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robot arm and a metal pole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Industrial_robot_accident.png/220px-Industrial_robot_accident.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Industrial_robot_accident.png/330px-Industrial_robot_accident.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Industrial_robot_accident.png/440px-Industrial_robot_accident.png 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>An artist's representation of an industrial robot accident that occurred in 1984<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Workplace robotics safety</b> is an aspect of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational safety and health</a> when <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> are used in the workplace. This includes traditional <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">industrial robots</a> as well as emerging technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone aircraft</a> and wearable <a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">robotic exoskeletons</a>. Types of accidents include collisions, crushing, and injuries from mechanical parts. Hazard controls include <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">physical barriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">good work practices</a>, and proper maintenance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workplace_robotics_safety&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many workplace robots are <a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">industrial robots</a> used in manufacturing. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Robotics" title="International Federation of Robotics">International Federation of Robotics</a>, 1.7 million new robots are expected to be used in factories between 2017 and 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emerging robot technologies include <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative robots">collaborative robots</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Murashov_et_al_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murashov_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> personal care robots, construction robots, <a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">exoskeletons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zingman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zingman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vehicular_automation" title="Vehicular automation">autonomous vehicles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vasic,_Billard_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasic,_Billard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and drone aircraft (also known as unmanned aerial vehicles or <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-UAVs_in_construction_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAVs_in_construction-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advances in automation technologies (e.g. fixed robots, collaborative and mobile robots, and exoskeletons) have the potential to improve work conditions but also to introduce workplace hazards in manufacturing workplaces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Fifty-six percent of robot injuries are classified as <a href="/wiki/Pinch_(action)" title="Pinch (action)">pinch</a> injuries and 44% of injuries are classified as <a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">impact</a> injuries. A 1987 study found that line workers are at the greatest risk, followed by maintenance workers, and programmers. Poor workplace design and human error caused most injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Murashov_et_al_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murashov_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vasic,_Billard_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasic,_Billard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the lack of occupational surveillance data on injuries associated specifically with robots, researchers from the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) identified 61 robot-related deaths between 1992 and 2015 using keyword searches of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a> (BLS) Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries research database (see info from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/robotics/aboutthecenter.html">Center for Occupational Robotics Research</a>). Using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, NIOSH and its state partners have investigated 4 robot-related fatalities under the Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation Program. In addition the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has investigated robot-related deaths and injuries, which can be reviewed at OSHA Accident Search page. Injuries and fatalities could increase over time because of the increasing number of collaborative and co-existing robots, powered exoskeletons, and autonomous vehicles into the work environment. </p><p>Safety standards are being developed by the <a href="/wiki/Robotic_Industries_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic Industries Association">Robotic Industries Association</a> (RIA) in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On October 5, 2017, OSHA, NIOSH and RIA signed an alliance to work together to enhance technical expertise, identify and help address potential workplace hazards associated with traditional industrial robots and the emerging technology of human-robot collaboration installations and systems, and help identify needed research to reduce workplace hazards. On October 16 NIOSH launched the Center for Occupational Robotics Research to "provide scientific leadership to guide the development and use of occupational robots that enhance worker safety, health, and well being". So far, the research needs identified by NIOSH and its partners include: tracking and preventing injuries and fatalities, intervention and dissemination strategies to promote safe machine control and maintenance procedures, and on translating effective evidence-based interventions into workplace practice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workplace_robotics_safety&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warning_of_industrial_robot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Warning_of_industrial_robot.svg/220px-Warning_of_industrial_robot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Warning_of_industrial_robot.svg/330px-Warning_of_industrial_robot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Warning_of_industrial_robot.svg/440px-Warning_of_industrial_robot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Warning sign: Industrial robot</figcaption></figure> <p>Many hazards and injuries can result from the use of robots in the workplace. Some robots, notably those in a traditional industrial environment, are fast and powerful. This increases the potential for injury as one swing from a <a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">robotic arm</a>, for example, could cause serious bodily harm.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are additional risks when a robot malfunctions or is in need of maintenance. A worker who is working on the robot may be injured because a malfunctioning robot is typically unpredictable. For example, a robotic arm that is part of a car assembly line may experience a jammed motor. A worker who is working to fix the jam may suddenly get hit by the arm the moment it becomes unjammed. Additionally, if a worker is standing in a zone that is overlapping with nearby robotic arms, he or she may get injured by other moving equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Vasic,_Billard_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasic,_Billard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four types of <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accidents</a> that can occur with robots: impact or collision accidents, <a href="/wiki/Crush_injury" title="Crush injury">crushing</a> and trapping accidents, mechanical part accidents, and other accidents. Impact or collision accidents occur generally from malfunctions and unpredicted changes. Crushing and trapping accidents occur when a part of a worker's body becomes trapped or caught on robotic equipment. Mechanical part accidents can occur when a robot malfunctions and starts to "break down", where the ejection of parts or exposed wire can cause serious injury. Other accidents at just general accidents that occur from working with robots.