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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_War_Crimes_Tribunal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_War_Crimes_Tribunal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>United Nations War Crimes Tribunal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_War_Crimes_Tribunal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Other forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_babies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_babies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Of babies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Of_babies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_girls_before_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_girls_before_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>For girls before marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_girls_before_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>In slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Of_domestic_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Of_domestic_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Of domestic animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Of_domestic_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Of domestic animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Of_domestic_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_farming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_farming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In farming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_farming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>In scientific research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Force-feeding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="إطعام قسري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إطعام قسري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentaci%C3%B3_for%C3%A7ada" title="Alimentació forçada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alimentació forçada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucen%C3%A1_v%C3%BD%C5%BEiva" title="Nucená výživa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nucená výživa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvangsfodring" title="Tvangsfodring – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tvangsfodring" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwangsern%C3%A4hrung" title="Zwangsernährung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwangsernährung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trud-nutrado" title="Trud-nutrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trud-nutrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خورانیدن اجباری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خورانیدن اجباری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavage" title="Gavage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gavage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makan_paksa" title="Makan paksa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makan paksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentazione_forzata" title="Alimentazione forzata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alimentazione forzata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9B%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="הזנה בכפייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הזנה בכפייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makan_paksa" title="Makan paksa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Makan paksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwangvoeding" title="Dwangvoeding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dwangvoeding" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E6%91%82%E9%A3%9F" title="強制摂食 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強制摂食" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvangsf%C3%B4ring" title="Tvangsfôring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tvangsfôring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_for%C3%A7ada" title="Alimentação forçada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alimentação forçada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Принудительное кормление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Принудительное кормление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavaj" title="Gavaj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gavaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="جبری کھلانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جبری کھلانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E8%BF%AB%E5%96%82%E9%A3%9F" title="强迫喂食 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="强迫喂食" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2296926#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Practice of feeding a human or animal against their will</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gavage" redirects here. For the medical procedure in general, see <a href="/wiki/Feeding_tube" title="Feeding tube">Feeding tube</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forcefeeding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Forcefeeding.jpg/170px-Forcefeeding.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Forcefeeding.jpg/255px-Forcefeeding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Forcefeeding.jpg/340px-Forcefeeding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> is force-fed in <a href="/wiki/Holloway_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holloway (HM Prison)">HM Prison Holloway</a> in the UK during <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strikes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, approximately 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankhurst433_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankhurst433-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Force-feeding</b> is the practice of feeding a human or animal against their will. The term <i><b>gavage</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɡavaʒ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/89\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Roptat-gavage.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Roptat-gavage.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Roptat-gavage.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Roptat-gavage.