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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emotional_and_psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional_and_psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Emotional and psychological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional_and_psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Physical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexually_transmitted_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sexually transmitted infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexually_transmitted_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victim_blaming,_secondary_victimization_and_other_mistreatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victim_blaming,_secondary_victimization_and_other_mistreatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Victim blaming, secondary victimization and other mistreatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victim_blaming,_secondary_victimization_and_other_mistreatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honor_killings_and_forced_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honor_killings_and_forced_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Honor killings and forced marriages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honor_killings_and_forced_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-genital_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-genital_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Non-genital injuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-genital_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Physical assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnostic_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnostic_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Diagnostic testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnostic_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forensic_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forensic_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Forensic sampling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forensic_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_examination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_examination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 After the examination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_examination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genital_injuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genital_injuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Genital injuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genital_injuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emotional_and_psychiatric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emotional_and_psychiatric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Emotional and psychiatric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emotional_and_psychiatric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prosecution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prosecution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prosecution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prosecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Reporting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conviction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conviction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Conviction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conviction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-False_accusation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_accusation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 False accusation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_accusation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions_and_evolution_of_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions_and_evolution_of_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Definitions and evolution of laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions_and_evolution_of_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_rape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_rape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 War rape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_rape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rape</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" > 100 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkragting" title="Verkragting – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verkragting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اغتصاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اغتصاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol" title="Viol – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Viol" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="ধৰ্ষণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ধৰ্ষণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaci%C3%B3n" title="Violación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Violación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poreno_rair%C3%B5me" title="Poreno rairõme – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Poreno rairõme" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorlama" title="Zorlama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zorlama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="ধর্ষণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধর্ষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Згвалтаванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Згвалтаванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Згвалтаваньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Згвалтаваньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panlulugos" title="Panlulugos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Panlulugos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Изнасилване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изнасилване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%99%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བཙན་གཡེམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བཙན་གཡེམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silovanje" title="Silovanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Silovanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwallerezh" title="Gwallerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwallerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaci%C3%B3" title="Violació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Violació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zn%C3%A1siln%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Znásilnění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znásilnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trais_rhywiol" title="Trais rhywiol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trais rhywiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voldt%C3%A6gt" title="Voldtægt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Voldtægt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="غتيصاب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="غتيصاب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergewaltigung" title="Vergewaltigung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vergewaltigung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4gistamine" title="Vägistamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vägistamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Βιασμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιασμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaci%C3%B3n" title="Violación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Violación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seksatenco" title="Seksatenco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Seksatenco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bortxaketa" title="Bortxaketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bortxaketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تجاوز جنسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجاوز جنسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol" title="Viol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Viol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferkr%C3%AAfting" title="Ferkrêfting – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferkrêfting" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89igni%C3%BA" title="Éigniú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éigniú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaci%C3%B3n" title="Violación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Violación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EA%B0%84" title="강간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="강간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բռնաբարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բռնաբարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बलात्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बलात्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silovanje" title="Silovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Silovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaco" title="Violaco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Violaco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerkosaan" title="Pemerkosaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerkosaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukudlwengula" title="Ukudlwengula – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukudlwengula" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nau%C3%B0gun" title="Nauðgun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nauðgun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violenza_sessuale" title="Violenza sessuale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Violenza sessuale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="אונס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruda_peksa" title="Ruda peksa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ruda peksa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97" title="ಬಲಾತ್ಕಾರದ ಸಂಭೋಗ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಲಾತ್ಕಾರದ ಸಂಭೋಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გაუპატიურება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაუპატიურება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Зорлау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зорлау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubakaji" title="Ubakaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubakaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadejak" title="Kadejak – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kadejak" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Зордуктоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зордуктоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuprum" title="Stuprum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stuprum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvaro%C5%A1ana" title="Izvarošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izvarošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergewaltegung" title="Vergewaltegung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vergewaltegung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1prievartavimas" title="Išprievartavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išprievartavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkrachting" title="Verkrachting – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Verkrachting" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बलात्कार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बलात्कार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ബലാത്സംഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബലാത്സംഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बलात्कार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बलात्कार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اغتصاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اغتصاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogol" title="Rogol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rogol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B2ng-g%C4%83ng" title="Giòng-găng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Giòng-găng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="မုဒိမ်းမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မုဒိမ်းမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkrachting" title="Verkrachting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verkrachting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बलात्कार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बलात्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%A7%A6" title="強姦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="強姦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voldtekt" title="Voldtekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Voldtekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdtekt" title="Valdtekt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valdtekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C3%B2l" title="Viòl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Viòl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudeeddii" title="Gudeeddii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Gudeeddii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਜ਼ਬਰ ਜ਼ਨਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਬਰ ਜ਼ਨਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="عصمت دری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عصمت دری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جنسي تېری – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جنسي تېری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwa%C5%82t" title="Gwałt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwałt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estupro" title="Estupro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estupro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol" title="Viol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Viol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuquspa_allquchay" title="Yuquspa allquchay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuquspa allquchay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Изнасилование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Изнасилование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape" title="Rape – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rape" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrdhunimi" title="Përdhunimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përdhunimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="දූෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දූෂණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape" title="Rape – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rape" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zn%C3%A1silnenie" title="Znásilnenie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Znásilnenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posilstvo" title="Posilstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Posilstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="دەستدرێژیی سێکسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەستدرێژیی سێکسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse without consent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a form of human sexual assault. For rape among non-human animals, see <a href="/wiki/Sexual_coercion_among_animals" title="Sexual coercion among animals">Sexual coercion among animals</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rape_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rape (disambiguation)">Rape (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rape_of_Tamar_-_Le_Seur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rape_of_Tamar_-_Le_Seur.jpg/250px-Rape_of_Tamar_-_Le_Seur.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rape_of_Tamar_-_Le_Seur.jpg/375px-Rape_of_Tamar_-_Le_Seur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Rape_of_Tamar_-_Le_Seur.jpg/500px-Rape_of_Tamar_-_Le_Seur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="3704" /></a><figcaption>The Rape of <a href="/wiki/Tamar_(daughter_of_David)" title="Tamar (daughter of David)">Tamar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Eustache_Le_Sueur" title="Eustache Le Sueur">Eustache Le Sueur</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1640</figcaption></figure><style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rape</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">Acquaintance rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault_of_LGBT_persons" title="Sexual assault of LGBT persons">LGBT victims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-facilitated_sexual_assault" title="Drug-facilitated sexual assault">Drug-facilitated rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">Date rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">Gang rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">Genocidal rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_rape" title="Gray rape">Gray rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_streaming_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Live streaming sexual abuse">Live streaming rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">Prison rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_chant" title="Rape chant">Rape chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">Statutory rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unacknowledged_rape" title="Unacknowledged rape">Unacknowledged rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">Rape by deception</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Effects and motivations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_and_aftermath_of_rape" title="Effects and aftermath of rape">Effects and aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_associated_with_being_a_victim_of_sexual_violence" title="Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence">Factors involved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_movement" title="Rape crisis movement">Rape crisis movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_trauma_syndrome" title="Rape trauma syndrome">Rape trauma syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinstein_effect" title="Weinstein effect">Weinstein effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_victimisation" title="Secondary victimisation">Secondary victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">Sociobiological theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Afghanistan" title="Rape in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Belgium" title="Rape in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_China" title="Rape in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Finland" title="Sexual violence in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_France" title="Rape in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Germany" title="Rape in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Pakistan" title="Rape in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Philippines" title="Rape in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rape in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Sexual violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Sweden" title="Rape in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_offences_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sexual offences in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_United_States" title="Rape in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">During conflicts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Rape during the Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li>World War II <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht#Rape" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Italian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Imperial Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Occupation of Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Liberation of France</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Vietnam_War" title="Rape during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_against_Tamils_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Rape during the Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Bosnian_War" title="Rape during the Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Rape during the Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_First_and_Second_Congo_Wars" title="Rape during the First and Second Congo Wars">Congo Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Darfur_genocide" title="Rape during the Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Iraqi_insurgency" title="Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency">ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Rape during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Tigray_war" title="Sexual violence in the Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Sexual violence in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li>Israeli–Palestinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">By Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_against_Palestinians_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Sexual and gender-based violence against Palestinians during the Israel–Hamas war">By Israel</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape_laws_by_country" title="Marital rape laws by country">Marital rape laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marry-your-rapist_law" title="Marry-your-rapist law">Marry-your-rapist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_shield_law" title="Rape shield law">Rape shield law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_investigation" title="Rape investigation">Rape investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_kit" title="Rape kit">Rape kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Sexual consent in law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_movement" title="Anti-rape movement">Anti-rape movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence statistics">Sexual violence statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History of rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">Military sexual trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Preventive measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">Rape of males</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-rape_device" title="Anti-rape device">Anti-rape device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_crisis_centre" title="Rape crisis centre">Rape crisis centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">Rape myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge" title="Rape and revenge">Rape and revenge films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_fantasy" title="Rape fantasy">Rape fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_schedule" title="Rape schedule">Rape schedule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_threat" title="Rape threat">Rape threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sex and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_predator" title="Sexual predator">Sexual predator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_trauma_therapy" title="Sexual trauma therapy">Sexual trauma therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <dl><dt>Portals</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></dd></dl></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rape_sidebar" title="Template:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rape_sidebar" title="Template talk:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rape_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rape sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Rape is a type of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>, or other forms of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">sexual penetration</a>, carried out against a person without their <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a>. The act may be carried out by physical force, <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive power and control">abuse of authority</a>, or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconscious</a>, incapacitated, has an <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>, or is below the legal <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The term rape is sometimes casually inaccurately used interchangeably with the term sexual assault.