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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mughal_rule_of_Punjab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_rule_of_Punjab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Mughal rule of Punjab</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_rule_of_Punjab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Khalsa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Khalsa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Formation of the Khalsa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Khalsa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banda_Singh_Bahadur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banda_Singh_Bahadur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.2</span> <span>Banda Singh Bahadur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banda_Singh_Bahadur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dal_Khalsa_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dal_Khalsa_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Dal Khalsa period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dal_Khalsa_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sikh_Confederacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Confederacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>Sikh Confederacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Confederacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intra-Misl_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intra-Misl_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.2</span> <span>Intra-Misl Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intra-Misl_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cis-Sutlej_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cis-Sutlej_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Cis-Sutlej states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cis-Sutlej_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration and state</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration and state subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Religious policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revenue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Revenue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viziers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viziers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Viziers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viziers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikh Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="إمبراطورية السيخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية السيخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_sij" title="Reinu sij – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu sij" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siqx_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99ti" title="Siqx dövləti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siqx dövləti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="سیک ایمپراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیک ایمپراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="শিখ সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শিখ সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_T%C3%A8-kok" title="Sikh Tè-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sikh Tè-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85_%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Сикх дәүләте – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сикх дәүләте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сикхска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сикхска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_Sikh_de_Lahore" title="Estat Sikh de Lahore – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat Sikh de Lahore" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Sikhská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sikhská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_der_Sikh" title="Reich der Sikh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reich der Sikh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B9%CF%87" title="Αυτοκρατορία των Σιχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοκρατορία των Σιχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_sij" title="Imperio sij – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio sij" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sika_Imperio" title="Sika Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sika Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Inperioa" title="Sikh Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sikh Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="امپراتوری سیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری سیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_sikh" title="Empire sikh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire sikh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Sikh" title="Imperio Sikh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Sikh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%81%AC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="시크 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시크 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सिख साम्राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिख साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekaisaran_Sikh" title="Kekaisaran Sikh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekaisaran Sikh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Sikh" title="Impero Sikh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Sikh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה הסיקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה הסיקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%90%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D8%B3%D9%8E%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%AA" title="سِکھ سَلطَنَت – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سِکھ سَلطَنَت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സിഖ് സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിഖ് സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="शीख साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शीख साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სიქეფიშ იმპერია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიქეფიშ იმპერია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhrijk" title="Sikhrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sikhrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सिख साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिख साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="シク王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シク王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhriket" title="Sikhriket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sikhriket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸਿੱਖ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੱਖ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%DB%81_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="خالصہ راج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خالصہ راج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="د سيکانو واکمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سيکانو واکمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_Sikh%C3%B3w" title="Państwo Sikhów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo Sikhów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Sique" title="Império Sique – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Sique" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сикхское государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сикхское государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سکھ سلطنت – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سکھ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="සික් අධිරාජ්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සික් අධිරාජ්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sikh Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سک سلطنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سک سلطنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siksko_carstvo" title="Siksko carstvo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Siksko carstvo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhivaltio" title="Sikhivaltio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sikhivaltio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh-imperiet" title="Sikh-imperiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sikh-imperiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperyong_Sikh" title="Imperyong Sikh – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imperyong Sikh" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சீக்கியப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீக்கியப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సిక్ఖు సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిక్ఖు సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรวรรดิซิกข์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิซิกข์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sih_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu" title="Sih İmparatorluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sih İmparatorluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Держава Сикхів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Держава Сикхів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%BE_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="سکھ سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سکھ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Sikh" title="Đế quốc Sikh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Sikh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="锡克帝国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="锡克帝国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="锡克帝国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="锡克帝国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sikh Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Sarkār-i-Khālsa</i><br /><i>Khālasā Rāj</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1799–1849 <br /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Sikh Empire, Punjab Empire"><img alt="Flag of Sikh Empire, Punjab Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikh_Empire_flag.svg/140px-Sikh_Empire_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikh_Empire_flag.svg/210px-Sikh_Empire_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikh_Empire_flag.svg/280px-Sikh_Empire_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Nishan_Sahib" title="Nishan Sahib">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Ranjit Singh of Sikh Empire, Punjab Empire"><img alt="Seal of Ranjit Singh of Sikh Empire, Punjab Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.svg/80px-Seal_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.svg/120px-Seal_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Seal_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.svg/160px-Seal_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Seal of Ranjit Singh</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>ਅਕਾਲ ਸਹਾਇ<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sat_Sri_Akaal#Akaal_Sahai" title="Sat Sri Akaal">Akāl Sahāi</a></i><br />"With God's Grace"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Deg_Tegh_Fateh" title="Deg Tegh Fateh">Dēg Tēg Fateh</a></i><br />"Victory to Charity and Arms"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sikh Empire at its greatest extent c. 1839, under Ranjit Singh"><img alt="The Sikh Empire at its greatest extent c. 1839, under Ranjit Singh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sikh_Empire.svg/250px-Sikh_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sikh_Empire.svg/375px-Sikh_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sikh_Empire.svg/500px-Sikh_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Sikh Empire at its greatest extent <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1839</span>, under <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1799–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1849)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gojri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojri">Gojri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balti dialect">Balti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Kohistani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>9-10% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li> <li>80% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li>10% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li>1% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, others<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1801–1839 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1843–1849 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1840–1841 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1843–1846 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Vizier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1799–1818 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1846 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Capture of Lahore by <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 July 1799</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• End of <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 March 1849 <br /></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1839<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">520,000 km<sup>2</sup> (200,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1800s </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Nanak Shahi <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">Sikke</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kangra_State" title="Kangra State">Kangra State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sial_dynasty" title="Sial dynasty">Sial dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon dynasty">Maqpon dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Province_(British_India)" title="Punjab Province (British India)">Punjab Province (British India)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)"> Jammu and Kashmir <span style="font-size:85%;">(princely state)</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_India" title="Category:History of India">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of <span class="fn org label">India</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/200px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/300px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/400px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="4258" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a>, c. 500,000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> 7570 – 6200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> 7106 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> 7000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> 7000 – 2600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Indian Neolithic</a> 3000 – 1000 BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Post Indus Valley Period<br />(Cemetery H Culture)</a>, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rigvedic tribes">Early Vedic period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Rise of Śramaṇa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Later Vedic Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Spread of Jainism – Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Rise of Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Kingdom of Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadratha Dynasty">Brihadratha Dynasty</a> 1700 – 682 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanka Dynasty">Haryanka Dynasty</a> 544 – 413 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaishunaga Dynasty">Shaishunaga Dynasty</a> 413 – 345 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Dynasty</a>, 345 – 322 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, c. 600 – 345 BCE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Kingdom of Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a>, 322 – 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 320 BCE - 280 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a>, 185 – 73 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a>, 73 – 28 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> 300 BCE – 400 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Dynasty</a>, c. 30 – c. 375 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Dynasty</a>, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Dynasty</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Early medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, 275 CE - 897 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Dynasty">Chalukya Dynasty</a>, 543 – 753 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 590 CE - 920 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha's Dynasty</a>, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karakota Dynasty</a>, c. 724 – c. 760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Arab Invasion</a>, c. 738 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a>, c. 760 – c. 973 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakuta Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Chola Dynasty</a>, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">2nd Chalukya Dynasty</a>, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, 1206 – 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a>, 1251 – 1618 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, 1336 – 1646 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, 1342 – 1576 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1526 – 1540 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, 1538/40 – 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1556 – 1857 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, 1857 – 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, 1858 – 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement"> Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Independent India</a>, 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, 1947 – 1950 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, 1950 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline of Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties in Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architectural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India#History" title="Religion in India">History of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Musical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper_currency_in_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of paper currency in Indian subcontinent">Paper Currency History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and Technology History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Indian inventions and discoveries">List of Inventions and Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Naval History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_India" title="List of wars involving India">Wars involving India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_India" title="Template:History of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_India" title="Template talk:History of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sikh Empire</b> was a regional power based in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab region</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It existed from 1799, when <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a>. It was forged on the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> from a collection of autonomous <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grewal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grewal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its peak in the 19th century, the empire extended from <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">deserts of Sindh</a> in the south and from the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> in the east as far as <a href="/wiki/Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudh">Oudh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ra_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ra-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was divided into four provinces: <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, which became the Sikh capital; <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> from 1799 to 1849. Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831 (making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_in_1800" title="List of countries by population in 1800">19th most populous country at the time</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">be annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p><p>The formation of the empire began with the capture of Lahore from its Durrani ruler, <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Shah_Durrani" title="Zaman Shah Durrani">Zaman Shah Durrani</a>. Ranjit Singh was proclaimed as Maharaja of the Punjab on 12 April 1801 (to coincide with <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>), creating a unified political state. Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, conducted the coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the empire was followed by the progressive expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghans</a> from Punjab by capitalizing off Afghan decline in the <a href="/wiki/Afghan-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan-Sikh Wars">Afghan-Sikh Wars</a>, and the unification of the separate Sikh misls. Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single <i>misl</i> to finally becoming the Maharaja of Punjab. He began to modernise his army, using the latest training as well as weapons and <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the empire was weakened by the British East India Company stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement. Finally, in 1849, the state was dissolved after the defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The empire is also referred to as the <b>Lahore State</b>, such as in contemporary British maps.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <b>Lahore Darbar</b> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Sikh court</a> at Lahore of the empire's ruling government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term "Lahore Darbar" only gained currency around the time of Ranjit Singh's death, with it not being found in British sources until then.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire's own Persian chronicles refers to its ruling government as the <i><b>Sarkar Khalsaji</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3></div> <p>The foundation of the Sikh Empire can be traced to as early as 1707, the year of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s death and the start of the downfall of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. With the Mughals significantly weakened, the Sikh army, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire)">Dal Khalsa</a>, a rearrangement of the Khalsa inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, led expeditions against them and the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghans</a> in the west. This led to a growth of the army which split into different confederacies or semi-independent <i>misls</i>. Each of these component armies controlled different areas and cities. However, in the period from 1762 to 1799, Sikh commanders of the <i>misls</i> appeared to be coming into their own as independent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mughal_rule_of_Punjab">Mughal rule of Punjab</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> began during the conquest of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> by <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. His grandson, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar the Great">Akbar</a>, supported religious freedom and after visiting the <a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">langar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a> got a favourable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit, he donated land to the langar and the Mughals did not have any conflict with <a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a> until his death in 1605.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His successor <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a>, saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He ordered <a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjun_Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Arjun Dev">Guru Arjan</a>, who had been arrested for supporting the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Mirza" title="Khusrau Mirza">Khusrau Mirza</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to change the passage about Islam<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""The passage about what about Islam?" (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Adi_Granth" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Granth">Adi Granth</a>. When the Guru refused, Jahangir ordered him to be put to death by torture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guru Arjan's <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Sikhism" title="Martyrdom in Sikhism">martyrdom</a> led to the sixth Guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a>, declaring Sikh <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> and the establishment of a fort to defend <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by jailing Guru Hargobind at <a href="/wiki/Gwalior_Fort" title="Gwalior Fort">Gwalior Fort</a>, but released him after a number of years when he no longer felt threatened. The Sikh community did not have any further issues with the Mughal Empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627. The succeeding son of Jahangir, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>, took offence at Guru Hargobind's "sovereignty" and after a series of assaults on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a>, maintained the guruship in these hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and playing a neutral role in the power struggle between two of the sons of Shah Jahan, <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh" title="Dara Shikoh">Dara Shikoh</a>, for control of the Mughal Empire. The ninth Guru, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, moved the Sikh community to <a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib" title="Anandpur Sahib">Anandpur</a> and travelled extensively to visit and preach in defiance of Aurangzeb, who attempted to install <a href="/wiki/Ram_Rai" title="Ram Rai">Ram Rai</a> as new guru. Guru Tegh Bahadur aided <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> in avoiding conversion to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and was arrested by Aurangzeb. When offered a choice between conversion to Islam and death, he chose to die rather than compromise his principles and was executed.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Formation_of_the_Khalsa">Formation of the Khalsa</h5></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill rajas moved the guruship to <a href="/wiki/Paonta_Sahib" title="Paonta Sahib">Paunta</a>. There he built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The growing power of the Sikh community alarmed the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hill rajas</a>, who attempted to attack the city, but <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>'s forces routed them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a>. He moved on to Anandpur and established the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a>, a collective army of baptised Sikhs, on 30 March 1699.<sup id="cite_ref-Gobind_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gobind-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal-backed claimants to the guruship.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1701, a combined army of the Sivalik Hill rajas and the Mughals under <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_(Sirhind)" title="Wazir Khan (Sirhind)">Wazir Khan</a> attacked Anandpur. The Khalsa retreated but regrouped to defeat the Mughals at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Battle of Muktsar</a>. In 1707, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> accepted an invitation by Aurangzeb's successor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a> to meet him. The meeting took place at <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> on 23 July 1707.<sup id="cite_ref-Gobind_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gobind-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Banda_Singh_Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</h5></div> <p>In August 1708, Guru Gobind Singh visited <a href="/wiki/Nanded" title="Nanded">Nanded</a>. There he met a Bairāgī recluse, Madho Das, who converted to Sikhism, rechristened as <a href="/wiki/Banda_Singh_Bahadur" title="Banda Singh Bahadur">Banda Singh Bahadur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gobind_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gobind-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Banda_Singh_Bahadur_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banda_Singh_Bahadur-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short time before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to reconquer Punjab region and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of <a href="/wiki/Zamindar#Mughal_era" title="Zamindar">Zamindar families</a> and distributing the land to the poor <a href="/wiki/Ryot" title="Ryot">peasants</a> who farmed the land.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2008_pages=25-26_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2008_pages=25-26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion by defeating the Mughal armies at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Battle of Samana</a>, establishing the First Sikh State in 1709. This was followed the next year by another Sikh victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Battle of Sadhaura</a>. The rebellion culminated following their defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gurdaspur" title="Siege of Gurdaspur">Siege of Gurdaspur</a>. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to the supporters of Guru Gobind Singh. He executed Wazir Khan in revenge for the deaths of Guru Gobind Singh's sons and Pir Budhu Shah after the Sikh victory at <a href="/wiki/Sirhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirhind">Sirhind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He ruled the territory between the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej river">Sutlej river</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna river">Yamuna river</a>, established a capital in the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lohgarh" title="Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a> and struck <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a> in the names of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a> and Guru Gobind Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2008_pages=25-26_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2008_pages=25-26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1716, his army was defeated by the Mughals after he attempted to defend his fort at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a>. He was captured along with 700 of his men and sent to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, where they were all tortured and executed after refusing to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dal_Khalsa_period">Dal Khalsa period</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sikh_Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Misl</a></div> <p>The period from 1716 to 1799 was a highly turbulent time politically and militarily in the Punjab region. This was caused by the overall decline of the Mughal empire<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that left a power vacuum in the region that was eventually filled by the Sikhs of the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> army" or "<a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> party". In the late 18th century, after defeating several invasions by the Afghan rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> and their allies,<sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Afghanistan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Afghanistan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remnants of the Mughals and their <a href="/wiki/Nawabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs">administrators</a>, the Mughal-allied Hindu hill-rajas of the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hostile local Muslims siding with other Muslim forces.<sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Afghanistan_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Afghanistan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikhs of the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a> eventually formed their own independent Sikh administrative regions, <i>Misls</i>, derived from a Perso-Arabic term meaning 'similar', headed by <i>Misldars</i>. These Misls were united in large part by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intra-Misl_Wars">Intra-Misl Wars</h5></div> <p>After the reign of <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Jassa Singh Ramgarhia">Jassa Singh Ramgarhia</a>, the Sikh Misls became divided and fought each other. A sort of 'Cold War' broke out with the <a href="/wiki/Bhangi_Misl" title="Bhangi Misl">Bhangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakai_Misl" title="Nakai Misl">Nakkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallewalia_Misl" title="Dallewalia Misl">Dalelwala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Misl" title="Ramgarhia Misl">Ramgharia</a> Misls verses <a href="/wiki/Sukerchakia_Misl" title="Sukerchakia Misl">Sukerchakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahluwalia_(misl)" title="Ahluwalia (misl)">Ahluwalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karorsinghia_Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Karorsinghia Misl">Karor Singhia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanhaiya_Misl" title="Kanhaiya Misl">Kaniyeha</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shaheedan_Misl" title="Shaheedan Misl">Shaheedan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nishanwalia_Misl" title="Nishanwalia Misl">Nishania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singhpuria_Misl" title="Singhpuria Misl">Singhpuria</a> also allied but did not engage in warfare with the others and continued the Dal Khalsa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phulkian_Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Phulkian Misl">Phulkian Misl</a> was excommunicated from the confederacy. <a href="/wiki/Sada_Kaur" title="Sada Kaur">Rani Sada Kaur</a> of the Kanhaiya Misl rose in the vacuum and destroyed the power of the Bhangis. She later gave her throne to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire">Empire</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punjabin_1809_AD-History_of_Punjab_pg32.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Punjabin_1809_AD-History_of_Punjab_pg32.jpg/220px-Punjabin_1809_AD-History_of_Punjab_pg32.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Punjabin_1809_AD-History_of_Punjab_pg32.jpg/330px-Punjabin_1809_AD-History_of_Punjab_pg32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Punjabin_1809_AD-History_of_Punjab_pg32.jpg/440px-Punjabin_1809_AD-History_of_Punjab_pg32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>The expanding Sikh Empire in 1809. The <a href="/wiki/Cis-Sutlej_states" title="Cis-Sutlej states">Cis-Sutlej states</a> are visible south of the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The formal start of the Sikh Empire began with the unification of the Misls by 1801, creating a unified political state. All the Misl leaders, who were affiliated with the army, were the nobility with usually long and prestigious family backgrounds in Sikh history.