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Roptat-gavage.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Roptat-gavage.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Roptat-gavage.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) refers to supplying a substance by means of a small plastic <a href="/wiki/Feeding_tube" title="Feeding tube">feeding tube</a> passed through the nose (<a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric tube">nasogastric</a>) or mouth (orogastric) into the stomach. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Of_humans">Of humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Of humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_psychiatric_settings">In psychiatric settings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In psychiatric settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within some countries,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> in extreme cases, patients with <a href="/wiki/Anorexia_nervosa" title="Anorexia nervosa">anorexia nervosa</a> who continually refuse significant dietary intake and weight restoration interventions may be <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">involuntarily</a> fed by force via <a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric feeding">nasogastric tube</a> under <a href="/wiki/Physical_restraint" title="Physical restraint">restraint</a> within specialist <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospitals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a practice may be highly distressing for both anorexia patients and healthcare staff.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_prisons">In prisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In prisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some countries force-feed prisoners when they go on <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a>. It has been prohibited since 1975 by the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Tokyo" title="Declaration of Tokyo">Declaration of Tokyo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Medical_Association" title="World Medical Association">World Medical Association</a>, provided that the prisoner is "capable of forming an unimpaired and rational judgment." The violation of this prohibition may be carried out in a manner that can be categorised as <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, as it may be extremely painful and result in severe bleeding and spreading of various diseases via the exchanged blood and mucus, especially when conducted with dirty equipment on a prison population.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large feeding pipes are traditionally used on hunger striking prisoners<sup id="cite_ref-BostonGlobe2005-12-30_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostonGlobe2005-12-30-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas thin pipes are preferred in hospitals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canadian government rejects the Declaration of Tokyo as made by the World Medical Association, and carries out the force-feeding of inmates against their will who reject any nourishment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djuna_Barnes_Clipping.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Djuna_Barnes_Clipping.jpg/220px-Djuna_Barnes_Clipping.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Djuna_Barnes_Clipping.jpg/330px-Djuna_Barnes_Clipping.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Djuna_Barnes_Clipping.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>Clipping from <i>World Magazine</i>, September 6, 1914</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragettes">Suffragettes</a> who had been imprisoned while campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Votes_for_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Votes for women">votes for women</a> went on hunger strike and were force fed. This lasted until the Prisoners Act of 1913, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Cat_and_Mouse_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat and Mouse Act">Cat and Mouse Act</a>, whereby debilitated prisoners would be released, allowed to recover, and then re-arrested. Rubber tubes were inserted through the mouth (only occasionally through the nose) and into the stomach, and food poured down; the suffragettes were held down by force while the instruments were inserted into their bodies, which has been likened to <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">rape</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a smuggled letter, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a> described how the warders held her down and forced her mouth open with a steel gag. Her gums bled, and she vomited most of the liquid.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a>, was horrified by the screams of women being force-fed in <a href="/wiki/Holloway_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holloway (HM Prison)">HM Prison Holloway</a>. She wrote: "Holloway became a place of horror and torment. Sickening scenes of violence took place almost every hour of the day, as the doctors went from cell to cell performing their hideous office. ...I shall never while I live forget the suffering I experienced during the days when those cries were ringing in my ears." When prison officials tried to enter her cell, Pankhurst, in order to avoid being force-fed, raised a clay jug over her head and announced: "If any of you dares so much as to take one step inside this cell, I shall defend myself."<sup id="cite_ref-Pankhurst252_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankhurst252-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1911, <a href="/wiki/William_Ball_(suffragist)" title="William Ball (suffragist)">Wiliam Ball</a>, a male working class supporter who had broken two windows and consequently been sentenced to two months, was given this treatment and then separated from contact with his family, leading to his clandestine transfer to a mental hospital. This case was taken up by groups such as WSPU and the <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_League_for_Women%27s_Suffrage_(United_Kingdom)" title="Men's League for Women's Suffrage (United Kingdom)">Men's League for Women's Suffrage</a>, whose pamphlet on the case had the subtitle <i>Official Brutality on the increase.