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are seven sources of <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazards</a> that are associated with <a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">human interaction with robots</a> and machines: <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human errors</a>, control errors, unauthorized access, mechanical failures, environmental sources, power systems, and improper installation. Human errors could be anything from one line of incorrect code to a loose bolt on a robotic arm. Many hazards can stem from human-based error. Control errors are intrinsic and are usually not controllable nor predictable. Unauthorized access hazards occur when a person who is not familiar with the area enters the domain of a robot. Mechanical failures can happen at any time, and a faulty unit is usually unpredictable. Environmental sources are things such as <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic or radio interference</a> in the environment that can cause a robot to malfunction. Power systems are <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electrical</a> power sources; these power sources can malfunction and cause fires, leaks, or electrical shocks. Improper installation is fairly self-explanatory; a loose bolt or an exposed wire can lead to inherent hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emerging_technologies">Emerging technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workplace_robotics_safety&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emerging technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emerging robotic technologies can reduce hazards to workers, but can also introduce new hazards. For example, <a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">robotic exoskeletons</a> can be used in construction to reduce load to the spine, improve posture, and reduce <a href="/wiki/Muscle_fatigue" title="Muscle fatigue">fatigue</a>; however, they can also increase chest pressure, limit mobility when moving out of the way of a falling object, and cause balance problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Zingman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zingman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicles</a> are being used in the construction industry to do monitoring and inspections of buildings under construction. This reduces the need for humans to be in hazardous locations, but the risk of a UAV collision presents a hazard to workers.<sup id="cite_ref-UAVs_in_construction_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAVs_in_construction-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborative robots">collaborative robots</a>, isolation is not possible. Possible hazard controls include <a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">collision avoidance systems</a>, and making the robot less stiff to lessen the impact force.<sup id="cite_ref-Murashov_et_al_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murashov_et_al-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a> is a wearable device for humans, worn in Amazon warehouses.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazard_controls">Hazard controls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workplace_robotics_safety&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hazard controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a few ways to prevent injuries by implementing <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">hazard controls</a>. There can be <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessments</a> at each of the various stages of a robot's development. Risk assessments can help gather information about a robot's status, how well it is being maintained, and if repairs are needed soon. By being aware of the status of a robot, injuries can be prevented and hazards reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Safeguarding devices can be implemented to reduce the risk of injuries. These can include <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering controls</a> such as physical barriers, guard rails, presence-sensing safeguarding devices, etc. Awareness devices are usually used in conjunction with safeguarding devices. They are usually a system of rope or chain barriers with lights, signs, whistles, and horns. Their purpose it to be able to alert workers or personnel of certain dangers.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operator safeguards can also be in place. These usually utilize safeguarding devices to protect the operator and reduce risk of injury. Additionally, when an operator is within close proximity of a robot, the working speed of the robot can be reduced to ensure that the operator is in full control. This can be done by placing the robot in the manual or teach mode. It is also crucial to inform the programmer of the robot of what type of work the robot will be doing, how it will interact with other robots, and how it will work in relation to an operator.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proper <a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">maintenance</a> of robotic equipment is also critical in order to reduce hazards. Maintaining a robot insures that it continues to function properly, thereby reducing the risks associated with a malfunction.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulations">Regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workplace_robotics_safety&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some existing regulations regarding robots and robotic systems include:<sup id="cite_ref-Vasic,_Billard_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vasic,_Billard-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ANSI/RIA R15.06</li> <li>OSHA 29 CFR 1910.333</li> <li>OSHA 29 CFR 1910.147</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">ISO 10218</a></li> <li>ISO/TS 15066</li> <li>ISO/DIS 13482</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workplace_robotics_safety&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Scott; Lowe, Brian D.; Branche, Christine M. (2017-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-science-blog/2017/06/15/exoskeletons-in-construction/">"Exoskeletons in Construction: Will they reduce or create hazards?"</a>. <i>NIOSH Science Blog</i>. U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Unmanned aerial vehicles in construction and worker safety". <i>American Journal of Industrial Medicine</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 3–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajim.22782">10.1002/ajim.22782</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1097-0274">1097-0274</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29027244">29027244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Industrial+Medicine&rft.atitle=Unmanned+aerial+vehicles+in+construction+and+worker+safety&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-10&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.issn=1097-0274&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29027244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajim.22782&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Murashov%2C+Vladimir&rft.au=Branche%2C+Christine+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkplace+robotics+safety" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSHA_technical_manual-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSHA_technical_manual_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_4.html#3">"OSHA Technical Manual: Industrial Robots and Robot System Safety"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Occupational+Safety+and+Health+Administration&rft.atitle=OSHA+Technical+Manual%3A+Industrial+Robots+and+Robot+System+Safety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Fdts%2Fosta%2Fotm%2Fotm_iv%2Fotm_iv_4.html%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkplace+robotics+safety" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verge-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verge_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2019" class="citation news cs1">Vincent, James (21 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/1/21/18191338/amazon-robot-warehouse-tech-vest-utility-belt-safety">"Amazon warehouse workers are getting utility belts that ward off