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<span>Socialist realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Naturalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verismo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verismo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Verismo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verismo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Historical realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realism_in_the_novel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realism_in_the_novel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Realism in the novel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Realism_in_the_novel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Realism in the novel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Realism_in_the_novel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Realism_in_the_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Realism_in_the_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Realism in the theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Realism_in_the_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Literary realism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="واقعية أدبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واقعية أدبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%BF_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրապաշտ Ուղղութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրապաշտ Ուղղութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismu_lliterariu" title="Realismu lliterariu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Realismu lliterariu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizm_(%C9%99d%C9%99biyyat)" title="Realizm (ədəbiyyat) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Realizm (ədəbiyyat)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Рэалізм (літаратура) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэалізм (літаратура)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Рэалізм (літаратура) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэалізм (літаратура)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Литературен реализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Литературен реализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_realista" title="Literatura realista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura realista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Реализм (литература) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Реализм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismus_(literatura)" title="Realismus (literatura) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Realismus (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realaeth_(llenyddiaeth)" title="Realaeth (llenyddiaeth) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Realaeth (llenyddiaeth)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(litteratur)" title="Realisme (litteratur) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Realisme (litteratur)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismus_(Literatur)" title="Realismus (Literatur) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Realismus (Literatur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(kirjandus)" title="Realism (kirjandus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Realism (kirjandus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_(%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ρεαλισμός (λογοτεχνία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρεαλισμός (λογοτεχνία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_literario" title="Realismo literario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Realismo literario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura_realismo" title="Literatura realismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Literatura realismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errealismo_(literatura)" title="Errealismo (literatura) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errealismo (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="واقع‌گرایی (ادبیات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واقع‌گرایی (ادبیات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alisme_(litt%C3%A9rature)" title="Réalisme (littérature) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réalisme (littérature)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(literatuer)" title="Realisme (literatuer) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Realisme (literatuer)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizma" title="Realizma – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Realizma" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACorachas" title="Fìorachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fìorachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%8B%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_(%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="사실주의 (문학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사실주의 (문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4_(%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Ռեալիզմ (գրականություն) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռեալիզմ (գրականություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साहित्यिक यथार्थवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साहित्यिक यथार्थवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizam_(knji%C5%BEevnost)" title="Realizam (književnost) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Realizam (književnost)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_sastra" title="Realisme sastra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Realisme sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauns%C3%A6i" title="Raunsæi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Raunsæi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_(letteratura)" title="Realismo (letteratura) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Realismo (letteratura)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Реализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Реализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rast%C3%AEpar%C3%AAz%C3%AE" title="Rastîparêzî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rastîparêzî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismus_litterarius" title="Realismus litterarius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Realismus litterarius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(literatuur)" title="Realisme (literatuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Realisme (literatuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_(litteratur)" title="Realisme (litteratur) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Realisme (litteratur)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4)" title="ਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦ (ਸਾਹਿਤ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦ (ਸਾਹਿਤ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8)" title="حقیقت پسندی (ادب) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حقیقت پسندی (ادب)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizm_(literatura)" title="Realizm (literatura) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Realizm (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_liter%C3%A1rio" title="Realismo literário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Realismo literário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_literar" title="Realism literar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Realism literar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Реализм (литература) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Реализм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Реализм (литература) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реализм (литература)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AA_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="حقيقت نگاري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حقيقت نگاري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizmus_vo_svetovej_literat%C3%BAre" title="Realizmus vo svetovej literatúre – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Realizmus vo svetovej literatúre" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizem_v_knji%C5%BEevnosti" title="Realizem v književnosti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Realizem v književnosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ڕیالیزمی ئەدەبی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیالیزمی ئەدەبی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevni_realizam" title="Književni realizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Književni realizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizam_(knji%C5%BEevnost)" title="Realizam (književnost) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Realizam (književnost)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismi_(kirjallisuus)" title="Realismi (kirjallisuus) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Realismi (kirjallisuus)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismens_litteratur" title="Realismens litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Realismens litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismong_pampanitikan" title="Realismong