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_-_Votes_for_Women_-_Man_Prisoner_Fed_by_Force,_March_1911._(22896718036).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Poster_-_Votes_for_Women_-_Man_Prisoner_Fed_by_Force%2C_March_1911._%2822896718036%29.jpg/100px-Poster_-_Votes_for_Women_-_Man_Prisoner_Fed_by_Force%2C_March_1911._%2822896718036%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Poster_-_Votes_for_Women_-_Man_Prisoner_Fed_by_Force%2C_March_1911._%2822896718036%29.jpg/150px-Poster_-_Votes_for_Women_-_Man_Prisoner_Fed_by_Force%2C_March_1911._%2822896718036%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Poster_-_Votes_for_Women_-_Man_Prisoner_Fed_by_Force%2C_March_1911._%2822896718036%29.jpg/200px-Poster_-_Votes_for_Women_-_Man_Prisoner_Fed_by_Force%2C_March_1911._%2822896718036%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2360" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>1911 Votes for Women poster about William Ball (suffragist)</figcaption></figure><p> The first woman in Scotland to be force fed was <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Moorhead" title="Ethel Moorhead">Ethel Moorhead</a>, in <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_House" title="St Andrew's House">Calton Jail</a>, who despite being under medical supervision became seriously ill.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governor, Major William Stewart, argued that her illness was not caused by the feeding regime, but also said: </p><blockquote><p>We must face the fact that artificial feeding is attended with risk and we must teach [suffragette prisoners] that, while we appreciate the risks, we are quite prepared to go on and will not be deterred from detaining people like [Moorhead] because there is a risk to their health, if we take the necessary steps to make sure their detention is effective... They have the idea that they can frighten us by pointing out the risk to health.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>But the governor also recognised that there was a risk of the public deciding that prison authorities were "going too far".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Moorhead's release, the WPSU published a handbill, <i>Scotland Disgraced and Dishonoured</i>, with Moorhead describing her experience being fed by force: </p> <blockquote> <p>The tube filled up all my breathing space, I couldn't breathe. The young man began pouring in the liquid food. </p><p> I heard the noises I was making of choking and suffocation – uncouth noises human beings are not intended to make and which might be made by a vivisected dog. Still he kept on pouring.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Parker" title="Frances Parker">Frances Parker</a>, another Scottish suffragette, was being force-fed by the rectum (a <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">nutrient enema</a>, a standard procedure before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous therapy</a>) and once by the vagina<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Perth" title="HM Prison Perth">Perth prison</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thursday morning, 16th July ... the three wardresses appeared again. One of them said that if I did not resist, she would send the others away and do what she had come to do as gently and as decently as possible. I consented. This was another attempt to feed me by the rectum, and was done in a cruel way, causing me great pain. She returned some time later and said she had "something else" to do. I took it to be another attempt to feed me in the same way, but it proved to be a grosser and more indecent outrage, which could have been done for no other purpose than torture. It was followed by soreness, which lasted for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Djuna_Barnes" title="Djuna Barnes">Djuna Barnes</a>, an American journalist, agreed to submit to force-feeding for a 1914 <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i> magazine article. Barnes wrote, "If I, play acting, felt my being burning with revolt at this brutal usurpation of my own functions, how they who actually suffered the ordeal in its acutest horror must have flamed at the violation of the sanctuaries of their spirits." She concluded, "I had shared the greatest experience of the bravest of my sex."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authorities within the United Kingdom used forcible feeding techniques against <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicans">Irish Republicans</a> during their struggle for independence. In 1917 the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish republican</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe" title="Thomas Ashe">Thomas Ashe</a> died as a result of complications from such a feeding while incarcerated at <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mountjoy_Prison" title="Mountjoy Prison">Mountjoy Jail</a>. In 1973 four Irish Republican prisoners were force fed over a 200-day period. <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Kelly" title="Gerry Kelly">Gerry Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Feeney" title="Hugh Feeney">Hugh Feeney</a> and sisters Delores and <a href="/wiki/Marian_Price" title="Marian Price">Marian Price</a> were force-fed while on hunger strike in separate British prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 two <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Irish Republican Army</a> members (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Gaughan_(Irish_republican)" title="Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)">Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stagg_(Irish_republican)" title="Frank Stagg (Irish republican)">Frank Stagg (Irish republican)</a> were force-fed while on hunger strike. Gaughan was subjected to 17 force-feedings during a hunger strike in <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Wakefield" title="HM Prison Wakefield">HM Prison Wakefield</a>, England. Gaughan had demanded repatriation to Ireland, an end to solitary confinement and no prison work. The force-feeding procedure was described: "Six to eight guards would restrain the prisoner and drag him or her by the hair to the top of the bed, where they would stretch the prisoner’s neck over the metal rail, force a block between his or her teeth and then pass a feeding tube, which extended down the