</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2007</span> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Mosebach" title="Martin Mosebach">Martin Mosebach</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/Josef_Winkler_(writer)" title="Josef Winkler (writer)">Josef Winkler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kappacher" title="Walter Kappacher">Walter Kappacher</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Christian_Delius" title="Friedrich Christian Delius">Friedrich Christian Delius</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Felicitas_Hoppe" title="Felicitas Hoppe">Felicitas Hoppe</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2013</span> <a href="/wiki/Sibylle_Lewitscharoff" title="Sibylle Lewitscharoff">Sibylle Lewitscharoff</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Becker_(poet)" title="Jürgen Becker (poet)">Jürgen Becker</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2016</span> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Beyer" title="Marcel Beyer">Marcel Beyer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2017</span> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2018</span> <a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2019</span> <a href="/wiki/Lukas_B%C3%A4rfuss" title="Lukas Bärfuss">Lukas Bärfuss</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2020</span> <a href="/wiki/Elke_Erb" title="Elke Erb">Elke Erb</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2021</span> <a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2022</span> <a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2023</span> <a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">2024</span> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Egger" title="Oswald Egger">Oswald Egger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German-language_literature213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_literature" title="Template:German literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_literature" title="Template talk:German literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German-language_literature213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German-language literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">Middle High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German_literature" title="Early New High German literature">Early New High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_writers" title="Category:Austrian writers">Austrian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_writers" title="Category:German writers">German writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_writers" title="Category:Liechtenstein writers">Liechtenstein writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_writers_in_German" title="Category:Swiss writers in German">Swiss writers in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Category:Translators of William Shakespeare">Category:Translators of William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Reformation era literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_courtly_romance" title="German courtly romance">Courtly romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_von_K%C3%BCrenberg" title="Der von Kürenberg">Der von Kürenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Folz" title="Hans Folz">Hans Folz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Gottfried_Lichtwer" title="Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer">Magnus Gottfried Lichtwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Ayim" title="May Ayim">May Ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Hilbig" title="Wolfgang Hilbig">Wolfgang Hilbig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Luise_Kaschnitz" title="Marie Luise Kaschnitz">Marie Luise Kaschnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary<br />writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language<br />literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_German-Language_Literature" title="Festival of German-Language Literature">Ingeborg Bachmann Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso_Prize" title="Adelbert von Chamisso Prize">Adelbert von Chamisso Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fallada_Prize" title="Hans Fallada Prize">Hans Fallada Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize" title="Nelly Sachs Prize">Nelly Sachs Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153905#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4343" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153905#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4343" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q153905#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122837889">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/106122570">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/11579/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhxmW9HGCh9XGhP9hGpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118519859">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50034310">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11895717d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11895717d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435588">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Celan, Paul"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV004805">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36580681">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20030827047&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX821635">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000326458">Romania</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/33389">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068448252">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90107446">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036063&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000048482&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000062669">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=73706">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000034314">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199604670">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx00sz407l4v0j">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810569391105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/145465">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007271535505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521278106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14726173">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00887388?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d96a14a9-0d51-4971-bc6b-83b0a7078496">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118519859">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/381835">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118519859.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118519859">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026774127">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fz7n2x">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/48429">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&oldid=1278996303">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Celan&oldid=1278996303</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920_births" title="Category:1920 births">1920 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970_suicides" title="Category:1970 suicides">1970 suicides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1970_deaths" title="Category:1970 deaths">1970 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_translators" title="Category:20th-century French 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