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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Grammatical Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Verb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hapax_Legomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hapax_Legomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Hapax Legomena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hapax_Legomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Denominal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denominal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deverbal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deverbal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Deverbal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deverbal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Turkic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="اللغة التركية القديمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التركية القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_t%C3%BCrk_dili" title="Qədim türk dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim türk dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AC%D9%87" title="اسکی تورکجه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اسکی تورکجه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старотюркски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Старотюркски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroture%C4%8Dtina" title="Staroturečtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Staroturečtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altt%C3%BCrkische_Sprache" title="Alttürkische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alttürkische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnova_tjurka_lingvaro" title="Malnova tjurka lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malnova tjurka lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زبان ترکی باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ترکی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieux_turc" title="Vieux turc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vieux turc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%96%B4" title="고대 튀르크어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 튀르크어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पुरानी तुर्की भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुरानी तुर्की भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Turkik_Kuno" title="Bahasa Turkik Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Turkik Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_turca_antica" title="Lingua turca antica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua turca antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ორხონ-ენისეის ძეგლთა ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორხონ-ენისეის ძეგლთა ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Көне түркілік тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көне түркілік тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_tirk%C3%AE_y%C3%AA_kevn" title="Zimanê tirkî yê kevn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tirkî yê kevn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Байыркы түрк тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Байыркы түрк тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_tiurk%C5%B3_kalba" title="Senovės tiurkų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės tiurkų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старотуркиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старотуркиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tiorka_taloha" title="Fiteny tiorka taloha – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tiorka taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kturks" title="Gökturks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gökturks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古チュルク語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古チュルク語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammeltyrkisk" title="Gammeltyrkisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammeltyrkisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaltyrkisk" title="Gammaltyrkisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gammaltyrkisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_turkiy" title="Qadimgi turkiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi turkiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پرانی ترک بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرانی ترک بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_staroturecki" title="Język staroturecki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język staroturecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_tili" title="Köktürk tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Köktürk tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcica_veche" title="Turcica veche – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turcica veche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Орхоно-енисейский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орхоно-енисейский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Орхон-Енисей тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Орхон-Енисей тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_tur%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Stara turščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stara turščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star%C5%8Ftureck%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Starŏtureckŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Starŏtureckŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="زمانی تورکیی کۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تورکیی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staroturkijski_jezik" title="Staroturkijski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Staroturkijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaisuiguurin_kieli" title="Muinaisuiguurin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaisuiguurin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D3%99%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Борынгы төрки әдәби тел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы төрки әдәби тел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาเตอร์กิกเก่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเตอร์กิกเก่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Забони туркии куҳан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони туркии куҳан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eski_T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e" title="Eski Türkçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eski Türkçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Старотюркські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Старотюркські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قدیم ترکی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم ترکی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earliest attested Turkic language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the form of Turkish spoken in what is now modern Turkey during the 11th-15th centuries, see <a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish">Old Anatolian Turkish</a>. For the form used in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE), see <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Old Siberian Turkic</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">East Old Turkic, Old Turkic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">8th–13th centuries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian Turkic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>South Siberian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Old Siberian Turkic</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic" title="Orkhon Turkic">Orkhon Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/otk" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:otk">otk</a></code> – Old Turkish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/otk">otk</a></code> Old Turkish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldu1238">oldu1238</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Old Siberian Turkic</b>, generally known as <b>East Old Turkic</b> and often shortened to <b>Old Turkic</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian Turkic language</a> spoken around <a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Turkistan">East Turkistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>, making it the earliest attested <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic language</a>. In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions</a> of the 13th century. Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language">Orkhon Turkic</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a>. There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the <a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language">Karakhanid language</a>, some (among whom include <a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Malov" title="Sergey Malov">Sergey Malov</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osman_Karatay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osman Karatay (page does not exist)">Osman Karatay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Erdal" title="Marcel Erdal">Marcel Erdal</a>) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while others prefer to include Karakhanid among Middle Turkic languages;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nonetheless, Karakhanid is very close to Old Uyghur.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Old Turkic and West Old Turkic together comprise the Old Turkic proper, though West Old Turkic is generally unattested and is mostly reconstructed through words loaned through <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> East Old Turkic is the oldest attested member of the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian Turkic</a> branch of Turkic languages, and several of its now-archaic grammatical as well as lexical features are extant in the modern <a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Yellow Uyghur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop Nur Uyghur</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a> (all of which are endangered); Khalaj, for instance, has (surprisingly) retained a considerable number of archaic Old Turkic words<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite forming a <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">language island</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within Central Iran and being heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a> is not a direct ancestor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather the <a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur language</a>; the contemporaneous ancestor of Modern Uyghur was the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai literary language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>East Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean script</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Turkic runiform alphabet</a> of Orkhon Turkic was deciphered by <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Thomsen" title="Vilhelm Thomsen">Vilhelm Thomsen</a> in 1893. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a> (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> and other early <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a> during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The script is named after the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yadrintsev" title="Nikolai Yadrintsev">Nikolai Yadrintsev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sinor_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sinor-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This writing system was later used within the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei River">Yenisei</a> variant is known from 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a> inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the <a href="/wiki/Talas_River" title="Talas River">Talas Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hungarian alphabet">Old Hungarian alphabet</a> of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found in Mongolia and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated between the 8th and 10th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unrounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Unrounded vowel">Unr.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rounded_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rounded vowel">Rnd.</a> </th> <th>Unr. </th> <th>Rnd. </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vowel roundness is assimilated through the word through <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. Some vowels were considered to occur only in the initial syllable, but they were later found to be in suffixes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Length is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than the short counterpart. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: 90%;"> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></small> </th> <td width="20px" style="border-right:0;"></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right:0;"></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right:0;"></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right:0;"></td> <td width="20px" style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a></small> </th> <td style="border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td width="20px" style="border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0;"> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0;"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap/Flap</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a></small> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right:0;"></td> <td style="border-left:0;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with /b/, /t/, /tʃ/, /k/, /q/, /s/, /ɫ/ and /j/, but they do not usually begin with /p/, /d/, /g/, /ɢ/, /l/, /ɾ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /m/, /ʃ/, or /z/. The only exceptions are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%B0%A4%F0%90%B0%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐰤𐰀">𐰤𐰀</a> (<i>ne</i>, "what, which") and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding a nasal in a word such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%B0%A2%F0%90%B0%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐰢𐰤">𐰢𐰤</a> (<i>men</i>, "I"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cases">Cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are approximately 12 <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case morphemes</a> in Old Turkic (treating 3 types of <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusatives</a> as one); the table below lists Old Turkic cases following <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Erdal" title="Marcel Erdal">Marcel Erdal</a>’s classification (some phonemes of suffixes written in capital letters denote <a href="/wiki/Archiphoneme" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiphoneme">archiphonemes</a> which sometimes are dropped or changed as per (East) Old Turkic <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a>): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Case Suffixes </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominative </th> <td>∅ (unmarked) </td> <td>köŋül<b>∅</b> </td> <td>heart </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>-nIŋ </td> <td>Tämür<b>niŋ</b> </td> <td>Tämür<b>’s</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative I (Pronominal Accusative) </th> <td>-nI </td> <td>bu<b>nï</b> </td> <td>this </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative II (Nominal Accusative) </th> <td>-Ig/-Ug<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>kïzlar<b>ïg</b>, Karluk<b>ug</b> </td> <td>girls, Karluk </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative III<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>-(I)n </td> <td>oglïm<b>ïn</b> </td> <td>my son’s </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>-ka<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>ordo<b>ka</b> </td> <td><b>to</b> palace </td></tr> <tr> <th>Directive / Allative<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>-gArU<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>äv<b>gärü</b> </td> <td><b>towards</b> home </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>-tA/-dA </td> <td>äv<b>dä</b>, suvluk<b>ta</b> </td> <td><b>in</b> house, <span class="nowrap"><b>in</b> vessel</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Directive-Locative / Partitive-Locative </th> <td>-rA </td> <td>as<b>ra</b><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, baš<b>ra</b><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>below, <b>at/towards/on</b> head </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ablative </th> <td>-dIn/-tIn <span class="nowrap">-dAn</span> </td> <td>kaŋ<b>tïn</b> </td> <td><b>from</b> father </td></tr> <tr> <th>Equative-Lative </th> <td>-čA<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>tükägü<b>čä</b> </td> <td><b>up to/till</b> end </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td><span class="nowrap">-In/-Un</span> </td> <td>ok<b>un</b> </td> <td><b>with</b> arrow </td></tr> <tr> <th>Comitative<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>-lXgU<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">-lUgUn<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td>ini<b>ligü</b> </td> <td><b>together with</b> young brother </td></tr> <tr> <th>Similative </th> <td>-lAyU </td> <td>yultuz<b>layu</b> </td> <td><b>like</b> star(s) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This Old Turkic accusative suffix is retained in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Modern Turkish</a> in the form of <i><span class="nowrap">-jXg</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language">Karakhanid</a> also employs this suffix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a> is the only modern Turkic language to have retained this archaic case suffix, which fact has led <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a> to regard the suffix as a distinctive marker of Arghu language (i.e. Khalaj). Most of the remaining Turkic languages usually have <span class="nowrap">-GA</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old Turkic possessed an opposition between dative <span class="nowrap">-ka</span> and allative <span class="nowrap">-gArU/-kArU</span> cases, the latter perhaps derived secondarily from the former at the pre-Old Turkic stage. The dative case has been preserved intact in all the modern Siberian Turkic languages. On the other hand, the old allative has lost its case function, being preserved in a lexicalized manner in only a small number of adverbial expressions - for example, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a> <b>ichkari</b> ‘towards inside’. However, <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a> have reintroduced the formal opposition into their respective case systems.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rare in Buddhist Uyghur and Karakhanid.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In directive-locative sense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In partitive-locative sense.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Today this Old Turkic suffix is preserved as a case form in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Altay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though Khalaj retains this suffix as a case form (like Altay and Shor), it denotes locative case; which, at first glance, is aberrant.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Out of all Turkic languages, today this case is preserved only in <a href="/wiki/Sakha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakha language">Sakha</a> (i.e. Yakut).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic" title="Orkhon Turkic">Orkhon Turkic</a>. This ancient suffix is already rare by the time of Orkhon Turkic and the usage of this case with pronouns is not attested in the whole of Old Turkic. <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Manichaean Uyghur</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_Number">Grammatical Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammatical Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Turkic (like Modern Turkic) had 2 grammatical numbers: singular and plural. However, Old Turkic also formed collective nouns (a category related to plurals) by a separate suffix <i><span class="nowrap">-(A)gU(n)</span></i> e.g. <i>tay<b>agun</b>uŋuz</i> ‘your colts’.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Modern Turkic, Old Turkic had 3 types of suffixes to denote plural:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap">-(X)t</span></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap">-An</span></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap">-lAr</span></i></li></ul></div> <p>Suffixes except for -lAr is limitedly used for only a few words. In some descriptions, <i>-(X)t</i> and <i>-An</i> may also be treated as collective markers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>-(X)t</i> is used for titles of non-Turkic origin, e.g. <i>tarxat</i> ←<i>tarxan</i> 'free man' <Soghdian, <i>tégit</i> ←<i>tégin</i> 'prince' (of unknown origin). <i>-s</i> is a similar suffix, e.g. <i>ïšbara-s</i> 'lords' <Sanskrit <i>īśvara</i>. -An is used for person, e.g. <i>ärän</i> 'men, warriors' ←<i>är</i> 'man', <i>oglan</i> ←<i>ogul</i> 'son'. </p><p>Today, all Modern Turkic languages (except for <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>) use exclusively the suffix of the <i><span class="nowrap">-lAr</span></i> type for plural. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb">Verb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Verb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finite verb forms in Old Turkic (i.e. verbs to which a tense suffix is added) always conjugate for person and number of the subject by corresponding suffixes save for the 3rd person, in which case person suffix is absent. This grammatical configuration is preserved in the majority of Modern Turkic languages, except for some such as <a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Yellow Uyghur</a> in which verbs no longer agree with the person of the subject. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tense">Tense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which could be divided into six simple<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to the simple tenses. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Old Turkic simple tenses according to <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Erdal" title="Marcel Erdal">M. Erdal</a>'s classification </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tense </th> <th>Positive </th> <th>Negative </th></tr> <tr> <th>Imperfect <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">Aorist</a> </th> <td><i>-Ur</i> </td> <td><i>-mAz</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Preterite (Simple Past) </th> <td><i>-dI</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Perfect Participle </th> <td><i>-mIš</i> </td> <td><i>-mAdOk</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">Future</a> </th> <td><i>-dAčI</i> </td> <td><i>-mAčI</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vivid Past </th> <td><i>-yOk</i> </td> <td><i>-mAyOk</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Imminent Future </th> <td><i>-gAlIr</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Today, this form is preserved by two distinct branches of Turkic: Oghuz and the "Lena Group" of Turkic<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a>, in the form <i><span class="nowrap">-батах</span></i>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hapax_Legomena">Hapax Legomena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hapax Legomena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some suffixes are attested as being attached to only one word and no other instance of attachment is to be found. Similarly, some words are attested only once in the entire extant Old Turkic corpus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denominal">Denominal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Denominal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following have been classified by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Clauson" title="Gerard Clauson">Gerard Clauson</a> as denominal noun suffixes. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Usages </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ča</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">anča</i></span> </td> <td>thus, like that </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ke</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">sigirke</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">yipke</i></span> </td> <td>sinew<br />string/thread </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-la/-le</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ayla</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">tünle</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">körkle</i></span> </td> <td>thus, like that<br />yesterday, night, north<br />beautiful </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-suq/-sük</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bağïrsuq</i></span> </td> <td>(internal) organs </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ra/-re</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">içre</i></span> </td> <td>inside, within </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ya/-ye</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bérye</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">yırya</i></span> </td> <td>here<br />north </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-čïl/-čil</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">igčil</i></span> </td> <td>sickly </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğïl/-gil</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">üçgil</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">qïrğïl</i></span> </td> <td>triangular<br /> grey haired </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-nti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ékkinti</i></span> </td> <td>second </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-dam/-dem</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">tegridem</i></span> </td> <td>god-like </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">tïrtï:/-türti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ičtirti</i></span><br /> </td> <td>inside, within </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-qı:/-ki</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ašnuki</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">üzeki</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ebdeki</i></span> </td> <td>former<br />(being) on or above<br />being in the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-an/-en/-un</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">oğlan</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">eren</i></span> </td> <td>children<br />men, gentlemen </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğu:/-gü</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">enčgü</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">tuzğu</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">buğrağu</i></span> </td> <td>tranquil, at peace<br />food given to a traveller as a gift<br />being like a camel stud, aggressive </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-a:ğu:/-e:gü:</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">üčegü</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ičegü</i></span> </td> <td>three together<br />being inside human body, internal organ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-daŋ/-duŋ</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">otuŋ</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">izdeŋ</i></span> </td> <td>firewood<br /> track, trace </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ar/-er</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">birer</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">azar</i></span> </td> <td>one each<br />a few </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-layu:/-leyü</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">börileyü</i></span> </td> <td>like a wolf </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-daš/-deš</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">qarïndaš</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">yerdeš</i></span> </td> <td>kinsman<br />compatriot </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-mïš/-miš</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">altmïš</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">yetmiš</i></span> </td> <td>sixty<br />seventy </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-gey</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">küçgey</i></span> </td> <td>violent </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-çaq/-çek</i></span> and <span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-çuq/-çük</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ïğïrčaq</i></span> </td> <td>spindle-whorl </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-q/-k</i></span> (after vowels and -r)<br /> <span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-aq/-ek</i></span> (the normal forms)<br /> <span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ïq/-ik/-uq/-ük</i></span> (rare forms) </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ortuq</i></span> </td> <td>partner </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-daq/-dek</i></span> and(?) <span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-duq/-dük</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bağırdaq</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">beligdek</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">burunduq</i></span> </td> <td>wrap<br />terrifying<br />nose ring </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğuq/-gük</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">çamğuq</i></span> </td> <td>objectionable </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-maq/-mek</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">kögüzmek</i></span> </td> <td>breastplate </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-muq/-a:muq</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">solamuk</i></span> </td> <td>left-handed (pejorative?) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-naq</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">baqanaq</i></span> </td> <td>"frog in a horse's hoof" (from <i>baqa</i> frog) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-duruq/-dürük</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">boyunduruq</i></span> </td> <td>yoke </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deverbal">Deverbal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deverbal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as <a href="/wiki/Deverbal_noun" title="Deverbal noun">deverbal</a> suffixes. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Usages </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-a/-e/-ı:/-i/-u/-ü</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">oprı</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">adrı</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">keçe</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">egri</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">köni</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ötrü</i></span> </td> <td>hollow,valley<br />branched,forked<br />evening, night<br />crooked<br />straight, upright, lawful<br />then, so </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğa/-ge</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">kısğa</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">öge</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bilge</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">kölige</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">tilge</i></span> </td> <td>short<br />wise<br />wise<br />shadow<br />slice </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğma/-gme</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">tanığma</i></span> </td> <td>riddle, denial </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-çı/-çi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">otaçı:</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">okıçı</i></span> </td> <td>healer<br />priest, preacher </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğuçı/-güçi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ayğuçı</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bitigüçi</i></span> </td> <td>councilor<br />scribe </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-dı/-di</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">üdründi</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">ögdi</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">alkadı</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">sökti</i></span> </td> <td>chosen,parted,separated,scattered<br />praised<br />praised<br />bran </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-tı/-ti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">arıtı</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">uzatı</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">tüketi</i></span> </td> <td>completely, clean<br />lengthily<br />completely </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-du</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">eğdu</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">umdu</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">süktü</i></span> </td> <td>curved