throat, through a hole in the block." In 1974 Frank Stagg was force-fed for 68 days and survived but died on another hunger strike in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_hunger_strikes" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo hunger strikes">Guantanamo hunger strikes</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Byrne" title="Ethel Byrne">Ethel Byrne</a> was the first female political prisoner in the United States to be subjected to force feeding<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after she was jailed at Blackwell Island <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouse</a> on January 22, 1917, for her activism in advocating for the legalization of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control#Birth_control_movement" title="Birth control">birth control</a>. She subsequently went on a <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a> and refused to drink water for 185 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restraint_chair_used_for_enteral_feeding_-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Restraint_chair_used_for_enteral_feeding_-b.jpg/220px-Restraint_chair_used_for_enteral_feeding_-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Restraint_chair_used_for_enteral_feeding_-b.jpg/330px-Restraint_chair_used_for_enteral_feeding_-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Restraint_chair_used_for_enteral_feeding_-b.jpg/440px-Restraint_chair_used_for_enteral_feeding_-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo</a> captives who will not comply with force-feeding have their arms, legs and head restrained in a feeding chair. They remain strapped in the chair until the nutrient is digested, to prevent induced vomiting.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Force-feeding" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Force-feeding">Force-feeding</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>Under United States jurisdiction, force-feeding is frequently used in the U.S. military prison in <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detainment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo Bay detainment camp">Guantanamo Bay</a>, prompting in March 2006 an open letter by 250 doctors in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a></i>, warning that the participation of any doctor is contrary to the rules of the <a href="/wiki/World_Medical_Association" title="World Medical Association">World Medical Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bbc2006-03-10_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bbc2006-03-10-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BostonGlobe2005-12-30_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BostonGlobe2005-12-30-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2009 case <i><a href="/wiki/Lantz_v._Coleman" title="Lantz v. Coleman">Lantz v. Coleman</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Connecticut Superior Court authorized the state Department of Correction to force-feed a competent prisoner who had refused to eat voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, terrorist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Reid_(shoe_bomber)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Reid (shoe bomber)">Richard Reid</a>, known as the "shoe bomber," was force-fed while on a hunger strike at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Penitentiary,_Florence_ADX" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX">United States Penitentiary, Florence ADX</a>, the federal <a href="/wiki/Supermax" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermax">supermax</a> prison in Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of force-feedings have been reported at ADX Florence.<sup id="cite_ref-CleanHell_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CleanHell-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forced feeding has also been used by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a> against detained asylum seekers on hunger strike.<sup id="cite_ref-AP2019-02-08_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP2019-02-08-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> expressed that such treatment of detainees could constitute a breach of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">United Nations Convention against Torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP2019-02-08_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP2019-02-08-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Associated Press quoted one 22-year old asylum seeker who alleged that "he was dragged from his cell three times a day and strapped down on a bed as a group of people poured liquid into tubes inserted into his nose."<sup id="cite_ref-AP2019-02-08_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP2019-02-08-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Soviet dissident <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a> described how he was force-fed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The feeding pipe was thick, thicker than my nostril, and would not go in. Blood came gushing out of my nose and tears down my cheeks, but they kept pushing until the cartilages cracked. I guess I would have screamed if I could, but I could not with the pipe in my throat. I could breathe neither in nor out at first; I wheezed like a drowning man — my lungs felt ready to burst. The doctor also seemed ready to burst into tears, but she kept shoving the pipe farther and farther down. Only when it reached my stomach could I resume breathing, carefully. Then she poured some slop through a funnel into the pipe that would choke me if it came back up. They held me down for another half-hour so that the liquid was absorbed by my stomach and could not be vomited back, and then began to pull the pipe out bit by bit.