pampanitikan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Realismong pampanitikan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="วรรณกรรมแบบสัจนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรรณกรรมแบบสัจนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realizm_(edebiyat)" title="Realizm (edebiyat) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Realizm (edebiyat)" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Literary genre and movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Realism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Realism (disambiguation)">Realism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Literary realism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Literary_genre" title="Literary genre">literary genre</a>, part of the broader <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism in arts</a>, that attempts to represent subject-matter truthfully, avoiding <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">supernatural elements</a>. It originated with the <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">realist art movement</a> that began with mid-<a href="/wiki/French_literature_of_the_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="French literature of the 19th century">nineteenth-century French literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary realism attempts to represent familiar things as they are. <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realist</a> authors chose to depict every day and banal activities and experiences. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Broadly defined as "the representation of reality",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> realism in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without <a href="/wiki/Artificiality" title="Artificiality">artificiality</a> and avoiding artistic conventions, as well as implausible, exotic and supernatural elements. Realism has been prevalent in the arts at many periods, and is in large part a matter of technique and training, and the avoidance of stylization. In the visual arts, illusionistic realism is the accurate depiction of lifeforms, perspective, and the details of light and colour. Realist works of art may emphasize the ugly or sordid, such as works of <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">regionalism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">kitchen sink realism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been various realism movements in the arts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a>, literary realism, <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical realism">theatrical realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Neorealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Neorealism">Italian neorealist cinema</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Realism_art_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism art movement">realism art movement</a> in painting began in France in the 1850s, after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">1848 Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The realist painters rejected <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, which had come to dominate French literature and art, with roots in the late 18th century. </p><p>Realism as a movement in literature was a post-1848 phenomenon, according to its first theorist Jules-Français Champfleury. It aims to reproduce "<a href="/wiki/Objective_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective reality">objective reality</a>", and focuses on showing every day, quotidian activities and life, primarily among the middle- or lower-class society, without romantic idealization or dramatization.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be regarded as the general attempt to depict subjects as they are considered to exist in third person <a href="/wiki/Objective_reality" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective reality">objective reality</a>, without embellishment or interpretation and "in accordance with secular, <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> rules."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the approach inherently implies a belief that such <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontologically</a> independent of man's conceptual schemes, linguistic practices and beliefs, and thus can be known (or knowable) to the artist, who can in turn represent this 'reality' faithfully. As literary critic <a href="/wiki/Ian_Watt" title="Ian Watt">Ian Watt</a> states in <i>The Rise of the Novel</i>, modern realism "begins from the position that truth can be discovered by the individual through the senses" and as such "it has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>, and received its first full formulation by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a> in the middle of the eighteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Introduction to <i>The Human Comedy</i> (1842) Balzac "claims that poetic creation and scientific creation are closely related activities, manifesting the tendency of realists towards taking over scientific methods".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artists of realism used the achievements of contemporary science, the strictness and precision of the scientific method, in order to understand reality. The positivist spirit in science presupposes feeling contempt towards metaphysics, the cult of the fact, experiment and proof, confidence in science and the progress that it brings, as well as striving to give a scientific form to studying social and moral phenomena."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 18th century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the previous <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Reason</a> and a reaction against the scientific <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rationalization</a> of nature found in the dominant philosophy of the 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Casey_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casey-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> education<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural sciences">natural sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>19th-century realism was in its turn a reaction to Romanticism, and for this reason it is also commonly derogatorily referred to as traditional or "bourgeois realism".<sup id="cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth79Replenishment-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all writers of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian literature</a> produced works of realism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rigidities, conventions, and other limitations of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> realism prompted in their turn the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Modernist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist literature">modernism</a>. Starting around 1900, the driving motive of modernist literature was the criticism of the 19th-century bourgeois social order and world view, which was countered with an antirationalist, antirealist and antibourgeois program.<sup id="cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barth79Replenishment-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graff75_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graff75-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Graff73_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graff73-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-genres_of_literary_realism">Sub-genres of literary realism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sub-genres of literary realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_Realism">Social Realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social Realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_novel" title="Social novel">Social novel</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a> is an international art movement that includes the work of painters, printmakers, photographers and filmmakers who draw attention to the everyday conditions of the working classes and the poor, and who are critical of the social structures that maintain these conditions. While the movement's artistic styles vary from nation to nation, it almost always uses a form of descriptive or critical realism.