CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Brazil–United States relations - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2c3a6985-540e-45a7-86eb-e1a823b947e5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Brazil–United_States_relations","wgTitle":"Brazil–United States relations","wgCurRevisionId":1260370339,"wgRevisionId":1260370339,"wgArticleId":11633777,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with dead external links from October 2010","Webarchive template archiveis links","Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)","CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Use mdy dates from February 2021", "Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011","Articles needing additional references from December 2013","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Articles with dead external links from October 2023","Articles containing video clips","Brazil–United States relations","Bilateral relations of Brazil","Bilateral relations of the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Brazil–United_States_relations","wgRelevantArticleId":11633777,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive": false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1732896","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready" ,"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazil_USA_Locator.svg/1200px-Brazil_USA_Locator.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="530"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazil_USA_Locator.svg/800px-Brazil_USA_Locator.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="353"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazil_USA_Locator.svg/640px-Brazil_USA_Locator.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="283"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Brazil–United States relations - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Brazil–United_States_relations rootpage-Brazil–United_States_relations skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Brazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Brazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Brazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Brazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._government_support_for_the_coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government_support_for_the_coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>U.S. government support for the coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government_support_for_the_coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._government_relations_with_the_military_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._government_relations_with_the_military_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>U.S. government relations with the military government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._government_relations_with_the_military_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Cold_War;_return_to_democracy_in_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Cold_War;_return_to_democracy_in_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>End of Cold War; return to democracy in Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Cold_War;_return_to_democracy_in_Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Current issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_surveillance_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_surveillance_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mass surveillance scandal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_surveillance_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-level_visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-level_visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>High-level visits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-level_visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resident_diplomatic_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resident_diplomatic_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Resident diplomatic missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resident_diplomatic_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Brazil–United States relations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات البرازيلية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات البرازيلية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beziehungen_zwischen_Brasilien_und_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Beziehungen zwischen Brasilien und den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beziehungen zwischen Brasilien und den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Brasil-Estados_Unidos" title="Relaciones Brasil-Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Brasil-Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_le_Br%C3%A9sil_et_les_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Relations entre le Brésil et les États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre le Brésil et les États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Amerika_Serikat_dengan_Brasil" title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Brasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%E2%80%93_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="יחסי ארצות הברית – ברזיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי ארצות הברית – ברזיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90" title="د برازیل او متحده ایالاتو اړیکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د برازیل او متحده ایالاتو اړیکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_entre_Brasil_e_Estados_Unidos" title="Relações entre Brasil e Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações entre Brasil e Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Американо-бразильские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американо-бразильские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Американо-бразильські відносини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американо-бразильські відносини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برازیل امریکا تعلقات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برازیل امریکا تعلقات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1732896#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&oldid=1260370339" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&id=1260370339&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrazil%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBrazil%25E2%2580%2593United_States_relations"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Relations_of_Brazil_and_the_United_States" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1732896" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Brazilian–American relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_USA_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Brazil and USA"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Brazil and USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazil_USA_Locator.svg/250px-Brazil_USA_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazil_USA_Locator.svg/375px-Brazil_USA_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Brazil_USA_Locator.svg/500px-Brazil_USA_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/86px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/57px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/86px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/114px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Brazil,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Brazil, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Brazil, Washington, D.C.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Embassy of the United States, Brasília">Embassy of the United States, Brasília</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Brazil_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Brazil to the United States">Brazilian Ambassador to the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luiza_Ribeiro_Viotti" title="Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti">Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Brazil" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Brazil">American Ambassador to Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Frawley_Bagley" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Frawley Bagley">Elizabeth Frawley Bagley</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.02.2023_-_Reuni%C3%A3o_com_o_Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica,_Joe_Biden_(52681638629).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/10.02.2023_-_Reuni%C3%A3o_com_o_Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Joe_Biden_%2852681638629%29.jpg/200px-10.02.2023_-_Reuni%C3%A3o_com_o_Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Joe_Biden_%2852681638629%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/10.02.2023_-_Reuni%C3%A3o_com_o_Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Joe_Biden_%2852681638629%29.jpg/300px-10.02.2023_-_Reuni%C3%A3o_com_o_Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Joe_Biden_%2852681638629%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/10.02.2023_-_Reuni%C3%A3o_com_o_Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Joe_Biden_%2852681638629%29.jpg/400px-10.02.2023_-_Reuni%C3%A3o_com_o_Presidente_dos_Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica%2C_Joe_Biden_%2852681638629%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3099" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (left) meets Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> at <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in February 2023.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was, in 1824, the second country to recognize the independence of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, after Argentina did it in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil was the only <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> nation to send troops to fight in Europe alongside the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>While Brazilian-American relations have been significantly strengthened since the 1990s, there has been a period of tension in relations over the June 2013 <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">revelation of US mass surveillance programs</a> in Brazil after there had been proof of American spying on Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a>. She cancelled a scheduled visit to the US in September 2013 in protest over such revelations. Relations have improved markedly since Rousseff's official visit on June 30, 2015, to the United States, nearly two years after she had canceled a previous state visit to the United States over the spying scandals. From 2016 to 2019, under Obama (and then <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>, relations were still fairly positive. In 2019 with the victory of <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, the two countries approached again, signing deals in the areas of trade, research, security and defense. When <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> became U.S. President in 2021, relations cooled somewhat due to political disagreements between Bolsonaro and Biden, but when Lula returned to the presidency again in late 2022, relations between the U.S. and Brazil have stabilized once more, although Biden and Lula have had their share of disagreements, including Lula's stance on the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>. </p><p>The relationship between both countries represents the two most populated and powerful countries on <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a> (being the most dominant in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> respectively); due to the political and economic weight of both countries worldwide, the two countries share membership in a variety of international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of 20">Group of 20</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dompedro-grant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dompedro-grant.jpg/220px-Dompedro-grant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dompedro-grant.jpg/330px-Dompedro-grant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Dompedro-grant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> during the opening ceremonies of the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, 1876.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1900, Brazil and the United States had minimal interactions and connections. Nevertheless, some notable exchanges and events did occur between the two nations. In 1822, the United States was one of the first nations to acknowledge Brazil's independence from Portugal, and this led to the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. In the mid-1800s, Brazil and the United States began to expand their trade and commerce, with Brazilian coffee exports becoming an essential commodity for American markets. Furthermore, American investors and merchants started to establish themselves in Brazil. In 1864, Brazil and the United States collaborated in a military expedition against Paraguay, which culminated in the defeat of Paraguay in 1870, strengthening the ties between the two countries. Another significant event was the overthrow of the Brazilian monarchy and the establishment of a republic in 1889, which Washington quickly recognized. This was followed by the further consolidation of ties. Although Brazil and the United States had limited interactions before 1900, these events laid the groundwork for future cooperation and engagement between the two nations.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese royal court</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> and the subsequent opening of the ports to foreign ships, the United States was, in 1815, the first country to establish a <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulate</a> in Brazil, more precisely in <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States was also the second country to recognize <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian independence">Brazil's 1822 declaration of independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in 1824, one year after Argentina recognized Brazil's independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing the independence of countries of the Americas from their European metropolies was a <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">policy</a> of the United States, which hoped to undermine European influence in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Relations between the two countries were damaged in 1864, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, when a <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> warship attacked and captured a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> warship in the Brazilian port of <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Bahia Harbor</a>. This event, called the <a href="/wiki/Bahia_incident" title="Bahia incident">Bahia incident</a>, led the Brazilian government to claim that the <a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a> had acted illegally and violated Brazil's neutrality. </p><p>During the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, interaction between the two was limited to multilateral fora, such as the Conference of American States. At the <a href="/wiki/First_International_Conference_of_American_States" title="First International Conference of American States">first Pan-American Conference</a> in 1890, many countries of the Americas, the U.S. and Brazil included, discussed a series of regional integration projects. Those ranged from military to economic integration. The United States planned to create a Pan-American, anti-European economic bloc, a <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a>. It meant to suspend external tariffs applied to inter-American trade but not to European-American trade. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Brazilian Revolution of 1930</a> overthrew the oligarchic coffee plantation owners and brought to power urban middle class and business interests that promoted industrialization and modernization. Aggressive promotion of new industry turned around the economy by 1933, and encouraged American investors. Brazil's leaders in the 1920s and 1930s decided that Argentina's implicit foreign policy goal was to isolate Portuguese-speaking Brazil from Spanish-speaking neighbors, thus facilitating the expansion of Argentine economic and political influence in South America. Even worse, was the fear that a more powerful Argentine Army would launch a surprise attack on the weaker Brazilian Army. To counter this threat, Brazil forged closer links with the United States. Meanwhile, Argentina moved in the opposite direction.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War II, Brazil was a staunch ally of the United States and sent its military to fight against Germany, even as German u-boats sank Brazilian shipping. The U.S. provided $100 million in <a href="/wiki/Lend_Lease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend Lease">Lend Lease</a> money in return for use of airfields to ferry troops and supplies across the Atlantic, and naval bases to fight u-boats. In sharp contrast, Argentina was officially neutral and at times favored Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg/220px-Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg/330px-Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg/440px-Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Presidents <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (right) in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv/220px--Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="582" data-mwtitle="Brazil_at_War_(1943).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Brazil_at_War_(1943).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv/Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv/Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv/Brazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABrazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABrazil_at_War_%281943%29.ogv&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>American propaganda film <i><a href="/wiki/Brazil_at_War" title="Brazil at War">Brazil at War</a></i> (1943), praising Brazil as "a powerful new ally" and pointing out the similarities between both countries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil–U.S. interactions increased during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In 1942, during the first <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> presidential mandate (1930–1945), Brazil made some contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>—the United States, the Soviet Union, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>—against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>. This led to the creation of the Joint Brazil–U.S. Defense Commission, which was chaired by <a href="/wiki/James_Garesche_Ord" title="James Garesche Ord">Major General James Garesche Ord</a> and worked to strengthen military ties between the two countries, reducing the likelihood of Axis attacks on US shipping as soldiers traveled across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and minimizing the influence of the Axis in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil temporarily conceded the U.S. some space in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern Brazil">Northeastern Brazil</a> so the North American nation could launch its planes to fight the Axis in Europe and Africa (the Brazilian northeastern coastline is the easternmost point in the Americas). See also "<a href="/wiki/Second_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Second rubber boom">Second rubber boom</a>". In 1944, Brazil also sent the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">Brazilian Expeditionary Force</a> to be commanded by the U.S. army in Europe. Vargas was pleased by <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>'s promise that Brazil would be granted a permanent seat at the <a href="/wiki/U.N._Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.N. Security Council">U.N. Security Council</a>, a promise the U.S. was later unable to fulfill due to resistance from the Soviet Union and the U.K. </p><p>The presidency of <a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Gaspar Dutra</a> (1946–51) opened a brief period of democratic rule after ousting of Getúlio Vargas. During the Dutras administration, Brazil's foreign policy was aligned closely with that of the United States. Dutra outlawed the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">Brazilian Communist Party</a> (PCB) in 1947 and broke off relations with the Soviet Union. In contradiction to the economic nationalism of his predecessor, he opened the country for foreign, mostly U.S., investments. Getúlio Vargas's return to power in 1951—now in democratic fashion—however, signaled a cooling of relations and a return to economic nationalism. Vargas blamed the U.S. for his ouster in 1945 and appealed to Brazilian nationalism, a sentiment that was growing in many sectors, including the armed forces. In the new Vargas mandate, the old tensions with foreign capital returned in full force—specially after he tried to implement a bill that precluded 90% of the capital produced in the country from being sent to international banks. As a result of the many scandals in his second mandate—corruption scandals, tensions with the military etc.—Vargas killed himself in 1954. He left behind a suicide letter, the <i><a href="/wiki/Carta_testamento" class="mw-redirect" title="Carta testamento">Carta testamento</a></i>, in which he points to media denigration and pressure from foreign banks as the blame for his depression and death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Brazil–United States relations">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg/220px-Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg/330px-Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg/440px-Kennedy_and_Goulart_review_troops_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="997" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (left) and President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a> during a review of troops on April 3, 1962.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956 <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> took office (1956–1961). Like Vargas, Kubitschek had a pro-industries economic policy. He named it "national <a href="/wiki/Developmentalism" title="Developmentalism">developmentalism</a>." But unlike Vargas's plan (and in spite of the policy's own name), Kubitschek's was open to investments by foreign capital. Though he strengthened relations with Latin America and Europe, Kubitschek also sought to improve ties with the United States. His economic policy attracted huge direct investments by foreign capital, much of which came from the U.S. He also proposed an ambitious plan for United States development aid in Latin America, the Pan-American Operation. The outgoing administration of President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> found the plan of no interest, but the administration of President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> appropriated funds in 1961 for the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a>. </p><p>Relations again cooled slightly after President <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a> took office. He ruled for only some months in 1961. Quadros was an out-and-out conservative, and his campaign had received support from <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Union_(Brazil)" title="National Democratic Union (Brazil)">UDN</a>, Brazil's then-largest right-wing party which, five years later, would morph into <a href="/wiki/National_Renewal_Alliance_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Renewal Alliance Party">ARENA</a>, the military dictatorship party. But Quadros's foreign policy—named "Independent Foreign Policy"—quickly eroded his conservative support. In an attempt to forge new trade partnerships, the Brazilian president tried to create closer ties with some Communist countries. That included Cuba. Quadros openly supported <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> during the U.S.-led <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Pigs invasion">Bay of Pigs invasion</a>. He visited the Caribbean nation after the event, and when Cuban revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Ernesto "Che" Guevara</a> retributed the visit, he was decorated with Brazil's highest honor. As a result of the political instability within the country—something provoked by his breakup with the UDN and tensions with the military—Quadros resigned. At that time, his vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>, was on a diplomatic mission in Communist <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p><p>In that year, Goulart took office (1961–1964). Political instability, however, continued high—for not only Goulart kept Quadros's unusual foreign policy (which the Brazilian press slammed as "Communist infiltrated"), but he also showed a clear leftist streak in domestic affairs. He had a pro-<a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> stance and increased the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a> (which the fiscally austere Quadros had previously squeezed). By the end of 1963, the U.S. downgraded its relations with Brazil and reduced aid to the country. Washington's worries were that Brazil would turn into a nonaligned emerging power such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. But those worries dissipated on March 31, 1964. On that day a <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">military coup</a> overthrew the civil government. A U.S.-friendly military regime replaced it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._government_support_for_the_coup">U.S. government support for the coup</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. government support for the coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Operation Brother Sam</a>, <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations_during_the_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration">Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KN-C20789._President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_President_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_of_Brazil_at_Andrews_Air_Force_Base.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KN-C20789._President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_President_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_of_Brazil_at_Andrews_Air_Force_Base.jpg/200px-KN-C20789._President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_President_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_of_Brazil_at_Andrews_Air_Force_Base.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KN-C20789._President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_President_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_of_Brazil_at_Andrews_Air_Force_Base.jpg/300px-KN-C20789._President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_President_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_of_Brazil_at_Andrews_Air_Force_Base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/KN-C20789._President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_President_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_of_Brazil_at_Andrews_Air_Force_Base.jpg/400px-KN-C20789._President_John_F._Kennedy_Greets_President_Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart_of_Brazil_at_Andrews_Air_Force_Base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Kennedy greeting Goulart during his visit to the US, 1962.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though never admitted by the U.S. government, the U.S. secretly provided arms and other support for the military coup plotters. U.S. government documents released on March 31, 2004, the 40th anniversary of the Brazilian coup, expose the U.S. role. An audio tape released that day, for instance, showed American President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969) instructing his aides in Brazil with these words: "I think we ought to take every step that we can, be prepared to do everything that we need to do." Johnson's predecessor <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961-1963), who was killed in 1963, had discussed overthrowing Goulart's government in July 1962 two years before the coup. Officials in the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a> strategized on how to support a coup against Goulart or pressure him to remove leftists from his government and alter his foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-brazilkennedy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazilkennedy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. ambassador to Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Gordon" title="Lincoln Gordon">Lincoln Gordon</a>, a holdover from the Kennedy Administration, was perhaps the most enthusiastic pro-coup U.S. authority. Lincoln and chief Latin American advisor <a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Goodwin" title="Richard N. Goodwin">Richard N. Goodwin</a> had a meeting with the President when preparations for the coup began in July 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-brazilkennedy_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazilkennedy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, another Kennedy Administration holdover and brother to the late President, was also highly enthusiastic about the coup. An audio tape released on the 50th anniversary of the coup in 2014 revealed that Robert Kennedy had characterized Goulart as a "wily" politician" who "figures he's got us by the ass."<sup id="cite_ref-brazilkennedy_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brazilkennedy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four days prior to the coup, Gordon wrote <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> agents in detailing how the U.S. should help the plotters: "If our influence is to be brought to bear to help avert a major disaster here—which might make Brazil the China of the 1960s—this is where both I and all my senior advisors believe our support should be placed." To assure the success of the coup, Gordon recommended "that measures be taken soonest to prepare for a clandestine delivery of arms of non-US origin, to be made available to Castello Branco supporters in Sao Paulo." In a subsequent cable, declassified February 2004, Gordon suggested that these weapons be "pre-positioned prior any outbreak of violence," to be used by paramilitary units and "friendly military against hostile military if necessary." To conceal the U.S. role, Gordon recommended the arms be delivered via "unmarked submarine to be off-loaded at night in isolated shore spots in state of Sao Paulo south of Santos."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Gordon published a book—<i>Brazil's second chance: en route toward the first world</i>—on Brazilian history since the military coup. In it he denied his role in the affair. On Gordon's importance for the coup movement, however, James N. Green, an American Brazilianist, said in an interview with a Brazilian website: "[Gordon] changed Brazil's history, for he gave green light so the military advanced the coup in 1964. He made it clear that, if the coup was advanced, the United States was going to recognize it immediately, which was fundamental [to the plotters]."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media outlets, both in Brazil and the U.S., hailed the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. immediately recognized the new interim government. At the day of the coup a United States naval task force was anchored close to the port of <a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitória, Brazil">Vitória</a>. The Johnson administration (and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>) made large loans to the new <a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a> government (1964–67). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._government_relations_with_the_military_government">U.S. government relations with the military government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. government relations with the military government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new military president adopted a policy of almost total alignment with the United States. "What is good for the United States, is good for Brazil", asserted General Juracy Magalhães, the Minister of Foreign Relations of the Castelo Branco administration. In accordance with this thought, Castelo Branco took a series of pro-American policies in both the foreign and domestic agendas: in 1964 he cut ties with Cuba and China; in 1965 he sent troops to <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in support for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%9366)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–66)">United States occupation of the Dominican Republic</a>; he opposed the creation, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, of a trade area in the Americas that would exclude the U.S.; and defended the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Peace_Force" title="Inter-American Peace Force">Inter-American Peace Force</a>, a Pan-American military force that would be made up of military contingents of all countries in the Americas. The force would be headed by the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, and its main function would be to intervene in any nation of the region where there was danger of a leftist revolution. </p><p>In forming his economic team, Castelo Branco took to heart the advice that had been given to him by American officials. This, one sees in his indication for the Planning Ministry of <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Campos" title="Roberto Campos">Roberto Campos</a>, a U.S.-educated <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> economist. Together with the Minister of Finances Otávio Bulhões, Campos implemented reforms to both reduce inflation and make the Brazilian environment more open to foreign capital. Those included: public spending cuts, tax hikes on consumers and wage-freezing to lower inflation; massive privatizations; elimination of restriction on capital remittances to foreign banks; tax cuts to multinational profits; and the pulling out of subsidies and legislation that shielded national industries from foreign competition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 82% in 1963, annual inflation fell to 22.5% in 1967. In 1966, the budget deficit stood at 1.1% of GDP, from 3.2% in 1964. Therefore, if one takes into account the aims of such economic policies, then they can be thought of as effective. But they were unpopular with both the broader society and the nationalistic sectors of the military. The latter accused the economic team of being sellouts (<i>entreguistas</i>) bent on destroying national industries and delivering the country to U.S. Multinationals. Such accusations often appeared in the Brazilian press, which went mostly uncensored during the 1964–1967 period. The public attributed to the American government an immense political clout over the Brazilian regime, an impression encapsulated in a mock-campaign commenced by a humorist, Otto Lara Resende, whose motto was: "Enough with middlemen—Lincoln Gordon for president!" Gordon himself complained that American advisors were implicated in "almost every unpopular decision concerning taxes, salaries and prices."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The social consequences of such economic plan, the PAEG, were negative. Though inflation had been reduced, it was still high for international standards. And in combination with the wage-freezing policies, it caused Brazilians' real income to fall sharply—by about 25%—from 1963 to 1967. As a consequence, malnutrition and infant mortality rose. The Brazilian industrial elite, too, began to turn on the government; not only it had been hurt by the sudden market opening, but also the monetary tightening applied under the PAEG had dried out credit and induced a recession in output. </p><p>The overall failure of such reforms; the increased opposition faced by the Castelo Branco administration, even among sectors that had previously supported it; its closeness with the U.S. government; and its perceived leniency in combatting "subversive" leftists: all this led to the ascension, after <a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a>'s death, of a different set of rulers, one that would alter Brazil's political and economic path and its relations with the U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg/220px-Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg/330px-Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Nixon-M%C3%A9dici.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>Presidents <a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_M%C3%A9dici" class="mw-redirect" title="Emílio Médici">Emílio Médici</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, December 7, 1971.</figcaption></figure> <p>After his death in 1967, Castelo Branco was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Artur_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Artur da Costa e Silva">Artur da Costa e Silva</a>. Costa e Silva received support from Brazilian industrialists and from the nationalist wing of the military, a more numerous sector than the <i>castellistas</i>, the Castelo Branco supporters. It is rumored that, even before Costa e Silva took office, he demanded from U.S. ambassador Lincoln Gordon that he leave Brazil before the general assumed the presidency. This was provoked by an alleged attempt by Gordon to persuade Costa e Silva not to alter Castelo Branco's economic policies and re-establish the statist, developmentalist policies previously imposed by civilian former presidents. Gordon was replaced by Ambassador <a href="/wiki/John_W._Tuthill" title="John W. Tuthill">John W. Tuthill</a>. With a green light from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a>, Tuthill put into practice Operation Topsy, a procedure intended to reduce the American personnel employed in the U.S. Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>. As he explained in an article published in a 1972 edition of the <i>Foreign Policy</i> magazine, the "omnipresen[ce]" of the American embassy employee in the Brazilian political scene had become a cause of irritation among the increasingly anti-American populace and the Brazilian military, which had indicated, since Costa e Silva replaced Castelo Branco, that the country would follow its own strategy in political and economic matters.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the most part the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a> (1969–73) remained positive to the Brazilian dictatorship. High growth during the Costa e Silva and Médici years excited Brazilian nationalistic hopes for a greater international role—hopes of which the U.S. was supportive, for Brazil was still considered to be one of the developing nations most sympathetic to the United States. There was, however, a cooling on both sides. On the U.S. side this was due to fears of being linked with its ally's abuses. It also distressed the U.S. the increased kidnapping risks that its ambassadors and diplomats faced in Brazilian territory during those years. The Médici tactics of suppression against leftist activists were provoked by the acts of urban socialist guerrillas that began to blossom after the 1964 coup. One of the favorite targets of such groups were U.S. diplomats. </p><p>As for the Brazilian side, the cooling had to do with many factors. One of them was the Vietnam War and the coming, but already clear, U.S. defeat, an event that would facilitate reducing co-operation with the North American nation. Other factors were: </p> <ul><li>the intention to increase the country's profile by forging new partnerships and the insertion of new values in its foreign policy. The Brazilian government had hopes of playing a larger international role. That, the nationalists believed should be accomplished by becoming a leader among developing nations. To do that, Brazil had to loosen its ties with the capitalist superpower and the developed world in general. "<a href="/wiki/Third_Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Worldism">Third Worldism</a>" was a trademark of the Foreign Ministry rhetoric. A greater rapprochement with Africa and the Middle East was sought. At multilateral economic fora the Brazilian diplomacy, seeking to advance its economic interests as a developing country, acted in synergy with India and the broader <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> in adopting a revisionist stance towards the rich nations. <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a> was inserted as a key value in Brazil's foreign policy—not only as a means of pandering to other developing nations, but also to shield Brazil itself from criticism regarding its domestic politics. As a result, it began to oppose the re-creation of the Inter-American Peace Force (which had disbanded by 1967).</li> <li>The nuclear proliferation issue. Brazil refused to sign the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> (NPT). It argued that the treaty was discriminatory for it unjustifiably divided the world into two different kinds of nations: first, the countries that could be trusted to use their weapons responsibly. These were exactly the same countries that by then had already established themselves as nuclear weapon states: the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, France, and China. And second, there was the rest of the world, the countries that would have to give up the possibility of developing nuclear technology and enriching uranium on their own. The Brazilian government wound up rejecting the NPT as an infringement against sovereignty.</li></ul> <p>Despite this, while even most European nations, such as Great Britain and France refused to do so, Brazil was one of the few Western nations to vote alongside the United States against the People's Republic of China joining the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, in support of U.S. ally the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 2758">UN General Assembly Resolution 2758</a> of 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_e_Geisel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Carter_e_Geisel.jpg/220px-Carter_e_Geisel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Carter_e_Geisel.jpg/330px-Carter_e_Geisel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Carter_e_Geisel.jpg/440px-Carter_e_Geisel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Ernesto Geisel</a> (center) with <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada" title="Palácio da Alvorada">Palácio da Alvorada</a>, March 29, 1978.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Geisel</a> administration (1974–79) marked a definite cooling of Brazilian–American relations. As the United States began to apply high tariffs on Brazilian manufactured goods, Ernesto Geisel looked for new trade partners. These, he would seek mostly in other Third World nations (in Africa, for instance). But in contrast with Costa e Silva and Médici, Geisel commenced to reach out to Communist countries, too. In 1975, four years before the U.S., Brazil reestablished diplomatic ties with China. It promptly recognized the independence of fellow Portuguese-speaking <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, two African countries whose independence from Portuguese rule had been brought about by socialist revolutions aided by <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In 1975, Brazil voted in favor of <a href="/wiki/Resolution_3379" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolution 3379">Resolution 3379</a>, a U.N. resolution sponsored by Muslim nations which equaled <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>. Only two other countries—Cuba and Mexico—had voted in favor of the bill. In supporting it at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, already then a major U.S. ally, Brazil's intention was to seek closer relations with oil-rich Arab nations. By then Brazil imported 80% of the oil it consumed. As such it had been greatly affected by the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, an event which had a tremendously negative impact on Brazil's current account and posed a major threat against its fast growth during the Médici years. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Carter_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter administration">Carter administration</a> replaced that of <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>, two other very sensitive issues—human rights and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>—came to the front in the relations between the U.S. government and Brazil. </p><p>In 1975 Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Western_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Germany">Western Germany</a> established an agreement of co-operation in nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. The agreement was to transfer to Brazil the whole cycle of nuclear generation and a factory of nuclear reactors. The factory would enable the independent production of nuclear reactors as soon as 1978. </p><p>The United States opposed the agreement. In March 1977, Jimmy Carter took measures against both Brazil and Germany: he pressed two American banks, the <a href="/wiki/Chase_Manhattan_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Manhattan Bank">Chase Manhattan Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Export–Import Bank of the United States">Eximbank</a>, to suspend all financing activities negotiated with Brazil, and halted the supply of enriched uranium to Germany. He wanted to compel both countries to either renounce the agreement or to revise it so as to give space to the introduction of comprehensive safeguards similar to those established by the NPT. He also wanted the construction of the nuclear reactor factories to be canceled. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_riding_horses_with_President_Joao_baptista_de_Oliveira_Figueiredo_of_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2643" /></a><figcaption>Presidents <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a> riding horses in Brasília, Brazil, December 1, 1982.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1980s, tension in the American–Brazilian relations centered on economic questions. Retaliation for unfair trade practices loomed on the horizon and threatened Brazilian exports of steel, orange juice, commuter aircraft, shoes and textiles. When President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">Sarney</a> took office in 1985, political issues, such as Brazil's arms exports to <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, again surfaced. Brazil's foreign debt moratorium and its refusal to sign the <a href="/wiki/Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Proliferation Treaty">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> caused the United States to put Brazil on its mandated blacklist, thereby restricting Brazil's access to certain U.S. technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="End_of_Cold_War;_return_to_democracy_in_Brazil"><span id="End_of_Cold_War.3B_return_to_democracy_in_Brazil"></span>End of Cold War; return to democracy in Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: End of Cold War; return to democracy in Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On taking office in March 1990 President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Collor</a> sought a quick rapprochement with the United States in order to begin an aggressive policy of inserting Brazil into the world economy and placing it at the negotiating table of world powers. The <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Franco" title="Itamar Franco">Franco</a> administration maintained an independent stance and reacted coolly to proposals by the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> administration for a South American free-trade zone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U.S. relations with the <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Cardoso</a> government from 1995 to 2002 were good. Cardoso made a very successful trip to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> and New York in 1995 and the Clinton administration was very enthusiastic regarding the passage of constitutional amendments that opened the Brazilian economy to increasing international participation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> came to view Brazil as a strong partner whose cooperation must be sought in order to solve regional and global problems. Issues of concern to both Brazil and the United States included <a href="/wiki/Counter-narcotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-narcotics">counter-narcotics</a> and terrorism, energy security, trade, environmental issues, human rights and HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_and_George_W._Bush_20080709.