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>"The unfortunate patients had their mouth clamped shut, had a rubber tube inserted into their mouth or nostril. They keep on pressing it down until it reaches your esophagus. A funnel is attached to the other end of the tube and a cabbage-like mixture poured down the tube and through to the stomach. This was an unhealthy practice, as the food might have gone into their lungs and caused <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Nations_War_Crimes_Tribunal">United Nations War Crimes Tribunal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Nations War Crimes Tribunal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 6, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_War_Crimes_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations War Crimes Tribunal">United Nations War Crimes Tribunal</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> approved the use of force-feeding of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbian</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Vojislav Šešelj</a>. They decided it was not "torture, <a href="/wiki/Inhuman_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhuman or degrading treatment">inhuman or degrading treatment</a> if there is a medical necessity to do so... and if the manner in which the detainee is force-fed is not inhuman or degrading."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed a law allowing the force-feeding of prisoners in response to a hunger strike by a Palestinian detainee who had been held for months in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_detention" title="Administrative detention">administrative detention</a>. Israeli doctors refused to feed Mohammad Allan against his will, and he resumed eating after the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court</a> temporarily released him.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forced feeding has been ordered by Greek courts against hunger strikes at different times including in 2021 when a Greek prosecutor proposed the force-feeding of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Organization_17_November" title="Revolutionary Organization 17 November">Dimitris Koufontinas</a> in the effort of stopping Koufontinas's 65 day hunger and water strike which started in February 2021. The doctors of the hospital of <a href="/wiki/Lamia_(city)" title="Lamia (city)">Lamia</a>, where Koufodinas was hospitalised refused to administer force feeding procedures,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Greek doctors' union has called the practice torture.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar situation played out in 2014 when 21 year old convicted <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> bank robber and childhood friend of <a href="/wiki/2008_Greek_riots" title="2008 Greek riots">Alexandros Grigoropoulos</a>, Nikos Romanos who engaged in a hunger-strike for access to education which lead to a force-feeding being ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanos successfully resisted the force-feeding order with the help of his doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanos terminated his hunger-thirst strike after 30 days having won access to a university education.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_forms">Other forms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Force-feeding of pernicious substances may be used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Physical_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical punishment">physical punishment</a>. While in prison in northern Bosnia in 1996, some Serbian prisoners have described being forced to eat paper and soap.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes it has been alleged that prisoners are forced to eat foods forbidden by their religion. The <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> has reported that Muslim prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_prison" title="Abu Ghraib prison">Abu Ghraib prison</a> under the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraq (2003–2011)">U.S.-led coalition</a> described in sworn statements having been forced to eat pork and drink alcohol, both of which are strictly <a href="/wiki/Haraam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraam">forbidden in Islam</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Of_babies">Of babies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Of babies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Gavage%27_method_of_infant_feeding_used_in_France._Wellcome_L0001803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%27Gavage%27_method_of_infant_feeding_used_in_France._Wellcome_L0001803.jpg/220px-%27Gavage%27_method_of_infant_feeding_used_in_France._Wellcome_L0001803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%27Gavage%27_method_of_infant_feeding_used_in_France._Wellcome_L0001803.jpg/330px-%27Gavage%27_method_of_infant_feeding_used_in_France._Wellcome_L0001803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/%27Gavage%27_method_of_infant_feeding_used_in_France._Wellcome_L0001803.jpg/440px-%27Gavage%27_method_of_infant_feeding_used_in_France._Wellcome_L0001803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption>"Gavage" method of infant feeding used in France, late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i>Infant feeding by artificial means: a scientific and practical treatise on the dietetics of infancy<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>, a French system of feeding newborn or <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature babies</a> who could not suckle was known as <i>gavage</i>. Sadler dates its origin to 1874 and quotes <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_St%C3%A9phane_Tarnier" title="Étienne Stéphane Tarnier">Étienne Stéphane Tarnier</a>, a pioneer perinatologist, describing the procedure. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, infants in a <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit" title="Neonatal intensive care unit">neonatal intensive care unit</a> are likely to be fed by <a href="/wiki/Nasogastric_intubation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasogastric intubation">nasogastric or sometimes orogastric tubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="For_girls_before_marriage">For girls before marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: For girls before marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Leblouh</a></div> <p>Force-feeding used to be practiced in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and still is in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>. Fatness was considered a marriage asset in women; culturally, <a href="/wiki/Voluptuous" title="Voluptuous">voluptuous</a> figures were perceived as indicators of wealth. In this tradition, some girls are forced by their mothers or grandmothers to overeat, often accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Physical_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical punishment">physical punishment</a> (e.g., pressing a finger between two pieces of wood) should the girl not eat. The intended result is a rapid onset of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, and the practice may start at a young age and continue for years. This is still the tradition in the rather undernourished <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> country <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> (where it is called <a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">leblouh</a>), where it induces major health risks in the female population; some younger men no longer insist on voluptuous brides, but traditional beauty norms remain part of the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_slavery">In slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Africans on the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a> journey to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a> tried to take their own lives by starving themselves, and were force fed with a contraption called the <i><a href="/wiki/Speculum_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculum (medical)">speculum</a> orum</i>. This device forced the slave's mouth open in order to be fed.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Of_domestic_animals">Of domestic animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Of domestic animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Force-feeding has been used to prepare animals for slaughter. In some cases, such as is the case with ducks and geese raised for <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peking_duck" title="Peking duck">peking duck</a>, it is still practiced today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_farming">In farming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In farming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">Foie gras</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulard_duck_being_force_fed_corn_in_order_to_fatten_its_liver_for_foie_gras_production.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mulard_duck_being_force_fed_corn_in_order_to_fatten_its_liver_for_foie_gras_production.jpg/250px-Mulard_duck_being_force_fed_corn_in_order_to_fatten_its_liver_for_foie_gras_production.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mulard_duck_being_force_fed_corn_in_order_to_fatten_its_liver_for_foie_gras_production.jpg/375px-Mulard_duck_being_force_fed_corn_in_order_to_fatten_its_liver_for_foie_gras_production.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mulard_duck_being_force_fed_corn_in_order_to_fatten_its_liver_for_foie_gras_production.jpg/500px-Mulard_duck_being_force_fed_corn_in_order_to_fatten_its_liver_for_foie_gras_production.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a> groups object to force-feeding of birds. Here a <a href="/wiki/Mulard_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulard duck">Mulard duck</a> is being force fed corn in order to fatten its liver for <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a> production.</figcaption></figure> <p>Force-feeding is also known as gavage, from the <a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">verbal noun</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/French_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="French verb">French verb</a> <i>gaver</i> meaning "to gorge". This term specifically refers to force-feeding of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_duck" title="Domestic duck">ducks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_goose" title="Domestic goose">geese</a> in order to fatten their livers in the production of <a href="/wiki/Foie_gras" title="Foie gras">foie gras</a>. </p><p>Force-feeding of birds is practiced mostly on geese or male Moulard ducks, a Muscovy/Pekin hybrid. Preparation for gavage usually begins four to five months before slaughter. For geese, after an initial free-range period and treatment to assist in esophagus dilation (eating grass, for example), the force-feeding commences. Gavage is performed two to four times a day for two to five weeks, depending on the size of the fowl, using a funnel attached to a slim metal or plastic feeding tube inserted into the bird's throat to deposit the food into the bird's <a href="/wiki/Crop_(anatomy)" title="Crop (anatomy)">crop</a> (the storage area in the esophagus). A grain mash, usually maize mixed with fats and vitamin supplements, is the feed of choice. Waterfowl are suited to the tube method due to a non-existent <a href="/wiki/Gag_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag reflex">gag reflex</a> and an extremely flexible esophagus, unlike other fowl such as chickens. These <a href="/wiki/Migratory_waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Migratory waterfowl">migratory waterfowl</a> are also said to be ideal for gavage because of their natural ability to gain large amounts of weight in short periods of time before cold seasons. </p><p>In modern Egypt, the practice of fattening geese and male <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_duck" title="Muscovy duck">Muscovy ducks</a> by force-feeding them various grains is present, unrelated to foie gras production, but for general consumption. This is done by hand rather than by tube, as is European force-feeding. However, this practice is not widespread on commercial farms, and is done mostly by individuals. The term used for this is <i>tazġīṭ</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تزغيط</span></span>), from the verb <i>zaġġaṭ(a)</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">زغّط</span></span>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shen_Dzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shen Dzu">Shen Dzu</a> is a similar practice of force-feeding pigs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_scientific_research">In scientific research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gavage is used in some scientific studies such as those involving the rate of metabolism. It is practiced upon various <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory animal">laboratory animals</a>, such as mice. Liquids such as medicines may be administered to the animals via a tube or syringe.