knife<br />desire, covetousness<br />campaigning </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğu:/-gü</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bilegü</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">kedgü</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">oğlağü</i></span> </td> <td>whetstone<br />clothing<br />gently nurtured </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ingü</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bilingü</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">etingü</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">yeringü</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">salıŋu</i></span> </td> <td>being in the know<br />being prepared<br />disgusted<br />sling </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğa:ç/-geç</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">kışgaç</i></span> </td> <td>pincers </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğuç/-güç</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bıçgüç</i></span> </td> <td>scissors </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-maç/-meç</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">tutmaç</i></span> </td> <td>"saved" noodle dish </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">-ğut/-güt</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">alpağut</i></span><br /><span title="Old Turkic-language text"><i lang="otk">bayağut</i></span> </td> <td>warrior<br />merchant </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literary works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Inscriptions" title="Yenisei Inscriptions">Yenisei Inscriptions</a></i> (8-10th centuries CE) - a group of texts in Old Turkic from <a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisei River</a> basin.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uyuk-Tarlak_inscription" title="Uyuk-Tarlak inscription">Uyuk-Tarlak inscription</a></i> (date unknown) by an unknown writer (in Yenisei Kyrgyz)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elegest_inscription" title="Elegest inscription">Elegest inscription</a></i> (date unknown) by an unknown writer (in <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Inscriptions">Orkhon Inscriptions</a></i> (732 and 735) by <a href="/wiki/Yoll%C4%B1g_Khagan" title="Yollıg Khagan">Yollıg Khagan</a> (in Orkhon Turkic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bain_Tsokto_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bain Tsokto inscriptions">Bain Tsokto inscriptions</a></i> (716) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ongin_inscription" title="Ongin inscription">Ongin inscription</a></i> (between 716 and 735) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kul-chur_inscription" title="Kul-chur inscription">Kul-chur inscription</a></i> (between 723 and 725) a writer called "Ebizter" (in Orkhon Turkic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altyn_Tamgan_Tarhan_inscription" title="Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription">Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription</a></i> (724) by an unknown writer (in Orkhon Turkic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tariat_inscriptions" title="Tariat inscriptions">Tariat inscriptions</a></i> (between 753 and 760) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Choiti-Tamir_inscriptions" title="Choiti-Tamir inscriptions">Choiti-Tamir inscriptions</a></i> (between 753 and 756) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCkhbaatar_inscriptions" title="Sükhbaatar inscriptions">Sükhbaatar inscriptions</a></i> (8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bombogor_inscription" title="Bombogor inscription">Bombogor inscription</a></i> (8th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irk_Bitig" title="Irk Bitig">Book of Divination</a></i> (9th century) by an unknown writer (in Old Uyghur)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic" title="Orkhon Turkic">Orkhon Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language">Karakhanid language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRachewiltzRybatzki2010" class="citation book cs1">Rachewiltz, Igor de; Rybatzki, Volker (31 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R995DwAAQBAJ&dq=qarakhanid+Turkic&pg=PA17"><i>Introduction to Altaic Philology</i></a>. BRILL. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004188891" title="Special:BookSources/9789004188891"><bdi>9789004188891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Altaic+Philology&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.isbn=9789004188891&rft.aulast=Rachewiltz&rft.aufirst=Igor+de&rft.au=Rybatzki%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR995DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dqarakhanid%2BTurkic%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachewiltzRybatzki2010" class="citation book cs1">Rachewiltz, Igor de; Rybatzki, Volker (31 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R995DwAAQBAJ&dq=old+turkic+retained&pg=PA19"><i>Introduction to Altaic Philology</i></a>. BRILL. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004188891" title="Special:BookSources/9789004188891"><bdi>9789004188891</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Altaic+Philology&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.isbn=9789004188891&rft.aulast=Rachewiltz&rft.aufirst=Igor+de&rft.au=Rybatzki%2C+Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR995DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dold%2Bturkic%2Bretained%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdal2004" class="citation book cs1">Erdal, Marcel (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIVSEAAAQBAJ&dq=qarakhanid+single+description&pg=PA8"><i>A Grammar of Old Turkic</i></a>. BRILL. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047403968" title="Special:BookSources/9789047403968"><bdi>9789047403968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Old+Turkic&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004-09&rft.isbn=9789047403968&rft.aulast=Erdal&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIVSEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dqarakhanid%2Bsingle%2Bdescription%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeetsSavelyev2020" class="citation book cs1">Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&dq=west+old+turkic&pg=PA106"><i>The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8"><bdi>978-0-19-880462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880462-8&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft.au=Savelyev%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-vqDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwest%2Bold%2Bturkic%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages</i>. p. 413.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pages=413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeetsSavelyev2020" class="citation book cs1">Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&dq=old+turkic+archaic&pg=PA112"><i>The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8"><bdi>978-0-19-880462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880462-8&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft.au=Savelyev%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-vqDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dold%2Bturkic%2Barchaic%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagagnin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ragagnin, Elisabetta (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00210862.2020.1740881">"Major and Minor Turkic Language Islands in Iran with a Special Focus on Khalaj"</a>. <i>Iranian Studies</i>. <b>53</b> (3–4): 573–588. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1740881">10.1080/00210862.2020.1740881</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218924277">218924277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Major+and+Minor+Turkic+Language+Islands+in+Iran+with+a+Special+Focus+on+Khalaj&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=573-588&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1740881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218924277%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ragagnin&rft.aufirst=Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00210862.2020.1740881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansonCsató2015" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (29 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ&dq=khalaj+heavily+influenced&pg=PA280"><i>The Turkic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136825279" title="Special:BookSources/9781136825279"><bdi>9781136825279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+Languages&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.isbn=9781136825279&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Csat%C3%B3%2C+%C3%89va+%C3%81.