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_and_George_W._Bush_20080709.jpg/220px-Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_and_George_W._Bush_20080709.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_and_George_W._Bush_20080709.jpg/330px-Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_and_George_W._Bush_20080709.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_and_George_W._Bush_20080709.jpg/440px-Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva_and_George_W._Bush_20080709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4010" data-file-height="2673" /></a><figcaption>Presidents <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> of 2001, Brazil was the first to propose invocation of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a>, also known as the Rio Treaty, which stipulates that "an armed attack on one member is to be considered an attack on all." The treaty was activated September 19 in a meeting of Western Hemisphere foreign ministers at the Organization of American States. On October 1, President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Cardoso</a> stated that the United States had not requested Brazilian military support and that Brazil does not intend to offer any.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Brazil's initial support for the United States, it did not opt to actively join the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> and under President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a>, it strongly opposed the Bush administration's <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 20, 2003, President Lula made an official visit to the United States, and he and President Bush resolved "to create a closer and qualitatively stronger [bilateral] relationship." On November 6, 2005, President Bush visited <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a> and the two leaders reaffirmed the good relations between the countries and pledged to work together to advance peace, democracy, and a successful conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Doha_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha round">Doha round</a> of global trade talks. President Bush thanked Brazil for exercising leadership in the world and in the hemisphere, including Brazil's role in the peacekeeping force in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (<a href="/wiki/MINUSTAH" class="mw-redirect" title="MINUSTAH">MINUSTAH</a>), and worldwide efforts to control <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Osama_bin_Laden" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Osama bin Laden">death of Osama bin Laden</a> in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Relations_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of External Relations (Brazil)">Brazilian Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Patriota" title="Antonio Patriota">Antonio Patriota</a> said that, "We're very worried that there will be reprisals. We hope that this event doesn't trigger an attack."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but added that it was "important and positive" with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> calling for increased freedom of expression. He continued, "Insofar as Al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden were and remain behind political strategies that prioritize acts of terrorism, [the Brazilian government] can only express our solidarity with the victims and with those who seek justice."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:28_06_2019_Encontro_Bilateral_com_o_Presidente_dos_EUA_(48142919401).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/28_06_2019_Encontro_Bilateral_com_o_Presidente_dos_EUA_%2848142919401%29.jpg/260px-28_06_2019_Encontro_Bilateral_com_o_Presidente_dos_EUA_%2848142919401%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/28_06_2019_Encontro_Bilateral_com_o_Presidente_dos_EUA_%2848142919401%29.jpg/390px-28_06_2019_Encontro_Bilateral_com_o_Presidente_dos_EUA_%2848142919401%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/28_06_2019_Encontro_Bilateral_com_o_Presidente_dos_EUA_%2848142919401%29.jpg/520px-28_06_2019_Encontro_Bilateral_com_o_Presidente_dos_EUA_%2848142919401%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (left) and Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> (right) <a href="/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit" title="2019 G20 Osaka summit">meet in Osaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in June 2019.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Brazil has deepened its strategic ties with sworn U.S. rivals such as <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil-Palestine_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil-Palestine relations">expressed recognition of Palestine</a> as a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers#Non-member_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">non-member state</a> (which the U.S. opposed), it has remained relatively centrist, adopting a neutral and <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interventionist">non-interventionist</a> stance in most international issues, such as abstaining on <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973</a> allowing for <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">military intervention</a> in war-torn <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>. </p><p>In March 2019, Brazil's president <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> announced at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> that American citizens, in addition to Japanese citizens, Canadian citizens, and Australian citizens, would no longer require a travel visa to visit the country for up to two 90-day periods per year, beginning in June 2019, in order to promote tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States did not reciprocate the policy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> designated Brazil as a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a><sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after receiving a working visit from Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2020, Bolsonaro said that the Brazil-U.S. relations have elevated to "its best moment ever".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2021, it was revealed the U.S. attempted to convince Brazil not to purchase the <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_V_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine">Sputnik V</a> COVID-19 vaccine, fearing "Russian influence" in South America. The 2020 Annual Report of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">United States Department of Health and Human Services</a> noted using the Office of Global Affairs to persuade Brazil to reject the COVID-19 vaccine. This did not stop a consortium of Brazilian governors in some states from signing a 37 million dose purchase agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2023, Brazil's president <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> said that the United States should stop "encouraging" the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and "start talking about peace".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_issues">Current issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obamas_at_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Alvorada_in_Brasilia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Obamas_at_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Alvorada_in_Brasilia.jpg/220px-Obamas_at_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Alvorada_in_Brasilia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Obamas_at_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Alvorada_in_Brasilia.jpg/330px-Obamas_at_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Alvorada_in_Brasilia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Obamas_at_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Alvorada_in_Brasilia.jpg/440px-Obamas_at_Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Alvorada_in_Brasilia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Patriota" title="Antonio Patriota">Antonio Patriota</a> greet President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and his family upon their arrival at the <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Alvorada" title="Palácio da Alvorada">Palácio da Alvorada</a> in Brasília, March 19, 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>During their first meeting in Washington on March 14, 2009, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and his Brazilian counterpart, President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>, discussed the economy, energy, the environment, and the custody case of a U.S. boy taken to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I have been a great admirer of Brazil and a great admirer of the progressive, forward-looking leadership that President Lula has shown throughout Latin America and throughout the world," Obama said after the meeting. "We have a very strong friendship between the two countries but we can always make it stronger", he added.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The issue of the <a href="/wiki/International_child_abduction_in_Brazil" title="International child abduction in Brazil">abduction of children</a> from the United States to Brazil has been raised by Obama, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> and other U.S. officials and major media. As of December 2009, there are 66 American children that have been taken by one of their parents to live in Brazil. While Brazil is obligated under the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention_on_the_Civil_Aspects_of_International_Child_Abduction" title="Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction">Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction</a> to return every child to the U.S., it has not. Under the treaty, one parent cannot flee the legal jurisdiction where the child resides – "his habitual residence" – to shop for a more favorable court venue in another country to contest for custody.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil voiced its discontent over the U.S. position of recognizing the results of the <a href="/wiki/Honduran_general_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduran general election, 2009">2009 Honduran presidential election</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Brazil rejected the outcome of the election in Honduras.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2012, Brazil and the United States disagreed over <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but continued to have a positive relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i> special report on Brazil–United States relations, bilateral ties have been characterized as historically cordial, though episodes of frustration have occurred more recently.<sup id="cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leahy_FT_16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil's former president, <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a>, "prompted U.S. suspicion in 2010 when he tried to intervene alongside Turkey in the dispute over Iran's nuclear program."<sup id="cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leahy_FT_16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Brazil's previous president, <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a>, their "ruling <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Workers' Party</a> has been a traditional friend of regimes considered unpalatable by the U.S., such as Cuba and Venezuela under the recently deceased Hugo Chavez."<sup id="cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leahy_FT_16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout it all, however, trade has continued to grow, increasing from $28 billion in 2002 to almost $77 billion in 2012, with a $11.6 billion surplus in favor of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leahy_FT_16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defense cooperation has also improved. The United States has maintained its order for Brazilian light attack aircraft, which represents Brazil's first such contract with the United States military.<sup id="cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leahy_FT_16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>, the Brazilian builder of the aircraft, has signed a cooperation agreement with Boeing to develop a jet-engined military transport aircraft. This has strengthened aspirations in Washington that the U.S. might eventually win a contract to supply the Brazilian air force with fighters."<sup id="cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leahy_FT_16-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2020, the U.S. government signed an agreement with the Brazilian government to develop defense projects. The companies involved will be able to utilize finance from the U.S. defense research fund.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_surveillance_scandal">Mass surveillance scandal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mass surveillance scandal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Global_surveillance_disclosures_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)">Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)</a></div> <p>Brazil-U.S. relations soured in July 2013 when <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Greenwald" title="Glenn Greenwald">Glenn Greenwald</a> wrote a series of articles in Brazil's <i><a href="/wiki/O_Globo" title="O Globo">O Globo</a></i> newspaper revealing that Brazil was one of the largest targets of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>'s (NSA) <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Brazilian government</a> denounced the NSA activities and said it would consider bringing the issue to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>On September 1, 2013, Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Rede_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rede Globo">Globo Network</a> revealed the agency's spy program directly targeted the communications of President Rousseff and her top aides.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story was uncovered by Glenn Greenwald based on NSA documents leaked by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documents described how the NSA used its computer programs to gain access to e-mails, telephone calls and text messages of Rousseff and her aides. On September 2, 2013, Rousseff called an emergency meeting with her top <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Brazil" title="Cabinet of Brazil">cabinet</a> members to discuss the revelations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The U.S. ambassador to Brasília, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Shannon,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Shannon, Jr.">Thomas Shannon</a>, was summoned to Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Relations_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of External Relations (Brazil)">foreign ministry</a> to explain the U.S. spying. The Brazilian government called a press conference to denounce the act as an "unacceptable violation of sovereignty" and to announce it had requested an immediate explanation from the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 5, 2013, Brazil's government announced it had cancelled a trip to Washington by a team of aides who would prepare Rousseff's <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to the U.S. in October.