<sup id="cite_ref-moma_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moma-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a> (or kitchen sink drama) is a term coined to describe a <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> cultural movement that developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s in <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_play" title="Television play">television plays</a>, which used a style of <a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">social realism</a>. Its protagonists usually could be described as angry young men, and it often depicted the domestic situations of <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> Britons living in cramped rented accommodation and spending their off-hours drinking in grimy <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a>, to explore social issues and political controversies. </p><p>The films, plays and novels employing this style are set frequently in poorer industrial areas in the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a>, and use the rough-hewn speaking <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> heard in those regions. The film <i><a href="/wiki/It_Always_Rains_on_Sunday" title="It Always Rains on Sunday">It Always Rains on Sunday</a></i> (1947) is a precursor of the genre, and the <a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">John Osborne</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/Look_Back_in_Anger" title="Look Back in Anger">Look Back in Anger</a></i> (1956) is thought of as the first of the genre. The gritty <a href="/wiki/Love-triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Love-triangle">love-triangle</a> of <i>Look Back in Anger</i>, for example, takes place in a cramped, one-room flat in the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">English Midlands</a>. The conventions of the genre have continued into the 2000s, finding expression in such television shows as <i><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/EastEnders" title="EastEnders">EastEnders</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-heilpern_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heilpern-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In art, "Kitchen Sink School" was a term used by critic <a href="/wiki/David_Sylvester" title="David Sylvester">David Sylvester</a> to describe painters who depicted <a href="/wiki/Social_realist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social realist">social realist</a>–type scenes of domestic life.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_realism">Socialist realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Socialist realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_literature" title="Proletarian literature">Proletarian literature</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a> is the official <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> art form that was institutionalized by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in 1934 and was later adopted by allied <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> parties worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-moma_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moma-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of realism held that successful art depicts and glorifies the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>'s struggle toward socialist progress. The Statute of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers" title="Union of Soviet Writers">Union of Soviet Writers</a> in 1934 stated that socialist realism </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>is the basic method of Soviet literature and literary criticism. It demands of the artist the truthful, historically concrete representation of reality in its revolutionary development. Moreover, the truthfulness and historical concreteness of the artistic representation of reality must be linked with the task of ideological transformation and education of workers in the spirit of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The strict adherence to the above tenets, however, began to crumble after the death of Stalin when writers started expanding the limits of what is possible. However, the changes were gradual since the social realism tradition was so ingrained into the psyche of the Soviet literati that even dissidents followed the habits of this type of composition, rarely straying from its formal and ideological mold.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet socialist realism did not exactly emerge on the very day it was promulgated in the Soviet Union in 1932 by way of a decree that abolished independent writers' organizations. This movement had existed for at least fifteen years and was first seen during the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>. The 1934 declaration only formalized its canonical formulation through the speeches of the <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a>, the representative of the Party's Central Committee. </p><p>The official definition of socialist realism has been criticized for its conflicting framework. While the concept itself is simple, discerning scholars struggle in reconciling its elements. According to Peter Kenez, "it was impossible to reconcile the teleological requirement with realistic presentation," further stressing that "the world could either be depicted as it was or as it should be according to theory, but the two are obviously not the same."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturalism">Naturalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Naturalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_literature_of_the_19th_century#Naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="French literature of the 19th century">Naturalism in 19th-century French literature</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalism</a> was a literary movement or tendency from the 1880s to 1930s that used detailed <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a> to suggest that social conditions, <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was a mainly unorganized <a href="/wiki/Literary_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary movement">literary movement</a> that sought to depict <a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude" title="Verisimilitude">believable</a> <a href="/wiki/Everyday_life" title="Everyday life">everyday reality</a>, as opposed to such movements as <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic or even supernatural treatment. </p><p>Naturalism was an outgrowth of literary realism, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-keywords_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keywords-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (e.g., the environment or heredity) influencing the actions of its subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naturalistic works often include supposed sordid subject matter, for example, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>'s frank treatment of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, as well as pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works tend to focus on the darker aspects of life, including poverty, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, and filth. As a result, naturalistic writers were frequently criticized for focusing too much on human vice and misery.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verismo">Verismo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verismo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Verismo_(literature)" title="Verismo (literature)">Verismo (literature)</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(literature)" title="Verismo (literature)">Verismo</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>vero</i>, meaning 'true, real') was an Italian literary movement which aimed to describe reality. Its main representatives were <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Verga" title="Giovanni Verga">Giovanni Verga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Capuana" title="Luigi Capuana">Luigi Capuana</a>, regarded as the authors of a "<a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a>" of the genre. Among other exponents were <a href="/wiki/Matilde_Serao" title="Matilde Serao">Matilde Serao</a> and 1926 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a> <i>(see main article for more).</i> </p><p>Protagonists of the genre were often (yet not always) poor, disadvantaged and scarcely educated people, who struggled against adversities. They often came from popular environments and their lifestyle was challenged by the progress that society was experiencing in the late 19th century; such characters usually could not adapt themselves to that progress. Other times, the protagonists were <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">Bourgeois</a>.<br /> <i>Verismo</i> was inspired by French Naturalism, but differed from it in a significant way: in fact, Naturalist authors were more <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">optimistic</a> and believed that literature could have an influence on society and its development, therefore conceived the writer's role as charged with <a href="/wiki/Moral_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral values">moral</a> responsibilities and this is reflected in their works, which usually present comments by the authors and digressions where they express their opinion about the way their characters act. This does not happen in Verismo: in fact, Verist authors such as Giovanni Verga usually believe that reality cannot be changed through literature, so they do not make any comment on their characters and tend to distance themselves from the narration, by adopting an objective, non-intrusive perspective (yet the authors somehow manage to let the readers understand their point of view). A typical feature of Verismo is the usage of a language which coincides with the characters' social condition and their level of education: therefore, if the protagonists of the story are e.g., peasants, they will use a popular, <a href="/wiki/Highbrow#Variants" title="Highbrow">lowbrow</a> language; <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a> characters will speak in a higher, more raffinate way. The works often present terms deriving from <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">vernaculars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional Italian</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_realism">Historical realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historical realism is a writing style or sub-genre of <a href="/wiki/Realistic_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Realistic fiction">realistic fiction</a> centered around historical events and time periods. In historical realism, the structure and context of a text is usually solely derived from a real historical event or time period. As a consequence of this, many texts that fall under this category are philosophical by nature.