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions. Internationally, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> to 92.9 in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> with 6.3 in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">median</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unodc1-4">[4]</a> Worldwide, reported instances of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>, including rape, are primarily committed by males against females.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males_by_males" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of males by males">male-on-male</a> <a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">prison rapes</a> are common and may be the least reported forms of rape.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">war rape</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> can occur during international conflict. These practices are <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>. Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> when committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group. People who have been raped can be <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">traumatized</a> and develop <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aaets-9">[9]</a> Serious injuries can result along with the risk of <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>. A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, sometimes, from the victim's family and relatives.<a href="#cite_note-zeenews.india-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-wisemuslimwomen-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-12">[12]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The term rape originates from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rapere" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/rapere">rapere</a> (supine stem raptum), "to snatch, to grab, to carry off".<a href="#cite_note-cor-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kei-14">[14]</a> In Roman law, the carrying off of a woman by force, with or without intercourse, constituted "raptus".<a href="#cite_note-Kei-14">[14]</a> In <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval English</a> law the same term could refer to either kidnapping or rape in the modern sense of "sexual violation".<a href="#cite_note-cor-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The original meaning of "carry off by force" is still found in some phrases, such as "rape and pillage", or in titles, such as the stories of the <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">The Rape of Europa</a> or the poem <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Lock" title="The Rape of the Lock">The Rape of the Lock</a>, which is about the theft of a lock of hair. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types of rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Laws regarding rape</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rape_by_gender" title="Rape by gender">Rape by gender</a></div> Rape is defined in most jurisdictions as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>, or other forms of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">sexual penetration</a>, committed by a perpetrator against a victim without their <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Book04-16">[16]</a> The definition of rape is inconsistent between governmental health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions.<a href="#cite_note-Maier2008-17">[17]</a> It has varied historically and culturally.<a href="#cite_note-Book04-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maier2008-17">[17]</a> Originally, rape had no sexual connotation and is still used in other contexts in English. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, it or raptus was classified as a form of crimen vis, "crime of assault".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Raptus referred to the abduction of a woman against the will of the man under whose authority she lived, and sexual intercourse was not a necessary element. Other definitions of rape have changed over time. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia considered rape as a crime that required coercion or force or threat of force against the victim or a third person.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Until 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) considered rape a crime solely committed by men against women. In 2012, they changed their definition from "The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will" to "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or <a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">oral penetration</a> by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The updated definition still excluded from the definition of rape men forced to penetrate women, which is generally recognized as the academic definition of rape.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> However, it recognized any gender of victim and perpetrator and that rape with an object can be as traumatic as penile/vaginal rape. The bureau further describes instances when the victim is unable to give consent because of mental or physical incapacity. It recognizes that a victim can be incapacitated by drugs and alcohol and unable to give valid consent. The definition does not change federal or state criminal codes or impact charging and prosecution on the federal, state, or local level; it rather means that rape will be more accurately reported nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) defines rape as a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Krug2002-25">[25]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">sexual violence</a>. The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including <a href="/wiki/Drug-facilitated_sexual_assault" title="Drug-facilitated sexual assault">drug-facilitated sexual assault</a>, acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where the victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after a person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon).<a href="#cite_note-cdcstats-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Markovchick2016-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Health_Administration" title="Veterans Health Administration">Veterans Health Administration</a> (VHA) has implemented universal screening for what has been termed "military sexual trauma" (<a href="/wiki/Military_sexual_trauma" title="Military sexual trauma">MST</a>) and provides medical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> services free of charge to enrolled veterans who report MST (Title 38 United States Code 1720D; Public Law 108–422). Some countries or jurisdictions differentiate between rape and sexual assault by defining rape as involving penile penetration of the vagina, or solely penetration involving the penis, while other types of non-consensual sexual activity are called sexual assault.<a href="#cite_note-Kalbfleisch-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plummer-29">[29]</a> Scotland, for example, emphasizes penile penetration, requiring that the sexual assault must have been committed by use of a penis to qualify as rape.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News,_rape-31">[31]</a> The 1998 <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> defines rape as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive".<a href="#cite_note-Book04-16">[16]</a> In other cases, the term rape has been phased out of legal use in favor of terms such as sexual assault or criminal sexual conduct.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Some countries criminalize <a href="/wiki/Non-consensual_condom_removal" title="Non-consensual condom removal">non-consensual condom removal</a> ("stealthing"), where one partner removes (or intentionally damages) their condom during sex without telling the other partner; the rationale is that consent was given to protected sex and not to unprotected sex, making the subsequent act non-consensual and therefore illicit;<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> for such cases, United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Switzerland,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> have enacted rape convictions, while Australia,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Canada,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Germany<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> saw convictions for sexual assault; California considers it <a href="/wiki/Sexual_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual battery">sexual battery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scope">Scope</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Listening_to_girls_in_Zambia_(8220719638).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Listening_to_girls_in_Zambia_%288220719638%29.jpg/220px-Listening_to_girls_in_Zambia_%288220719638%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Listening_to_girls_in_Zambia_%288220719638%29.jpg/330px-Listening_to_girls_in_Zambia_%288220719638%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Listening_to_girls_in_Zambia_%288220719638%29.jpg/440px-Listening_to_girls_in_Zambia_%288220719638%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, 43% of girls and women between the ages of 15 and 49 have experienced some form of sexual violence.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> Victims of rape or sexual assault come from a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">genders</a>, ages, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientations</a>, ethnicities, geographical locations, cultures, and degrees of impairment or disability. Incidences of rape are classified into a number of categories, and they may describe the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim and the context of the sexual assault. These include <a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">date rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestual rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">prison rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acquaintance_rape" title="Acquaintance rape">acquaintance rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">war rape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a>. Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosdahl-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2011-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consent">Consent</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bodily_integrity" title="Bodily integrity">Bodily integrity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent" title="Sexual consent">Sexual consent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">Freedom of choice</a></div> Lack of consent is key to the definition of rape.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Consent is affirmative "informed approval, indicating a freely given agreement" to sexual activity.<a href="#cite_note-cdcstats-26">[26]</a> It is not necessarily expressed verbally, and may instead be overtly implied from actions, but the absence of objection does not constitute consent.<a href="#cite_note-Gruber2016-46">[46]</a> Lack of consent may result from either forcible compulsion by the perpetrator or an inability to consent on the part of the victim (such as people who are asleep, intoxicated or otherwise mentally compromised).<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-47">[47]</a> Sexual intercourse with a person below the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a>, i.e., the age at which legal competence is established, is referred to as statutory rape.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In India, consensual sex given on the false promise of marriage constitutes rape.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Duress" class="mw-redirect" title="Duress">Duress</a> is the situation when the person is threatened by force or violence and may result in the absence of an objection to sexual activity. This can lead to the presumption of consent.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-47">[47]</a> Duress may be actual or threatened force or violence against the victim or someone close to the victim. Even <a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">blackmail</a> may constitute duress. <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a> may constitute duress. For instance, in the Philippines, a man commits rape if he engages in sexual intercourse with a woman "By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in its landmark 1998 judgment used a definition of rape that did not use the word 'consent': "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive."<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Marital rape, or spousal rape, is non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim's spouse. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_by_intimate_partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence by intimate partners">partner rape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, and sexual abuse. Once widely accepted or ignored by law, marital rape is now denounced by international conventions and is increasingly criminalized. Still, in many countries, marital rape either remains legal or is illegal but widely tolerated and accepted as a husband's prerogative. In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women stated that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 states. Of these, 32 have made marital rape a specific criminal offense, while the remaining 74 do not exempt marital rape from general rape provisions. Marital rape is not a prosecutable offense in at least 53 States. Four States criminalize marital rape only when the spouses are judicially separated. Four States are considering legislation that would allow marital rape to be prosecuted."<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Since 2006, several other states have outlawed marital rape (for example <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> in 2007<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>). In the US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993 North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In many countries, it is not clear if marital rape may or may not be prosecuted under ordinary rape laws. In the absence of a marital rape law, it may be possible to bring prosecution for acts of forced sexual intercourse inside marriage by prosecuting, through the use of other criminal offenses (such as assault based offenses), the acts of violence or criminal threat that were used to obtain submission.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Consent may be complicated by law, language, context, culture and sexual orientation.<a href="#cite_note-Kulick2003-56">[56]</a> Studies have shown that men consistently perceive women's actions as more sexual than they intend.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In addition, verbalized "no" to sex may be interpreted as "keep trying", or even "yes" by offenders. Some may believe that when injuries are not visible, the woman must have consented. If a man solicits sex from another man, the pursuer may be regarded as virile.<a href="#cite_note-Kulick2003-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives">Motives</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_sexual_violence" title="Causes of sexual violence">Causes of sexual violence</a></div> The WHO states that the principal factors that lead to the perpetration of sexual violence against women, including rape, are:<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <ul><li>beliefs in family honor and sexual purity;</li> <li>attitudes of <a href="/wiki/Male_entitlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Male entitlement">male sexual entitlement</a>;</li> <li>weak legal sanctions for sexual violence.</li></ul> No single facet explains the motivation for rape; the underlying motives of rapists can be multi-faceted. Several factors have been proposed: <a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">anger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_sadism_disorder" title="Sexual sadism disorder">sadism</a>, sexual gratification, or <a href="/wiki/Sociobiological_theories_of_rape" title="Sociobiological theories of rape">evolutionary proclivities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> However, some factors have significant causal evidence supporting them. American <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical psychologist">clinical psychologist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lisak" title="David Lisak">David Lisak</a>, co-author of a 2002 study of undetected rapists,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> says that compared with non-rapists, both undetected and convicted rapists are measurably more angry at women and more motivated by a desire to dominate and control them, are more impulsive, disinhibited, anti-social, <a href="/wiki/Hypermasculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypermasculine">hypermasculine</a>, and less empathic.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Sexual aggression is often considered a masculine identity characteristic of manhood in some male groups and is significantly correlated to the desire to be held higher in esteem among male peers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Sexually aggressive behavior among young men has been correlated with gang or group membership as well as having other delinquent peers.<a href="#cite_note-Ouimette_PC_1998-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borowsky_IW_1997-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">Gang rape</a> is often perceived by male perpetrators as a justified method of discouraging or punishing what they consider as immoral behavior among women – for example, wearing short skirts or visiting bars. In some areas in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, women can be punished by public gang rape, usually through permission by elders.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Gang rape and <a href="/wiki/Mass_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass rape">mass rape</a> are often used as a means of male bonding. This is particularly evident among soldiers, as gang rape accounts for about three quarters or more of <a href="/wiki/War_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="War rape">war rape</a>, while gang rape accounts for less than a quarter of rapes during peacetime. Commanders sometimes push recruits to rape, as committing rape can be taboo and illegal and so builds loyalty among those involved. Rebel groups who have forced recruitment as opposed to volunteer recruits are more involved in rape, as it is believed the recruits start with less loyalty to the group.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Sexual violence in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, urban gangs such as <a href="/wiki/Raskol_gangs" title="Raskol gangs">Raskol gangs</a> often require new members to rape women as part of their initiation.<a href="#cite_note-vlad-70">[70]</a> Perpetrators of <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">sex trafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">cybersex trafficking</a> allow or carry out rape<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-73">[73]</a> for financial gain<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and/or sexual gratification.