robots"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Amazon+warehouse+workers+are+getting+utility+belts+that+ward+off+robots&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F1%2F21%2F18191338%2Famazon-robot-warehouse-tech-vest-utility-belt-safety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorkplace+robotics+safety" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Workplace_robotics_safety&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Robotics">Robotics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_robotics" title="Outline of robotics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_robotics_articles" title="Index of robotics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_robots" title="History of robots">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_robotics" title="Geography of robotics">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Hall_of_Fame" title="Robot Hall of Fame">Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_ethics" title="Robot ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_robotics" title="Laws of robotics">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Competitions and prizes in artificial intelligence">AI competitions</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/100px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/150px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg/200px-Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">Aerobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">Anthropomorphic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoid" title="Gynoid">Gynoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claytronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Claytronics">Claytronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_robot" title="Companion robot">Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">Automaton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio-Animatronics" title="Audio-Animatronics">Audio-Animatronics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_robot" title="Articulated robot">Articulated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">arm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_robot" title="Domestic robot">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_robotics" title="Educational robotics">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_robot" title="Entertainment robot">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggling_robot" title="Juggling robot">Juggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_robot" title="Military robot">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_robot" title="Medical robot">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_robot" title="Service robot">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability robot">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_robot" title="Agricultural robot">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_restaurant" title="Automated restaurant">Food service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_retail" title="Automated retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEAM_robotics" title="BEAM robotics">BEAM robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_robotics" title="Soft robotics">Soft robotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biorobotics" title="Biorobotics">Biorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_robotics" title="Cloud robotics">Cloud robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuum_robot" title="Continuum robot">Continuum robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned vehicle">Unmanned vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_ground_vehicle" title="Unmanned ground vehicle">ground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_robot" title="Mobile robot">Mobile robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbotics" title="Microbotics">Microbotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necrobotics" title="Necrobotics">Necrobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_robotics" title="Swarm robotics">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">Telerobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Underwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fish">Robotic fish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legged_robot" title="Legged robot">Walking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexapod_(robotics)" title="Hexapod (robotics)">Hexapod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climber_(BEAM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climber (BEAM)">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_unicycle" title="Electric unicycle">Electric unicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic fin">Robotic fins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic navigation">Navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotic_mapping" title="Robotic mapping">mapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_planning" title="Motion planning">Motion planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_localization_and_mapping" title="Simultaneous localization and mapping">Simultaneous localization and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_odometry" title="Visual odometry">Visual odometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision-guided_robot_systems" title="Vision-guided robot systems">Vision-guided robot systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_robotics" title="Evolutionary robotics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_kit" title="Robot kit">Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_simulator" title="Robotics simulator">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_suite" title="Robotics suite">Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_software" title="Robot software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptable_robotics" title="Adaptable robotics">Adaptable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_robotics" title="Developmental robotics">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" title="Human–robot interaction">Human–robot interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_paradigm" title="Robotic paradigm">Paradigms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptual_robotics" title="Perceptual robotics">Perceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situated_robotics" title="Situated robotics">Situated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_robot" title="Ubiquitous robot">Ubiquitous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Robotics" title="Amazon Robotics">Amazon Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anybots" title="Anybots">Anybots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett_Technology" title="Barrett Technology">Barrett Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Dynamics" title="Boston Dynamics">Boston Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energid_Technologies" title="Energid Technologies">Energid Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FarmWise" title="FarmWise">FarmWise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANUC" title="FANUC">FANUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_AI" title="Figure AI">Figure AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster-Miller" title="Foster-Miller">Foster-Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvest_Automation" title="Harvest Automation">Harvest Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeybee_Robotics" title="Honeybee Robotics">Honeybee Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRobot" title="IRobot">IRobot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KUKA" title="KUKA">KUKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Technologies" title="Starship Technologies">Starship Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbotic" title="Symbotic">Symbotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Robotics" title="Universal Robotics">Universal Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Robotics" title="Wolf Robotics">Wolf Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaskawa_Electric_Corporation" title="Yaskawa Electric Corporation">Yaskawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_exoskeleton" title="Powered exoskeleton">Powered exoskeleton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Workplace robotics safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_tech_vest" title="Robotic tech vest">Robotic tech vest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrainability" title="Terrainability">Terrainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Fictional robots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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