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realism_in_the_novel">Realism in the novel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Realism in the novel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early nineteenth century, there was growing impetus to establish an Australian culture that was separate from its English Colonial beginnings.<sup id="cite_ref-Rickard_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rickard-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common artistic motifs and characters that were represented in Australian realism were the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Outback" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Outback">Australian Outback</a>, known simply as "the bush", in its harsh and volatile beauty, the British settlers, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Squatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatter">squatter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Digger_(soldier)" title="Digger (soldier)">digger</a>—although some of these bordered into a more <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythic</a> territory in much of Australia's art scene. A significant portion of Australia's early realism was a rejection of, according to what the <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Bulletin">Sydney Bulletin</a></i> called in 1881 a "romantic identity" of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-AustralianLiterature_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AustralianLiterature-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the earliest writing in the colony was not literature in the most recent international sense, but rather journals and documentations of expeditions and environments, although literary style and preconceptions entered into the journal writing. Oftentimes in early Australian literature, romanticism and realism co-existed,<sup id="cite_ref-AustralianLiterature_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AustralianLiterature-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Furphy" title="Joseph Furphy">Joseph Furphy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Such_Is_Life_(novel)" title="Such Is Life (novel)">Such Is Life</a></i> (1897)–a fictional account of the life of rural dwellers, including <a href="/wiki/Bullocky" title="Bullocky">bullock drivers</a>, squatters and itinerant travellers, in southern <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, during the 1880s. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a>'s <i>Clara Morison</i> (1854), which detailed a Scottish woman's immigration to <a href="/wiki/Adelaide,_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide, South Australia">Adelaide, South Australia</a>, in a time when many people were leaving the freely settled state of South Australia to claim fortunes in the gold rushes of Victoria and New South Wales. </p><p>The burgeoning literary concept that Australia was an extension of another, more distant country, was beginning to infiltrate into writing: "[those] who have at last understood the significance of Australian history as a transplanting of stocks and the sending down of roots in a new soil". <a href="/wiki/Henry_Handel_Richardson" title="Henry Handel Richardson">Henry Handel Richardson</a>, author of post-<a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a> novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Guest_(novel)" title="Maurice Guest (novel)">Maurice Guest</a></i> (1908) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Getting_of_Wisdom" title="The Getting of Wisdom">The Getting of Wisdom</a></i> (1910), was said to have been heavily influenced by French and Scandinavian realism. In the twentieth century, as the working-class community of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> proliferated, the focus was shifted from the bush archetype to a more urban, inner-city setting: <a href="/wiki/William_Lane" title="William Lane">William Lane</a>'s <i>The Working Man's Paradise</i> (1892), <a href="/wiki/Christina_Stead" title="Christina Stead">Christina Stead</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Poor_Men_of_Sydney" title="Seven Poor Men of Sydney">Seven Poor Men of Sydney</a></i> (1934) and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Park" title="Ruth Park">Ruth Park</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harp_in_the_South" title="The Harp in the South">The Harp in the South</a></i> (1948) all depicted the harsh, gritty reality of working class Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-RuthPark_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuthPark-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a>'s novels <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tree_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tree of Man (page does not exist)">Tree of Man</a></i> (1955) and <i><a href="/wiki/Voss_(novel)" title="Voss (novel)">Voss</a></i> (1957) fared particularly well and in 1973 White was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new kind of literary realism emerged in the late twentieth century, helmed by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Garner" title="Helen Garner">Helen Garner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_Grip_(novel)" title="Monkey Grip (novel)">Monkey Grip</a></i> (1977) which revolutionised contemporary fiction in Australia, though it has since emerged that the novel was <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">diaristic</a> and based on Garner's own experiences. <i>Monkey Grip</i> concerns itself with a single-mother living in a succession of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> share-houses, as she navigates her increasingly obsessive relationship with a drug addict who drifts in and out of her life. A sub-set of realism emerged in Australia's literary scene known as "dirty realism", typically written by "new, young authors"<sup id="cite_ref-leishman_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leishman-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who examined "gritty, dirty, real existences",<sup id="cite_ref-leishman_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leishman-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of lower-income young people, whose lives revolve around a <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> pursuit of casual <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational drug use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a>, which are used to escape <a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">boredom</a>. Examples of dirty-realism include <a href="/wiki/Andrew_McGahan" title="Andrew McGahan">Andrew McGahan</a>'s <i>Praise</i> (1992), <a href="/wiki/Christos_Tsiolkas" title="Christos Tsiolkas">Christos Tsiolkas</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Loaded_(novel)" title="Loaded (novel)">Loaded</a></i> (1995), <a href="/wiki/Justine_Ettler" title="Justine Ettler">Justine Ettler</a>'s <i>The River Ophelia</i> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Cowell" title="Brendan Cowell">Brendan Cowell</a>'s <i>How It Feels</i> (2010), although many of these, including their predecessor <i>Monkey Grip</i>, are now labelled with a genre coined in 1995 as "<a href="/wiki/Grunge_lit" title="Grunge lit">grunge lit</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Watt" title="Ian Watt">Ian Watt</a> in <i>The Rise of the Novel</i> (1957) saw the novel as originating in the early 18th-century and he argued that the novel's 'novelty' was its 'formal realism': the idea 'that the novel is a full and authentic report of human experience'.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt,_I._1963_p._32_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt,_I._1963_p._32-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His examples are <a href="/wiki/Novelists" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelists">novelists</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richardson" title="Samuel Richardson">Samuel Richardson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a>. Watt argued that the novel's concern with realistically described relations between ordinary individuals, ran parallel to the more general development of philosophical realism, middle-class economic individualism and Puritan individualism. He also claims that the form addressed the interests and capacities of the new middle-class reading public and the new book trade evolving in response to them. As tradesmen themselves, Defoe and Richardson had only to 'consult their own standards' to know that their work would appeal to a large audience.