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rape_pornography" title="Rape pornography">Rape pornography</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>, is created for profit and other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> There have been instances of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a> and child rape videos on <a href="/wiki/Pornhub" title="Pornhub">Pornhub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2></div> One metric used by the WHO to determine the severity of global rates of coercive, forced sexual activity was the question "Have you ever been forced to have sexual intercourse against your will?" Asking this question produced higher positive response rates than being asked, whether they had ever been abused or raped.<a href="#cite_note-Krug2002-25">[25]</a> The WHO report describes the consequences of sexual abuse: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology#Diseases" title="Gynaecology">Gynecological disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">Infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inflammatory_disease" title="Pelvic inflammatory disease">Pelvic inflammatory disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complications_of_pregnancy" title="Complications of pregnancy">Pregnancy complications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">Miscarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a></li> <li>Acquiring <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>, including <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a></li> <li>Mortality from <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injuries</a></li> <li>Increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">Chronic pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_symptom_disorder" title="Somatic symptom disorder">Psychosomatic disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unwanted_pregnancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unwanted pregnancy">Unwanted pregnancy</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">Pregnancy from rape</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Krug2002-25">[25]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional_and_psychological">Emotional and psychological</h3></div> Frequently, victims may not recognize what happened to them was rape. Some may remain in denial for years afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-:3-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-80">[80]</a> Confusion over whether or not their experience constitutes rape is typical, especially for victims of psychologically coerced rape. Women may not identify their victimization as rape for many reasons such as feelings of shame, embarrassment, non-uniform legal definitions, reluctance to define the friend/partner as a rapist, or because they have internalized victim-blaming attitudes.<a href="#cite_note-:4-80">[80]</a> The public often perceives these behaviors as 'counterintuitive' and, therefore, as evidence of a dishonest woman.<a href="#cite_note-:3-79">[79]</a> Victims may react in ways they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of all mammals.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> Dissociation can occur during the assault.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> Memories may be fragmented especially immediately afterwards. They may consolidate with time and sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> A man or boy who is raped may be stimulated and even ejaculate during the experience of the rape. A woman or girl may orgasm during a sexual assault. This may become a source of shame and confusion for those assaulted along with those who were around them.<a href="#cite_note-Male2013-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Trauma symptoms may not show until years after the sexual assault occurred. Immediately following a rape, the survivor may react outwardly in a wide range of ways, from expressive to closed down; common emotions include distress, anxiety, shame, revulsion, helplessness, and guilt.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> Denial is not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> In the weeks following the rape, the survivor may develop symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress syndrome</a> and may develop a wide array of psychosomatic complaints.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2016-87">[87]</a>: 310  PTSD symptoms include re-experiencing of the rape, avoiding things associated with the rape, numbness, and increased anxiety and <a href="/wiki/Startle_response" title="Startle response">startle response</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is also higher if people around the survivor ignore (or are ignorant of) the rape or blame the rape survivor.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> Most people recover from rape in three to four months, but many have persistent PTSD that may manifest in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, irritability, anger, flashbacks, or nightmares.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> In addition, rape survivors may have long-term <a href="/wiki/Generalised_anxiety_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalised anxiety disorder">generalised anxiety disorder</a>, may develop one or more <a href="/wiki/Specific_phobia" title="Specific phobia">specific phobias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>, and may experience difficulties with resuming their social life and with sexual functioning.<a href="#cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">[81]</a> People who have been raped are at higher risk of suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Male2013-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Men experience similar psychological effects of being raped, but they are less likely to seek counseling.<a href="#cite_note-Male2013-84">[84]</a> Another effect of rape and sexual assault is the stress created in those who study rape or counsel the survivors. This is called <a href="/wiki/Vicarious_traumatization" title="Vicarious traumatization">vicarious traumatization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical">Physical</h3></div> The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine whether a rape has occurred.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Those who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> While penetrative rape generally does not involve the use of a condom, in some cases a condom is used. The use of a condom significantly reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Disease_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Disease transmission">disease transmission</a>, both to the victim and the rapist. Rationales for condom use include: avoiding contracting infections or diseases (particularly HIV), especially in cases of rape of <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a> or in gang rape (to avoid contracting infections or diseases from fellow rapists); eliminating evidence, making prosecution more difficult (and giving a sense of invulnerability); giving the appearance of consent (in cases of acquaintance rape); and thrill from planning and the use of the condom as an added prop. Concern for the victim is generally not considered a factor.<a href="#cite_note-condom-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexually_transmitted_infections">Sexually transmitted infections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virgin_cleansing_myth" title="Virgin cleansing myth">Virgin cleansing myth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prison_rape_in_the_United_States#Sexually_transmitted_infections" title="Prison rape in the United States">Prison rape in the United States § Sexually transmitted infections</a></div> Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract infections than those who have not been raped.<a href="#cite_note-Kimura_2013-93">[93]</a> HIV can be transmitted through rape. Acquiring AIDS through rape puts people at increased risk for psychological problems. Acquiring HIV through rape may lead to behaviors that create a risk of injecting drugs.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Acquiring sexually transmitted infections increases the risk of acquiring HIV.<a href="#cite_note-Kimura_2013-93">[93]</a> The belief that having sex with a <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virgin</a> can cure HIV/AIDS exists in parts of Africa. This leads to the rape of girls and women.<a href="#cite_note-cure-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The claim that the myth drives either HIV infection or child sexual abuse in South Africa is disputed by researchers <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jewkes" title="Rachel Jewkes">Rachel Jewkes</a> and Helen Epstein.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victim_blaming,_secondary_victimization_and_other_mistreatment">Victim blaming, secondary victimization and other mistreatment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A1tiro_y_ninfa..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/S%C3%A1tiro_y_ninfa..JPG/220px-S%C3%A1tiro_y_ninfa..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/S%C3%A1tiro_y_ninfa..JPG/330px-S%C3%A1tiro_y_ninfa..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/S%C3%A1tiro_y_ninfa..JPG/440px-S%C3%A1tiro_y_ninfa..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>An example of the idealized female resistance: In this Roman depiction of a fight between a <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Naples National Archaeological Museum">Naples National Archaeological Museum</a>), the Nymph is shown vigorously resisting the Satyr's sexual advances, punching him on the mouth – lack of which might be construed as implying consent.</figcaption></figure> Society's treatment of victims has the potential to exacerbate their trauma.<a href="#cite_note-:4-80">[80]</a> People who have been raped or sexually assaulted are sometimes blamed and considered responsible for the crime.<a href="#cite_note-Maier2008-17">[17]</a> This refers to the <a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">just world fallacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rape_myth" title="Rape myth">rape myth acceptance</a> that certain victim behaviors (such as being intoxicated, <a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">flirting</a> or wearing sexually <a href="/wiki/Provocation_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provocation (legal)">provocative</a> clothing) may encourage rape.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> In many cases, victims are said to have "asked for it" because of not resisting their assault or violating female gender expectations.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Forum_for_Health_Research" title="Global Forum for Health Research">Global Forum for Health Research</a> shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. Women who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Usually, these are cultures where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Rape victims are blamed more when they resist the attack later in the rape encounter rather than earlier (Kopper, 1996), which seems to suggest the stereotype that these women are engaging in token resistance (Malamuth & Brown, 1994; Muehlenhard & Rogers, 1998) or leading the man on because they have gone along with the sexual experience thus far. Finally, rape victims are blamed more when they are raped by an acquaintance or a date rather than by a stranger (e.g., Bell, Kuriloff, & Lottes, 1994; Bridges, 1991; Bridges & McGr ail, 1989; Check & Malamuth, 1983; Kanekar, Shaherwalla, Franco, Kunju, & Pinto, 1991; L'Armand & Pepitone, 1982; Tetreault & Barnett, 1987), which seems to evoke the stereotype that victims really want to have sex because they know their attacker and perhaps even went out on a date with him. The underlying message of this research seems to be that when certain stereotypical elements of rape are in place, rape victims are prone to being blamed."<a href="#cite_note-bud2001-104">[104]</a></blockquote> Commentators state: "individuals may endorse rape myths and at the same time recognize the negative effects of rape."<a href="#cite_note-bud2001-104">[104]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> stereotypes can play a role in rationalization of rape. These include the idea that power is reserved to men whereas women are meant for sex and objectified, that women want forced sex and to be pushed around,<a href="#cite_note-neumann-105">[105]</a> and that male sexual impulses and behaviors are uncontrollable and must be satisfied.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> For females, victim-blaming correlates with fear. Many rape victims blame themselves. Female jurors might look at the woman on the witness stand and believe she had done something to entice the defendant.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In Chinese culture, victim-blaming is often associated with the crime of rape, as women are expected to resist rape using physical force. Thus, if rape occurs, it is considered to be at least partly the woman's fault, and her virtue is called into question.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Honor_killings_and_forced_marriages">Honor killings and forced marriages</h4></div> In many cultures, those who are raped have a high risk of suffering additional violence or threats of violence after the rape. This can be perpetrated by the rapist, friends, or relatives of the rapist. The intent can be to prevent the victim from reporting the rape. Other reasons for threats against those assaulted is to punish them for reporting it, or of forcing them to withdraw the complaint. The relatives of the person who has been raped may wish to prevent "bringing shame" to the family and may also threaten them. This is especially the case in cultures where female virginity is highly valued and considered mandatory before marriage; in extreme cases, rape victims are killed in <a href="/wiki/Honor_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor killings">honor killings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zeenews.india-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-wisemuslimwomen-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> In the US, <a href="/wiki/Victims%27_rights" title="Victims' rights">victims' rights</a> include the right to have a victims advocate preside over every step of the medical/legal exam to ensure sensitivity towards victims, provide emotional support, and minimize the risk of re-traumatization. Victims are to be informed of this immediately by law enforcement or medical service providers.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_department" title="Emergency department">Emergency rooms</a> of many hospitals employ sexual assault nurse/forensic examiners (SAN/FEs) with specific training to care for those who have experienced a rape or sexual assault. They are able to conduct a focused medical-legal exam. If such a trained clinician is not available, the emergency department has a sexual assault protocol that has been established for treatment and the collection of evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Markovchick2016-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> Staff are also trained to explain the examinations in detail, the documentation and the rights associated with the requirement for <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">informed consent</a>. Emphasis is placed on performing the examinations at a pace that is appropriate for the person, their family, their age, and their level of understanding.<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> Privacy is recommended to prevent <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cybulska2013-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-genital_injuries">Non-genital injuries</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Physical_assessment">Physical assessment</h4></div> Many rapes do not result in serious physical injury.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Medical_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical treatment">medical response</a> to sexual assault is a complete assessment. This general assessment will prioritize the treatment of injuries by the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency room">emergency room</a> staff. Medical personnel involved are trained to assess and treat those assaulted or follow protocols established to ensure privacy and best treatment practices. Informed consent is always required prior to treatment unless the person who was assaulted is unconscious, intoxicated or does not have the mental capacity to give consent.<a href="#cite_note-Markovchick2016-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> Priorities governing the physical exam are the treatment of serious life-threatening emergencies and then a general and complete assessment.<a href="#cite_note-HockettSaucier2015-115">[115]</a> Some physical injuries are readily apparent such as <a href="/wiki/Human_bites" class="mw-redirect" title="Human bites">bites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYJH-116">[116]</a> broken teeth, <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruising" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruising">bruising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laceration" class="mw-redirect" title="Laceration">lacerations</a> and scratches. In more <a href="/wiki/Violent" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent">violent</a> cases, the victim may need to have gunshot wounds or <a href="/wiki/Stab_wound" title="Stab wound">stab wounds</a> treated.<a href="#cite_note-Markovchick2016-27">[27]</a> The loss of consciousness is relevant to the medical history.<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> If abrasions are found, <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">immunization</a> against <a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">tetanus</a> is offered if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization.<a href="#cite_note-Varcarolis-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diagnostic_testing">Diagnostic testing</h4></div> After the general assessment and treatment of serious injuries, further evaluation may include the use of additional diagnostic testing such as <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">x-rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-aided tomography">CT</a> or <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> image studies and blood work. The presence of infection is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth, throat, vagina, <a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">anus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forensic_sampling">Forensic sampling</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_investigation" title="Rape investigation">Rape investigation</a></div> Victims have the right to refuse any evidence collection. Victims advocates ensure the victims' wishes are respected by hospital staff. After the physical injuries are addressed and treatment has begun, then <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic examination</a> proceeds along with the gathering of evidence that can be used to identify and document the injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Markovchick2016-27">[27]</a> Such <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a>-gathering is only done with the complete consent of the patient or the <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregivers</a> of the patient. Photographs of the injuries may be requested by staff.<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> At this point in the treatment, if a victims' advocate had not been requested earlier, experienced <a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">social support staff</a> are made available to the patient and family.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> If the patient or the caregivers (typically parents) agree, the medical team utilizes standardized sampling and testing usually referred to as a forensic evidence kit or "<a href="/wiki/Rape_kit" title="Rape kit">rape kit</a>".<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> The patient is informed that submitting to the use of the rape kit does not <a href="/wiki/Obligation" title="Obligation">obligate</a> them to file <a href="/wiki/Criminal_charges" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal charges">criminal charges</a> against the perpetrator. The patient is discouraged from bathing or showering to obtain samples from their hair.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> Evidence gathered within the past 72 hours is more likely to be valid.<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> The sooner that samples are obtained after the assault, the more likely that evidence is present in the sample and provides valid results. Once the injuries of the patient have been treated and she or he is stabilized, the sample gathering will begin. Staff will encourage the presence of a rape/sexual assault counselor to provide an advocate and reassurance.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> During the medical exam, evidence of bodily secretions is assessed. Dried semen that is on clothing and skin can be detected with a fluorescent lamp.<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Notes will be attached to those items on which semen has been found. These specimens are marked, placed in a paper bag,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and are marked for later analysis for the presence of seminal vesicle-specific antigen.