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cancellation was viewed as further sign that relations between the two countries were becoming increasingly frayed over the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-WPost_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Rousseff met with President Obama at the sidelines of the <a href="/wiki/2013_G-20_Saint_Petersburg_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit">G-20 summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, to discuss the incident. In a press conference before departing to Brasília, Rousseff revealed the conversation she had with President Obama, stating she expressed her "personal indignation and that of my country regarding the alleged spying against the government, embassies, companies and Brazilian citizens by the National Security Agency of the United States." According to Rousseff, she told President Obama that Brazil would raise the issue at the United Nations and other <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a>, and would propose rules and procedures regarding <a href="/wiki/Internet_governance" title="Internet governance">internet governance</a> in order to stop the mass surveillance programs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Tillerson_and_Brazilian_Foreign_Minister_Nunes_Pose_for_a_Photo_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_(34209353244).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Brazilian_Foreign_Minister_Nunes_Pose_for_a_Photo_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834209353244%29.jpg/250px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Brazilian_Foreign_Minister_Nunes_Pose_for_a_Photo_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834209353244%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Brazilian_Foreign_Minister_Nunes_Pose_for_a_Photo_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834209353244%29.jpg/375px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Brazilian_Foreign_Minister_Nunes_Pose_for_a_Photo_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834209353244%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Secretary_Tillerson_and_Brazilian_Foreign_Minister_Nunes_Pose_for_a_Photo_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834209353244%29.jpg/500px-Secretary_Tillerson_and_Brazilian_Foreign_Minister_Nunes_Pose_for_a_Photo_Before_Their_Meeting_in_Washington_%2834209353244%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="3085" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Rex Tillerson</a> with Brazilian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Aloysio_Nunes" title="Aloysio Nunes">Aloysio Nunes</a> at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, D.C., on June 2, 2017.</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 24, 2013, Rousseff gave an opening speech at the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> condemning the United States' intelligence gathering methods in general but specifically of Brazilian citizens, corporations and government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reaction">Reaction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shifter" title="Michael Shifter">Michael Shifter</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Dialogue" title="Inter-American Dialogue">Inter-American Dialogue</a>, considered the revelations "a major blow for the effort to increase trust between the two nations," and added that the "Brazil–U.S. relationship was under threat."<sup id="cite_ref-WPost_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPost-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addressing the opening session of the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> in September 2014, Rousseff strongly criticized the U.S. strategy of forming an international coalition to counter with military strikes the advances of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_in_Iraq_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State in Iraq and Syria">Islamic State in Iraq and Syria</a> (ISIS), urging negotiation rather than force. This stance, and Brazil's silence in face of the Russian invasion and annexation of Crimea may make less likely the chances that Brazil will achieve its long-standing desire to win a permanent seat on the <a href="/wiki/U.N._Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="U.N. Security Council">U.N. Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015, President Barack Obama and Brazilian President Rousseff met nearly two years after Rousseff canceled a rare state visit to Washington following revelations that Brazil was a target of American spy programs. U.S. was looking for bilateral trade and investment since <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> has overtaken the U.S. as Brazil's largest trading partner. Rousseff traveled to New York to meet with investment bankers and to Silicon Valley to drum up business for Brazil's information technology industry. Relations between the U.S. and Brazil have since improved, and indeed the U.S. remains the leading investor in Brazil both in FDI and in number of M&A transactions <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High-level_visits">High-level visits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: High-level visits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPBXmSgOMjI">The welcoming ceremony for President Obama in 2011.</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Imperial and presidential visits from Brazil to United States</b><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a> (1876)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Epit%C3%A1cio_Pessoa" title="Epitácio Pessoa">Epitácio Pessoa</a> (1919)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Prestes" title="Júlio Prestes">Júlio Prestes</a> (1930)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Gaspar Dutra</a> (1949)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> (1956)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a> (1962)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Artur_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Artur da Costa e Silva">Artur da Costa e Silva</a> (1967)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_Garrastazu_M%C3%A9dici" title="Emílio Garrastazu Médici">Emílio Garrastazu Médici</a> (1971)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a> (1982)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> (1986, 1989)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor de Mello</a> (1990, 1991)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Franco" title="Itamar Franco">Itamar Franco</a> (1994)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> (1995, 1998, 1999, 2001)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> (2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2023)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> (2011, 2012, 2015)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> (2019, 2020)</li></ul> <p><b>Presidential visits from United States to Brazil</b><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1928)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1936, 1943)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1947)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1960)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1978)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1982)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990, 1992)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1997)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2005, 2007)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2011)</li> <li>President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2024)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resident_diplomatic_missions">Resident diplomatic missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Resident diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Of Brazil</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Brazil_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Brazil in Washington, D.C.">Embassy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford">Hartford</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (Consulate-General)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Of the United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> (Embassy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> (Consulate-General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a> (Branch Office)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_DC_August_2018_13_(Embassy_of_Brazil).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of Brazil in Washington, D.C."><img alt="Embassy of Brazil in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Washington_DC_August_2018_13_%28Embassy_of_Brazil%29.jpg/120px-Washington_DC_August_2018_13_%28Embassy_of_Brazil%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Washington_DC_August_2018_13_%28Embassy_of_Brazil%29.jpg/180px-Washington_DC_August_2018_13_%28Embassy_of_Brazil%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Washington_DC_August_2018_13_%28Embassy_of_Brazil%29.jpg/240px-Washington_DC_August_2018_13_%28Embassy_of_Brazil%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of Brazil in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consulate_General_of_Brazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General in Washington, D.C."><img alt="Consulate-General in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Consulate_General_of_Brazil.jpg/120px-Consulate_General_of_Brazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Consulate_General_of_Brazil.jpg/180px-Consulate_General_of_Brazil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Consulate_General_of_Brazil.jpg/240px-Consulate_General_of_Brazil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consulate_General_of_Brazil_in_Boston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General in Boston"><img alt="Consulate-General in Boston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Consulate_General_of_Brazil_in_Boston.jpg/90px-Consulate_General_of_Brazil_in_Boston.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Consulate_General_of_Brazil_in_Boston.jpg/135px-Consulate_General_of_Brazil_in_Boston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Consulate_General_of_Brazil_in_Boston.jpg/180px-Consulate_General_of_Brazil_in_Boston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1706" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General in Boston</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Embaixada_USA_Brasil_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of the USA in Brasília"><img alt="Embassy of the USA in Brasília" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Embaixada_USA_Brasil_01.jpg/120px-Embaixada_USA_Brasil_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Embaixada_USA_Brasil_01.jpg/180px-Embaixada_USA_Brasil_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Embaixada_USA_Brasil_01.jpg/240px-Embaixada_USA_Brasil_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of the USA in Brasília</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consulado-Geral_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_Recife.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of the USA in Recife"><img alt="Consulate-General of the USA in Recife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Consulado-Geral_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_Recife.jpg/120px-Consulado-Geral_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_Recife.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Consulado-Geral_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_Recife.jpg/180px-Consulado-Geral_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_Recife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Consulado-Geral_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_Recife.jpg/240px-Consulado-Geral_dos_Estados_Unidos_no_Recife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of the USA in Recife</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Consulado-Geral_EUA_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of the USA in Rio de Janeiro"><img alt="Consulate-General of the USA in Rio de Janeiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Consulado-Geral_EUA_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/90px-Consulado-Geral_EUA_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Consulado-Geral_EUA_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/135px-Consulado-Geral_EUA_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Consulado-Geral_EUA_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/180px-Consulado-Geral_EUA_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of the USA in Rio de Janeiro</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Brazil" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Brazil">List of ambassadors of the United States to Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Ambassador to the United States">Brazilian Ambassador to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil-United_States_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil-United States Treaty">Brazil-United States Treaty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Upon the deposition of the monarchy and the proclamation of the Republic, one of the civilian leaders of the movement, <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Barbosa" title="Ruy Barbosa">Ruy Barbosa</a>, proposed a design for the nation's new flag strongly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag of the United States</a>. It was flown from November 15, 1889, until November 19, 1889, when <a href="/wiki/Marshal_(Brazil)" title="Marshal (Brazil)">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca" title="Deodoro da Fonseca">Deodoro da Fonseca</a> (acting as provisional <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">president of Brazil</a>) vetoed the design, citing concerns that it looked too similar to the flag of another state.<sup id="cite_ref-Seysell_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seysell-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWiese_Randig2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wiese Randig, Rodrigo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/media/artigo-argentina.pdf">"Argentina, primeiro país a reconhecer a independência do Brasil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cadernos do CHDD</i>. <b>31</b> (17): 501–524.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+do+CHDD&rft.atitle=Argentina%2C+primeiro+pa%C3%ADs+a+reconhecer+a+independ%C3%AAncia+do+Brasil&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=501-524&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wiese+Randig&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fmre%2Fpt-br%2Fmedia%2Fartigo-argentina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Cameron, "US-Brazil Relations." in <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History</i> (2019) </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://br.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/recife/">"U.S. Consulate General Recife"</a>. U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Brazil<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Consulate+General+Recife&rft.pub=U.S.+Embassy+%26+Consulates+in+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbr.usembassy.gov%2Fembassy-consulates%2Frecife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiese_Randig2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wiese Randig, Rodrigo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/media/artigo-argentina.pdf">"Argentina, primeiro país a reconhecer a independência do Brasil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cadernos do CHDD</i>. <b>16</b> (31). Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão: 501–524.