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the 19th century <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>'s (1819–1880) <i><a href="/wiki/Middlemarch:_A_Study_of_Provincial_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life">Middlemarch: A Study of Provincial Life</a></i> (1871–72), described by <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelists</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Martin Amis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Barnes" title="Julian Barnes">Julian Barnes</a> as the greatest novel in the English language, is a work of realism.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jbarnes_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbarnes-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the voices and opinions of different characters the reader becomes aware of important issues of the day, including the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Bill">Reform Bill</a> of 1832, the beginnings of the railways, and the state of contemporary medical science. <i>Middlemarch</i> also shows the deeply reactionary mindset within a settled community facing the prospect of what to many is unwelcome social, political and technological change. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/George_Gissing" title="George Gissing">George Gissing</a> (1857–1903), author of <i><a href="/wiki/New_Grub_Street" title="New Grub Street">New Grub Street</a></i> (1891), amongst many other works, has traditionally been viewed as a naturalist, mainly influenced by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jacob Korg has suggested that <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a> was a greater influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bader_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bader-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other novelists, such as <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Bennett" title="Arnold Bennett">Arnold Bennett</a> (1867–1931) and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irishman</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Moore_(novelist)" title="George Moore (novelist)">George Moore</a> (1852–1933), consciously imitated the French realists.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bennett's most famous works are the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clayhanger_Family" title="The Clayhanger Family">Clayhanger</a></i> trilogy (1910–18) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Wives%27_Tale" title="The Old Wives' Tale">The Old Wives' Tale</a></i> (1908). These books draw on his experience of life in the <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Potteries" title="Staffordshire Potteries">Staffordshire Potteries</a>, an industrial area encompassing the six towns that now make up <a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, England. George Moore, whose most famous work is <i><a href="/wiki/Esther_Waters" title="Esther Waters">Esther Waters</a></i> (1894), was also influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalism</a> of Zola.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</a> (1837–1920) was the first American author to bring <a href="/wiki/American_realism" title="American realism">a realist aesthetic</a> to the literature of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His stories of middle and upper class life set in the 1880s and 1890s are highly regarded among scholars of American fiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His most popular novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_of_Silas_Lapham" title="The Rise of Silas Lapham">The Rise of Silas Lapham</a></i> (1885), depicts a man who, ironically, falls from materialistic fortune by his own mistakes. </p><p>One of the earliest examples of realism was <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland’s</a> second novel, <i>Miss Gilbert’s Career,</i> published “a full decade before any of the so-called pioneer American realistic novelists begin to publish.“ The 1860 novel “anticipated these much abler and more penetrating realists.“<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes Samuel Clemens (1835–1910), better known by his pen name of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn" title="Adventures of Huckleberry Finn">Adventures of Huckleberry Finn</a></i> (1884),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane" title="Stephen Crane">Stephen Crane</a> (1871–1900). </p><p>Twain's style, based on vigorous, realistic, colloquial American speech, gave American writers a new appreciation of their national voice. Twain was the first major author to come from the interior of the country, and he captured its distinctive, humorous slang and iconoclasm. For Twain and other American writers of the late 19th century, realism was not merely a literary technique: It was a way of speaking truth and exploding worn-out conventions. Crane was primarily a journalist who also wrote fiction, essays, poetry, and plays. Crane saw life at its rawest, in slums and on battlefields. His haunting <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Badge_of_Courage" title="The Red Badge of Courage">The Red Badge of Courage</a></i>, was published to great acclaim in 1895, but he barely had time to bask in the attention before he died, at 28, having neglected his health. He has enjoyed continued success ever since—as a champion of the common man, a realist, and a symbolist. Crane's <i><a href="/wiki/Maggie:_A_Girl_of_the_Streets" title="Maggie: A Girl of the Streets">Maggie: A Girl of the Streets</a></i> (1893), is one of the best, if not the earliest, naturalistic American novel. It is the harrowing story of a poor, sensitive young girl whose uneducated, alcoholic parents utterly fail her. In love, and eager to escape her violent home life, she allows herself to be seduced into living with a young man, who soon deserts her. When her self-righteous mother rejects her, Maggie becomes a prostitute to survive but soon dies. Crane's earthy subject matter and his objective, scientific style, devoid of moralizing, earmark Maggie as a naturalist work.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other later American realists are <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Norris" title="Frank Norris">Frank Norris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Theodore Dreiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_perez_galdos_y_perro_las_palmas_1890.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Benito_perez_galdos_y_perro_las_palmas_1890.jpg/220px-Benito_perez_galdos_y_perro_las_palmas_1890.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Benito_perez_galdos_y_perro_las_palmas_1890.jpg/330px-Benito_perez_galdos_y_perro_las_palmas_1890.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Benito_perez_galdos_y_perro_las_palmas_1890.jpg/440px-Benito_perez_galdos_y_perro_las_palmas_1890.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Benito Pérez Galdós">Benito Pérez Galdós</a>, Spanish writer from the Canary Islands</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a> (1799–1850) is the most prominent representative of 19th-century realism in fiction through the inclusion of specific detail and recurring characters.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i><a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a></i>, a vast collection of nearly 100 novels, was the most ambitious scheme ever devised by a writer of fiction—nothing less than a complete contemporary history of his countrymen. Realism is also an important aspect of the works of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_fils" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, fils">Alexandre Dumas, fils</a> (1824–1895). </p><p>Many of the novels in this period, including Balzac's, were published in newspapers in <a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">serial form</a>, and the immensely popular realist "roman feuilleton" tended to specialize in portraying the hidden side of urban life (crime, police spies, criminal slang), as in the novels of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Eugène Sue</a>. Similar tendencies appeared in the theatrical <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramas</a> of the period and, in an even more lurid and gruesome light, in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Guignol" title="Grand Guignol">Grand Guignol</a> at the end of the century. <a href="/wiki/Aleksis_Kivi" title="Aleksis Kivi">Aleksis Kivi</a> (1834–1872), known today as the "national author of Finland", wrote his only novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seven Brothers">The Seven Brothers</a></i> (1870), which was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervantes">Cervantes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which received at time a very negative reception from critics because its contemporary descriptions of the life of a Finnish <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> in an unadorned realism, long before the work achieved the status of a national novel.