<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cybulska2013-113">[113]</a> Though technically, medical staff are not part of the legal system, only trained medical personnel can obtain evidence that is admissible during a trial. The procedures have been standardized. Evidence is collected, signed, and locked in a secure place to guarantee that legal evidence procedures are maintained. This carefully monitored procedure of evidence collection and preservation is known as the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of evidence">chain of evidence</a>. Maintaining the chain of evidence from the medical examination, testing, and <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> sampling from its origin of collection to court allows the results of the sampling to be admitted as evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> Photography is often used for documentation.<a href="#cite_note-VAW2013-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_examination">After the examination</h3></div> Some physical effects of the rape are not immediately apparent. Follow up examinations also assess the patient for <a href="/wiki/Tension_headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Tension headaches">tension headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, sleep pattern disturbances, gastrointestinal irritability, chronic pelvic pain, menstrual pain or irregularity, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexual dysfunction, premenstrual distress, fibromyalgia, vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, burning during urination, and generalized vaginal pain.<a href="#cite_note-HockettSaucier2015-115">[115]</a> The World Health Organization recommends<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> offering prompt access to <a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraception" title="Emergency contraception">emergency</a> <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptive</a> medications which can significantly reduce risk of an undesired pregnancy if used within 5 days of rape;<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> it is estimated that about 5% of male-on-female rapes result in pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-Varcarolis-117">[117]</a> When rape results in pregnancy, <a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">abortion</a> pills can be safely and effectively used to end a pregnancy up to 10 weeks from the last menstrual period.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genital_injuries">Genital injuries</h3></div> An internal pelvic exam is not recommended for sexually immature or prepubescent girls due to the probability that internal injuries do not exist in this age group. However, an internal exam may be recommended if significant bloody discharge is observed.<a href="#cite_note-mci2017-112">[112]</a> A complete <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic exam">pelvic exam</a> for rape (<a href="/wiki/Anal_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal rape">anal</a> or vaginal) is conducted. An <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">oral exam</a> is done if there have been <a href="/wiki/Injurie" class="mw-redirect" title="Injurie">injuries</a> to the mouth, teeth, gums, or <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>. Though the patient may have no complaints about <a href="/wiki/Genital_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital pain">genital pain</a> signs of trauma can still be assessed. Before the complete bodily and genital exam, the patient is asked to undress, standing on a white sheet that collects any <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> that may be in the clothing. The clothing and sheet are properly bagged and labeled along with other samples that can be removed from the body or clothing of the patient. Samples of <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a>, mud, hair, or leaves are gathered if present. Samples of <a href="/wiki/Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">fluids</a> are collected to determine the presence of the perpetrator's <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> that may be present in the patient's mouth, <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>. Sometimes the victim has <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (medical)">scratched</a> the perpetrator in defense and fingernail scrapings can be collected.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> Injuries to the genital areas can include swelling, lacerations, and bruising.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Common genital injuries are <a href="/wiki/Rectal_pain" title="Rectal pain">anal injury</a>, labial abrasions, hymenal bruising, and tears of the posterior <a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_labia_minora" title="Frenulum of labia minora">fourchette</a> and fossa.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> Bruises, tears, abrasions, inflammation and lacerations may be visible. If a foreign object was used during the assault, x-ray visualization will identify retained fragments.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Genital injuries are more prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Post-menopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-menopausal">post-menopausal</a> women and <a href="/wiki/Prepubescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prepubescent">prepubescent</a> girls. Internal injuries to the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a> and vagina can be visualized using <a href="/wiki/Colposcopy" title="Colposcopy">colposcopy</a>. Using colposcopy has increased the detection of internal trauma from six percent to fifty-three percent. Genital injuries to children who have been raped or sexually assaulted differ in that the abuse may be on-going or may have happened in the past after the injuries heal. <a href="/wiki/Scar" title="Scar">Scarring</a> is one sign of the sexual abuse of children.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> Several studies have explored the association between skin color and genital injury among rape victims. Many studies found a difference in rape-related injury based on race, with more injuries being reported for white females and males than for black females and males. This may be because the dark skin color of some victims obscures bruising. Examiners paying attention to victims with darker skin, especially the thighs, labia majora, posterior fourchette, and fossa navicularis, can help remedy this.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infections">Infections</h3></div> The presence of a sexually contracted infection can not be confirmed after rape because it cannot be detected until 72 hours afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-marc2015-130">[130]</a> The person who was raped may already have a sexually transmitted infection and if diagnosed, it is treated.<a href="#cite_note-Varcarolis-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-VAW2013-121">[121]</a> Prophylactic antibiotic treatment for <a href="/wiki/Vaginitis" title="Vaginitis">vaginitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">trichomoniasis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">chlamydia</a> may be performed. Chlamydial and gonococcal infections in women are of particular concern due to the possibility of ascending infection. <a href="/wiki/Immunization" title="Immunization">Immunization</a> against <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccination" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatitis B vaccination">hepatitis B</a> is often considered.<a href="#cite_note-marc2015-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varcarolis-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cybulska2013-113">[113]</a> After prophylactic treatment is initiated, further testing is done to determine what other treatments may be necessary for other infections transmitted during the assault.<a href="#cite_note-Varcarolis-117">[117]</a> These are: <ul><li>Serum <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> surface antigen assay</li> <li>Microscopic evaluation of <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_discharge" title="Vaginal discharge">vaginal discharge</a> (saline wash and staining)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_culture" title="Microbiological culture">Cultures</a> for <a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a> and Chlamydia trachomatis from each penetrated location</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venereal_Disease_Research_Laboratory_test" title="Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test">Serum Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_blood_count" title="Complete blood count">Complete blood count</a> (CBC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">Liver function tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">Serum creatinine level</a><a href="#cite_note-Varcarolis-117">[117]</a></li></ul> Treatment may include the administration of <a href="/wiki/Zidovudine" title="Zidovudine">zidovudine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lamivudine" title="Lamivudine">lamivudine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenofovir" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenofovir">tenofovir</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emtricitabine" title="Emtricitabine">emtricitabine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">ritonavir</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lopinavir" title="Lopinavir">lopinavir</a>. Information regarding other treatment options is available from the CDC.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> The transmission of HIV is frequently a major concern of the patient.<a href="#cite_note-VAW2013-121">[121]</a> Prophylactic treatment for HIV is not necessarily administered. Routine treatment for HIV after rape or sexual assault is controversial due to the low risk of infection after one sexual assault. Transmission of HIV after one exposure to penetrative anal sex is estimated to be 0.5 to 3.2 percent. Transmission of HIV after one exposure to penetrative vaginal intercourse is 0.05 to 0.15 percent. HIV can also be contracted through the oral route but this is considered rare.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Other recommendations are that the patient be treated prophylactically for HIV if the perpetrator is found to be infected.<a href="#cite_note-NYJH-116">[116]</a> Testing at the time of the initial exam does not typically have forensic value if patients are sexually active and have an STI since it could have been acquired before the assault. Rape shield laws protect the person who was raped and who has positive test results. These laws prevent having such evidence used against someone who was raped. Someone who was raped may be concerned that a prior infection may suggest sexual promiscuity. There may, however, be situations in which testing has a legal purpose, as in cases where the threat of transmission or actual transmission of an STI was part of the crime. In nonsexually active patients, an initial, baseline negative test that is followed by a subsequent STI could be used as evidence, if the perpetrator also had an STI.<a href="#cite_note-VAW2013-121">[121]</a> Treatment failure is possible due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens.<a href="#cite_note-BaardaSikora2015-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emotional_and_psychiatric">Emotional and psychiatric</h3></div> Psychiatric and emotional consequences can be apparent immediately after the rape and it may be necessary to treat these very early in the evaluation and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-VAW2013-121">[121]</a> Other treatable emotional and psychiatric disorders may not become evident until some time after the rape. These can be <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>, anxiety, fear, <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thought" title="Intrusive thought">intrusive thoughts</a>, fear of crowds, avoidance, anger, depression, humiliation, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) hyperarousal, sexual disorders (including fear of engaging in sexual activity), mood disorders, suicidal ideation, borderline personality disorder, nightmares, fear of situations that remind the patient of the rape and fear of being alone,<a href="#cite_note-HockettSaucier2015-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">agitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">numbness</a> and emotional distance.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman2012-118">[118]</a> Victims are able to receive help by using a telephone hotline, <a href="/wiki/Counseling" class="mw-redirect" title="Counseling">counseling</a>, or shelters.<a href="#cite_note-Rosdahl-43">[43]</a> Recovery from sexual assault is a complicated and controversial concept,<a href="#cite_note-Recovering_from_sexual_assault-133">[133]</a> but support groups, usually accessed by organizations are available to help in recovery. Professional counseling and ongoing treatment by trained health care providers are often sought by the victim.<a href="#cite_note-Bud2015-134">[134]</a> Some clinicians are specially trained in the treatment of those who have experienced rape and sexual assault/abuse. Treatment can be lengthy and challenging for both the counselor and the patient. Several treatment options exist and vary by accessibility, cost, or whether or not insurance coverage exists for the treatment. Treatment also varies depending upon the expertise of the counselor—some have more experience and or have specialized in the treatment of sexual trauma and rape. To be the most effective, a treatment plan should be developed based upon the struggles of the patient and not necessarily based upon the traumatic experience. An effective treatment plan will consider the following: current stressors, coping skills, physical health, interpersonal conflicts, self-esteem, family issues, involvement of the guardian, and the presence of mental health symptoms. <a href="#cite_note-Bud2015-134">[134]</a> The degree of success for emotional and psychiatric treatments is often dependent upon the terminology used in the treatment, i.e. redefining the event and experience. Labels used like rape victim and rape survivor to describe the new identities of women who have been raped suggest that the event is the dominant and controlling influence on her life. These may affect supportive personnel. The consequences of using these labels need to be assessed.<a href="#cite_note-HockettSaucier2015-115">[115]</a> Positive outcomes of emotional and psychiatric treatment for rape exist; these can be an improved self-concept, the recognition of growth, and implementing new coping styles.<a href="#cite_note-HockettSaucier2015-115">[115]</a> A perpetrator found guilty by the court is often required to receive treatment. There are many options for treatment, some more successful than others.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The psychological factors that motivated the convicted perpetrator are complex but treatment can still be effective. A counselor will typically evaluate disorders that are currently present in the offender. Investigating the developmental background of the offender can help explain the origins of the abusive behavior that occurred in the first place. Emotional and psychological treatment has the purpose of identifying predictors of recidivism, or the potential that the offender will commit rape again. In some instances, neurological abnormalities have been identified in the perpetrators, and in some cases they have themselves experienced past trauma. Adolescents and other children can be the perpetrators of rape, although this is uncommon. In this instance, appropriate counseling and evaluation are usually conducted.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly2011-44">[44]</a> Short-term treatment with a <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepine</a> may help with anxiety (although caution is recommended with the use of these medications as people can become addicted and develop withdrawal symptoms after regular use) and antidepressants may be helpful for symptoms of <a href="/wiki/PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">post traumatic stress disorder</a>, depression and panic attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Varcarolis-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Initiatives to prevent sexual violence</a></div> As sexual violence affects all parts of society, the response to sexual violence is comprehensive. The responses can be categorized as individual approaches, healthcare responses, community-based efforts, and actions to prevent other forms of sexual violence.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_6-1">[1]</a> Sexual assault may be prevented by secondary school,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> college,<a href="#cite_note-Foubert-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and workplace education programs.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> At least one program for <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">fraternity</a> men produced "sustained behavioral change."<a href="#cite_note-Foubert-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> With regard to <a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">campus sexual assault</a>, nearly two thirds of students reported knowing victims of rape, and in one study over half reported knowing perpetrators of sexual assault; one in ten reported knowing a victim of rape; and nearly one in four reported knowing a victim of alcohol-facilitated rape.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_statistics" title="Rape statistics">Rape statistics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_sexual_violence" title="Estimates of sexual violence">Estimates of sexual violence</a></div> International Crime on Statistics and Justice by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (UNODC) find that worldwide, most victims of rape are women and most perpetrators male.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[142]</a> Rapes against women are rarely reported to the police and the number of female rape victims is significantly underestimated.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[142]</a> Southern Africa, Oceania, and North America report the highest numbers of rape.<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[142]</a> Most rape is committed by someone the victim knows.<a href="#cite_note-Finley_2018-143">[143]</a> By contrast, rape committed by strangers is relatively uncommon. Statistics reported by the <a href="/wiki/Rape,_Abuse_%26_Incest_National_Network" title="Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network">Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network</a> (RAINN) indicate that 7 out of 10 cases of sexual assault involved a perpetrator known to the victim.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_2018-144">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rape_Rate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rape_Rate.png/330px-Rape_Rate.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rape_Rate.png/495px-Rape_Rate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Rape_Rate.png 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>UNODC: Reported rape per 100,000 population (2011)</figcaption></figure> The humanitarian news organization <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a> claims that an estimated "500,000 rapes are committed annually in South Africa<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> once called 'the world's rape capital.'<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The country has some of the highest incidences of child sexual abuse in the world with more than 67,000 cases of rape and sexual assaults against children reported in 2000, with welfare groups believing that unreported incidents could be up to 10 times higher.<a href="#cite_note-cure-95">[95]</a> Current data suggest that the incidence of rape has risen significantly in India.<a href="#cite_note-SharmaSrivastava2015-147">[147]</a> Most rape research and reports of rape are limited to male–female forms of rape. Research <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_males" title="Rape of males">on male-on-male and female-on-male rape</a> is rare. Fewer than one in ten male–male rapes are reported. As a group, males who have been raped by either gender often get little services and support, and legal systems are often ill-equipped to deal with this type of crime. Instances in which the perpetrator is female may not be clear and can lead to dismissing women as sexual aggressors, which can obscure the dimensions of the problem. Research also suggests that men with sexually aggressive peers have a higher chance of reporting coercive or forced sexual intercourse outside gang circles than men without such sexually aggressive peers.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Risk factors vary among different ethnicities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. About one third of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> adolescent females report encountering some form of sexual assault including rape.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> One in three <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> women will experience sexual assault, more than twice the national average for American women.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2012-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosecution">Prosecution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reporting">Reporting</h3></div> In 2005, sexual violence, and rape in particular, was considered the most under-reported violent crime in Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly2005-151">[151]</a> The number of reported rapes in Great Britain is lower than both incidence and prevalence rates.