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pankhurst433-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pankhurst433_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924091023840"><i>The Suffragette</i></a>. New York: Sturgis & Walton Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924091023840/page/n514">433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suffragette&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Sturgis+%26+Walton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924091023840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185808/https://www.lexico.com/definition/gavage">"gavage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/gavage">the original</a> on 2020-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=gavage&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fgavage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/gavage">"Gavage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gavage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgavage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-gavage" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=gavage">"gavage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=gavage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dgavage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoduaMackenzieSmyth2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kodua, Michael; Mackenzie, Jay-Marie; Smyth, Nina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/qzxqv/nursing-assistants-experiences-of-administering-manual-restraint-for-compulsory-nasogastric-feeding-of-young-persons-with-anorexia-nervosa">"Nursing assistants' experiences of administering manual restraint for compulsory nasogastric feeding of young persons with anorexia nervosa"</a>. <i>International Journal of Mental Health Nursing</i>. <b>29</b> (6): 1181–1191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Finm.12758">10.1111/inm.12758</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1447-0349">1447-0349</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32578949">32578949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220046454">220046454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.atitle=Nursing+assistants%27+experiences+of+administering+manual+restraint+for+compulsory+nasogastric+feeding+of+young+persons+with+anorexia+nervosa&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1181-1191&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1447-0349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220046454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32578949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Finm.12758&rft.aulast=Kodua&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+Jay-Marie&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwestminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk%2Fitem%2Fqzxqv%2Fnursing-assistants-experiences-of-administering-manual-restraint-for-compulsory-nasogastric-feeding-of-young-persons-with-anorexia-nervosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4569626.stm">"UN concern at Guantanamo feeding."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BostonGlobe2005-12-30-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BostonGlobe2005-12-30_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BostonGlobe2005-12-30_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2005" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Charlie (2005-12-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314210209/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/12/30/46_guantanamo_detainees_join_hunger_strike/">"46 Guantanamo detainees join hunger strike"</a>. Boston Globe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2005/12/30/46_guantanamo_detainees_join_hunger_strike/">the original</a> on 2010-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=46+Guantanamo+detainees+join+hunger+strike&rft.date=2005-12-30&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fwashington%2Farticles%2F2005%2F12%2F30%2F46_guantanamo_detainees_join_hunger_strike%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara1983" class="citation magazine cs1">O'Hara, Jane (November 7, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109015009/https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1983/11/7/force-feeding-to-end-a-fast">"Force feeding to end a fast"</a>. <i>Maclean's</i>. Canada: St. Joseph Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.macleans.ca/article/1983/11/7/force-feeding-to-end-a-fast">the original</a> on 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Force+feeding+to+end+a+fast&rft.date=1983-11-07&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.macleans.ca%2Farticle%2F1983%2F11%2F7%2Fforce-feeding-to-end-a-fast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/politiques-et-lois/800-1-gl-eng.shtml">"Hunger Strike: Managing an Inmate's Health"</a>. <i>Correctional Service Canada</i>. Government of Canada. 2015-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-06</span></span>. <q>As prolonged engagement in a hunger strike may cause serious personal injury/harm and/or death, Do Not Resuscitate Orders and directions regarding care within Advance Directives do not apply. For any inmate who loses capacity to make a conscious choice, or becomes unconscious, the Correctional Service of Canada (CSC) staff will intervene to preserve life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Correctional+Service+Canada&rft.atitle=Hunger+Strike%3A+Managing+an+Inmate%27s+Health&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csc-scc.gc.ca%2Fpolitiques-et-lois%2F800-1-gl-eng.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Purvis, June; <i>Emmeline Pankhurst</i>, London: Routledge, p 134, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23978-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23978-8">0-415-23978-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Pugh_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Pugh (author)">Pugh, Martin</a>; <i>The Pankhursts</i>, UK: Penguin Books, 2001, p 259, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029038-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029038-9">0-14-029038-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pankhurst252-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pankhurst252_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPankhurst1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Emmeline</a> (1914). <i>My Own Story</i>. London: Virago Limited (1979). pp. 251 & 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86068-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86068-057-4"><bdi>978-0-86068-057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Own+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pages=251+%26+252&rft.pub=Virago+Limited+%281979%29&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-0-86068-057-4&rft.aulast=Pankhurst&rft.aufirst=Emmeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/object/287479.html">"Museum of London | Free museum in London"</a>. <i>collections.museumoflondon.