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s (1821–1880) acclaimed novels <i><a href="/wiki/Madame_Bovary" title="Madame Bovary">Madame Bovary</a></i> (1857), which reveals the tragic consequences of romanticism on the wife of a provincial doctor, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_Education" title="Sentimental Education">Sentimental Education</a></i> (1869) represent perhaps the highest stages in the development of French realism. Flaubert also wrote other works in an entirely different style and his romanticism is apparent in the fantastic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Temptation_of_Saint_Anthony_(Flaubert)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temptation of Saint Anthony (Flaubert)">The Temptation of Saint Anthony</a></i> (final version published 1874) and the baroque and exotic scenes of ancient <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salammbô (novel)">Salammbô</a></i> (1862). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German literature</a>, 19th-century realism developed under the name of "Poetic Realism" or "Bourgeois Realism," and major figures include <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a>, the realism genre developed a detached description of the social and economic conditions of people in their time and environment. Major figures of Italian <a href="/wiki/Verismo_(literature)" title="Verismo (literature)">Verismo</a> include <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Capuana" title="Luigi Capuana">Luigi Capuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Verga" title="Giovanni Verga">Giovanni Verga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_De_Roberto" title="Federico De Roberto">Federico De Roberto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matilde_Serao" title="Matilde Serao">Matilde Serao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Di_Giacomo" title="Salvatore Di Giacomo">Salvatore Di Giacomo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a>, who in 1926 received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>. </p><p>Later realist writers included <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Benito Pérez Galdós">Benito Pérez Galdós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Alas_(Clar%C3%ADn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopoldo Alas (Clarín)">Leopoldo Alas (Clarín)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A7a_de_Queiroz" title="Eça de Queiroz">Eça de Queiroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Prus" title="Bolesław Prus">Bolesław Prus</a> and, in a sense, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalism</a> is often regarded as an offshoot of realism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realism_in_the_theatre">Realism in the theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Realism in the theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical realism">Theatrical realism</a> was a general <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">movement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth-century_theatre" title="Nineteenth-century theatre">19th-century theatre</a> from the time period of 1870–1960 that developed a set of dramatic and theatrical <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_convention" title="Dramatic convention">conventions</a> with the aim of bringing a greater fidelity of real life to texts and performances. Part of <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">a broader artistic movement</a>, it shared many stylistic choices with <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">naturalism</a>, including a focus on everyday (middle-class) drama, ordinary speech, and dull settings. Realism and naturalism diverge chiefly on the degree of choice that characters have: while naturalism believes in the overall strength of external forces over internal decisions, realism asserts the power of the individual to choose (see <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i>). </p><p>Russia's first professional playwright, <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Pisemsky" title="Aleksey Pisemsky">Aleksey Pisemsky</a>, along with novelists <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Darkness" title="The Power of Darkness">The Power of Darkness</a></i> (1886)), began a tradition of psychological realism in Russia which culminated with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stanislavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Stanislavski">Constantin Stanislavski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nemirovich-Danchenko" title="Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko">Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their ground-breaking productions of the plays of <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a> in turn influenced <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stanislavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin Stanislavski">Stanislavski</a> went on to develop his <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_%27system%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislavski's 'system'">'system'</a>, a form of actor training that is particularly suited to psychological realism. </p><p>19th-century realism is closely connected to the development of modern drama, which, as Martin Harrison explains, "is usually said to have begun in the early 1870s" with the "middle-period" work of the Norwegian dramatist <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>. Ibsen's realistic drama in prose has been "enormously influential."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a></i> refers to a post-Romantic Italian tradition that sought to incorporate the naturalism of Émile Zola and Henrik Ibsen. It included realistic – sometimes sordid or violent – depictions of contemporary everyday life, especially the life of the lower classes. </p><p>In France in addition to <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramas</a>, popular and bourgeois theater in the mid-century turned to realism in the "well-made" bourgeois farces of <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Marin_Labiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Marin Labiche">Eugène Marin Labiche</a> and the moral dramas of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Augier" title="Émile Augier">Émile Augier</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of realism cite that depicting reality is not often realistic, with some observers calling it "imaginary" or "project[ed]".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument is based on the idea that we do not often understand what is real correctly. To present reality, we draw on what is "real" according to how we remember it as well as how we experience it. However, remembered or experienced reality does not always correspond to what the truth is. Instead, we often obtain a distorted version of it that is only related to what is out there or how things really are. Realism is criticized for its supposed inability to address this challenge and such failure is seen as tantamount to complicity in a creating a process wherein "the artefactual nature of reality is overlooked or even concealed."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Gallagher" title="Catherine Gallagher">Catherine Gallagher</a>, realistic fiction invariably undermines, in practice, the ideology it purports to exemplify because if appearances were self-sufficient, there would probably be no need for novels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be demonstrated in literary naturalism's focus in the United States during the late nineteenth century on the larger forces that determine the lives of its characters, as depicted in agricultural machines portrayed as immense and terrible, shredding "entangled" human bodies without compunction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The machines were used as a <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>, but the metaphor contributed to the perception that such narratives were more like myth than reality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also critics who fault realism in the way it supposedly defines itself as a reaction to the excesses of literary genres such as Romanticism and the Gothic – those that focus on the exotic, sentimental, and sensational narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars began to call this an impulse to contradict so that in the end, the limit that it imposes on itself leads to "either the representation of verifiable and objective truth or the merely relative, some partial, subjective truth, therefore no truth at all."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also critics who cite the absence of a fixed definition. The argument is that there is no pure form of realism and the position that it is almost impossible to find literature that is not in fact realist, at least to some extent while, and that whenever one searches for pure realism, it vanishes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._P._Stern" title="J. P. Stern">J.P. Stern</a> countered this position when he maintained that this "looseness" or "untidiness" makes the term indispensable in common and literary discourse alike.