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main geographical footprint of the empire was from the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> in the west, to Kashmir in the north, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> in the south, and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1799, <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>, where it had been established in 1763 by his grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Charat_Singh" title="Charat Singh">Charat Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Ranjit Singh annexed the <a href="/wiki/Sial_dynasty" title="Sial dynasty">Sial State</a>, a local Muslim-ruled chieftaincy, after invading <a href="/wiki/Jhang" title="Jhang">Jhang</a> in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis for this annexation was that the local ruler of Jhang, Ahmad Khan Sial, was conspiring with <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Muzaffar_Khan" title="Nawab Muzaffar Khan">Nawab Muzaffar Khan</a> of Multan and had signed a secret treaty with the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_-_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Singh_-_pg203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_-_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Singh_-_pg203.jpg/220px-Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_-_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Singh_-_pg203.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_-_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Singh_-_pg203.jpg/330px-Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_-_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Singh_-_pg203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_-_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Singh_-_pg203.jpg/440px-Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_-_Court_and_Camp_of_Runjeet_Singh_-_pg203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> holding court in 1838</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a> was <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> from 1825 to 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-google_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known for his role in the conquests of <a href="/wiki/Kasur" title="Kasur">Kasur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. Nalwa led the Sikh army in freeing <a href="/wiki/Shuja_Shah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuja Shah Durrani">Shah Shuja</a> from Kashmir and secured the <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Nor" class="mw-redirect" title="Koh-i-Nor">Koh-i-Nor</a> diamond for Maharaja Ranjit Singh. He served as governor of Kashmir and <a href="/wiki/Hazara_region" title="Hazara region">Hazara</a> and established a <a href="/wiki/Mint_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mint (coin)">mint</a> on behalf of the Sikh empire to facilitate revenue collection. His frontier policy of holding the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a> was later used by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>. Nalwa was responsible for expanding the frontier of Sikh empire to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the Sikh Empire was the Khyber Pass. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh</a> paid regular annual tribute to the Sikh Empire starting 1819 until 1834.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribute was paid to the local Sikh governors of Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Namgyal kingdom would later be conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogras</a>, under the leadership of Zorawar Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The domain of the <a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Maqpon kingdom</a> of Baltistan, based in Skardu, under the rule of Ahmad Shah Maqpon, was conquered in 1839–40 and its local ruler was deposed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dogras at this time were under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Sikh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Sikh war">Sino-Sikh War</a> of 1841, the forces of the empire invaded the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>, which was then under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this control was short-lived and the military of the empire was forced to retreat to Ladakh due to a counterattack by the Chinese and Tibetans.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cis-Sutlej_states">Cis-Sutlej states</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cis-Sutlej_states" title="Cis-Sutlej states">Cis-Sutlej states</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cis-Sutlej_states" title="Cis-Sutlej states">Cis-Sutlej states</a> were a group of Sikh<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states in the Punjab region lying between the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej River">Sutlej River</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamuna River">Yamuna River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> district to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Sirsa_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirsa District">Sirsa District</a> to the west. These states fell under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> after 1785 before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a> of 1803–1805, after which the Marathas lost control of the territory to the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>. The Cis-Sutlej states included <a href="/wiki/Kalsia" title="Kalsia">Kalsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaithal" title="Kaithal">Kaithal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabha_State" title="Nabha State">Nabha State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jind_State" title="Jind State">Jind State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanesar" title="Thanesar">Thanesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maler_Kotla" class="mw-redirect" title="Maler Kotla">Maler Kotla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferozpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferozpur">Ferozpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faridkot_State" title="Faridkot State">Faridkot State</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh Empire of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> occupied Faridkot State in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, control was restored to Gulab Singh of Faridkot in 1809 due to the signing of a treaty between the Lahore Darbar and the British East India Company.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While these Sikh states had been set up by the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a>, they did not become part of the Sikh Empire. There was a mutual ban on warfare following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">treaty of Amritsar</a> in 1809 (in which the empire forfeited the claim to the Cis-Sutlej States, and the British were not to interfere north of the Sutlej or in the empire's existing territory south of the Sutlej),<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following attempts by Ranjit Singh to wrest control of these states from the British between 1806 and 1809<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sikh crossing of the Sutlej, following British militarization of the border with Punjab (from 2,500 men and six guns in 1838 to 17,612 men and 66 guns in 1844, and 40,523 men and 94 guns in 1845), and plans on using the newly conquered territory of Sindh as a springboard to advance on the Sikh-held region of Multan,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually resulted in conflict with the British. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decline">Decline</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_drawings_of_Sikh_troops_in_action_against_British_forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Two_drawings_of_Sikh_troops_in_action_against_British_forces.jpg/220px-Two_drawings_of_Sikh_troops_in_action_against_British_forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Two_drawings_of_Sikh_troops_in_action_against_British_forces.jpg/330px-Two_drawings_of_Sikh_troops_in_action_against_British_forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Two_drawings_of_Sikh_troops_in_action_against_British_forces.jpg/440px-Two_drawings_of_Sikh_troops_in_action_against_British_forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Two late 19th century drawings of Sikh troops in action against British forces during the Anglo-Sikh Wars</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_1.jpg/200px-Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_1.jpg/300px-Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_1.jpg/400px-Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan, adjacent to the iconic <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> to launch the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a> in 1845 marked many turning points, the British encountered the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab Army">Punjab Army</a>, opening with a gun-duel in which the Sikhs "had the better of the British artillery". As the British made advances, Europeans in their army were specially targeted, as the Sikhs believed if the army "became demoralized, the backbone of the enemy's position would be broken".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fighting continued throughout the night. The British position "grew graver as the night wore on", and "suffered terrible casualties with every single member of the Governor General's staff either killed or wounded".<sup id="cite_ref-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_p.136-137_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_p.136-137-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the British army took and held Ferozeshah. British General Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Hope_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hope Grant">James Hope Grant</a> recorded: "Truly the night was one of gloom and forbidding and perhaps never in the annals of warfare has a British Army on such a large scale been nearer to a defeat which would have involved annihilation."<sup id="cite_ref-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_p.136-137_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_p.136-137-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reasons for the withdrawal of the Sikhs from Ferozeshah are contentious. Some believe that it was treachery of the non-Sikh high command of their own army which led to them marching away from a British force in a precarious and battered state. Others believe that a tactical withdrawal was the best policy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Sikh empire was finally dissolved at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a> in 1849 into separate <a href="/wiki/Princely_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states">princely states</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">province of Punjab</a>. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_state">Administration and state</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_from_%E2%80%98Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99,_gouache,_ca.1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Detail_from_%E2%80%98Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99%2C_gouache%2C_ca.1850.jpg/220px-Detail_from_%E2%80%98Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99%2C_gouache%2C_ca.1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Detail_from_%E2%80%98Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99%2C_gouache%2C_ca.1850.jpg/330px-Detail_from_%E2%80%98Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99%2C_gouache%2C_ca.1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Detail_from_%E2%80%98Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99%2C_gouache%2C_ca.1850.jpg/440px-Detail_from_%E2%80%98Darbar_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%E2%80%99%2C_gouache%2C_ca.1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1618" /></a><figcaption>Detail from ‘<a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Darbar</a> (royal court) of Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>’, <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a>, ca.1850</figcaption></figure><p>The empire's ruling court based out of Lahore is termed the <i>Lahore Darbar</i> or <i>Khalsa Darbar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faqir Saifuddin of the <a href="/wiki/Fakir_Khana" title="Fakir Khana">Fakir Khana Museum</a> prefers to use the term <i>Punjab Darbar</i> rather than "Khalsa Darbar", owing to the large role Muslims played in Ranjit Singh's court.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruling court was diverse and under the ultimate command of the ruling <i>maharaja</i>, who was the "drum of the Khalsa".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In-theory, the Sikh court was based on the Khalsa ideals propounded by Guru Gobind Singh yet the court was secular in-practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an example of this secularism, members of the court came from various religious background, including Sikhs, Hindus, Muslims, and Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the members also came from various ethnic, regional, and caste backgrounds, such as Dogras, Rajputs, Brahmins, Jats, and Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst Ranjit Singh himself preferred to dress modestly, the Sikh court was filled with elaborately garbed and decorated members.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only three individuals were permitted to be seated on chairs within the durbar, them namely being heir-apparent Kharak Singh, <i><a href="/wiki/Kunwar" title="Kunwar">kanwar</a></i> Sher Singh, and Raja Hira Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three sides of the hall of the durbar were covered with golden-pillars, with shawl carpets that were embroidered with golden and silver, and inset with precious stones, decorating the floor.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maharaja was seated on a <a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%27s_throne" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh's throne">golden throne</a>, with Ranjit Singh preferring to sit cross-legged on it.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The member of the court allowed to be seated behind the maharaja was Raja Dhian Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the members of the court were seated as per their rank and status.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colours of the Sikh court were yellow and green.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, most of its members donned yellow-coloured dressings made from Kashmiri silk or woollens.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there existed no strict categorization scheme of the rankings of the constituent members of the Lahore Darbar, thus the rankings of its members was determined by the level of trust the maharaja held in them.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court also granted awards upon its members, with most of these essentially being <a href="/wiki/Sikh_titles" title="Sikh titles">bestowed titles</a> in the form of honourifics, however some members were granted <i><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirs</a></i> (estate grant).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laziness was heavily looked-down upon with the court, with the ruling maharaja often sending out the court's members on military or diplomatic missions.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The business of the ruling government was carried out in Lahore, specifically the Musamman Burj located within the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A public court was held from morning until noon in the <i>Diwan-i-Aam</i> ("hall of audience"), with the court being attended by important members of the court, including princes, ministers, nobles, and civil and military officers.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some matters discussed in the court include high-level civil and military appointments, reports from the provincial <i><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a></i> and <i>kardars</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When matters of the court were read-out, royal decrees made orally were transferred into writing for final approval.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tributes and <i>nazaranas</i> were also exchanged or bestowed within the court.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supplicants to the court were dismissed with <i>khill'ats</i> (robes) or monetary gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the maharaja was travelling, the court ceased to be static and was held at whatever location the ruler's retinue decided to hold-up at, often under a tree or whilst moving on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ruler would dictate orders to provincial governors whilst inspecting their troops or even in the midst of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Noble members of the court, including relatives of the royal family, resided in palatial <i><a href="/wiki/Haveli" title="Haveli">haveli</a></i> structures and donned expensive clothing and accessories (such as jewelry).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh princes, and also Raja Dhian Singh, were permitted to hold their own miniature <i>durbars</i> (courts).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_sent_from_the_King_of_France,_Louis-Philippe,_to_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh._Ranjit_Singh_is_addressed_as_%E2%80%9CRendjit_Sing_Bahador_-_Padichah_du_Pendjab%E2%80%9D._Dated_27_October,_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Letter_sent_from_the_King_of_France%2C_Louis-Philippe%2C_to_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh._Ranjit_Singh_is_addressed_as_%E2%80%9CRendjit_Sing_Bahador_-_Padichah_du_Pendjab%E2%80%9D._Dated_27_October%2C_1835.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Letter_sent_from_the_King_of_France%2C_Louis-Philippe%2C_to_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh._Ranjit_Singh_is_addressed_as_%E2%80%9CRendjit_Sing_Bahador_-_Padichah_du_Pendjab%E2%80%9D._Dated_27_October%2C_1835.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Letter_sent_from_the_King_of_France%2C_Louis-Philippe%2C_to_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh._Ranjit_Singh_is_addressed_as_%E2%80%9CRendjit_Sing_Bahador_-_Padichah_du_Pendjab%E2%80%9D._Dated_27_October%2C_1835.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption>A letter sent from the King of France, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis-Philippe</a> to Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh is addressed as “Rendjit Sing Bahador – Padichah du Pendjab”. 