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.museumoflondon.org.uk&rft.atitle=Museum+of+London+%7C+Free+museum+in+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.museumoflondon.org.uk%2Fonline%2Fobject%2F287479.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johndclare.net/Women1_Forcefeeding_Purvis_Moorhead.htm">"Force Feeding Purvis Moorhead"</a>. <i>www.johndclare.net</i>. May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.johndclare.net&rft.atitle=Force+Feeding+Purvis+Moorhead&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johndclare.net%2FWomen1_Forcefeeding_Purvis_Moorhead.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Diane (2018). <i>Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes</i>. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 471, 505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-4404-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-4404-5"><bdi>978-1-4088-4404-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016848621">1016848621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+up%2C+women%21+%3A+the+remarkable+lives+of+the+suffragettes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=471%2C+505&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016848621&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-4404-5&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBird2009" class="citation web cs1">Bird, Jackie (2009-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/scottish-suffragettes-braved-hunger-strikers-1038815">"Scottish suffragettes braved hunger strikers, prison and violence to win vote"</a>. <i>dailyrecord</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailyrecord&rft.atitle=Scottish+suffragettes+braved+hunger+strikers%2C+prison+and+violence+to+win+vote&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft.aulast=Bird&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-world-news%2Fscottish-suffragettes-braved-hunger-strikers-1038815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johndclare.net/Women1_Forcefeeding_Purvis.htm">"Force-feeding extracts from Purvis"</a>. <i>www.johndclare.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Carroll & Graf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7867-1667-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7867-1667-3">0-7867-1667-3</a>. p 163–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Miller, Ian (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epidemic-belfast.com/hunger-strikers-and-force-feeding-during-the-troubles/#:~:text=In%20the%20mid-1970s%2C%20the%20force-feeding%20of%20Northern%20Irish,prisons%20since%20the%20suffragette%20hunger%20strikes%20of%201909-14.">"Hunger Strikers and Force-Feeding during the Troubles"</a>. <i>Epidemic Belfast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-03-15</span></span>. <q>The letter, in the medical journal The Lancet, said doctors who used restraints and force-feeding should be punished by their professional bodies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Doctors+attack+U.S.+over+Guantanamo&rft.date=2006-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F4790742.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100314154838/http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/2719">"Gitmo Hunger Strikers' Numbers Grow"</a>. 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London. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b2150040x/page/18">18</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infant+feeding+by+artificial+means%3A+a+scientific+and+practical+treatise+on+the+dietetics+of+infancy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Sadler&rft.aufirst=S+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb2150040x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadler1896" class="citation book cs1">Sadler, S H (1896). 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"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest". <i>Nature</i>. <b>444</b> (7122): 1027–1031. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.444.1027T">2006Natur.444.1027T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05414">10.1038/nature05414</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17183312">17183312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4400297">4400297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=An+obesity-associated+gut+microbiome+with+increased+capacity+for+energy+harvest&rft.volume=444&rft.issue=7122&rft.pages=1027-1031&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4400297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17183312&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.444.1027T&rft.aulast=Turnbaugh&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Ley%2C+Ruth+E.&rft.au=Mahowald%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Magrini%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Mardis%2C+Elaine+R.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Jeffrey+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce-feeding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>BBC 1 TV programme "Force-fed" November 2, 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Force-feeding&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/How_It_Feels_to_Be_Forcibly_Fed" class="extiw" title="wikisource:How It Feels to Be Forcibly Fed">How It Feels to Be Forcibly Fed</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071204143141/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/GITMO_MedicalSOPs.pdf">Voluntary and Voluntary Total Fasting and Refeeding</a>, Detention Hospital, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopgavage.com/en/index.php">Manifesto for the abolition of force-feeding</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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