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others also dismiss it as obvious and simple-minded while denying realistic aesthetic, branding as pretentious since it is considered mere <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">reportage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not art, and based on naïve <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chanson_r%C3%A9aliste" title="Chanson réaliste">Chanson réaliste</a></i> (realist song), a style of music which was directly influenced by realist literary movement in France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">Magical realism</a>, a genre of fiction and art that depicts magical elements within a realist presentation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">Verismo</a>, an application of the tenets of realism to (especially late-romantic Italian) opera</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChampfleury1857" class="citation book cs1">Champfleury, Jule-Français (1857). <i>Le Realisme</i>. Paris: Michel Lévy. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Realisme&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Michel+L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Champfleury&rft.aufirst=Jule-Fran%C3%A7ais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonna_M._Campbell" class="citation web cs1">Donna M. Campbell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm">"Realism in American Literature"</a>. Wsu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Realism+in+American+Literature&rft.pub=Wsu.edu&rft.au=Donna+M.+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~campbelld%2Famlit%2Frealism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewlin2019" class="citation book cs1">Newlin, Keith (2019). <i>The Oxford Handbook of American Literary Realism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064289-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064289-1"><bdi>978-0-19-064289-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+American+Literary+Realism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-064289-1&rft.aulast=Newlin&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1998" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Peter (1998). <i>Changing Ideals in Modern Architecture, 1750-1950, Second Edition</i>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-1704-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-1704-9"><bdi>0-7735-1704-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Ideals+in+Modern+Architecture%2C+1750-1950%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7735-1704-9&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm">"Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. Metmuseum.org. 2014-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.pub=Metmuseum.org&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Frlsm%2Fhd_rlsm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Realism">"Realism definition of Realism in the Free Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Realism+definition+of+Realism+in+the+Free+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FRealism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in so far as such subjects are "explicable in terms of natural causation without resort to supernatural or divine intervention" <a href="#refMorris2003">Morris, 2003</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFAW6dh24ZwC&q=realism">p. 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#refWatt1957">Watt, 1957</a>, p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvas2019" class="citation book cs1">Kvas, Kornelije (2019-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gju-DwAAQBAJ&q=balzac+claims+that+poetic+creation+and+scientific+creation+are+closely+related+activities&pg=PA8"><i>The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0911-3"><bdi>978-1-7936-0911-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Realism+in+World+Literature&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-0911-3&rft.aulast=Kvas&rft.aufirst=Kornelije&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGju-DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbalzac%2Bclaims%2Bthat%2Bpoetic%2Bcreation%2Band%2Bscientific%2Bcreation%2Bare%2Bclosely%2Brelated%2Bactivities%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvas2019" class="citation book cs1">Kvas, Kornelije (2019). <i>The Boundaries of Realism in World Literature</i>. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Lexington Books. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-0910-6"><bdi>978-1-7936-0910-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Realism+in+World+Literature&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Boulder%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-0910-6&rft.aulast=Kvas&rft.aufirst=Kornelije&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casey-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casey_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2008" class="citation web cs1">Casey, Christopher (October 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513053304/http://ww2.jhu.edu/foundations/?p=8">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time": Britain, the Elgin Marbles, and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism"</a>. <i>Foundations. Volume III, Number 1</i>. Archived from the original on May 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundations.+Volume+III%2C+Number+1&rft.atitle=%22Grecian+Grandeurs+and+the+Rude+Wasting+of+Old+Time%22%3A+Britain%2C+the+Elgin+Marbles%2C+and+Post-Revolutionary+Hellenism&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2.jhu.edu%2Ffoundations%2F%3Fp%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopædia_Britannica" class="citation web cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9083836">"<i>Romanticism</i>. Retrieved 30 January 2008, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanticism.+Retrieved+30+January+2008%2C+from+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.au=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9083836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Levin, <i>History as Romantic Art: Bancroft, Prescott, and Parkman</i> (1967)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Lee Gutek, <i>A history of the Western educational experience</i> (1987) ch. 12 on <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashton Nichols, "Roaring Alligators and Burning Tygers: Poetry and Science from William Bartram to Charles Darwin," <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i> 2005 149(3): 304–315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barth79Replenishment-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barth79Replenishment_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a> (1979) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Literature_of_Replenishment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Literature of Replenishment">The Literature of Replenishment</a></i>, later republished in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Friday_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Friday Book (page does not exist)">The Friday Book</a>' '(1984).</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.online-literature.com/periods/victorian.php">"Victorian Literature"</a>. The Literature Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Literature&rft.pub=The+Literature+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Fperiods%2Fvictorian.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graff75-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graff75_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a> (1975) <i>Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction</i>, <a href="/wiki/TriQuarterly" title="TriQuarterly">TriQuarterly</a>, No. 33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307-37; reprinted in Putz and Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graff73-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graff73_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Graff" title="Gerald Graff">Gerald Graff</a> (1973) <i>The Myth of the Postmodernist Breakthrough</i>, <a href="/wiki/TriQuarterly" title="TriQuarterly">TriQuarterly</a>, 26 (Winter, 1973) 383-417; rept in <i>The Novel Today: Contemporary Writers on Modern Fiction Malcolm Bradbury</i>, ed., (London: Fontana, 1977); reprinted in Proza Nowa Amerykanska, ed., Szice Krytyczne (Warsaw, Poland, 1984); reprinted in <i>Postmodernism in American Literature: A Critical Anthology</i>, Manfred Putz and Peter Freese, eds., (Darmstadt: Thesen Verlag, 1984), 58-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moma-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moma_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moma_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2009" class="citation web cs1">Todd, James G. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514084512/http://www.moma.org/collection/theme.php?theme_id=10195">"Social Realism"</a>. <i>Art Terms</i>. Museum of Modern Art. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moma.org/collection/theme.php?theme_id=10195">the original</a> on 2015-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+Terms&rft.atitle=Social+Realism&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcollection%2Ftheme.php%3Ftheme_id%3D10195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heilpern-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heilpern_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heilpern, John. <i>John Osborne: The Many Lives of the Angry Young Man</i>, New York: Knopf, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, John. (1992) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artdesigncafe.com/kitchen-sink-school-1992">"Kitchen Sink School"</a>. <i>Glossary of Art, Architecture & Design since 1945</i>, 3rd. ed. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>On Socialist Realism" by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sinyavsky" title="Andrei Sinyavsky">Andrei Sinyavsky</a> writing as Abram Tertz <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04677-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04677-3">0-520-04677-3</a>, p.148.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2002" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, Neil (2002). <i>The Routledge Companion to Russian Literature</i>. London: Routledge. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134569076" title="Special:BookSources/9781134569076"><bdi>9781134569076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Russian+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134569076&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenez1992" class="citation book cs1">Kenez, Peter (1992). <i>Cinema and Soviet Society, 1917-1953</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521428637" title="Special:BookSources/0521428637"><bdi>0521428637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cinema+and+Soviet+Society%2C+1917-1953&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0521428637&rft.aulast=Kenez&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keywords-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-keywords_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams, Raymond</a>. 1976. <i>Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</i>. London: Fontana, 1988, p. 217. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-686150-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-686150-4">0-00-686150-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/149085143"><i>A companion to the modern American novel 1900-1950</i></a>. John T. Matthews. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 2009. pp. 161–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20687-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20687-3"><bdi>978-0-631-20687-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/149085143">149085143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+the+modern+American+novel+1900-1950&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F149085143&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20687-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F149085143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavel2015" class="citation book cs1">Pavel, Thomas (2015). <i>The Lives of the Novel: A History</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691165783" title="Special:BookSources/9780691165783"><bdi>9780691165783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Novel%3A+A+History&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780691165783&rft.aulast=Pavel&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzminski1979" class="citation journal cs1">Kuzminski, Adrian (1979). 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New York: Octagon Books. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/75076005">75-76005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stowe, William W (983). <i>Balzac, James, and the Realistic Novel</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-06567-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-06567-5">0-691-06567-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a> (1968). <i>The Realists: Portraits of Eight Novelists</i>. Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-24438-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-24438-9">0-333-24438-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.booksfromland.fi/1984/09/mies-ja-teoksensa/">The man and his work</a> – Books from Finland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.is.fi/kotimaa/art-2000005854642.html">"Aleksis Kiven valtava klassikko sai ilmestyessään poikkeuksellisen teilauksen: "Poeettinen peräsuoli"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ilta-Sanomat" title="Ilta-Sanomat">Ilta-Sanomat</a></i> (in Finnish). 6 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ilta-Sanomat&rft.atitle=Aleksis+Kiven+valtava+klassikko+sai+ilmestyess%C3%A4%C3%A4n+poikkeuksellisen+teilauksen%3A+%22Poeettinen+per%C3%A4suoli%22&rft.date=2018-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.is.fi%2Fkotimaa%2Fart-2000005854642.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Becker, Sabine (2003). <i>Bürgerlicher Realismus; Literatur und Kultur im bürgerlichen Zeitalter 1848–1900</i> (in German). Tübingen: Francke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCrgerlicher+Realismus%3B+Literatur+und+Kultur+im+b%C3%BCrgerlichen+Zeitalter+1848%E2%80%931900&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Francke&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcInnes,_EdwardPlumpe,_Gerhard1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">McInnes, Edward; Plumpe, Gerhard, eds. (1996). <i>Bürgerlicher Realismus und Gründerzeit 1848–1890</i> (in German). Munich: Carl Hanser.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCrgerlicher+Realismus+und+Gr%C3%BCnderzeit+1848%E2%80%931890&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brockett and Hildy (2003, 370, 372) and Benedetti (2005, 100) and (1999, 14-17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrison (1998, 160).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2008" class="citation book cs1">Novak, Daniel (2008). <i>Realism, Photography and Nineteenth-Century Fiction</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521885256" title="Special:BookSources/9780521885256"><bdi>9780521885256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realism%2C+Photography+and+Nineteenth-Century+Fiction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521885256&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallis1988" class="citation book cs1">Tallis, Raymond (1988). <i>In Defence of Realism</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803294352" title="Special:BookSources/0803294352"><bdi>0803294352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Realism&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0803294352&rft.aulast=Tallis&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrish2011" class="citation book cs1">Barrish, Phillip (2011). <i>The Cambridge Introduction to American Literary Realism</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521897693" title="Special:BookSources/9780521897693"><bdi>9780521897693</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Introduction+to+American+Literary+Realism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780521897693&rft.aulast=Barrish&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearns1996" class="citation book cs1">Kearns, Katherine (1996). <i>Nineteenth-Century Literary Realism: Through the Looking Glass</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521496063" title="Special:BookSources/0521496063"><bdi>0521496063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Literary+Realism%3A+Through+the+Looking+Glass&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0521496063&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByerly1997" class="citation book cs1">Byerly, Alison (1997). <i>Realism, Representation, and the Arts in Nineteenth-Century Literature</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521581168" title="Special:BookSources/0521581168"><bdi>0521581168</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realism%2C+Representation%2C+and+the+Arts+in+Nineteenth-Century+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0521581168&rft.aulast=Byerly&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYee2016" class="citation book cs1">Yee, Jennifer (2016). <i>The Colonial Comedy: Imperialism in the French Realist Novel</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198722632" title="Special:BookSources/9780198722632"><bdi>9780198722632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Comedy%3A+Imperialism+in+the+French+Realist+Novel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780198722632&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2010" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Noël (2010). <i>Art in Three Dimensions</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199559312" title="Special:BookSources/9780199559312"><bdi>9780199559312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+in+Three+Dimensions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199559312&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=No%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1967" class="citation book cs1">Becker, George (1967). <i>Documents of Modern Literary Realism</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400874644" title="Special:BookSources/9781400874644"><bdi>9781400874644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Documents+of+Modern+Literary+Realism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9781400874644&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiterary+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_realism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~campbelld/amlit/realism.htm">Realism in American literature at the Literary Movements site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20021114.shtml">"Victorian Realism – how real?"</a> on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>’s <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> featuring Philip Davis, A.N. 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