27 October 1835</figcaption></figure> <p>Foreign visitors to the Sikh court were treated with respect and hospitality, with many contemporary accounts of foreign visitors to the court noting the good-treatment afforded to them by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a foreign visitor arrived, they would be greeted by a protocol officer, who would arrange for their temporary residence, which was based upon the status of the visitor.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state government paid for the expenses regarding the visitor's entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exists accounts of visitors being gifted by the state, with presents such as fruit, sweets, wines, and also money.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full displays of the empire's regalia and military forces were displayed during important ceremonial functions, such as the marriages of important nobles or when receiving high-level foreign diplomatic dignatories.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to keep tabs and updated on the happenings of surrounding regions, including remote parts of its territory and foreign countries, the Sikh court received reports from the <i>waqa'nawis</i> (news-writers) located in the empire's provinces (<i>subas</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reports were dispatched to the Lahore Darbar at regular intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furtheremore, the <i>vakils</i> (agents) of foreign countries were associated with the Sikh court on a reciprocal basis.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sikh court had news-writers located in Afghanistan and also had its own <i>vakil</i> emissaries in the <a href="/wiki/Cis-Sutlej_states" title="Cis-Sutlej states">Cis-Sutlej States</a> and also in territory under the British East India Company's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other vakil emissaries of the Sikh court were sent to <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Marathas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a> on complimentary missions.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Western/European officers from various backgrounds, including Britishers, Frenchmen, Germans, Italians, Spaniards, Americans, and Russians, also rose to high levels within the Sikh court in many instances.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Sikh court was wary of the Westerners within the court, and kept them therefore under strict regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These foreign Western members of the court were persuaded by the state to integrate themselves by marrying a local woman, settling down within the empire, and adopt the cultural customs of the locals, such as growing out a beard or wearing a turban.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western members of the court were also banned from publicly <a href="/wiki/Cattle_slaughter_in_India" title="Cattle slaughter in India">consuming beef</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">smoking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sikh Empire did enact a simple border policy where it did not allow uninvited foreigners into the state.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of this border policy was to dissuade potential foreign spies from entering the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of the policy in-action is the case of Captain Arnold Mathews, who snuck into the Sikh Empire in circa 1808 to spy under the guise of being a tourist headed towards Kashmir but was intercepted and brought to Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_outside_near_the_Golden_Temple_in_Amritsar_with_everyone_dressed_in_Basant_(yellow).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_outside_near_the_Golden_Temple_in_Amritsar_with_everyone_dressed_in_Basant_%28yellow%29.jpg/220px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_outside_near_the_Golden_Temple_in_Amritsar_with_everyone_dressed_in_Basant_%28yellow%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_outside_near_the_Golden_Temple_in_Amritsar_with_everyone_dressed_in_Basant_%28yellow%29.jpg/330px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_outside_near_the_Golden_Temple_in_Amritsar_with_everyone_dressed_in_Basant_%28yellow%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_outside_near_the_Golden_Temple_in_Amritsar_with_everyone_dressed_in_Basant_%28yellow%29.jpg/440px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_holding_court_outside_near_the_Golden_Temple_in_Amritsar_with_everyone_dressed_in_Basant_%28yellow%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Maharaja Ranjit Singh holding court outside near the Golden Temple in Amritsar with everyone dressed in <i>Basant</i> (yellow)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sikh court observed the festivals of <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Dussehra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basant_(festival)" title="Basant (festival)">Basant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaisakhi was considered an especially auspicious celebration within the Sikh court, with it giving and distributing gifts of money, gold, silver, cows, horses, elephants, gold-bangles, and food to Brahmins and the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Basant celebrations, the military troops of the empire were paraded donning yellow uniforms, with members of the Sikh court and nobles also wearing yellow clothing on the day.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Basant, the officials bore gifts for the sovereign ruler, with the ruler in-turn bestowing robe-of-honours to the officials based on their rank and status.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During celebrations of Dussehra, the Sikh court assembled itself at Amritsar and the <i>jagirdari</i> troops of the empire's military were paraded and inspected by the maharaja.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_19-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joppen1907India1805a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/200px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/300px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/30/Joppen1907India1805a.jpg/400px-Joppen1907India1805a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="843" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Indian subcontinent in 1805.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sikh Empire spanned a total of over 200,000 sq mi (520,000 km<sup>2</sup>) at its zenith.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another more conservative estimate puts its total surface area during its zenith at 100,436 sq mi (260,124 km sq).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following modern-day political divisions made up the historical Sikh Empire: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab region</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mithankot" title="Mithankot">Mithankot</a> in the south <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab, Pakistan</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahawalpur State">Bahawalpur State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>, excluding the <a href="/wiki/Cis-Sutlej_states" title="Cis-Sutlej states">Cis-Sutlej states</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, India, only the territories northwest of Sutlej river.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammu Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, India and Pakistan (1808–1846)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, from 5 July 1819 to 15 March 1846, India/Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a>, India from 1819 to 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a>, from 1840 onwards<sup id="cite_ref-:3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilgit%E2%80%93Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit–Baltistan">Gilgit–Baltistan</a>, Pakistan, from 1842 to 1846<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, India 1834–1846<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Lower part of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, Pakistan<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (taken in 1818, retaken in 1834)</li> <li>Excluding <a href="/wiki/Waziristan" title="Waziristan">Waziristan</a>, Ranjit Singh made no attempt to conquer Waziristan.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Jamrud" title="Jamrud">Jamrud</a> District (<a href="/wiki/Khyber_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Khyber Agency">Khyber Agency</a>, Pakistan) was the westernmost limit of the Sikh Empire. The westward expansion was stopped in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a>, in which the Afghans managed to kill the prominent Sikh general <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a> in an offensive, though the Sikhs successfully held their position at their Jamrud fort. Ranjit Singh sent his General Sirdar Bahadur Gulab Singh Powind thereafter as reinforcement and he crushed the Pashtun rebellion harshly.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, Ranjit Singh with his troops marched into Kabul to take part in the victory parade along with the British after restoring Shah Shoja to the Afghan throne at Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_trans-Indus_frontier_of_the_Punjab_and_the_Multan_Province_of_the_Sikh_Empire,_surveyed_by_Herbert_B._Edwardes,_1848%E2%80%9349_(F11-02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_the_trans-Indus_frontier_of_the_Punjab_and_the_Multan_Province_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_surveyed_by_Herbert_B._Edwardes%2C_1848%E2%80%9349_%28F11-02%29.jpg/220px-Map_of_the_trans-Indus_frontier_of_the_Punjab_and_the_Multan_Province_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_surveyed_by_Herbert_B._Edwardes%2C_1848%E2%80%9349_%28F11-02%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_the_trans-Indus_frontier_of_the_Punjab_and_the_Multan_Province_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_surveyed_by_Herbert_B._Edwardes%2C_1848%E2%80%9349_%28F11-02%29.jpg/330px-Map_of_the_trans-Indus_frontier_of_the_Punjab_and_the_Multan_Province_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_surveyed_by_Herbert_B._Edwardes%2C_1848%E2%80%9349_%28F11-02%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Map_of_the_trans-Indus_frontier_of_the_Punjab_and_the_Multan_Province_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_surveyed_by_Herbert_B._Edwardes%2C_1848%E2%80%9349_%28F11-02%29.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_trans-Indus_frontier_of_the_Punjab_and_the_Multan_Province_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_surveyed_by_Herbert_B._Edwardes%2C_1848%E2%80%9349_%28F11-02%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4697" data-file-height="6722" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Multan Province of the Sikh Empire, Herbert B. Edwardes, 1848–49</figcaption></figure> <p>The empire was divided into various provinces (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subas</a></i>), them namely being:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Estimated population (1838) </th> <th>Major population centre </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Division" title="Lahore Division">Lahore</a> Suba </td> <td>1,900,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multan_Division" title="Multan Division">Multan</a> Suba </td> <td>750,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_Division" title="Peshawar Division">Peshawar</a> Suba </td> <td>550,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Derajat" title="Derajat">Derajat</a> Suba </td> <td>600,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dera_Ghazi_Khan" title="Dera Ghazi Khan">Dera Ghazi Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dera_Ismail_Khan" title="Dera Ismail Khan">Dera Ismail Khan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Jammu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States</a> Suba </td> <td>1,100,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seeking_the_sanctuary_of_Guru_Nanak,_ca.1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seeking_the_sanctuary_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_ca.1830.jpg/220px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seeking_the_sanctuary_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_ca.1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seeking_the_sanctuary_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_ca.1830.jpg/330px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seeking_the_sanctuary_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_ca.1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seeking_the_sanctuary_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_ca.1830.jpg/440px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_seeking_the_sanctuary_of_Guru_Nanak%2C_ca.1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Maharaja Ranjit Singh seeking the sanctuary of Guru Nanak, ca.1830</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sikh Empire allowed men from religions other than their own to rise to commanding positions of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fakir brothers were trusted personal advisors and assistants as well as close friends to Ranjit Singh,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin1981ix_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin1981ix-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly <a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a>, who would serve in the positions of foreign minister of the empire and translator for the maharaja, and played important roles in such important events as the negotiations with the British, during which he convinced Ranjit Singh to maintain diplomatic ties with the British and not to go to war with them in 1808, as British troops were moved along the Sutlej in pursuance of the British policy of confining Ranjit Singh to the north of the river, and setting the Sutlej as the dividing boundary between the Sikh and British empires;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198127_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198127-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> negotiating with <a href="/wiki/Dost_Muhammad_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dost Muhammad Khan">Dost Muhammad Khan</a> during his unsuccessful attempt to retake <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198127_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198127-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ensuring the succession of the throne during the Maharaja's last days in addition to caretaking after a stroke, as well as occasional military assignments throughout his career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198128_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198128-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fakir brothers were introduced to the Maharaja when their father, Ghulam Muhiuddin, a physician, was summoned by him to treat an eye ailment soon after his capture of Lahore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198125_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198125-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other Fakir brothers were Imamuddin, one of his principal administration officers, and Nuruddin, who served as home minister and personal physician, were also granted jagirs by the Maharaja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin1981iv_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin1981iv-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every year, while at Amritsar, Ranjit Singh visited shrines of holy people of other faiths, including several Muslim saints, which did not offend even the most religious Sikhs of his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin19813_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin19813-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As relayed by Fakir Nuruddin, orders were issued to treat people of all faith groups, occupations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198119_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198119-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and social levels equally and in accordance with the doctrines of their faith, per the <a href="/wiki/Shastras" class="mw-redirect" title="Shastras">Shastras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, as well as local authorities like judges and <i>panches</i> (local elder councils),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198117_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198117-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as banning forcible possession of others' land or of inhabited houses to be demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198118_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198118-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were special courts for Muslims which ruled in accordance to Muslim law in personal matters,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and common courts preceded over by judicial officers which administered justice under the customary law of the districts and socio-ethnic groups, and were open to all who wanted to be governed by customary religious law, whether Hindu, Sikh, or Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Ranjit Singh's first acts after the 1799 capture of Lahore was to revive the offices of the hereditary Qazis and Muftis which had been prevalent in Mughal times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kazi Nizamuddin was appointed to decide marital issues among Muslims, while Muftis Mohammad Shahpuri and Sadulla Chishti were entrusted with powers to draw up title-deeds relating to transfers of immovable property.