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cadernos+do+CHDD&rft.atitle=Argentina%2C+primeiro+pa%C3%ADs+a+reconhecer+a+independ%C3%AAncia+do+Brasil&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=501-524&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Wiese+Randig&rft.aufirst=Rodrigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fmre%2Fpt-br%2Fmedia%2Fartigo-argentina.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span> p. 518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley E. Hilton, "The Argentine Factor in Twentieth-Century Brazilian Foreign Policy Strategy." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 100.1 (1985): 27-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley E. Hilton, "Brazilian Diplomacy and the Washington-Rio de Janeiro 'Axis' during the World War II Era," <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i> (1979) 59#2 pp. 201-231 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2514412">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stetson Conn, Byron Fairchild, Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocJHAQAAIAAJ&q=garesche"><i>The Framework of Hemisphere Defense</i></a>, 1960, page 319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brazilkennedy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brazilkennedy_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brazilkennedy_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brazilkennedy_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB465/">"Brazil Marks 50th Anniversary of Military Coup"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+Marks+50th+Anniversary+of+Military+Coup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB465%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/">Brazil marks 40th anniversary of military coup – Declassified documents shed light on U.S. role</a> National Security Archive. Retrieved on November 3, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091226010819/http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0%2C%2CMUL1422975-5602%2C00.html">"G1 > Mundo – NOTÍCIAS – Lincoln Gordon mudou a história do Brasil, diz historiador americano"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo//0%2C%2CMUL1422975-5602%2C00.html">the original</a> on December 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G1+%3E+Mundo+%E2%80%93+NOT%C3%8DCIAS+%E2%80%93+Lincoln+Gordon+mudou+a+hist%C3%B3ria+do+Brasil%2C+diz+historiador+americano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2FNoticias%2FMundo%2F%2F0%252C%252CMUL1422975-5602%252C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Cook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=3893"><i>Rerun in Honduras: Coup pretext recycled from Brazil '64.</i></a> <i>Extra!</i> magazine, September 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leacock, Ruth (1990). <i>Requiem for Revolution: The United States and Brazil, 1961–1969.</i>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Voting_res_2758.png">"Voting situation in the UN General Assembly in respect to Resolution 2758 (1971)"</a>. <i>wikimedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=Voting+situation+in+the+UN+General+Assembly+in+respect+to+Resolution+2758+%281971%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fc%2Fce%2FVoting_res_2758.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/65fe7b74-4efe-11da-9947-0000779e2340">"Bush searches for positives in Brazil"</a>. November 6, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+searches+for+positives+in+Brazil&rft.date=2005-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F65fe7b74-4efe-11da-9947-0000779e2340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/6207.pdf">"We're sorry, that page can't be found"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>fpc.state.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fpc.state.gov&rft.atitle=We%27re+sorry%2C+that+page+can%27t+be+found.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffpc.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F6207.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2003/03/19/Brazil-Iraq-and-US-guilty-of-disrespect/UPI-46511048124118/">Brazil: Iraq and U.S. guilty of disrespect</a> <i><a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press International</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/11/20051106-2.html">"Joint Statement on the Occasion of the Visit by President George W. Bush to Brazil"</a>. <i>georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov&rft.atitle=Joint+Statement+on+the+Occasion+of+the+Visit+by+President+George+W.+Bush+to+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2F2005%2F11%2F20051106-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13256956">"Osama Bin Laden's Death: Political Reaction in Quotes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. May 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Osama+Bin+Laden%27s+Death%3A+Political+Reaction+in+Quotes&rft.date=2011-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-13256956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506050527/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/americas/news/article_1636558.php/Brazil-Bin-Laden-s-death-is-important-and-positive">"Brazil: Bin Laden's Death Is 'Important and Positive'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Monsters and Critics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/americas/news/article_1636558.php/Brazil-Bin-Laden-s-death-is-important-and-positive">the original</a> on May 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Bin+Laden%27s+Death+Is+%27Important+and+Positive%27&rft.pub=Monsters+and+Critics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstersandcritics.com%2Fnews%2Famericas%2Fnews%2Farticle_1636558.php%2FBrazil-Bin-Laden-s-death-is-important-and-positive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/micheleherrmann/2019/03/21/brazil-waives-entry-visa-requirements/#781546863347">"Brazil Waives Entry Visa Requirements for U.S. Citizens"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Brazil+Waives+Entry+Visa+Requirements+for+U.S.+Citizens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmicheleherrmann%2F2019%2F03%2F21%2Fbrazil-waives-entry-visa-requirements%2F%23781546863347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2019" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, Samantha (March 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/brazil-ends-visa-requirements-for-visitors-from-u-s-other-nations-11552950398">"Brazil Ends Visa Requirements for Visitors From U.S., Other Nations"</a>. <i>WSJ</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Brazil+Ends+Visa+Requirements+for+Visitors+From+U.S.%2C+Other+Nations&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fbrazil-ends-visa-requirements-for-visitors-from-u-s-other-nations-11552950398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/major-non-nato-ally-status/">"Major Non-NATO Ally Status"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Major+Non-NATO+Ally+Status&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fmajor-non-nato-ally-status%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256">"Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trump+bumps+up+Brazil+to+%27major+non-NATO%27+ally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Ftrump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2019" class="citation web cs1">Samuels, Brett (July 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/455642-trump-officially-designates-brazil-non-nato-ally">"Trump officially designates Brazil a non-NATO ally"</a>. <i>TheHill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheHill&rft.atitle=Trump+officially+designates+Brazil+a+non-NATO+ally&rft.date=2019-07-31&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fadministration%2F455642-trump-officially-designates-brazil-non-nato-ally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/brazil-s-relations-with-the-us-at-their-best-ever-says-jair-bolsonaro/story-pSbR0aMDpjrf4aLFYXFWxH.html">"Brazil's relations with the US at their best ever, says Jair Bolsonaro"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+relations+with+the+US+at+their+best+ever%2C+says+Jair+Bolsonaro&rft.date=2020-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fbrazil-s-relations-with-the-us-at-their-best-ever-says-jair-bolsonaro%2Fstory-pSbR0aMDpjrf4aLFYXFWxH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brazilian.report/coronavirus-brazil-live-blog/2021/03/15/us-pressured-brazil-ditch-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine/">"U.S. pressured Brazil to ditch Russia's Sputnik V vaccine"</a>. <i>The Brazilian Report</i>. March 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brazilian+Report&rft.atitle=U.S.+pressured+Brazil+to+ditch+Russia%27s+Sputnik+V+vaccine&rft.date=2021-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrazilian.report%2Fcoronavirus-brazil-live-blog%2F2021%2F03%2F15%2Fus-pressured-brazil-ditch-russias-sputnik-v-vaccine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/15/world/brazil-president-ukraine-war-intl/index.html">"US should stop 'encouraging' Ukraine war, Brazilian president says"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. April 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=US+should+stop+%E2%80%98encouraging%E2%80%99+Ukraine+war%2C+Brazilian+president+says&rft.date=2023-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F04%2F15%2Fworld%2Fbrazil-president-ukraine-war-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123712/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/O/OBAMA_BRAZIL?SITE=FLTAM&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=news_generic.htm">"Obama, Brazil Leader Focus on Economy, Energy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/O/OBAMA_BRAZIL?SITE=FLTAM&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=news_generic.htm">the original</a> on February 13, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%2C+Brazil+Leader+Focus+on+Economy%2C+Energy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhosted.ap.org%2Fdynamic%2Fstories%2FO%2FOBAMA_BRAZIL%3FSITE%3DFLTAM%26SECTION%3DHOME%26TEMPLATE%3Dnews_generic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/sns-ap-obama-brazil,0,5161531.story">"Obama, Brazil's President Focus on…"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama%2C+Brazil%27s+President+Focus+on%E2%80%A6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsns-ap-obama-brazil%2C0%2C5161531.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090314/wl_afp/usbrazildiplomacy_20090314215712">"Lula Tells Obama He has Unique Regional Clout"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lula+Tells+Obama+He+has+Unique+Regional+Clout&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fafp%2F20090314%2Fwl_afp%2Fusbrazildiplomacy_20090314215712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/06/10/brazil.child.custody/index.html">"U.S. dad's custody case returns to Brazilian appeals court - CNN.com"</a>. <i>www.cnn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnn.com&rft.atitle=U.S.+dad%27s+custody+case+returns+to+Brazilian+appeals+court+-+CNN.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FUS%2F06%2F10%2Fbrazil.child.custody%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013085613/http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-hr125/show">"H.Res.125: Calling on Brazil in accordance with its obligations under the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil... OpenCongress"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opencongress.org/bill/111-hr125/show">the original</a> on October 13, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H.Res.125%3A+Calling+on+Brazil+in+accordance+with+its+obligations+under+the+1980+Hague+Convention+on+the+Civil...+OpenCongress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opencongress.org%2Fbill%2F111-hr125%2Fshow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span> House bill passed, H.Res.125 – Calling on Brazil in accordance with its obligations under the 1980 Hague Convention, March 11, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5AQ2HK20091127?virtualBrandChannel=11621">U.S. risks isolation over Honduras election: Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. Retrieved on December 21, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/brazil-steadfast-in-refusal-not-to-recognize-honduran-election">Brazil Steadfast in Refusal Not to Recognize Honduran Election</a> <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News</a>. Retrieved on December 21, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303772904577334073710653532">Brazil Leader Slams U.S. Money Policy</a> April 9, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/world/americas/in-dilma-rousseff-visit-brazil-and-us-accentuate-positive.html">Brazil and U.S. Accentuate the Positive</a> April 9, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leahy_FT_16-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leahy_FT_16_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeahy2013" class="citation news cs1">Leahy, Joe (April 16, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/9f9d81c6-b883-11e2-869f-00144feabdc0.html">"Politics put to one side in sign of closer ties"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Politics+put+to+one+side+in+sign+of+closer+ties&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.aulast=Leahy&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F9f9d81c6-b883-11e2-869f-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-brazil-defense-idUSKBN20V0X7">"Brazil, U.S. sign agreement to develop defense technology"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. March 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Brazil%2C+U.S.+sign+agreement+to+develop+defense+technology&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-brazil-defense-idUSKBN20V0X7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/brazil-to-us-explain-spying-96168.html?hp=r10">"Brazil to U.S.: Explain spying".</a> <i>Politico</i>. Retrieved on September 6, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/03/world/americas/brazil-angered-over-report-nsa-spied-on-president.html?_r=0">"Brazil Angered Over Report N.S.A. Spied on President".</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved on September 6, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPost-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPost_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPost_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPost_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPost_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130906113826/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/brazil-cancels-rousseff-advance-teams-trip-to-us-increasing-tensions/2013/09/05/ed134324-1638-11e3-961c-f22d3aaf19ab_story.html">"Brazil cancels Rousseff advance team's trip to US, increasing tensions over NSA spying".</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Retrieved on September 6, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/brazil-reacts-fury-nsa-spying-mexico-orders-probe-1402437">"Brazil Reacts With Fury To NSA Spying; Mexico Orders Probe".</a> <i>International Business Times</i>. Retrieved on September 6, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.planalto.gov.br/imprensa/entrevistas/entrevista-coletiva-concedida-pela-presidenta-da-republica-dilma-rousseff-em-sao-petersburgo">"Entrevista coletiva concedida pela Presidenta da República, Dilma Rousseff, em São Petersburgo".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130906200816/http://www2.planalto.gov.br/imprensa/entrevistas/entrevista-coletiva-concedida-pela-presidenta-da-republica-dilma-rousseff-em-sao-petersburgo">Archived</a> September 6, 2013, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto" title="Palácio do Planalto">Palácio do Planalto</a>. Retrieved on September 6, 2013. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/24/brazil-s-presidentbringsnsasurveillancescandaltounsdoor.html">"Brazil takes NSA scandal to the UN"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+takes+NSA+scandal+to+the+UN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F9%2F24%2Fbrazil-s-presidentbringsnsasurveillancescandaltounsdoor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-24230069">"Brazil's president Rousseff attacks US over spy claims"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. September 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+president+Rousseff+attacks+US+over+spy+claims&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-24230069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/news-columns-blogs/andres-oppenheimer/article2235212.html">"Andres Oppenheimer: Brazil makes it hard to back key U.N. reforms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miami+Herald&rft.atitle=Andres+Oppenheimer%3A+Brazil+makes+it+hard+to+back+key+U.N.+reforms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miamiherald.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fnews-columns-blogs%2Fandres-oppenheimer%2Farticle2235212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nexojornal.com.br/expresso/2017/06/09/Qual-o-quadro-do-investimento-estrangeiro-direto-no-Brasil">"Quadro do investimento estrangeiro direto no Brasil"</a>. <i>Nexo Jornal</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nexo+Jornal&rft.atitle=Quadro+do+investimento+estrangeiro+direto+no+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexojornal.com.br%2Fexpresso%2F2017%2F06%2F09%2FQual-o-quadro-do-investimento-estrangeiro-direto-no-Brasil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capitalinvest-group.com/en/invest-in-brazil-ma-guide/">"Foreign Investment in Brazil Guide"</a>. <i>CI Group</i>. August 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CI+Group&rft.atitle=Foreign+Investment+in+Brazil+Guide&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalinvest-group.com%2Fen%2Finvest-in-brazil-ma-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/06/29/climate-top-item-for-obama-sit-down-with-brazil-leader">With dinner and monument tour, Obama, Rousseff try to show spy scandal is thing of the past</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150802184609/http://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2015/06/29/climate-top-item-for-obama-sit-down-with-brazil-leader">Archived</a> August 2, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By DARLENE SUPERVILLE and ADRIANA GOMEZ LICON, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> on June 29, 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/06/30/418776095/brazil-s-president-in-washington-to-patch-up-relationship-with-obama">Brazil Tries To Rebuild Relations With U.S. After NSA Spying Scandal</a> by Jackie Northam in June 30, 2015 (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/visits/brazil">"Visits By Foreign Leaders of Brazil"</a>. U.S. Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Visits+By+Foreign+Leaders+of+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Fvisits%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20190309-brazils-bolsonaro-visit-trump-month">"Brazil's Bolsonaro to visit Trump this month"</a>. France24. March 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brazil%27s+Bolsonaro+to+visit+Trump+this+month&rft.date=2019-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20190309-brazils-bolsonaro-visit-trump-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/pt-br/antes-de-bolsonaro-presidentes-brasileiros-nos-eua/g-47960521">"Antes de Bolsonaro: presidentes brasileiros nos EUA"</a> (in Portuguese). Deutsche Welle<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Antes+de+Bolsonaro%3A+presidentes+brasileiros+nos+EUA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fpt-br%2Fantes-de-bolsonaro-presidentes-brasileiros-nos-eua%2Fg-47960521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/10/politics/joe-biden-meets-lula/index.html">"Democracy on the agenda as Biden meets Brazil's Lula at the White House"</a>. CNN. February 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Democracy+on+the+agenda+as+Biden+meets+Brazil%E2%80%99s+Lula+at+the+White+House&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F02%2F10%2Fpolitics%2Fjoe-biden-meets-lula%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/brazil">"Presidential travels to Brazil"</a>. U.S. Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Presidential+travels+to+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Ftravels%2Fpresident%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/17/politics/biden-amazon-rainforest-visit-brazil/index.html">Biden makes first presidential visit to the Amazon as incoming Trump administration poses a threat to climate fight</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seysell-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seysell_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ia.unesp.br/pos/arquivos-pos/bandeira.pdf">Um estudo histórico perceptual: A Bandeira Brasileira sem Brasil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726140124/http://www.ia.unesp.br/pos/arquivos-pos/bandeira.pdf">Archived</a> July 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Seysell, Ricardo. Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2006. Retrieved on October 10, 2010. <span class="languageicon">(in Portuguese)</span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adamson, Matthew, and Simone Turchetti. "Friends in fission: US–Brazil relations and the global stresses of atomic energy, 1945–1955." <i>Centaurus</i> 63.1 (2021): 51–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:clA-czrr-MAJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2017&scillfp=1171730311198124457&oi=lle">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Bandeira, Luiz Alberto Moniz. "Brazil as a regional power and its relations with the United States." <i>Latin American Perspectives</i> 33.3 (2006): 12–27.</li> <li>Barbosa, Rubens. <i>The Washington Dissensus: A Privileged Observer's Perspective on US-Brazil Relations</i> (Vanderbilt University Press, 2014).</li> <li>Bodman, Samuel W., Julia Sweig, and James D. Wolfensohn. <i>Global Brazil and US-Brazil Relations</i> (Council on Foreign Relations, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPrUMPsMVX0C&dq=us+brazil&pg=PR9">online</a></li> <li>Cameron, James. "US-Brazil Relations." in <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.659">https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.659</a></li> <li>Davis, Sonny B. <i>A Brotherhood of Arms: Brazil-United States Military Relations, 1945-1977</i> (U Press of Colorado, 1996).</li> <li>Fouad, Sam HL, and Raul Gouvea. "The US–Brazil relationship opportunity: Business synergies for a dynamic global environment." <i>Thunderbird International Business Review</i> 60.4 (2018): 497–510.</li> <li>Frank, Gary. <i>Struggle for hegemony in South America: Argentina, Brazil, and the United States during the Second World War</i> (Routledge, 2021).</li> <li>Garfield, Seth. <i>In search of the Amazon: Brazil, the United States and the nature of a region</i> (Duke University Press, 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/30139/1/649961.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Haines, Gerald K. <i>The Americanization of Brazil: A study of US Cold War diplomacy in the third world, 1945-1954</i> (1989).</li> <li>Hilton, Stanley E. "The United States, Brazil, and the Cold War, 1945-1960: end of the special relationship." <i>Journal of American History</i> 68.3 (1981): 599–624. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4306788/mod_resource/content/1/IAPHiltonontheColdWar.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Long, Tom. "The US, Brazil and Latin America: the dynamics of asymmetrical regionalism." <i>Contemporary Politics</i> 24.1 (2018): 113–129. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/95166/13/WRAP-US-Brazil-Latin%20America-dynamics-asymmetrical-regionalism-Long-2017.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Lowenthal, Abraham F. <i>Brazil and the United States</i> Foreign Policy Assn, (1986).</li> <li>McCann, Frank. "The Rise and Fall of the Brazilian-American Military Alliance, 1942-1977." Esboços-Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da UFSC 22.34 (2016): 13–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/esbocos/article/viewFile/2175-7976.2015v22n34p13/32173">online</a></li> <li>Pitts, Bryan. "The Empire Strikes Back: US-Brazil Relations from Obama to Trump" in <i>The Future of US Empire in the Americas</i> (Routledge, 2020) pp. 165–187.</li> <li>Smith, Joseph. <i>Unequal Giants: Diplomatic Relations between the United States & Brazil, 1889-1930</i> (1991).</li> <li>Smith, Joseph. <i>Brazil and the United States: Convergence and Divergence</i> (U of Georgia Press; 2010), 256 pages</li> <li>Teixeira, Carlos Gustavo Poggio. <i>Brazil, the United States, and the South American subsystem: regional politics and the absent empire</i> (Lexington Books, 2012).</li> <li>Topik, Steven C. <i>Trade and gunboats: the United States and Brazil in the age of empire</i> (Stanford University Press, 1996).</li> <li>Tota, Antonio Pedro. <i>The Seduction of Brazil: The Americanization of Brazil During World War II</i> (U of Texas Press, 2010).</li> <li>Wasserman, Renata. <i>Exotic Nations: Literature and Cultural Identity in the United States and Brazil, 1830–1930</i> (Cornell University Press, 2018).</li> <li>Weis, W. Michael. "The twilight of pan-Americanism: The alliance for progress, neo-colonialism, and non-alignment in Brazil, 1961–1964." <i>International History Review</i> 23.2 (2001): 322–344.</li> <li>Wesson, Robert G. <i>The United States and Brazil: limits of influence</i> (Praeger Publishers, 1981).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Brazil&#124;link=Brazil_Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Template:Foreign relations of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Brazil&#124;link=Brazil_Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Algeria–Brazil relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Angola–Brazil relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Cape_Verde_relations" title="Brazil–Cape Verde relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="Brazil–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="Brazil–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="Brazil–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Guinea-Bissau_relations" title="Brazil–Guinea-Bissau relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Brazil–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Brazil–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Brazil–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Brazil–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="Brazil–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Brazil–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Argentina–Brazil relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Barbados–Brazil relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Bolivia–Brazil relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Canada_relations" title="Brazil–Canada relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Chile_relations" title="Brazil–Chile relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="Brazil–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_relations" title="Brazil–Costa Rica relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="Brazil–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Guyana_relations" title="Brazil–Guyana relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Brazil–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Brazil–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Brazil–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="Brazil–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Brazil–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Brazil–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="Brazil–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="Brazil–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Brazil–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Brazil–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Armenia–Brazil relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Brazil relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Bangladesh–Brazil relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations" title="Brazil–East Timor relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="Brazil–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Brazil–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Brazil–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Brazil–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Brazil–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Brazil–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Brazil–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Brazil–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Brazil–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Brazil–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Brazil–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Brazil–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Brazil–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Brazil–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Brazil–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Brazil–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Brazil–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Brazil–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Brazil–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Albania–Brazil relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Austria–Brazil relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="Brazil–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="Brazil–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="Brazil–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93France_relations" title="Brazil–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brazil–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Brazil–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Brazil–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Brazil–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Brazil–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Brazil–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Brazil–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%94Netherlands_relations" title="Brazil—Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Brazil–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Brazil–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Brazil–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Brazil–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Brazil–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Brazil–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Brazil–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Brazil–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Brazil–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Brazil–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Brazil_relations" title="Australia–Brazil relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Brazil–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Brazil–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Brazil–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_and_the_United_Nations" title="Brazil and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">CPLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Unasul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Brazil" title="List of diplomatic missions of Brazil">Diplomatic missions of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Brazil" title="List of diplomatic missions in Brazil">Diplomatic missions in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">UNSC reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Brazil" title="Category:Wars involving Brazil">Wars involving Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Brazil" title="Category:Treaties of Brazil">Treaties of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Brazil and weapons of mass destruction">Brazil and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="List of international presidential trips made by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Presidential visits by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_Brazil" title="Ambassadors of Brazil">Ambassadors of Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Angola–United States relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cameroon–United States relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Central African Republic–United States relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chad–United States relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–United States relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Gabon–United States relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burundi–United States relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Comoros–United States relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Djibouti–United States relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eritrea–United States relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ethiopia–United States relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kenya–United States relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Madagascar–United States relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malawi–United States relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritius–United States relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mozambique–United States relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Seychelles–United States relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somalia–United States relations">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somaliland–United States relations">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Sudan–United States relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tanzania–United States relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Uganda–United States relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="United States–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United States–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Algeria–United States relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Libya–United States relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–United States relations">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tunisia–United States relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Botswana–United States relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eswatini–United States relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lesotho–United States relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Namibia–United States relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Benin–United States relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burkina Faso–United States relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cape Verde–United States relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ivory Coast–United States relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Gambia–United States relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea–United States relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–United States relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mali–United States relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritania–United States relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Niger–United States relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nigeria–United States relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Senegal–United States relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sierra Leone–United States relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Togo–United States relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–United States relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Barbados–United States relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominica–United States relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominican Republic–United States relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grenada–United States relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jamaica–United States relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Lucia–United States relations">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belize–United States relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Costa Rica–United States relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="El Salvador–United States relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guatemala–United States relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Honduras–United States relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Panama–United States relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chile–United States relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ecuador–United States relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guyana–United States relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Paraguay–United States relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Peru–United States relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Suriname–United States relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="United States–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kazakhstan–United States relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–United States relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tajikistan–United States relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkmenistan–United States relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="United States–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mongolia–United States relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Maldives–United States relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nepal–United States relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United States relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brunei–United States relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Timor–United States relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malaysia–United States relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Myanmar–United States relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Thailand–United States relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Azerbaijan–United States relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Georgia–United States relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jordan–United States relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kuwait–United States relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lebanon–United States relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Oman–United States relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Qatar–United States relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Arab Emirates–United States relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="United States–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bulgaria–United States relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czech Republic–United States relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hungary–United States relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Moldova–United States relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Transnistria–United States relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovakia–United States relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Denmark–United States relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Estonia–United States relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iceland–United States relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latvia–United States relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lithuania–United States relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bermuda–United States relations">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cayman Islands–United States relations">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Andorra–United States relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Croatia–United States relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cyprus–United States relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–United States relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greece–United States relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Italy–United States relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malta–United States relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Montenegro–United States relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Macedonia–United States relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="San Marino–United States relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Serbia–United States relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovenia–United States relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Austria–United States relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belgium–United States relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liechtenstein–United States relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Luxembourg–United States relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Monaco–United States relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Switzerland–United States relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–United States relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Solomon Islands–United States relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="United States–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kiribati–United States relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Marshall Islands–United States relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nauru–United States relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palau–United States relations">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cook Islands–United States relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Samoa–United States relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tonga–United States relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tuvalu–United States relations">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Artsakh–United States relations">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federal Republic of Central America–United States relations">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Congo Free State–United States relations">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–United States relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Genoa–United States relations">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="German Empire–United States relations">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Republics%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hanseatic Republics–United States relations">Hanseatic Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Nassau–United States relations">Duchy of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North German Confederation–United States relations">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Orange Free State–United States relations">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papal States–United States relations">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Parma–United States relations">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Prussia–United States relations">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russian Empire–United States relations">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ryukyu Kingdom–United States relations">Ryukyu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Sardinia–United States relations">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe–United States relations">Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Texas–United States relations">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies–United States relations">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Württemberg–United States relations">Kingdom of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="United States–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations" title="Arab–American relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Asia–United States relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5%2B1" title="C5+1">C5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States" title="International organization membership of the United States">International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Doctrines,_policies,_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Doctrines, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">policies</a>, concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_doctrines" title="United States presidential doctrines">Presidential<br />doctrines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberger_Doctrine" title="Weinberger Doctrine">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine" title="Rumsfeld Doctrine">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_realism" title="Progressive realism">Progressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/21px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/42px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil–United_States_relations&oldid=1260370339">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil–United_States_relations&oldid=1260370339</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Brazil–United States relations">Brazil–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bilateral_relations_of_Brazil" title="Category:Bilateral relations of Brazil">Bilateral relations of Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bilateral_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Bilateral relations of the United States">Bilateral relations of the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2019">Articles with dead external links from October 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2010" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2010">Articles with dead external links from October 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)">Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Brazilian_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-br)" title="Category:CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)">CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2021">Use mdy dates from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2013">Articles needing additional references from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2023">Articles with dead external links from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 November 2024, at 11:19<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-759d5489db-c57l2","wgBackendResponseTime":184,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.033","walltime":"1.255","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5957,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":289884,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9092,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":166314,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 999.511 1 -total"," 39.86% 398.369 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.03% 150.208 2 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 11.60% 115.978 1 Template:Infobox_bilateral_relations"," 11.03% 110.280 1 Template:Foreign_relations_of_Brazil"," 10.59% 105.808 2 Template:In_lang"," 9.90% 98.959 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.86% 98.540 9 Template:Fix"," 8.66% 86.603 5 Template:Citation_needed"," 6.97% 69.714 19 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.588","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21788542,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-645858d48f-7n7zd","timestamp":"20241202155001","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Brazil\u2013United States relations","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1732896","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1732896","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-06-06T18:50:49Z","dateModified":"2024-11-30T11:19:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6b\/Brazil_USA_Locator.svg","headline":"bilateral relations between Brazil and United States"}</script> </body> </html>