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Victims who do not act in an expected or stereotypical way may not be believed, as happened in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Colorado_serial_rape_cases" title="Washington and Colorado serial rape cases">Washington state woman raped in 2008</a> who withdrew her report after facing police skepticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2018438–440-153">[153]</a> Her rapist went on to assault several more women before being identified.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_&_Armstrong_2015-154">[154]</a> The legal requirements for reporting rape vary by jurisdiction—each US state may have different requirements.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] New Zealand has less stringent limits.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In Italy, a 2006 National Statistic Institute survey on sexual violence against women found that 91.6% of women who suffered this did not report it to the police.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In Japan, in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported that over 95% of incidents of sexual violence in Japan are not reported to police.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 2023, Japan adopted a new sex crime law that brought about several changes. It replaced "forcible sexual intercourse" with "non-consensual sexual intercourse" and further outlines eight scenarios considered rape, emphasizing one's ability to give <a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">consent</a> within those situations. The new law also establishes <a href="/wiki/Sexual_grooming" title="Sexual grooming">grooming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">voyeurism</a>, and asking for sexual images of children under the age of 16 as crimes.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conviction">Conviction</h3></div> In the United Kingdom, in 1970, there was a 33% rate of conviction, while by 1985 there was a 24% conviction rate for rape trials in the UK; by 2004, the conviction rate reached 5%.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> At that time the government report has expressed documented the year-on-year increase in attrition of reported rape cases, and pledged to address this "justice gap".<a href="#cite_note-Kelly2005-151">[151]</a> According to Amnesty International Ireland had the lowest rate of conviction for rape, (1%) among 21 European states, in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In America as of 2012, there exists a noticeable discrepancy in conviction rates among women of various ethnic identities; an arrest was made in just 13% of the sexual assaults reported by American Indian women, compared with 35% for black women and 32% for whites.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2012-150">[150]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> did a study on Rape in Japan. They found that while <a href="/wiki/Japanese_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese police">Japanese police</a> claim to solve 97 percent of rape cases. Only 5–10 percent of rape victims report it to police, and police record less than half of reported cases while prosecutors charge about one-third of recorded cases. Also for every 1000 rapes in Japan, only 10–20 (1–2%) result in the offender being charged and convicted.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Judicial bias due to rape myths and preconceived notions about rape is a salient issue in rape conviction, but <a href="/wiki/Voir_dire" title="Voir dire">voir dire intervention</a> may be used to curb such bias.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="False_accusation">False accusation</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rape&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a> that contextualizes different points of view. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rape&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rape" title="Talk:Rape">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/False_accusation_of_rape" title="False accusation of rape">False accusation of rape</a></div> A false accusation of rape is the reporting of a rape where no rape has occurred. It is difficult to assess the true prevalence of false rape allegations, but it is generally agreed by scholars that rape accusations are false about 2% to 10% of the time.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lisak2010-166">[166]</a> In most cases, a false accusation will not name a specific suspect.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Eight percent of 2,643 sexual assault cases were classified as false reports by the police in one study. The researchers noted that many of these classifications were based on the personal judgments and <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">biases</a> of the police investigators and were made in violation of official criteria for establishing a <a href="/wiki/False_allegation" class="mw-redirect" title="False allegation">false allegation</a>. Closer analysis of this category applying the Home Office counting rules for establishing a false allegation, which requires "strong evidential grounds" of a false allegation or a "clear and credible" retraction by the complainant, reduced the percentage of false reports to 3%. The researchers concluded that "one cannot take all police designations at face value" and that "[t]here is an over-estimation of the scale of false allegations by both police officers and prosecutors".<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Another large-scale study was conducted in Australia, with 850 rapes reported to the Victoria police between 2000 and 2003 (Heenan & Murray, 2006). Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, the researchers examined 812 cases and found 15.1% of complaints were withdrawn, 46.4% were marked "no further police action", and 2.1% of the total were "clearly" classified by police as false reports. In these cases, the alleged victim was either charged with filing a false police report, or threatened with charges, and the complaint subsequently withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In the United Kingdom, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) analyzed every rape complaint made over a 17-month period and found that "the indication is that it is therefore extremely rare that a suspect deliberately makes a false allegation of rape or domestic violence purely out of malice."<a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost.co.uk-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> FBI reports consistently put the number of "unfounded" rape accusations around 8%. The unfounded rate is higher for forcible rape than for any other Index crime. The average rate of unfounded reports for Index crimes is 2%.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> "Unfounded" is not synonymous with a false allegation.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Bruce Gross of the Forensic Examiner described it as meaningless, saying a report could be marked as unfounded if there is no physical evidence or the alleged victim did not sustain any physical injuries. Other studies have suggested that the rate of false allegations in the United States may be higher. A nine-year study by Eugene J. Kanin of <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in a small metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States claimed that 41% of rape accusations were false.<a href="#cite_note-:2-174">[174]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/David_Lisak" title="David Lisak">David Lisak</a>, an associate professor of psychology and director of the Men's Sexual Trauma Research Project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a> states that "Kanin's 1994 article on false allegations is a provocative opinion piece, but it is not a scientific study of the issue of false reporting of rape". He further states that Kanin's study has a significantly poor systematic methodology and had no independent definition of a false report. Instead, Kanin classified reports that the police department classified as false also as false.<a href="#cite_note-VAW2-175">[175]</a> The criterion for falsehood was simply a denial of a polygraph test of the accuser.<a href="#cite_note-:2-174">[174]</a> A 1998 report by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> found that DNA evidence excluded the primary suspect in 26% of rape cases and concluded that this "strongly suggests that postarrest and postconviction DNA exonerations are tied to some strong, underlying systemic problems that generate erroneous accusations and convictions".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> However, this study also noted that analyzed samples involved a specific subset of rape cases (e.g. those where "there is no consent defense"). A 2010 study by David Lisak, Lori Gardinier and other researchers published in the journal of <a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_(journal)" title="Violence Against Women (journal)">Violence against Women</a> found that out of 136 cases reported in a ten-year period, 5.9% were found likely to be false.<a href="#cite_note-Lisak2010-166">[166]</a> A 2018 study in the UK by <a href="/wiki/Lesley_McMillan" title="Lesley McMillan">Lesley McMillan</a> published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Gender_Studies" title="Journal of Gender Studies">Journal of Gender Studies</a> found that although police estimated 5–95% of rape claims were likely to be false, the analysis showed no more than 3–4% were possible to be evidenced as "fabricated'.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions_and_evolution_of_laws">Definitions and evolution of laws</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizian_094.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tizian_094.jpg/220px-Tizian_094.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tizian_094.jpg/330px-Tizian_094.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tizian_094.jpg/440px-Tizian_094.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarquin_and_Lucretia" title="Tarquin and Lucretia">Tarquin and Lucretia</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, 1571. According to ancient Roman legend, the rape of <a href="/wiki/Lucretia" title="Lucretia">Lucretia</a> by the king's son led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rape" title="History of rape">History of rape</a></div> Virtually all societies have had a concept of the crime of rape. Although what constituted this crime has varied by historical period and culture, the definitions tended to focus around an act of forced vaginal intercourse perpetrated through physical violence or imminent threat of death or severe bodily injury, by a man, on a woman, or a girl, not his wife. The <a href="/wiki/Actus_reus" title="Actus reus">actus reus</a> of the crime, was, in most societies, the insertion of the penis into the vagina.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-179">[179]</a> The way sexuality was conceptualized in many societies rejected the very notion that a woman could force a man into sex—women were often seen as passive while men were deemed to be assertive and aggressive. Sexual penetration of a male by another male fell under the legal domain of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rape_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape law">Rape laws</a> existed to protect <a href="/wiki/Virgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin">virginal</a> daughters from rape. In these cases, a rape done to a woman was seen as an attack on the estate of her father because she was his property and a woman's virginity being taken before marriage lessened her value; if the woman was married, the rape was an attack on the husband because it violated his property.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yllö-181">[181]</a> The rapist was either subject to payment or severe punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Yllö-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tomm-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tetlow-183">[183]</a> The father could rape or keep the rapist's wife or make the rapist marry his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tetlow-183">[183]</a> A man could not be charged with raping his wife since she was his property. Thus, marital rape was allowed.<a href="#cite_note-Yllö-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carline-184">[184]</a> Author Winnie Tomm stated, "By contrast, rape of a single woman without strong ties to a father or husband caused no great concern."<a href="#cite_note-Tomm-182">[182]</a> An incident could be excluded from the definition of rape due to the relation between the parties, such as marriage, or due to the background of the victim. In many cultures forced sex on a prostitute, slave, war enemy, member of a <a href="/wiki/Racial_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial minority">racial minority</a>, etc., was not rape.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> From the classical antiquity of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonial period</a>, rape along with arson, <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and murder was a <a href="/wiki/Capital_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital offense">capital offense</a>. "Those committing rape were subject to a wide range of capital punishments that were seemingly brutal, frequently bloody, and at times spectacular." In the 12th century, kinsmen of the victim were given the option of executing the punishment themselves. "In England in the early fourteenth century, a victim of rape might be expected to gouge out the eyes and/or sever the offender's testicles herself."<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Despite the harshness of these laws, actual punishments were usually far less severe: in late Medieval Europe, cases concerning rapes of marriageable women, wives, widows, or members of the lower class were rarely brought forward, and usually ended with only a small monetary fine or a marriage between the victim and the rapist.<a href="#cite_note-Eckman-187">[187]</a> In ancient Greece and Rome, both male-on-female and male-on-male concepts of rape existed. Roman laws allowed three distinct charges for the crime: stuprum, unsanctioned sexual intercourse (which, in the early times, also included adultery); vis, a physical assault for purpose of lust; and iniuria, a general charge denoting any type of assault upon a person. The aforementioned Lex Iulia specifically criminalized per vim stuprum, unsanctioned sexual intercourse by force. The former two were public criminal charges which could be brought whenever the victim was a woman or a child of either gender, but only if the victim was a freeborn Roman citizen (<a href="/wiki/Ingenui" title="Ingenui">ingenuus</a>), and carried a potential sentence of death or exile. Iniuria was a civil charge that demanded monetary compensation, and had a wider application (for example, it could have been brought in case of sexual assault on a slave by a person other than their owner.) <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> Caesar enacted reforms for the crime of rape under the assault statute Lex Iulia de vi publica, which bears his family name, Iulia. It was under this statute rather than the adultery statute of Lex Iulia de adulteriis that Rome prosecuted this crime.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Rape was made into a "public wrong" (iniuria publica) by the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In contrast to the modern understanding of the subject, Romans drew clear distinctions between "active" (penetrative) and "passive" (receptive) partners, and all these charges implied penetration by the assailant (which necessarily ruled out the possibility of female-on-male or female-on-female rape.) It is not clear which (if any) of these charges applied to assaults upon an adult male, though such an assault upon a citizen was definitely seen as a grave insult (within Roman culture, an adult male citizen could not possibly consent to the receptive role in sexual intercourse without a severe loss of status.) The law known as <a href="/wiki/Lex_Scantinia" title="Lex Scantinia">Lex Scantinia</a> covered at least some forms of male-on-male stuprum, and <a href="/wiki/Quintillian" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintillian">Quintillian</a> mentions a fine of 10,000 sesterces – about 10 years' worth of a Roman legionnaire's pay – as a normal penalty for stuprum upon an ingenuus. However, its text is lost and its exact provisions are no longer known.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> continued the use of the statute to prosecute rape during the sixth century in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> By <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, the general term raptus had referred to abduction, <a href="/wiki/Elopement" title="Elopement">elopement</a>, robbery, or rape in its modern meaning. Confusion over the term led ecclesiastical commentators on the law to differentiate it into raptus seductionis (elopement without parental consent) and raptus violentiae (ravishment). Both of these forms of raptus had a civil penalty and possible excommunication for the family and village receiving the abducted woman, although raptus violentiae also incurred punishments of mutilation or death.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In the United States, a husband could not be charged with raping his wife until 1979.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In the 1950s, in some states in the US, a white woman having consensual sex with a black man was considered rape.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Prior to the 1930s, rape was considered a <a href="/wiki/Sex_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex crime">sex crime</a> that was always committed by men and always done to women. From 1935 to 1965, a shift from labeling rapists as criminals to believing them to be mentally ill "sexual <a href="/wiki/Psychopaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychopaths">psychopaths</a>" began making its way into popular opinion. Men caught for committing rape were no longer sentenced to prison but admitted to mental health hospitals where they would be given medication for their illness.<a href="#cite_note-Maschke1997-196">[196]</a> Because only men deemed insane were the ones considered to have committed rape, no one considered the everyday person to be capable of such violence.<a href="#cite_note-Maschke1997-196">[196]</a> Transitions in women's roles in society were also shifting, causing alarm and blame towards rape victims. Because women were becoming more involved in the public (i.e. searching for jobs rather than being a housewife), some people claimed that these women were "loose" and looking for trouble. Giving up the <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender roles</a> of mother and wife was seen as defiant against traditional values while immersing themselves within society created the excuse that women would "not [be] entitled to protection under the traditional guidelines for male-female relationships".<a href="#cite_note-Maschke1997-196">[196]</a> Until the 19th century, many jurisdictions required <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a> for the act to constitute the offense of rape.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-179">[179]</a> Acts other than vaginal intercourse did not constitute rape in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries and in many other societies. In many cultures, such acts were illegal, even if they were consensual and performed between married couples (see <a href="/wiki/Sodomy_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodomy laws">sodomy laws</a>). In England, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Buggery_Act_1533" title="Buggery Act 1533">Buggery Act 1533</a>, which remained in force until 1828, provided for the death penalty for "<a href="/wiki/Buggery" class="mw-redirect" title="Buggery">buggery</a>". Many countries criminalized "non-traditional" forms of sexual activity well into the modern era: notably, in the US state of <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, sodomy between consensual partners was punishable by a term of five years to life in prison as late as 2003, and this law was only ruled to be inapplicable to married couples in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Today, in many countries, the definition of the actus reus has been extended to all forms of penetration of the vagina and anus (e.g. penetration with objects, fingers or other body parts) as well as insertion of the penis in the mouth. In the United States, before and during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> when <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a> was widespread, the law focused primarily on rape as it pertained to black men raping white women. The penalty for such a crime in many jurisdictions was death or castration. The rape of a black woman, by any man, was considered legal.<a href="#cite_note-Maschke1997-196">[196]</a> As early as the 19th century, American women were criticized if they "stray[ed] out of a [dependent] position...fought off [an] attacker...[or] behaved in too self reliant a manner..." in which case "the term rape no longer applied".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In 1998, Judge <a href="/wiki/Navanethem_Pillay" class="mw-redirect" title="Navanethem Pillay">Navanethem Pillay</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> said: "From time immemorial, rape has been regarded as <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">spoils of war</a>. Now it will be considered a war crime. We want to send out a strong message that rape is no longer a trophy of war."<a href="#cite_note-paulwalters-199">[199]</a> In Aydin v Turkey, the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> (ECHR) ruled for the first time that rape amounts to torture, thus violating article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>. It stated, "Rape of a detainee by an official of the State must be considered to be an especially grave and abhorrent form of ill-treatment given the ease with which the offender can exploit the vulnerability and weakened resistance of his victim."