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old mohalladari<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (August 2021)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup> system was reintroduced with each <a href="/wiki/Mahallah" title="Mahallah">mahallah</a>, or neighborhood subdivision, placed under the charge of one of its members. The office of Kotwal, or prefect of police, was conferred upon a Muslim, Imam Bakhsh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generals were also drawn from a variety of communities, along with prominent Sikh generals like <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a>, Fateh Singh Dullewalia, Nihal Singh Atariwala, <a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a>, and Fateh Singh Kalianwala; Hindu generals included <a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand Nayyar</a>, his son, and his grandson; and Muslim generals included <a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a> and Mian Ghaus Khan; one general, <a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a>, was a Nepalese Gurkha, and European generals included <a href="/wiki/Jean-Francois_Allard" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Francois Allard">Jean-Francois Allard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other notable generals of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a> were <a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Veer Singh Dillon">Veer Singh Dhillon</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwala" title="Sham Singh Attariwala">Sham Singh Attariwala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_Kahluria" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorawar Singh Kahluria">Zorawar Singh Kahluria</a>, among others. </p><p>The appointment of key posts in public offices was based on merit and loyalty, regardless of the social group or religion of the appointees, both in and around the court, and in higher as well as lower posts. Key posts in the civil and military administration were held by members of communities from all over the empire and beyond, including Sikhs, Muslims, Khatris, Brahmins, Dogras, Rajputs, Pashtuns, Europeans, and Americans, among others,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198122_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198122-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worked their way up the hierarchy to attain merit. <a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh_Dogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhian Singh Dogra">Dhian Singh</a>, the prime minister, was a Dogra, whose brothers <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a> and Suchet Singh served in the high-ranking administrative and military posts, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198122_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198122-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brahmins like finance minister <a href="/wiki/Raja_Dina_Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Dina Nath">Raja Dina Nath</a>, Sahib Dyal, and others also served in financial capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims in prominent positions included the Fakir brothers, Kazi Nizamuddin, and Mufti Muhammad Shah, among others. Among the top-ranking Muslim officers there were two ministers, one governor and several district officers; there were 41 high-ranking Muslim officers in the army, including two generals and several colonels,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 92 Muslims were senior officers in the police, judiciary, legal department and supply and store departments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In artillery, Muslims represented over 50% of the numbers while the cavalry had some 10% Muslims from among the troopers.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, the government was run by an elite corps drawn from many communities, giving the empire the character of a secular system of government, even when built on theocratic foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198124_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198124-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A ban on cow slaughter, which can be related to Hindu sentiments, was universally imposed in the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranjit Singh also donated large amounts of gold for the plating of the <a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishwanath Temple</a>'s dome.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madhuri_2007_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madhuri_2007-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sikhs attempted not to offend the prejudices of Muslims, noted Baron von <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hügel">Hügel</a>, the Austrian botanist and explorer,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the Sikhs were described as harsh. In this regard, Masson's explanation is perhaps the most pertinent: "Though compared to the Afghans, the Sikhs were mild and exerted a protecting influence, yet no advantages could compensate to their Mohammedan subjects, the idea of subjection to infidels, and the prohibition to slay <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">kine</a>, and to repeat the <i>azan</i>, or 'summons to prayer'."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Chitralekha_Zutshi" title="Chitralekha Zutshi">Chitralekha Zutshi</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_R._Polk" title="William R. Polk">William Roe Polk</a>, Sikh governors adopted policies that alienated the Muslim population such as the ban on cow slaughter and the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">azan</a> (the Islamic call to prayer), the seizure of mosques as property of the state, and imposed ruinous taxes on Kashmiri Muslims causing a famine in 1832. In addition, begar (forced labour) was imposed by the Sikh administration to facilitate the supply of materials to the imperial army, a policy that was augmented by the successive Dogra rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These policies led the Kashmiri Muslim population to emigrate en masse to more lenient neighboring regions, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a symbolic assertion of power, the Sikhs regularly desecrated Muslim places of worship, including closing of the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar and the conversion of the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore to an ammunition store and horse stable, but the empire still maintained Persian administrative institutions and court etiquette; the Sikh silver rupees were minted on the Mughal standard with Persian legends.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian missionaries had been active in the Punjab even prior to the dissolution of the empire in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#F6F6F6"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religions in Khalsa Empire (1800s)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puri_2693–2701_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puri_2693–2701-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2694">: 2694 </span></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religions</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Islam</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green ; width:69%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">69%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Hinduism</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrange; width:24%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Sikhism</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>The population of the Sikh empire during the time of <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a>'s rule was estimated to be around 12 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 8.4 million <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, 2.88 million <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> and 722,000 <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Puri_2693–2701_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puri_2693–2701-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious demography of the empire is estimated to have been just over 10%<sup id="cite_ref-Abhinav_Publications_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhinav_Publications-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 12%<sup id="cite_ref-J._S._Grewal_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._S._Grewal-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikh, 80% Muslim,<sup id="cite_ref-Abhinav_Publications_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhinav_Publications-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and just under 10% Hindu.<sup id="cite_ref-Abhinav_Publications_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abhinav_Publications-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Surjit_Hans" title="Surjit Hans">Surjit Hans</a> gave different numbers by retrospectively projecting the 1881 census, putting Muslims at 51%, Hindus at 40% and Sikhs at around 8%, the remaining 1% being Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population was 3.5 million in 1831, according to <a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a>'s <i>The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans Herrli in <i>The Coins of the Sikhs</i> estimated the total population of the empire to be around 5.35 million during 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An estimated 90% of the Sikh population at the time, and more than half of the total population, was concentrated in the upper <a href="/wiki/Doab#Bari_Doabs" title="Doab">Bari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doaba" title="Doaba">Jalandhar</a>, and upper <a href="/wiki/Rachna_Doab" title="Rachna Doab">Rachna</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doabs</a></i>, and in the areas of their greatest concentration formed about one third of the population in the 1830s; half of the Sikh population of this core region was in the area covered by the later districts of Lahore and Amritsar.<sup id="cite_ref-J._S._Grewal_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J._S._Grewal-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1839, a major pogrom, called the <i><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a></i>, targeting the <a href="/wiki/Mashhadi_Jews" title="Mashhadi Jews">local Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar Persia">Qajar Persia</a> had occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jewish</a> refugees from Mashhad, escaping persecution back home in Qajar Persia, settled in the Sikh Empire around the year 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Jewish families settled in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a> (specifically in the Babu Mohallah neighbourhood) and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these Jews would leave for India during the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of 1947</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh,_minted_in_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coin_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_minted_in_Amritsar.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_minted_in_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coin_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_minted_in_Amritsar.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_minted_in_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coin_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_minted_in_Amritsar.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_minted_in_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Nanakshahi coins of the Sikh Empire</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue">Revenue</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Revenue in Rupees, 1844<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr </th> <th colspan="2">Particulars </th> <th>Revenue in Rupees </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Land Revenue </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.a </td> <td> </td> <td>Tributary States </td> <td>5,65,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.b </td> <td> </td> <td>Farms </td> <td>1,79,85,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.c </td> <td> </td> <td>Eleemosynary </td> <td>20,00,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.d </td> <td> </td> <td>Jaghirs </td> <td>95,25,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Customs </td> <td> </td> <td>24,00,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>3,24,75,000</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Land revenue was the main source of income, accounting for about 70% of the state's income. Besides this, the other sources of income were customs, excises and monopolies.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2></div> <ul><li>1699: Formation of the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> by Guru Gobind Singh.</li> <li>1710–1716: Banda Singh defeats the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a> and declares <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> rule.</li> <li>1716–1738: Turbulence, no real ruler; Mughals take back the control for two decades but Sikhs engage in <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li>1733–1735: The Khalsa accepts, only to reject, the confederal status given by the Mughals.</li> <li>1748–1757: Afghan invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li>1761–1767: Recapture of Punjab region by Afghan in <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li>1763–1774: Charat Singh Sukerchakia, Misldar of <a href="/wiki/Sukerchakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukerchakia">Sukerchakia</a> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misl</a>, establishes himself in Gujranwala.</li> <li>1764–1783: Baba <a href="/wiki/Baghel_Singh" title="Baghel Singh">Baghel Singh</a>, Misldar of <a href="/wiki/Singh_Krora_Misl" title="Singh Krora Misl">Singh Krora Misl</a>, imposes taxes on the Mughals.</li> <li>1783: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Sikh capture of Delhi and the Red Fort</a> from the Mughals</li> <li>1773: Ahmad Shah Durrani dies and his son <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah_Durrani" title="Timur Shah Durrani">Timur Shah</a> launches several invasions into Punjab.</li> <li>1774–1790: <a href="/wiki/Maha_Singh" title="Maha Singh">Maha Singh</a> becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misl</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Sobraon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bataille_de_Sobraon.jpg/220px-Bataille_de_Sobraon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bataille_de_Sobraon.jpg/330px-Bataille_de_Sobraon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bataille_de_Sobraon.jpg/440px-Bataille_de_Sobraon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2049" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Contemporary painting of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a> in 1846.</figcaption></figure></li> <li>1790–1801: <a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a> becomes Misldar of the Sukerchakia <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">misl</a>.</li> <li>1799, formation of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li>12 April 1801 (coronation) – 27 June 1839: reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh.</li> <li>March 1809 – August 1809: <a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a></li> <li>20 February 1810: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Multan_(1810)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Multan (1810) (page does not exist)">Siege of Multan (1810)</a></li> <li>1 June 1813: Ranjit Singh is given the Kohinoor Diamond.</li> <li>13 July 1813: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a>, the Sikh Empire's first significant victory over the Durrani Empire.</li> <li>March – 2 June 1818: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a>, the 2nd battle in the <a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a>.</li> <li>3 July 1819: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_d%27Aliwal_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bataille_d%27Aliwal_1.jpg/220px-Bataille_d%27Aliwal_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bataille_d%27Aliwal_1.jpg/330px-Bataille_d%27Aliwal_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Bataille_d%27Aliwal_1.jpg/440px-Bataille_d%27Aliwal_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>The charge of the British 16th Lancers at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Aliwal</a> on <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 1846, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li>14 March 1823: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li>30 April 1837: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li>27 June 1839 – 5 November 1840: Reign of Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li>5 November 1840 – 18 January 1841: <a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a> is briefly <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a></li> <li>18 January 1841 – 15 September 1843: Reign of Maharaja Sher Singh</li> <li>May 1841 – August 1842: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Sikh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Sikh war">Sino-Sikh war</a></li> <li>15 September 1843 – 31 March 1849: Reign of Maharaja <a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li> <li>1845–1846: <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li>1848–1849: <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>S. No. </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Portrait </th> <th colspan="2">Birth and death </th> <th colspan="3">Reign </th> <th colspan="2">Note </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh,_Lion_of_the_Punjab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_Lion_of_the_Punjab.jpg/75px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_Lion_of_the_Punjab.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_Lion_of_the_Punjab.jpg/112px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_Lion_of_the_Punjab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_Lion_of_the_Punjab.jpg/149px-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh%2C_Lion_of_the_Punjab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="1989" /></a></span> </td> <td>13 November 1780 (<a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>) </td> <td>27 June 1839 (<a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>) </td> <td>12 April 1801 </td> <td>27 June 1839 </td> <td>38 years, 76 days </td> <td>The first Sikh ruler </td> <td>Stroke </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Maharaja Kharak Singh</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Yuvraj_Kharak_Singh,_Maharaja_of_the_Sikh_Empire,_seated_on_a_chair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Painting_of_Yuvraj_Kharak_Singh%2C_Maharaja_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_seated_on_a_chair.jpg/75px-Painting_of_Yuvraj_Kharak_Singh%2C_Maharaja_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_seated_on_a_chair.