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7i5CAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dkhalaj%2Bheavily%2Binfluenced%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&dq=modern+standard+uyghur&pg=PA49"><i>Salar</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040914" title="Special:BookSources/9783447040914"><bdi>9783447040914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26dq%3Dmodern%2Bstandard%2Buyghur%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aos5EAAAQBAJ&dq=new+uyghur+vowel+linguistic&pg=PA209"><i>Studies in Asian Historical Linguistics</i></a>. BRILL. 19 July 2021. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004448568" title="Special:BookSources/9789004448568"><bdi>9789004448568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Asian+Historical+Linguistics&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.isbn=9789004448568&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAos5EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dnew%2Buyghur%2Bvowel%2Blinguistic%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid1999" class="citation book cs1">Khalid, Adeeb (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjNfWREAdMoC&dq=chaghatay+spoken+dialects+adeeb+khalid&pg=PA188"><i>The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520920897" title="Special:BookSources/9780520920897"><bdi>9780520920897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Muslim+Cultural+Reform&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=9780520920897&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Adeeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjNfWREAdMoC%26dq%3Dchaghatay%2Bspoken%2Bdialects%2Badeeb%2Bkhalid%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). <i>An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions</i>. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933847-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933847-00-3">978-3-933847-00-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sinor-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sinor_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sinor, Denis (2002). "Old Turkic". <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i>. Vol. 4. Paris: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 331–333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Turkic&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=331-333&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansonCsató2015" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á (29 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7i5CAAAQBAJ"><i>The Turkic Languages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82527-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82527-9"><bdi>978-1-136-82527-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turkic+Languages&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82527-9&rft.aulast=Johanson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Csat%C3%B3%2C+%C3%89va+%C3%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ7i5CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdal2004" class="citation book cs1">Erdal, Marcel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/73959547"><i>A grammar of Old Turkic</i></a>. Boston: Brill. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4294-0826-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4294-0826-X"><bdi>1-4294-0826-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/73959547">73959547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Old+Turkic&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F73959547&rft.isbn=1-4294-0826-X&rft.aulast=Erdal&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F73959547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2007" class="citation book cs1">Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ciShtCrJijIC&dq=turkish+accusative+salar&pg=PA61"><i>Salar</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447040914" title="Special:BookSources/9783447040914"><bdi>9783447040914</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salar&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783447040914&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Arienne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DciShtCrJijIC%26dq%3Dturkish%2Baccusative%2Bsalar%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Irregularities in Turkic Languages</i>. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irregularities+in+Turkic+Languages&rft.pages=228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeetsSavelyev2020" class="citation book cs1">Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (27 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-vqDwAAQBAJ&dq=old+turkic+accusative&pg=PA113"><i>The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880462-8"><bdi>978-0-19-880462-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+Transeurasian+Languages&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880462-8&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft.au=Savelyev%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-vqDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dold%2Bturkic%2Baccusative%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Grammar of Old Turkic</i>. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Old+Turkic&rft.pages=177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Heritage and Identity in the Turkic World</i>. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heritage+and+Identity+in+the+Turkic+World&rft.pages=42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Grammar of Old Turkic</i>. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Old+Turkic&rft.pages=180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Grammar of Old Turkic</i>. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Old+Turkic&rft.pages=160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Grammar of Old Turkic</i>. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Old+Turkic&rft.pages=158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson2021" class="citation cs2">Johanson, Lars, ed. (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/turkic/nominals-noun-inflection/91C0CA8DFB839F7DC3F165A29F029776">"Nominals: Noun Inflection"</a>, <i>Turkic</i>, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 452–478, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86535-7"><bdi>978-0-521-86535-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-13</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkic&rft.atitle=Nominals%3A+Noun+Inflection&rft.pages=452-478&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86535-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fturkic%2Fnominals-noun-inflection%2F91C0CA8DFB839F7DC3F165A29F029776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Micro-change and Macro-change in Diachronic Syntax</i>. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Micro-change+and+Macro-change+in+Diachronic+Syntax&rft.pages=64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Grammar of Old Turkic</i>. p. 272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Old+Turkic&rft.pages=272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages</i>. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Turkish+and+Turkic+Languages&rft.pages=203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notenzudenalttr00vmgoog">Noten zu den alttürkischen Inschriften der Mongolei und Sibiriens (1898)</a></li> <li>Ö.D. Baatar, <i>Old Turkic Script</i>, Ulan-Baator (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08200-5">0-415-08200-5</a></li> <li>M. Erdal, <i>Old Turkic word formation: A functional approach to the lexicon</i>, Turcologica, Harassowitz (1991), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-03084-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-03084-4">3-447-03084-4</a>.