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In M.C. v Bulgaria, the Court found that the use of violence on the part of the perpetrator is not a necessary condition for a sexual act to be qualified as rape. It stated, "Indeed, rapists often employ subtle coercion or bullying when this is sufficient to overcome their victims. In most cases of rape against children, violence is not necessary to obtain submission. Courts are also recognizing that some women become frozen with fear at the onset of a sexual attack and thus cannot resist."<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_rape">War rape</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-undue-weight" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rape&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Balance" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">balanced fashion</a> that contextualizes different points of view. (December 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">Wartime sexual violence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/220px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/330px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/440px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption>The Bulgarian martyresses, a painting depicting the rape of Bulgarian women by <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> troops during the <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">April Uprising</a> of 1876</figcaption></figure> Rape, in the course of war, dates back to antiquity, ancient enough to have been mentioned in the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-Women_in_the_Old_Testament-202">[202]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yanomami" title="Yanomami">Yanomami</a> tribes fought and raided nearby tribes, women were often raped and brought back to the <a href="/wiki/Shabono" title="Shabono">shabono</a> to be adopted into the captor's community.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> across much of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, caused <a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">much destruction</a> during <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Mongol conquests">their invasions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Jack_Weatherford" title="Jack Weatherford">Jack Weatherford</a> said that the earliest incident of mass rape attributed to Mongols took place after <a href="/wiki/Ogodei_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogodei Khan">Ogodei Khan</a> sent an army of 25,000 soldiers to North China, where they defeated an army of 100,000. The Mongols were said to have raped the surviving soldiers at the command of their leader. Ogodei Khan was also said to have ordered mass rapes of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rogerius_of_Apulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogerius of Apulia">Rogerius of Apulia</a>, a monk who survived the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a>, the Mongol warriors "found pleasure" in humiliating local women.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Systematic_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic rape">systematic rape</a> of as many as 80,000 women by the Japanese soldiers during the six weeks of the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a> is an example of such atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, an estimated 200,000 Korean and Chinese women were forced into prostitution in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> military brothels as so-called "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>".<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> French Moroccan troops, known as <a href="/wiki/Goumier" class="mw-redirect" title="Goumier">Goumiers</a>, committed rapes and other war crimes after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Battle of Monte Cassino</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> French women in Normandy reported <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">rapes during the liberation of Normandy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Rapes were committed by <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> forces on Jewish women and girls during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> in September 1939;<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> they were also committed against Polish, Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian women, and girls during mass executions which were primarily carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Selbstschutz" title="Selbstschutz">Selbstschutz</a> units, with the assistance of Wehrmacht soldiers who were stationed in territory that was under the administration of the German military; the rapes were committed against female captives before they were shot.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Only one case of rape was prosecuted by a German court during the military campaign in Poland, and even then the German judge found the perpetrator guilty of <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a> (committing a shameful act against his race as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">racial policy of Nazi Germany</a>) rather than rape.<a href="#cite_note-auto-213">[213]</a> Jewish women were particularly vulnerable to rape during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Rapes were also committed by German forces stationed on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>, where they were largely unpunished (as opposed to rapes committed in Western Europe).<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The Wehrmacht also established a system of military brothels, in which young women and girls from occupied territories were forced into prostitution under harsh conditions.<a href="#cite_note-auto-213">[213]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, women were kidnapped by German forces for prostitution as well; one report by the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a> writes "in the city of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> the German Command opened a brothel for officers in one of the hotels into which hundreds of women and girls were driven; they were mercilessly dragged down the street by their arms and hair."<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Rapes happened in territories occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_atrocities#World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Army atrocities">Red Army</a>. A female Soviet war correspondent described what she had witnessed: "The Russian soldiers were raping every German female from eight to eighty. It was an army of rapists."<a href="#cite_note-They_raped_every_German_female_from_eight_to_80-218">[218]</a> According to German historian <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Gebhardt" title="Miriam Gebhardt">Miriam Gebhardt</a>, as many as 190,000 women were raped by <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">U.S. soldiers in Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> According to researcher and author <a href="/wiki/Kriszti%C3%A1n_Ungv%C3%A1ry" title="Krisztián Ungváry">Krisztián Ungváry</a>, some 38,000 civilians were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Siege of Budapest</a>: about 13,000 from military action and 25,000 from starvation, disease and other causes. Included in the latter figure are about 15,000 Jews, largely victims of executions by Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a> militia. When the Soviets finally claimed victory, they initiated an orgy of violence, including the wholesale theft of anything they could lay their hands on, random executions and mass rape. An estimated 50,000 women and girls were raped,<a href="#cite_note-Ungvary_512-220">[220]</a>: 348–350 <a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-rape_group=note-222">[note 1]</a> although estimates vary from 5,000 to 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a>: 129  Hungarian girls were kidnapped and taken to Red Army quarters, where they were imprisoned, repeatedly raped and sometimes murdered.<a href="#cite_note-Naimark-224">[223]</a>: 70–71  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Natural_History_of_Rape" title="A Natural History of Rape">A Natural History of Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Against_Our_Will" title="Against Our Will">Against Our Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive power and control">Abusive power and control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtship_disorder" title="Courtship disorder">Courtship disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_contraception" title="Emergency contraception">Emergency contraception</a> (the morning after pill)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_associated_with_being_a_victim_of_sexual_violence" title="Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence">Factors associated with being a victim of sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_rape" title="Category:Fiction about rape">Fiction about rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaea_(mythology)" title="Nicaea (mythology)">Nicaea (mythology)</a> (traumatic rape in Greek Mythology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-assault_treatment_of_sexual_assault_victims" title="Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims">Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_by_intimate_partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence by intimate partners">Sexual violence by intimate partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Victims_Unit" title="Special Victims Unit">Special Victims Unit</a> (also known as the Sex Crimes Unit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Against_Rape" title="Women Against Rape">Women Against Rape</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rape_group=note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-rape_group=note_222-0">^</a> "The worst suffering of the Hungarian population is due to the rape of women. Rapes—affecting all age groups from ten to seventy are so common that very few women in Hungary have been spared." Swiss embassy report cited in Ungváry 2005, p.350. (Krisztian Ungvary The Siege of Budapest 2005) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_6-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_6_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_6_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42495/9241545615_eng.pdf?sequence=1">"Chapter 6: Sexual Violence"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. 2002. Retrieved 11 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+6%3A+Sexual+Violence&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F42495%2F9241545615_eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulhofer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Schulhofer, Stephen J. (2017). "Reforming the Law of Rape". Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality. 35: 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Journal+of+Law+%26+Inequality&rft.atitle=Reforming+the+Law+of+Rape&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=335&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Schulhofer&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrakHedge2003" class="citation book cs1">Petrak, Jenny; Hedge, Barbara, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6KZfQ6cSVHoC&pg=PA2">The Trauma of Sexual Assault Treatment, Prevention and Practice</a>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-85138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-85138-8"><bdi>978-0-470-85138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trauma+of+Sexual+Assault+Treatment%2C+Prevention+and+Practice.&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-470-85138-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6KZfQ6cSVHoC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unodc1-4"><a href="#cite_ref-unodc1_4-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Sexual_violence_sv_against_children_and_rape.xls">"Rape at the National Level, number of police recorded offenses".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210321/http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crime-statistics/Sexual_violence_sv_against_children_and_rape.xls">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United Nations. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/">"Violence against women"</a>. World Health Organization. Retrieved 2017-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Violence+against+women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs239%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2001/prison/report7.html#_1_48">No Escape: Male Rape In U.S. Prisons. Part VII. Anomaly or Epidemic: The Incidence of Prisoner-on-Prisoner Rape.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903190935/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2001/prison/report7.html#_1_48">Archived</a> 2014-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; estimates that 100,000–140,000 violent male-male rapes occur in U.S. prisons annually; compare with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/violent_crime/forcible_rape.html">FBI statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916010913/http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/offenses/violent_crime/forcible_rape.html">Archived</a> 2008-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> that estimate 90,000 violent male-female rapes occur annually. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Robert W. Dumond, "Ignominious Victims: Effective Treatment of Male Sexual Assault in Prison," August 15, 1995, p. 2; states that "evidence suggests that [male-male sexual assault in prison] may be a staggering problem". Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariner(Organization)2001" class="citation book cs1">Mariner, Joanne; (Organization), Human Rights Watch (2001-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkFfYfEO5IgC&pg=PA370">No escape: male rape in U.S. prisons</a>. Human Rights Watch. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-258-6"><bdi>978-1-56432-258-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+escape%3A+male+rape+in+U.S.+prisons&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2001-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-258-6&rft.aulast=Mariner&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=%28Organization%29%2C+Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkFfYfEO5IgC%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruckman-JohnsonDavid_Struckman-Johnson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Struckman-Johnson, Cindy; David Struckman-Johnson (2006). "A Comparison of Sexual Coercion Experiences Reported by Men and Women in Prison". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 21 (12): 1591–1615. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260506294240">10.1177/0886260506294240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-2605">0886-2605</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17065656">17065656</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27639359">27639359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=A+Comparison+of+Sexual+Coercion+Experiences+Reported+by+Men+and+Women+in+Prison&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1591-1615&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0886-2605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27639359%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17065656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0886260506294240&rft.aulast=Struckman-Johnson&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft.au=David+Struckman-Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988">; reports that "Greater percentages of men (70%) than women (29%) reported that their incident resulted in oral, vaginal, or anal sex. More men (54%) than women (28%) reported an incident that was classified as rape." </li> <li id="cite_note-aaets-9"><a href="#cite_ref-aaets_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaets.org/article178.htm">"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Rape Survivors"</a>. The American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress. 1995. Retrieved 2013-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post+Traumatic+Stress+Disorder+in+Rape+Survivors&rft.pub=The+American+Academy+of+Experts+in+Traumatic+Stress&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaets.org%2Farticle178.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeenews.india-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zeenews.india_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zeenews.india_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/rape-victim-threatened-to-withdraw-case-in-up_694364.html">"Rape victim threatened to withdraw case in UP"</a>. Zeenews.india.com. 2011-03-19. Retrieved 2013-02-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rape+victim+threatened+to+withdraw+case+in+UP&rft.pub=Zeenews.india.com&rft.date=2011-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fnews%2Futtar-pradesh%2Frape-victim-threatened-to-withdraw-case-in-up_694364.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisemuslimwomen-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wisemuslimwomen_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisemuslimwomen_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108041415/http://www.wisemuslimwomen.org/currentissues/stigmitizationofrape/">"Stigmatization of Rape & Honor Killings"</a>. WISE Muslim Women. 2002-01-31. 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Retrieved 2017-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncjrs.gov&rft.atitle=Victim+Responses+to+Sexual+Assault%3A+Counterintuitive+or+Simply+Adaptive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2FApp%2FPublications%2Fabstract.aspx%3FID%3D248189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psych2013rev-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Psych2013rev_81-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonLodrick2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, F; Lodrick, Z (February 2013). "Psychological consequences of sexual assault". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 27 (1): 27–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2012.08.015">10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23182852">23182852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Practice+%26+Research.+Clinical+Obstetrics+%26+Gynaecology&rft.atitle=Psychological+consequences+of+sexual+assault.&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-37&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpobgyn.2012.08.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23182852&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Lodrick%2C+Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Note: One of the authors of the "Psychological consequences of sexual assault" article describes what she means by "friend" and "flop" in an article: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodrick2007" class="citation journal cs1">Lodrick, Zoe (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoelodrick.co.uk/training/article-1">"Psychological trauma – what every trauma worker should know"</a>. The British Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 4 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychotherapy+Integration.&rft.atitle=Psychological+trauma+%E2%80%93+what+every+trauma+worker+should+know.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Lodrick&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoelodrick.co.uk%2Ftraining%2Farticle-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> Friend: "Friend is the earliest defensive strategy available to us..... Throughout life when fearful most humans will activate their social engagement system (Porges, 1995). ... The social engagement system, or friend response to threat, is evident in the child who smiles or even laughs when being chastised." Flop: "Flop occurs if, and when, the freeze mechanism fails.... The survival purpose of the flop state is evident: if 'impact' is going to occur the likelihood of surviving it will be increased if the body yields, and psychologically, in the short-term at least, the situation will be more bearable if the higher brain functions are 'offline'." </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracha2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bracha, H. Stefan (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/5014/1/2004_C.N.S_Five_Fs_of_FEAR--Freeze_Flight_Fight_Fright_Faint.pdf">"Freeze, Flight, Fight, Fright, Faint: Adaptationist Perspectives on the Acute Stress Response Spectrum"</a> (PDF). 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Nguyen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1084&context=mjgl">"Roman Rape: An Overview of Roman Rape Laws from the Republican Period to Justinian's Reign"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Rape%3A+An+Overview+of+Roman+Rape+Laws+from+the+Republican+Period+to+Justinian%27s+Reign&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Nghiem+L.+Nguyen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1084%26context%3Dmjgl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps02_j1-4.htm">Institutiones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143943/http://www.constitution.org/sps/sps02_j1-4.htm">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf208.ix.cclxxi.html">Letters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212062150/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf208.ix.cclxxi.html">Archived</a> 2007-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> circa 374 AD </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman" class="citation magazine cs1">Rothman, Lily. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3975175/spousal-rape-case-history/">"When Spousal Rape First Became a Crime in the U.S."</a> Time. Retrieved 2017-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=When+Spousal+Rape+First+Became+a+Crime+in+the+U.S.&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3975175%2Fspousal-rape-case-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrbina2014" class="citation news cs1">Urbina, Ian (11 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/sunday-review/being-clear-about-rape.html">"The Challenge of Defining Rape"</a>. The New York Times. 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New York: Garland Pub., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815325192" title="Special:BookSources/9780815325192">9780815325192</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter" class="citation web cs1">Painter, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glapn.org/sodomylaws/sensibilities/idaho.htm">"The History of Sodomy Laws in the United States – Idaho"</a>. Gay & Lesbian Archives of the Pacific Northwest. 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Retrieved 1 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+after+death%3A+approaches+to+a+cultural+and+social+history+of+Europe+during+the+1940s+and+1950s&rft.pages=143-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00922-5&rft.au=Richard+Bessel&rft.au=Dirk+Schumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNilW70Yol74C%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308163835/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9712/13/remembering.nanjing/">Chinese city remembers Japanese 'Rape of Nanjing'</a>. CNN. December 13, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324104443/http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200703/200703190023.html">Comfort Women Were 'Raped': U.S. Ambassador to Japan</a>. chosun.com. March 19, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715172056/http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9705&L=twatch-l&D=1&O=D&F=P&P=1025">"Italian women win cash for wartime rapes"</a>. Listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9705&L=twatch-l&D=1&O=D&F=P&P=1025">the original</a> on 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2010-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italian+women+win+cash+for+wartime+rapes&rft.pub=Listserv.acsu.buffalo.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.acsu.buffalo.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwa%3FA2%3Dind9705%26L%3Dtwatch-l%26D%3D1%26O%3DD%26F%3DP%26P%3D1025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieu_von_Rohr2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Mathieu von Rohr (May 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/new-book-reveals-dark-side-of-american-soldiers-in-liberated-france-a-902266.html">"'Bandits in Uniform': The Dark Side of GIs in Liberated France"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Spiegel</a>. Retrieved 2013-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel&rft.atitle=%27Bandits+in+Uniform%27%3A+The+Dark+Side+of+GIs+in+Liberated+France&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft.au=Mathieu+von+Rohr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fnew-book-reveals-dark-side-of-american-soldiers-in-liberated-france-a-902266.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">55 Dni Wehrmachtu w Polsce" Szymon Datner Warsaw 1967 page 67 "Zanotowano szereg faktów gwałcenia kobiet i dziewcząt żydowskich" (Numerous rapes were committed against Jewish women and girls).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=55+Dni+Wehrmachtu+w+Polsce%22+Szymon+Datner+Warsaw+1967+page+67+%22Zanotowano+szereg+fakt%C3%B3w+gwa%C5%82cenia+kobiet+i+dziewcz%C4%85t+%C5%BCydowskich%22+%28Numerous+rapes+were+committed+against+Jewish+women+and+girls%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029144245/http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/rozdz3%2C2.htm">"war crimes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kki.net.pl/~museum/rozdz3%2C2.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=war+crimes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kki.net.pl%2F~museum%2Frozdz3%252C2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Numer: 17/18/2007 Wprost "Seksualne Niewolnice III Rzeszy".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numer%3A+17%2F18%2F2007+Wprost+%22Seksualne+Niewolnice+III+Rzeszy%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131202112303/http://vallentinemitchell.metapress.com/content/122369">"holocaust studies"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vallentinemitchell.metapress.com/content/122369">the original</a> on 2013-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=holocaust+studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvallentinemitchell.metapress.com%2Fcontent%2F122369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Grossmann, Atina (2007-12-31). Jews, Germans, and Allies. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400832743">10.1515/9781400832743</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400832743" title="Special:BookSources/9781400832743"><bdi>9781400832743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+Germans%2C+and+Allies&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400832743&rft.isbn=9781400832743&rft.aulast=Grossmann&rft.aufirst=Atina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gegenwind.info/175/sonderheft_wehrmacht.pdf">"Zur Debatte um die Ausstellung Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941-1944 im Kieler Landeshaus 1999"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zur+Debatte+um+die+Ausstellung+Vernichtungskrieg.+Verbrechen+der+Wehrmacht+1941-1944+im+Kieler+Landeshaus+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gegenwind.info%2F175%2Fsonderheft_wehrmacht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuz2016" class="citation book cs1">Guz, Tadeusz (2016). The Nazi Law of the Third German Law. Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18290%2F2016entguz">10.18290/2016entguz</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788373067523" title="Special:BookSources/9788373067523"><bdi>9788373067523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Law+of+the+Third+German+Law&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Towarzystwo+Naukowe+Katolickiego+Uniwersytetu+Lubelskiego+Jana+Paw%C5%82a+II&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18290%2F2016entguz&rft.isbn=9788373067523&rft.aulast=Guz&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-They_raped_every_German_female_from_eight_to_80-218"><a href="#cite_ref-They_raped_every_German_female_from_eight_to_80_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2002" class="citation news cs1">Beevor, Antony (2002-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,707835,00.html">"They raped every German female from eight to 80"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2008-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=They+raped+every+German+female+from+eight+to+80&rft.date=2002-05-01&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fg2%2Fstory%2F0%2C3604%2C707835%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/book-claims-us-soldiers-raped-190-000-german-women-post-wwii-a-1021298.html">"Were Americans As Bad as the Soviets?"</a>. Der Spiegel. 2 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Were+Americans+As+Bad+as+the+Soviets%3F&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fbook-claims-us-soldiers-raped-190-000-german-women-post-wwii-a-1021298.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ungvary_512-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Ungvary_512_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngvaryLadislaus_LobJohn_Lukacs2005" class="citation book cs1">Ungvary, Krisztian; Ladislaus Lob; John Lukacs (April 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLY1z-XLd_IC&q=AFTER+THE+BATTLE+40+-+BUDAPEST+1944&pg=PR5">The siege of Budapest: One Hundred Days in World War II</a>. Yale University Press. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10468-4"><bdi>978-0-300-10468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+siege+of+Budapest%3A+One+Hundred+Days+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005-04-11&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10468-4&rft.aulast=Ungvary&rft.aufirst=Krisztian&rft.au=Ladislaus+Lob&rft.au=John+Lukacs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcLY1z-XLd_IC%26q%3DAFTER%2BTHE%2BBATTLE%2B40%2B-%2BBUDAPEST%2B1944%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2005" class="citation journal cs1">James, Mark (2005-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/past_and_present/v188/188.1mark.html">"Remembering Rape: Divided Social Memory and the Red Army in Hungary 1944–1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Past_%26_Present_(journal)" title="Past & Present (journal)">Past & Present</a> (August 2005): 133–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgti020">10.1093/pastj/gti020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-464X">1477-464X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162539651">162539651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Remembering+Rape%3A+Divided+Social+Memory+and+the+Red+Army+in+Hungary+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.issue=August+2005&rft.pages=133-161&rft.date=2005-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162539651%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-464X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgti020&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fpast_and_present%2Fv188%2F188.1mark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesselDirk_Schumann2003" class="citation book cs1">Bessel, Richard; Dirk Schumann (May 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NilW70Yol74C">Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00922-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00922-5"><bdi>978-0-521-00922-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+after+Death%3A+Approaches+to+a+Cultural+and+Social+History+of+Europe&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-05-05&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00922-5&rft.aulast=Bessel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Dirk+Schumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNilW70Yol74C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naimark-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Naimark_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark1995" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman M. (1995). The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949. Cambridge: Belknap. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78405-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-78405-5"><bdi>978-0-674-78405-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russians+in+Germany%3A+A+History+of+the+Soviet+Zone+of+Occupation%2C+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Cambridge%3A+Belknap&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-674-78405-5&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergen1996" class="citation book cs1">Bergen, Raquel Kennedy (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wiferapeundersta0000berg">Wife rape: understanding the response of survivors and service providers</a>. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-7240-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-7240-7"><bdi>978-0-8039-7240-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wife+rape%3A+understanding+the+response+of+survivors+and+service+providers&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-7240-7&rft.aulast=Bergen&rft.aufirst=Raquel+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwiferapeundersta0000berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenov2004" class="citation book cs1">Denov, Myriam S. (2004). Perspectives on female sex offending: a culture of denial. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3565-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3565-9"><bdi>978-0-7546-3565-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+female+sex+offending%3A+a+culture+of+denial&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hants%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3565-9&rft.aulast=Denov&rft.aufirst=Myriam+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2013" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Estelle B. (2013). Redefining rape: sexual violence in the era of suffrage and segregation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6747-2484-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6747-2484-6"><bdi>978-0-6747-2484-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redefining+rape%3A+sexual+violence+in+the+era+of+suffrage+and+segregation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-6747-2484-6&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Estelle+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroth1979" class="citation book cs1">Groth, Nicholas A. (1979). Men Who Rape: The Psychology of the Offender. New York, NY: Plenum Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0624-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0624-0"><bdi>978-0-7382-0624-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+Who+Rape%3A+The+Psychology+of+the+Offender&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Plenum+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0624-0&rft.aulast=Groth&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJozkowskiCananRhoadsHunt2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jozkowski, Kristen N.; Canan, Sasha N.; Rhoads, Kelley; Hunt, Mary (October–December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2374623816679184">"Methodological considerations for content analysis of sexual consent communication in mainstream films"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sexualization,_Media,_%26_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualization, Media, & Society">Sexualization, Media, & Society</a>. 2 (4): 237462381667918. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2374623816679184">10.1177/2374623816679184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sexualization%2C+Media%2C+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Methodological+considerations+for+content+analysis+of+sexual+consent+communication+in+mainstream+films&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237462381667918&rft.date=2016-10%2F2016-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2374623816679184&rft.aulast=Jozkowski&rft.aufirst=Kristen+N.&rft.au=Canan%2C+Sasha+N.&rft.au=Rhoads%2C+Kelley&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F2374623816679184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingMezey2000" class="citation book cs1">King, Michael B.; Mezey, Gillian C. (2000). Male victims of sexual assault. Vol. 27. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002580248702700211">10.1177/002580248702700211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262932-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-262932-6"><bdi>978-0-19-262932-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3586937">3586937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5555193">5555193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Male+victims+of+sexual+assault&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pages=122-4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002580248702700211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5555193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3586937&rft.isbn=978-0-19-262932-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft.au=Mezey%2C+Gillian+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1989" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ellis (1989). Theories of Rape: Inquiries Into the Causes of Rape. Taylor & Francis. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89116-172-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89116-172-1"><bdi>978-0-89116-172-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Rape%3A+Inquiries+Into+the+Causes+of+Rape&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89116-172-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKibbinShackelfordGoetzStarratt2008" class="citation journal cs1">McKibbin, William F.; Shackelford, Todd K.; Goetz, Aaron T.; Starratt, Valerie G. (March 2008). "Why do men rape? An evolutionary psychological perspective". <a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a>. 12 (1): 86–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1089-2680.12.1.86">10.1037/1089-2680.12.1.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:804014">804014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+General+Psychology&rft.atitle=Why+do+men+rape%3F+An+evolutionary+psychological+perspective&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-97&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1089-2680.12.1.86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A804014%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McKibbin&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft.au=Shackelford%2C+Todd+K.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+Aaron+T.&rft.au=Starratt%2C+Valerie+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/McKibbin-et-al-RGP-2008.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625204134/http://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/McKibbin-et-al-RGP-2008.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gabriella Nilsson, Lena Karlsson, Monika Edgren, Ulrika Andersson, eds. Rape Narratives in Motion. Germany, Springer International Publishing, 2019.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdemClay-Warner1998" class="citation book cs1">Odem, Mary E.; Clay-Warner, Jody (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/confrontingrapes00odem">Confronting Rape and Sexual Assault</a>. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-842-02599-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-842-02599-7"><bdi>978-0-842-02599-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Rape+and+Sexual+Assault&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-842-02599-7&rft.aulast=Odem&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft.au=Clay-Warner%2C+Jody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconfrontingrapes00odem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmerThornhill2000" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Craig; Thornhill, Randy (2000). A natural history of rape biological bases of sexual coercion. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-08200-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-08200-4"><bdi>978-0-585-08200-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+natural+history+of+rape+biological+bases+of+sexual+coercion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-585-08200-4&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Thornhill%2C+Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierceDeacyArafat2002" class="citation book cs1">Pierce, Karen F.; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Deacy" title="Susan Deacy">Deacy, Susan</a>; Arafat, K.W. (2002). Rape in antiquity. London: The Classical Press of Wales in association with Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3147-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3147-8"><bdi>978-0-7156-3147-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rape+in+antiquity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Classical+Press+of+Wales+in+association+with+Duckworth&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3147-8&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Karen+F.&rft.au=Deacy%2C+Susan&rft.au=Arafat%2C+K.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiceLalumiereQuinsey2005" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Marnie E.; Lalumiere, Martin L.; Quinsey, Vernon L. (2005). The causes of rape: understanding individual differences in male propensity for sexual aggression (the law and public policy.). American Psychological Association (APA). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59147-186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59147-186-8"><bdi>978-1-59147-186-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+causes+of+rape%3A+understanding+individual+differences+in+male+propensity+for+sexual+aggression+%28the+law+and+public+policy.%29&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association+%28APA%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59147-186-8&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Marnie+E.&rft.au=Lalumiere%2C+Martin+L.&rft.au=Quinsey%2C+Vernon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapcott1988" class="citation book cs1">Shapcott, David (1988). The Face of the Rapist. Auckland, NZ: Penguin Books. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009335-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-009335-3"><bdi>978-0-14-009335-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+the+Rapist&rft.place=Auckland%2C+NZ&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-14-009335-3&rft.aulast=Shapcott&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARape" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rape" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rape">Rape</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/%22Rape%22" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/"Rape""> Rape</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/11/30/16644394/language-sexual-violence">"The complicated, inadequate language of sexual violence"</a>, Vox, Nov 30, 2017</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47092" class="extiw" title="d:Q47092">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T74.2">T74.2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Y05">Y05</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=E960.1">E960.1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011902">D011902</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001955.htm">001955</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">LGBT-affirming religious groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/16px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/24px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_sexuality_and_sexology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_sexuality" title="Template talk:Human sexuality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_sexuality_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual relationship">Sexual relationship</a> phenomena</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality" title="Fictosexuality">Fictosexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_shyness" class="mw-redirect" title="Love shyness">Love shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy_syndrome" title="Celibacy syndrome">Celibacy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committed_relationship" title="Committed relationship">Committed relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_promiscuity" title="Female promiscuity">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">Sex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sexual dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_frustration" title="Sexual frustration">Sexual frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Addicts_Anonymous" title="Sex Addicts Anonymous">Sex Addicts Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Sexual jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sexual_ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sexual_ethics" title="Template:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_ethics" title="Template talk:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sexual_ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_sexuality" title="Adolescent sexuality">Adolescent sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_party_(sexuality)" title="Rainbow party (sexuality)">Rainbow party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_incest" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws regarding incest">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">Infidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_pornography" title="Gay pornography">gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian pornography">lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's pornography">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_law" title="Prostitution law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child sex tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child-on-child_sexual_abuse" title="Child-on-child sexual abuse">Child-on-child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform" title="Age of consent reform">reform</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Africa" title="Age of consent in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Asia" title="Age of consent in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Europe" title="Age of consent in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_North_America" title="Age of consent in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_the_United_States" title="Age of consent in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Oceania" title="Age of consent in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_South_America" title="Age of consent in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sexual_ethics" title="Outline of sexual ethics">Topical outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Violence_against_women" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Violence_against_women_footer" title="Template:Violence against women footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Violence_against_women_footer" title="Template talk:Violence against women footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Violence_against_women_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Violence against women footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Violence_against_women" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_during_childbirth" title="Abuse during childbirth">Abuse during childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_ironing" title="Breast ironing">Breast ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Dating abuse">Dating abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_domestic_violence" title="Outline of domestic violence">outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">and pregnancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve_teasing" title="Eve teasing">Eve teasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gishiri_cutting" title="Gishiri cutting">Gishiri cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infibulation" title="Infibulation">Infibulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband_stitch" title="Husband stitch">Husband stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_infanticide" title="Female infanticide">Female infanticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">Foot binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leblouh" title="Leblouh">Force-feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_pregnancy" title="Forced pregnancy">Forced pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of pregnant women">Murder of pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidance_Patrol" title="Guidance Patrol">Guidance Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kano_State_Hisbah_Corps" title="Kano State Hisbah Corps">Kano State Hisbah Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisi_Syariat_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisi Syariat Islam">Polisi Syariat Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_prostitutes" title="Violence against prostitutes">Violence against prostitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual assault, rape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_sexual_assault" title="Campus sexual assault">Campus sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault" title="Mass sexual assault">Mass sexual assault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_from_rape" title="Pregnancy from rape">and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_rape" title="Types of rape">Types of rape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rape_by_deception" title="Rape by deception">by deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">corrective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape" title="Date rape">date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_rape" title="Gang rape">gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_rape" title="Genocidal rape">genocidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_halala" title="Nikah halala">halala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">in war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">marital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_rape" title="Prison rape">prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Convention" title="Istanbul Convention">Istanbul Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_gender-targeted_crimes" title="Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes">Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Elimination_of_Violence_against_Women" title="International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women">November 25th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Zero_Tolerance_for_Female_Genital_Mutilation" title="International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation">February 6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_rapist" title="Serial rapist">Serial rapist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Violence_against_women" title="Category:Violence against women">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_crime" title="Template:Types of crime"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_crime" title="Template talk:Types of crime"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_crime" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of crime"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_crime" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: Crimes vary by <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction_(area)" title="Jurisdiction (area)">jurisdiction</a>. Not all types are listed here.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraction">Infraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">Misdemeanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">Felony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_offence" title="Summary offence">Summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indictable_offence" title="Indictable offence">Indictable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_offence" title="Hybrid offence">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scales of Justice"><img alt="Scales of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/65px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/98px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/130px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_imprisonment" title="False imprisonment">False imprisonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">Frameup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_invasion" title="Home invasion">Home invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menacing" title="Menacing">Menacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(crime)" title="Mayhem (crime)">Mayhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felony_murder_rule" title="Felony murder rule">felony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterintention" title="Preterintention">Preterintention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">Homicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligent_homicide" title="Negligent homicide">Negligent homicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing" title="Stabbing">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_trafficking" title="Arms trafficking">Arms trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmail" title="Blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">Burglary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybercrime" title="Cybercrime">Cybercrime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_pretenses" title="False pretenses">False pretenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larceny" title="Larceny">Larceny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payola" title="Payola">Payola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">Pickpocketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_of_stolen_goods" title="Possession of stolen goods">Possessing stolen property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trespass_to_land" title="Trespass to land">Trespass to land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief" title="Mischief">Mischief</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging" title="Begging">Begging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship violation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">Smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">Illegal consumption</a> (such as prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">alcohol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurpation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crimes</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">Lèse-majesté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Compounding_a_felony" title="Compounding a felony">Compounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfeasance_in_office" title="Malfeasance in office">Malfeasance in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice" title="Miscarriage of justice">Miscarriage of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misprision_of_felony" title="Misprision of felony">Misprision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruction of justice">Obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjury" title="Perjury">Perjury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perverting_the_course_of_justice" title="Perverting the course of justice">Perverting the course of justice</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Against animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_smuggling" title="Wildlife smuggling">Wildlife smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">Bestiality</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Sexual offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">Adultery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornication#Across_history,_cultures,_and_laws" title="Fornication">Fornication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation#Law" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a></li> <li>Rape</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inchoate_offense" title="Inchoate offense">Inchoate offenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempt" title="Attempt">Attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitation" title="Solicitation">Solicitation</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Crime">WikiSource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crime" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crime">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Crime" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Crime">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Crime_and_law" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Crime and law">Wikinews</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1089970/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042696-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85111402">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph127664&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563122705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016113">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643639">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=16718">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rape&oldid=1258943988">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rape&oldid=1258943988</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2l27l","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.042","walltime":"3.430","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15333,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":553912,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9453,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":830578,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2946.059 1 -total"," 42.61% 1255.170 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.90% 468.363 8 Template:Navbox"," 11.89% 350.296 60 Template:Cite_web"," 11.35% 334.428 9 Template:Excerpt"," 10.38% 305.881 1 Template:Types_of_crime"," 10.08% 296.879 60 Template:Cite_book"," 8.94% 263.323 49 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.21% 123.961 23 Template:Cite_news"," 4.02% 118.527 1 Template:Rape_sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.969","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18229752,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbrahms_D.Viky_G.Masser_B.Gerd_B.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAminMacMillanGarcia-Moreno2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmy_M._BuddieArthur_G._Miller2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaardaSikora2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasileSmithBreidingBlack2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeevor2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesselDirk_Schumann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorowskyHoganIreland1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBracha2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodsky2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBudrionis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgess-Jackson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlineEasteal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenCreinin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiversSetoLalumièreLaan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnorsLundreganMillerMcEwen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCybulska2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenov2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonita2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEckman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElisabeth_Meier_Tetlow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpsteinJewkes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoubert_J.D.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrity_S.E.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroth1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrubbTurner2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruber2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGwartney-GibbsStockardBohmer1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrendorfHaskenanMalby\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarter2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernandez2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockettSaucier2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHome_Office_Research2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenny2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJinaThomas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoan_Z._SpadeCatherine_G._Valentine2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJozkowskiCananRhoadsHunt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalbfleischCody2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanin1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelly2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKen_Plummer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKersti_YllöM._Gabriela_Torres2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimura2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingMezey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlot,_JenniferMonica_Kathina_Juma2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoon-MagninRuback2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrug2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinvan_Berlo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisakGardinierNicksaCote2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLisakMiller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLodrick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcdante2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMariner(Organization)2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarkovchick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasonLodrick2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathieu_von_Rohr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcInerny2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKibbinShackelfordGoetzStarratt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLean2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerArmstrong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiranda_Sawyer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimark1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNghiem_L._Nguyen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdemClay-Warner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOuimetteRiggs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmerThornhill2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrakHedge2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettyDawson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierceDeacyArafat2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaycraft2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiceLalumiereQuinsey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_BesselDirk_Schumann2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosdahl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaleh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavage2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulhofer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapcott1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharmaSrivastavaBhatiaChaudhuri2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithFarmer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmothersSmothers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorensonJoshiSivitz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStruckman-JohnsonDavid_Struckman-Johnson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTchen1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeela_Sanders2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornhillPalmer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimothy_Williams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_de_CastellaJon_Kelly2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTranGrobelna2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUK2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUngvaryLadislaus_LobJohn_Lukacs2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbina2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarcarolis,_Elizabeth2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVladutiu_C.J.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeatherford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinnie_Tomm2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeaterO\u0026#039;Donohue1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZitelli2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Abuse\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 60,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"EMedicine2\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 14,\n [\"Human sexuality\"] = 1,\n [\"ICD10\"] = 2,\n [\"ICD9\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Medical resources\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi\"] = 1,\n [\"Rape sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n 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