</li> <li>M. Erdal, <i>Old Turkic</i>, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99929-944-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-99929-944-0-5">978-99929-944-0-5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4yGbSQcrBoC">M. Erdal, <i>A Grammar of Old Turkic</i>, Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia, Brill, Leiden (2004)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10294-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10294-9">90-04-10294-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdal2004" class="citation book cs1">Erdal, Marcel (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4yGbSQcrBoC&q=qarakhanids+inherited+islam+uyghurs"><i>A Grammar Of Old Turkic</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10294-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10294-9"><bdi>90-04-10294-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+Of+Old+Turkic&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=90-04-10294-9&rft.aulast=Erdal&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4yGbSQcrBoC%26q%3Dqarakhanids%2Binherited%2Bislam%2Buyghurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld+Turkic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>L. Johanson, <i>A History of Turkic</i>, in: The Turkic Languages, eds. L. Johanson & E.A. Csato, Routledge, London (1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08200-5">0-415-08200-5</a></li> <li>Talat Tekin, <i>A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic</i>, Uralic and Altaic Series Vol. 69, Indiana University Publications, Mouton and Co. (1968). (review: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Clauson" title="Gerard Clauson">Gerard Clauson</a>, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 1969); Routledge Curzon (1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0869-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0869-3">0-7007-0869-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Turkic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301044348/http://www.bitig.org/?lang=e">Old Turkic inscriptions (with translations into English), reading lessons and tutorials</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orhunyazitlari.blogspot.com/p/bilgekagan.html">Turkic Inscriptions of Orkhon Valley (with translations into Turkish)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vatec2.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/">VATEC</a>, pre-Islamic Old Turkic electronic corpus at uni-frankfurt.de.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/turks/Erdal_OTG.pdf">A Grammar of Old Turkic</a> by Marcel Erdal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051549/http://www.ats.lmu.de/lingtools/milbdb/files/index.php?file=turkicold.pdf">Old Turkic (8th century) funerary inscription</a> (W. Schulze)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=18&m=1">Kuli Chor inscription complete text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=17&m=1">Tonyukuk inscription complete text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624010508/http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1">Kul Tigin inscription complete text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203230249/http://www.bitig.org/?lang=e">Bilge Qaghan inscription complete text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=14&m=1">Eletmiš Yabgu (Ongin) inscription complete text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bitig.org/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=23&m=1">Bayanchur Khan inscription complete text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/CLAUSON/Clauson_The%20Ongin%20Inscription%201957.pdf">Ongin inscriptions</a> by Gerard Clauson</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkdilleri.com/TarihiDonem">Timeline of Turkic Languages (Turkish)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Altaic_languages" title="Template:Altaic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Altaic_languages" title="Template talk:Altaic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Altaic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Altaic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Altaic_hypothesis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic hypothesis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Korean" title="Old Korean">Old Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Altaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Altaic language">Proto-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japonic">Proto-Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Turkic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_languages" title="Template talk:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Turkic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language"><i>Proto-Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_languages" title="Common Turkic languages">Common Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages">Argu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argu_languages" title="Argu languages"><i>Argu</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karluk_languages" title="Karluk languages">Karluk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Northern Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Uzbek_language" title="Southern Uzbek language">Southern Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoton_language" title="Khoton language">Khoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Old</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language"><i>Chagatai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language"><i>Karakhanid</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezmian_Turkic" title="Khorezmian Turkic"><i>Khorezmian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatar_dialect" title="Mishar Tatar dialect">Mishar Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaibak_dialect" title="Nagaibak dialect">Nagaibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tatar"><i>Old Tatar</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak_language" title="Armeno-Kipchak language"><i>Armeno-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language"><i>Cuman</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk-Kipchak_language" title="Mamluk-Kipchak language"><i>Mamluk-Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyz</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_Kipchak_language" title="Fergana Kipchak language"><i>Fergana Kipchak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_dialect" title="Baraba dialect">Baraba</a></li> <li>Tom</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telengit_language" title="Telengit language">Telengit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleut_language" title="Teleut language">Teleut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nogai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dobrujan_Tatar_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Dobrujan Tatar dialect">Dobrujan Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobol-Irtysh_dialect" title="Tobol-Irtysh dialect">Tobol-Irtysh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trukhmen_dialect" title="Trukhmen dialect">Trukhmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahali_Turkic" title="Chaharmahali Turkic">Chaharmahali Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonqori_dialect" title="Sonqori dialect">Sonqori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#North_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">North Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language#South_Azerbaijani" title="Azerbaijani language">South Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajem-Turkic" title="Ajem-Turkic"><i>Ajem-Turkic</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_language" title="Balkan Gagauz language">Balkan Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs#Language" title="Karapapakhs"><i>Karapapakh</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish"><i>Karamanli Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish"><i>Old Anatolian Turkish</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish"><i>Ottoman Turkish</i></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Turkic_languages" title="Siberian Turkic languages">Siberian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Steppe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyot_language" title="Soyot language">Soyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yenisei</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkan_language" title="Chelkan language">Chelkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumandin_language" title="Kumandin language">Kumandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubalar_language" title="Tubalar language">Tuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur"><i>Old Uyghur</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkhon Turkic language"><i>Orkhon Turkic</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghur languages">Oghur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language"><i>Bulgar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputed classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language"><i>Khazar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language"><i>Pecheneg</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Potentially Turkic languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)"><i>Di</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_language" title="Hunnic language"><i>Hunnic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language"><i>Jie</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars#Language" title="Pannonian Avars"><i>Pannonian Avar</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language"><i>Tuoba</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun#Language" title="Wusun"><i>Wusun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language"><i>Xiongnu</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbet_language" title="Kurbet language">Kurbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Göktürks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Template:Göktürks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Template talk:Göktürks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Göktürks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Göktürks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (552–581)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–630)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_Qaghan" title="Yami Qaghan">Yami Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibi_Khan" title="Shibi Khan">Shibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xichun" title="Ashina Xichun">Chulo Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illig_Qaghan" title="Illig Qaghan">Illig Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilibi_Khan" title="Qilibi Khan">Qilibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebi_Khan" title="Chebi Khan">Chebi Qaghan</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Jiesheshuai" title="Ashina Jiesheshuai">Ashina Jiesheshuai</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Funian" title="Ashina Funian">Ashina Funian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_She%27er" title="Ashina She'er">Ashina She'er</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Nishufu" title="Ashina Nishufu">Ashina Nishufu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Wenfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Wenfu (page does not exist)">Ashide Wenfu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Fengji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Fengji (page does not exist)">Ashide Fengji</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shibobi" title="Ashina Shibobi">Ashina Shibobi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–657)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tardu" title="Tardu">Tardu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshana_Qaghan" title="Heshana Qaghan">Heshana Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy_Yabghu_Khagan" title="Sy Yabghu Khagan">Sy Yabghu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Kulug_Shad" title="El Kulug Shad">El Kulug Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Irbis_Ishbara_Yabgu_Qaghan" title="Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan">Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Hallig</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bagha_Shad" title="Bagha Shad">Bagha Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ri_Shad" title="Böri Shad">Böri Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duzhi" title="Ashina Duzhi">Ashina Duzhi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuizi" title="Ashina Tuizi">Ashina Tuizi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (682–744)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan" title="Ilterish Qaghan">Ilterish Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inel_Qaghan" title="Inel Qaghan">Inel Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilg%C3%A4_Qa%C7%A7an" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilgä Qaǧan">Bilgä Qaǧan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoll%C4%B1g_Khagan" title="Yollıg Khagan">Yollıg Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengri_Qaghan" title="Tengri Qaghan">Tengri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutluk_Yabgu_Khagan" title="Kutluk Yabgu Khagan">Kutluk Yabgu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zmi%C5%9F_Khagan" title="Özmiş Khagan">Özmiş Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shi" title="Ashina Shi">Ashina Shi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duoxifu" title="Ashina Duoxifu">Ashina Duoxifu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kulun_Beg" title="Kulun Beg">Kulun Beg</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk" title="Tonyukuk">Tonyukuk</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Qutlu%C4%9F_S%C3%A4b%C3%A4g_Qatun" title="Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun">Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Bilga_Khatun" title="El Bilga Khatun">El Bilga Khatun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Kunling Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Mishe" title="Ashina Mishe">Ashina Mishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Yuanqing" title="Ashina Yuanqing">Ashina Yuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xian" title="Ashina Xian">Ashina Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Zhen" title="Ashina Zhen">Ashina Zhen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mengchi Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Buzhen" title="Ashina Buzhen">Ashina Buzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huseluo" title="Ashina Huseluo">Ashina Huseluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huaidao" title="Ashina Huaidao">Ashina Huaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashina_Xin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashina Xin (page does not exist)">Ashina Xin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a> (625-758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a> (665–870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb" title="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb">Shoroon Bumbagar tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turks in the Tang military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cl%C3%BC%C5%9F_system" title="Ülüş system">Ülüş system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk_inscriptions" title="Tonyukuk inscriptions">Tonyukuk inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongin_inscription" title="Ongin inscription">Ongin inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyn_Tamgan_Tarhan_inscription" title="Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription">Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_bodun" title="Qara bodun">Qara bodun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk wars<br /> and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gol-Zarriun" title="Battle of Gol-Zarriun">Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars">Göktürk–Persian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Perso-Turkic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_civil_war" title="Göktürk civil war">Göktürk civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang Eastern Turk campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang Western Turk campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Khitans#The_Li-Sun_rebellion_and_the_Turks" title="History of the Khitans">Li-Sun rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolchu" title="Battle of Bolchu">Battle of Bolchu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Bagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudun" title="Tudun">Tudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishad" title="Ishad">Ishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elteber" title="Elteber">Elteber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_family_tree" title="Göktürk family tree">Göktürk family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashide" title="Ashide">Ashide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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