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Painting_of_Yuvraj_Kharak_Singh%2C_Maharaja_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_seated_on_a_chair.jpg/113px-Painting_of_Yuvraj_Kharak_Singh%2C_Maharaja_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_seated_on_a_chair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Painting_of_Yuvraj_Kharak_Singh%2C_Maharaja_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_seated_on_a_chair.jpg/150px-Painting_of_Yuvraj_Kharak_Singh%2C_Maharaja_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_seated_on_a_chair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> </td> <td>22 February 1801 (<a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>) </td> <td>5 November 1840 (<a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>) </td> <td>27 June 1839 </td> <td>8 October 1839 </td> <td>103 days </td> <td>Son of Ranjit Singh </td> <td>Poisoning </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Nau_Nihal_Singh_seated_on_a_blue_oval_rug_against_a_bolster_with_a_yellow_shawl_reaching_up_to_the_back_of_his_head,_ca.1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Painting_of_Nau_Nihal_Singh_seated_on_a_blue_oval_rug_against_a_bolster_with_a_yellow_shawl_reaching_up_to_the_back_of_his_head%2C_ca.1840.jpg/72px-Painting_of_Nau_Nihal_Singh_seated_on_a_blue_oval_rug_against_a_bolster_with_a_yellow_shawl_reaching_up_to_the_back_of_his_head%2C_ca.1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Painting_of_Nau_Nihal_Singh_seated_on_a_blue_oval_rug_against_a_bolster_with_a_yellow_shawl_reaching_up_to_the_back_of_his_head%2C_ca.1840.jpg/109px-Painting_of_Nau_Nihal_Singh_seated_on_a_blue_oval_rug_against_a_bolster_with_a_yellow_shawl_reaching_up_to_the_back_of_his_head%2C_ca.1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Painting_of_Nau_Nihal_Singh_seated_on_a_blue_oval_rug_against_a_bolster_with_a_yellow_shawl_reaching_up_to_the_back_of_his_head%2C_ca.1840.jpg/145px-Painting_of_Nau_Nihal_Singh_seated_on_a_blue_oval_rug_against_a_bolster_with_a_yellow_shawl_reaching_up_to_the_back_of_his_head%2C_ca.1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="2369" /></a></span> </td> <td>11 February 1820 (<a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>) </td> <td>6 November 1840 (<a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>) </td> <td>8 October 1839 </td> <td>6 November 1840 </td> <td>1 year, 29 days </td> <td>Son of Kharak Singh </td> <td>Assassinated </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Maharani Chand Kaur</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharani_Chand_Kaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maharani_Chand_Kaur.jpg/75px-Maharani_Chand_Kaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maharani_Chand_Kaur.jpg/113px-Maharani_Chand_Kaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Maharani_Chand_Kaur.jpg/150px-Maharani_Chand_Kaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="426" /></a></span> </td> <td>1802 (<a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Churian" title="Fatehgarh Churian">Fatehgarh Churian</a>) </td> <td>11 June 1842 (<a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>) </td> <td>6 November 1840 </td> <td>18 January 1841 </td> <td>73 days </td> <td>Wife of Kharak Singh </td> <td>Abdicated </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Maharaja Sher Singh</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sher_Singh,_emperor_of_the_Sikhs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sher_Singh%2C_emperor_of_the_Sikhs.jpg/75px-Sher_Singh%2C_emperor_of_the_Sikhs.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sher_Singh%2C_emperor_of_the_Sikhs.jpg/112px-Sher_Singh%2C_emperor_of_the_Sikhs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sher_Singh%2C_emperor_of_the_Sikhs.jpg/149px-Sher_Singh%2C_emperor_of_the_Sikhs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2347" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span> </td> <td>4 December 1807 (<a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a>) </td> <td>15 September 1843 (<a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>) </td> <td>18 January 1841 </td> <td>15 September 1843 </td> <td>2 years, 240 days </td> <td>Son of Ranjit Singh </td> <td>Assassinated </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Maharaja Duleep Singh</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire,_by_John_McCosh,_Lahore,_ca.1848_(detail_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail_2%29.jpg/74px-Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail_2%29.jpg/112px-Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail_2%29.jpg/149px-Photograph_of_Maharaha_Duleep_Singh_during_his_reign_as_a_child_monarch_of_the_Sikh_Empire%2C_by_John_McCosh%2C_Lahore%2C_ca.1848_%28detail_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span> </td> <td>6 September 1838 (<a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>) </td> <td>22 October 1893 (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>) </td> <td>15 September 1843 </td> <td>29 March 1849 </td> <td>5 years, 195 days </td> <td>Son of Ranjit Singh </td> <td>Exiled </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Maharani Jind Kaur</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>; nominal)</span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_wall_painting_of_Maharani_Jind_Kaur_from_the_old_haveli_of_Sandhanwalia_Sardars_at_Raja_Sansi_in_Amritsar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_wall_painting_of_Maharani_Jind_Kaur_from_the_old_haveli_of_Sandhanwalia_Sardars_at_Raja_Sansi_in_Amritsar.jpg/75px-A_wall_painting_of_Maharani_Jind_Kaur_from_the_old_haveli_of_Sandhanwalia_Sardars_at_Raja_Sansi_in_Amritsar.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_wall_painting_of_Maharani_Jind_Kaur_from_the_old_haveli_of_Sandhanwalia_Sardars_at_Raja_Sansi_in_Amritsar.jpg/112px-A_wall_painting_of_Maharani_Jind_Kaur_from_the_old_haveli_of_Sandhanwalia_Sardars_at_Raja_Sansi_in_Amritsar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/A_wall_painting_of_Maharani_Jind_Kaur_from_the_old_haveli_of_Sandhanwalia_Sardars_at_Raja_Sansi_in_Amritsar.jpg/149px-A_wall_painting_of_Maharani_Jind_Kaur_from_the_old_haveli_of_Sandhanwalia_Sardars_at_Raja_Sansi_in_Amritsar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="766" /></a></span> </td> <td>1817 (<a href="/wiki/Gujranwala" title="Gujranwala">Gujranwala</a>) </td> <td>1 August 1863 (<a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>) </td> <td>15 September 1843 </td> <td>29 March 1849 </td> <td>5 years, 195 days </td> <td>Wife of Ranjit Singh </td> <td>Exiled </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viziers">Viziers</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a> (1799–1818)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh_Dogra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhian Singh Dogra">Dhian Singh Dogra</a> (1818–1843)</li> <li>Hira Singh Dogra (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh (wazir)</a> (14 May 1845 – 21 September 1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a> (1845–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a> (31 January – 9 March 1846)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Family tree of the Maharajas of the Sikh Empire </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#008000"><b><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></b><br /><sup>(7)</sup><br /><small>r. 1847<br /><i>Regent</i><br />1843–1847</small></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Datar_Kaur" title="Datar Kaur">Datar Kaur</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#008000"><b><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></b><br /><sup>(1)</sup><br /><small>r. 1801–1839</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mehtab_Kaur" title="Mehtab Kaur">Mehtab Kaur</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#008000"><b><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></b><br /><sup>(6)</sup><br /><small>r. 1843–1849</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#008000"><b><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></b><br /><sup>(2)</sup><br /><small>r. 1839</small></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#008000"><b><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></b><br /><sup>(4)</sup><br /><small>r. 1840–1841</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#008000"><b><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></b><br /><sup>(5)</sup><br /><small>r. 1841–1843</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#008000"><b><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></b><br /><sup>(3)</sup><br /><small>r. 1839–1840</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranjit Singh, c. 1830.[111]"><img alt="Ranjit Singh, c. 1830.[111]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/132px-Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/199px-Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg/265px-Maharaj_Ranjit_Singh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ranjit Singh, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranjit Singh listening to Guru Granth Sahib being recited near the Akal Takht and Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, India."><img alt="Ranjit Singh listening to Guru Granth Sahib being recited near the Akal Takht and Golden Temple, Amritsar, Punjab, India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/200px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/300px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg/400px-Ranjit_Singh_at_Harmandir_Sahib_-_August_Schoefft_-_Vienna_1850_-_Princess_Bamba_Collection_-_Lahore_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Ranjit Singh listening to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> being recited near the <a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple,_Amritsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Temple, Amritsar">Golden Temple, Amritsar</a>, Punjab, India.</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_helmet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sikh warrior helmet with butted mail neckguard, 1820–1840, iron overlaid with gold with mail neckguard of iron and brass"><img alt="Sikh warrior helmet with butted mail neckguard, 1820–1840, iron overlaid with gold with mail neckguard of iron and brass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sikh_helmet.jpg/96px-Sikh_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sikh_helmet.jpg/144px-Sikh_helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Sikh_helmet.jpg/192px-Sikh_helmet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="1587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sikh warrior helmet with butted mail neckguard, 1820–1840, iron overlaid with gold with mail neckguard of iron and brass</div> </li> </ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sukerchakia_Misl" title="Sukerchakia Misl">Sukerchakia Misl</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Sikh Empire </b><br />1799–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/32px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/48px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg/64px-Golden_Temple_%28Harmandir_Sahib%29_in_Amritsar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="964" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Punjab" title="Portal:Punjab">Punjab portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">History of Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhism was mostly confined to Ladakh. Christianity and Judaism includes <i><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">firangi</a></i> soldiers and officials.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alternatively spelt as 'Lahore Durbar'.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Used in courts and administration<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grewal112_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grewal112-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition_1911_Page_892_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ranjit Singh"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ranjit_Singh">"Ranjit Singh" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ranjit+Singh&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=892&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal112-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal112_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1990" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)</i></a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3"><bdi>0-521-63764-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082839/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>The continuance of Persian as the language of administration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab%2C+Chapter+6%3A+The+Sikh+empire+%281799%E2%80%931849%29&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-63764-3&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenech2013" class="citation book cs1">Fenech, Louis E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language"><i>The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press (US). p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199931453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199931453"><bdi>978-0199931453</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225510/https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&q=principal+language#v=snippet&q=principal%20language&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Zafar-namah+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+A+Discursive+Blade+in+the+Heart+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199931453&rft.aulast=Fenech&rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUUfAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dprincipal%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.S._Duggal2009" class="citation book cs1">K.S. Duggal (1 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/"><i>Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign</i></a>. Exoticindiaart.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170172444" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170172444"><bdi>978-8170172444</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080617232755/http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ranjit+Singh%3A+A+Secular+Sikh+Sovereign&rft.pub=Exoticindiaart.com&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft.isbn=978-8170172444&rft.au=K.S.+Duggal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exoticindiaart.com%2Fbook%2Fdetails%2FIDE822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2010" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Amarpal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RHWoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16"><i>The First Anglo-Sikh War</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-2038-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-2038-1"><bdi>978-1-4456-2038-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225514/https://books.google.com/books?id=RHWoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT16#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2021</span>. <q>By 1839, the year of his death, the Sikh kingdom extended from Tibet and Kashmir to Sind and from the Khyber Pass to the Himalayas in the east. It spanned 600 miles from east to west and 350 miles from north to south, comprising an area of just over 200,000 square miles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Anglo-Sikh+War&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-2038-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amarpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRHWoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Encyclopedia_of_Empire_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2016" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe314">"Sikh Empire"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Empire</i>. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe314">10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118455074" title="Special:BookSources/978-1118455074"><bdi>978-1118455074</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043324/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe314">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikh+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Empire&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe314&rft.isbn=978-1118455074&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1002%2F9781118455074.wbeoe314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.S._Duggal2015" class="citation book cs1">K.S. Duggal (2015) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/"><i>Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign</i></a>. Exoticindiaart.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170172444" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170172444"><bdi>978-8170172444</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226032504/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDE822/%20/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ranjit+Singh%3A+A+Secular+Sikh+Sovereign&rft.pub=Exoticindiaart.com&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8170172444&rft.au=K.S.+Duggal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exoticindiaart.com%2Fbook%2Fdetails%2FIDE822%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1990" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J. S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab, Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)</i></a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3"><bdi>0-521-63764-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927082839/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab%2C+Chapter+6%3A+The+Sikh+empire+%281799%E2%80%931849%29&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-63764-3&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ra-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ra_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_Hari_Ram1991" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Sikhs</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121505154" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121505154"><bdi>978-8121505154</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628142015/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-8121505154&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Hari+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwFDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2004). <i>History of the Sikhs</i>. Oxford University Press. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195673081" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195673081"><bdi>978-0195673081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195673081&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a>'s The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/">The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508213214/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/">Archived</a> 8 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, section <i>Sāhib Siṅgh Bedī, Bābā (1756–1834)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberoi1994" class="citation book cs1">Oberoi, Harjot (15 December 1994). <i>The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226615929" title="Special:BookSources/9780226615929"><bdi>9780226615929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Religious+Boundaries%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Diversity+in+the+Sikh+Tradition&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994-12-15&rft.isbn=9780226615929&rft.aulast=Oberoi&rft.aufirst=Harjot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasad1975" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Sri Nandan, ed. (1975). "F.5/24.". <i>Catalogue of the Historical Maps of the Survey of India, 1700-1900</i>. New Delhi: National Archives of India. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F.5%2F24.&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Historical+Maps+of+the+Survey+of+India%2C+1700-1900&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=National+Archives+of+India&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2020" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Anne (29 November 2020). "13: The Territorialisation of Sikh Pasts". In Jacobsen, Knut A. (ed.). <i>Routledge Handbook of South Asian Religions</i>. Routledge. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429622069" title="Special:BookSources/9780429622069"><bdi>9780429622069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+The+Territorialisation+of+Sikh+Pasts&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+South+Asian+Religions&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-11-29&rft.isbn=9780429622069&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-36"><sup><i><b>ak</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-37"><sup><i><b>al</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-38"><sup><i><b>am</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-39"><sup><i><b>an</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-40"><sup><i><b>ao</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-41"><sup><i><b>ap</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-42"><sup><i><b>aq</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-43"><sup><i><b>ar</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-44"><sup><i><b>as</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-45"><sup><i><b>at</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-46"><sup><i><b>au</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_19-47"><sup><i><b>av</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasrat2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hasrat, B. J. (2011). Singh, Harbans (ed.). <i>The Encyclopedia of Sikhism</i>. Vol. 2: E–L (3rd ed.). Patiala: Punjabi University. pp. 547–549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173802041" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173802041"><bdi>978-8173802041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Sikhism&rft.place=Patiala&rft.pages=547-549&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8173802041&rft.aulast=Hasrat&rft.aufirst=B.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalsi2005">Kalsi 2005</a>, pp. 106–107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarkovits2004">Markovits 2004</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2014" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J. Gordon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&q=khusrau+mirza+died&pg=PA1163"><i>Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610690263" title="Special:BookSources/9781610690263"><bdi>9781610690263</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225513/https://books.google.co.id/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&q=khusrau+mirza+died&pg=PA1163&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+Across+Time%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.pages=1163&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610690263&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbI9_AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkhusrau%2Bmirza%2Bdied%26pg%3DPA1163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jestice_2004_pages=345-346_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJestice2004">Jestice 2004</a>, pp. 345–346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohar1975">Johar 1975</a>, pp. 192–210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gobind-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gobind_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gobind_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gobind_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanda_Singh" class="citation web cs1">Ganda Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508213214/http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/">"Gobind Singh Guru (1666–1708)"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Sikhism</i>. Punjabi University Patiala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/">the original</a> on 8 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.atitle=Gobind+Singh+Guru+%281666%E2%80%931708%29&rft.au=Ganda+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJestice2004">Jestice 2004</a>, pp. 312–313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banda_Singh_Bahadur-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Banda_Singh_Bahadur_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51460/Banda-Singh-Bahadur">"Banda Singh Bahadur"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225042648/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Banda-Singh-Bahadur">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banda+Singh+Bahadur&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F51460%2FBanda-Singh-Bahadur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2008_pages=25-26-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2008_pages=25-26_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2008_pages=25-26_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, pp. 25–26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNesbitt2005">Nesbitt 2005</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kulwant (2006). <i>Sri Gur Panth Prakash: Episodes 1 to 81</i>. Institute of Sikh Studies. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8185815282" title="Special:BookSources/978-8185815282"><bdi>978-8185815282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Gur+Panth+Prakash%3A+Episodes+1+to+81&rft.pages=415&rft.pub=Institute+of+Sikh+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8185815282&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kulwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914142731/http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_pages/sikh.htm">"Sikh Period – National Fund for Cultural Heritage"</a>. Heritage.gov.pk. 14 August 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm">the original</a> on 14 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sikh+Period+%E2%80%93+National+Fund+for+Cultural+Heritage&rft.pub=Heritage.gov.pk&rft.date=1947-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.gov.pk%2Fhtml_Pages%2Fsikh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_History_of_Afghanistan-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Afghanistan_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Afghanistan_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meredith L. Runion <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&dq=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69"><i>The History of Afghanistan</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403232109/https://books.google.com/books?id=aZk9XzqCFGUC&dq=ahmad+shah+durrani+1749+sindh+and+punjab&pg=PA69">Archived</a> 3 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 70 Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313337985" title="Special:BookSources/0313337985">0313337985</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatwant_Singh2007" class="citation book cs1">Patwant Singh (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60"><i>The Sikhs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown Publishing Group</a>. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307429339" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307429339"><bdi>978-0307429339</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225524/https://books.google.com/books?id=27XYeylUzWwC&q=sikh+hill+rajas&pg=PT60#v=snippet&q=sikh%20hill%20rajas&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0307429339&rft.au=Patwant+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27XYeylUzWwC%26q%3Dsikh%2Bhill%2Brajas%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/the-sikh-empire-1799-1839/sikhs-relations-with-hill-states">"Sikhs' Relation with Hill States"</a>. <i>www.thesikhencyclopedia.com</i>. 19 December 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thesikhencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Sikhs%27+Relation+with+Hill+States&rft.date=2000-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesikhencyclopedia.com%2Fthe-sikh-empire-1799-1839%2Fsikhs-relations-with-hill-states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta,_Hari_Ram1991" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Sikhs</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121505154" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121505154"><bdi>978-8121505154</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628142015/https://books.google.com/books?id=zwFDAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-8121505154&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Hari+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwFDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&q=gujranwala+capital&pg=PA411"><i>World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761475712" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761475712"><bdi>978-0761475712</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225515/https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C&q=gujranwala+capital&pg=PA411#v=snippet&q=gujranwala%20capital&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Middle+East%2C+Western+Asia%2C+and+Northern+Africa&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0761475712&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C%26q%3Dgujranwala%2Bcapital%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2014" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Rishi (2014). <i>State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab</i>. Sage Publications India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351505044" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351505044"><bdi>978-9351505044</bdi></a>. <q>When Ranjit Singh realised that Ahmad Khan Sial of Jhang had concluded a secret treaty with Nawab Muzaffar Khan of Multan, he annexed Jhang in 1807 and gave Ahmad Khan a jagir at Mirowal near Amritsar.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Formation+and+the+Establishment+of+Non-Muslim+Hegemony%3A+Post-Mughal+19th-century+Punjab&rft.pub=Sage+Publications+India&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9351505044&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rishi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy,_K.Roy,_L._D._H._K.2011" class="citation book cs1">Roy, K.; Roy, L. D. H. K. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC"><i>War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136790874" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136790874"><bdi>978-1136790874</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225527/https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+South+Asia%2C+1740%E2%80%931849&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1136790874&rft.au=Roy%2C+K.&rft.au=Roy%2C+L.+D.+H.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp0FbTniNaYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech1977" class="citation book cs1">Petech, Luciano (1977). <i>The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D</i>. Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. p. 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Ladakh%2C+c.+950%E2%80%931842+A.D.&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Instituto+Italiano+Per+il+Medio+ed+Estremo+Oriente&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuttenback1961" class="citation journal cs1">Huttenback, Robert A. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123065805if_/http://pahar.in/mountains/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1961%20Gulab%20Singh%20and%20Creation%20of%20Dogra%20State%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20and%20Ladakh%20by%20Huttenback%20from%20J%20Asian%20Studies%20v20%20s.pdf">"Gulab Singh and the Creation of the Dogra State of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 477–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2049956">10.2307/2049956</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2049956">2049956</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162144034">162144034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Gulab+Singh+and+the+Creation+of+the+Dogra+State+of+Jammu%2C+Kashmir%2C+and+Ladakh.&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=477-488&rft.date=1961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162144034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2049956%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2049956&rft.aulast=Huttenback&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20181123065805if_%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fpahar.in%2Fmountains%2FBooks%2520and%2520Articles%2FIndian%2520Subcontinent%2F1961%2520Gulab%2520Singh%2520and%2520Creation%2520of%2520Dogra%2520State%2520of%2520Jammu%2520Kashmir%2520and%2520Ladakh%2520by%2520Huttenback%2520from%2520J%2520Asian%2520Studies%2520v20%2520s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieck1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rieck, Andreas (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1571229">"The Nurbakhshis of Baltistan: Crisis and Revival of a Five Centuries Old Community"</a>. <i>Die Welt des Islams</i>. <b>35</b> (2). Hamburg: 159–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1570060952597761">10.1163/1570060952597761</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1571229">1571229</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2023</span> – via JSTOR. <q>Thus Baltistan remained under local Rajas who paid only nominal allegiance to subsequent rulers of Kashmir until subdued by a Sikh army in 1840, and who stayed in office as <i>jagirdars</i> under the Hindu Dogra Maharajas (1846–1947) and even in Pakistan until 1972. ... As has been stated above, there are no reliable indicators for the extent to which Twelver Shi'ism had spread in Baltistan at the time of the Sikh conquest (1840).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=The+Nurbakhshis+of+Baltistan%3A+Crisis+and+Revival+of+a+Five+Centuries+Old+Community&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-188&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1570060952597761&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571229%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rieck&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1571229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockO'Neil2002" class="citation book cs1">Mock, John; O'Neil, Kimberley (2002). <i>Trekking in the Karakoram & Hindukush</i>. Lonely Planet Publications. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1740590860" title="Special:BookSources/978-1740590860"><bdi>978-1740590860</bdi></a>. <q>By the 18th century, fighting among the Maqpon princes led to a decline in Skardu's importance. The Sikhs, who inherited much of the Moghul empire, annexed Baltistan in 1840 and the Balti kingdoms' sovereignty ended.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trekking+in+the+Karakoram+%26+Hindukush&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1740590860&rft.aulast=Mock&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=O%27Neil%2C+Kimberley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaloch2004" class="citation book cs1">Baloch, Sikandar Khan (2004). <i>In the Wonderland of Asia, Gilgit & Baltistan</i>. Sang-e-Meel Publications. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9693516142" title="Special:BookSources/978-9693516142"><bdi>978-9693516142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Wonderland+of+Asia%2C+Gilgit+%26+Baltistan&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9693516142&rft.aulast=Baloch&rft.aufirst=Sikandar+Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuo2015" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Rongxing (2015). "Chapter 1: A Brief History of Tibet". <i>China's Regional Development and Tibet</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9812879585" title="Special:BookSources/978-9812879585"><bdi>978-9812879585</bdi></a>. <q>In AD 1834, the Sikh empire invaded and annexed Ladakh-a culturally Tibetan region that was an independent kingdom at the time. Seven years later, a Sikh army invaded western Tibet from Ladakh, starting the Sino-Sikh War. A Qing-Tibetan army repelled the invaders but was in turn defeated when it chased the Sikhs into Ladakh. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Chushul between the Chinese and Sikh empires (Rubin 1960). As the Qing dynasty declined, its influence on Tibet weakened gradually. By the late nineteenth cen tury, Qing's authority over Tibet had become more symbolic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+A+Brief+History+of+Tibet&rft.btitle=China%27s+Regional+Development+and+Tibet&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9812879585&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Rongxing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayanta_Kumar_Ray2007" class="citation book cs1">Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379"><i>Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World</i></a>. Pearson Education. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131708347" title="Special:BookSources/9788131708347"><bdi>9788131708347</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225521/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379#v=snippet&q=%22second%20anglo%20maratha%20war%22%20sutlej&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+India%27s+International+Relations%2C+1700+to+2000%3A+South+Asia+and+the+World&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788131708347&rft.au=Jayanta+Kumar+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyk6oA2nOlgC%26q%3D%2522second%2Banglo%2Bmaratha%2Bwar%2522%2Bsutlej%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayanta_Kumar_Ray2007" class="citation book cs1">Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379"><i>Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World</i></a>. Pearson Education. p. 379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131708347" title="Special:BookSources/9788131708347"><bdi>9788131708347</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225521/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379#v=snippet&q=%22second%20anglo%20maratha%20war%22%20sutlej&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+India%27s+International+Relations%2C+1700+to+2000%3A+South+Asia+and+the+World&rft.pages=379&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788131708347&rft.au=Jayanta+Kumar+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyk6oA2nOlgC%26q%3D%2522second%2Banglo%2Bmaratha%2Bwar%2522%2Bsutlej%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1991" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gursharan (1991). <i>History of Pepsu: Patiala and East Punjab States Union, 1948-1956</i>. Konark Publishers. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122002447" title="Special:BookSources/9788122002447"><bdi>9788122002447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Pepsu%3A+Patiala+and+East+Punjab+States+Union%2C+1948-1956&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Konark+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9788122002447&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gursharan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLt._Gen._Kirpal_Singh_Randhawa,_PVSM,_AVSM_(Retd.)" class="citation web cs1">Lt. Gen. Kirpal Singh Randhawa, PVSM, AVSM (Retd.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/Sikh%20Wars/sikhwars.htm">"Sikh Wars"</a>. <i>www.sikh-heritage.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183324/http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/Sikh%20Wars/sikhwars.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sikh-heritage.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sikh+Wars&rft.au=Lt.+Gen.+Kirpal+Singh+Randhawa%2C+PVSM%2C+AVSM+%28Retd.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikh-heritage.co.uk%2Fpostgurus%2FSikh%2520Wars%2Fsikhwars.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayanta_Kumar_Ray2007" class="citation book cs1">Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379"><i>Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World</i></a>. Pearson Education. pp. 379–380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131708347" title="Special:BookSources/9788131708347"><bdi>9788131708347</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225521/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379#v=snippet&q=%22second%20anglo%20maratha%20war%22%20sutlej&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+India%27s+International+Relations%2C+1700+to+2000%3A+South+Asia+and+the+World&rft.pages=379-380&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788131708347&rft.au=Jayanta+Kumar+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyk6oA2nOlgC%26q%3D%2522second%2Banglo%2Bmaratha%2Bwar%2522%2Bsutlej%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sangat Singh, the Sikhs in History.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayanta_Kumar_Ray2007" class="citation book cs1">Jayanta Kumar Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379"><i>Aspects of India's International Relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World</i></a>. Pearson Education. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131708347" title="Special:BookSources/9788131708347"><bdi>9788131708347</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814225521/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC&q=%22second+anglo+maratha+war%22+sutlej&pg=PA379#v=snippet&q=%22second%20anglo%20maratha%20war%22%20sutlej&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+India%27s+International+Relations%2C+1700+to+2000%3A+South+Asia+and+the+World&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788131708347&rft.au=Jayanta+Kumar+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNyk6oA2nOlgC%26q%3D%2522second%2Banglo%2Bmaratha%2Bwar%2522%2Bsutlej%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranjit Singh: administration and British policy, (Prakash, pp. 31–33)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_p.136-137-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_p.136-137_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_p.136-137_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal, pp. 136–137)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2018" class="citation web cs1">Chatterjee, Nandini (22 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawforms.hypotheses.org/147">"Fieldwork in Punjab, Pakistan, March 2018"</a>. <i>Lawforms</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58079%2Fqqvc">10.58079/qqvc</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lawforms&rft.atitle=Fieldwork+in+Punjab%2C+Pakistan%2C+March+2018&rft.date=2018-05-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58079%2Fqqvc&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Nandini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawforms.hypotheses.org%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadra2012" class="citation web cs1">Madra, Amandeep Singh (8 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120130055458/http://goldentemple1588.com/the-maharaja-the-spy-and-the-temple-of-gold/">"The Maharaja, the Spy & the Temple of Gold"</a>. <i>Golden Temple 1588</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldentemple1588.com/the-maharaja-the-spy-and-the-temple-of-gold/">the original</a> on 30 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Golden+Temple+1588&rft.atitle=The+Maharaja%2C+the+Spy+%26+the+Temple+of+Gold&rft.date=2012-01-08&rft.aulast=Madra&rft.aufirst=Amandeep+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldentemple1588.com%2Fthe-maharaja-the-spy-and-the-temple-of-gold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2020" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Stephen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNveDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Bayonet to Barrage Weaponry on the Victorian Battlefield</i></a>. Pen & Sword Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1526777249" title="Special:BookSources/978-1526777249"><bdi>978-1526777249</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNveDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Sikh kingdom expanded from Tibet in the east to Kashmir in the west and from Sind in the south to the Khyber Pass in the north, an area of 200,000 square miles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayonet+to+Barrage+Weaponry+on+the+Victorian+Battlefield&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1526777249&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNveDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarczewski2016" class="citation book cs1">Barczewski, Stephanie (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ixd8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89"><i>Heroic Failure and the British</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300186819" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300186819"><bdi>978-0300186819</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164802/https://books.google.com/books?id=ixd8CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>…the Sikh state encompassed over 200,000 square miles (518,000 sq km)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroic+Failure+and+the+British&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0300186819&rft.aulast=Barczewski&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dixd8CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhilani1972" class="citation book cs1">Khilani, N. M. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGEDAAAAMAAJ&q=punjab+of+over+200,000+square+miles+khilnani"><i>British power in the Punjab, 1839–1858</i></a>. Asia Publishing House. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0210271872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0210271872"><bdi>978-0210271872</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405041653/https://books.google.com/books?id=fGEDAAAAMAAJ&q=punjab+of+over+200,000+square+miles+khilnani">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>..into existence a kingdom of the Punjab of over 200,000 square miles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+power+in+the+Punjab%2C+1839%E2%80%931858&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0210271872&rft.aulast=Khilani&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGEDAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpunjab%2Bof%2Bover%2B200%2C000%2Bsquare%2Bmiles%2Bkhilnani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrli1993" class="citation book cs1">Herrli, Hans (1993). <i>The Coins of the Sikhs</i>. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coins+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Herrli&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeena" class="citation web cs1">Meena, R. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9D3QDwAAQBAJ&dq=sikh+empire+cis+sutlej&pg=PT18">"Punjab Current Affairs Yearbook 2020"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117051151/https://books.google.com/books?id=9D3QDwAAQBAJ&dq=sikh+empire+cis+sutlej&pg=PT18">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjab+Current+Affairs+Yearbook+2020&rft.aulast=Meena&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9D3QDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsikh%2Bempire%2Bcis%2Bsutlej%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Masters Revealed, (Johnson, p. 128)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britain and Tibet 1765–1947, (Marshall, p. 116)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey,_Hemant_KumarSingh,_Manish_Raj2017" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Hemant Kumar; Singh, Manish Raj (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nn5IDwAAQBAJ&q=ladakh+1834+sikh&pg=PA57"><i>India's Major Military and Rescue Operations</i></a>. Horizon Books. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9386369390" title="Special:BookSources/978-9386369390"><bdi>978-9386369390</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814230027/https://books.google.com/books?id=nn5IDwAAQBAJ&q=ladakh+1834+sikh&pg=PA57#v=snippet&q=ladakh%201834%20sikh&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Major+Military+and+Rescue+Operations&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Horizon+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-9386369390&rft.au=Pandey%2C+Hemant+Kumar&rft.au=Singh%2C+Manish+Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnn5IDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dladakh%2B1834%2Bsikh%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeng2010" class="citation web cs1">Deng, Jonathan M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1923&context=isp_collection">"Frontier: The Making of the Northern and Eastern Border in Ladakh From 1834 to the Present"</a>. SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 920. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221218164514/https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1923&context=isp_collection">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontier%3A+The+Making+of+the+Northern+and+Eastern+Border+in+Ladakh+From+1834+to+the+Present&rft.pub=SIT+Digital+Collections+Independent+Study+Project+%28ISP%29+Collection.+920&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Deng&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.sit.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1923%26context%3Disp_collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uHQMAQAAMAAJ"><i>Frontier Facets: Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province</i></a>. National Book Foundation ; Lahore. 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+Facets%3A+Pakistan%27s+North-West+Frontier+Province&rft.pub=National+Book+Foundation+%3B+Lahore&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuHQMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion, (Docherty, pp. 185–187)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814230020/https://www.google.com.pk/books/edition/History_of_the_Sikhs_The_Sikh_Lion_of_La/-1huAAAAMAAJ?hl=en"><i>History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Lion of Lahore, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, 1799-1839</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. 1978. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0515-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0515-4"><bdi>978-81-215-0515-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1huAAAAMAAJ">the original</a> on 14 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+The+Sikh+Lion+of+Lahore%2C+Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh%2C+1799-1839&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0515-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1huAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattieBeattie2013" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, Hugh; Beattie, Hugh (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEhdAgAAQBAJ&dq=Nor+did+the+Sikh%2C+Ranjit+Singh%2C+who+supplanted+the+Durranis+as&pg=PA1"><i>Imperial Frontier: Tribe and State in Waziristan</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-83957-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-83957-3"><bdi>978-1-136-83957-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117044302/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEhdAgAAQBAJ&dq=Nor+did+the+Sikh,+Ranjit+Singh,+who+supplanted+the+Durranis+as&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Frontier%3A+Tribe+and+State+in+Waziristan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-136-83957-3&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Beattie%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZEhdAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DNor%2Bdid%2Bthe%2BSikh%252C%2BRanjit%2BSingh%252C%2Bwho%2Bsupplanted%2Bthe%2BDurranis%2Bas%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hastings Donnan, <i>Marriage Among Muslims: Preference and Choice in Northern Pakistan</i>, (Brill, 1997), 41.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PL_ACoFwJ2gC&dq=raja+gulab+singh+revolt&pg=PA41">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015100/https://books.google.com/books?id=PL_ACoFwJ2gC&dq=raja+gulab+singh+revolt&pg=PA41">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/491193/Ranjit-Singh">"Encyclopædia Britannica – Ranjit Singh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407012307/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/491193/Ranjit-Singh">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%E2%80%93+Ranjit+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F491193%2FRanjit-Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Abhinav Publications. pp. 125–126. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-410-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-410-3">978-81-7017-410-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin1981ix-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin1981ix_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198127-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198127_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198127_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198128-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198128_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198125-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198125_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin1981iv-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin1981iv_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. iv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin19813-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin19813_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198119-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198119_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198117-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198117_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198118-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198118_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198120_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198123_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198122-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198122_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198122_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2010" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Amarinder (2010). <i>The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Roli_Books" title="Roli Books">Roli Books</a>. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-779-2"><bdi>978-81-7436-779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Sunset%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Lahore+Durbar&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Roli+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7436-779-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amarinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198124-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaheeduddin198124_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaheeduddin1981">Waheeduddin 1981</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lodrick, D. O. 1981. <i>Sacred Cows, Sacred Places</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vigne, G. T., 1840. <i>A Personal Narrative of a Visit to Ghuzni, Kabul, and Afghanistan, and a Residence at the Court of Dost Mohammed</i>, London: Whittaker and Co. p. 246 <i>The Real Ranjit Singh</i>; by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7380-778-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7380-778-7">81-7380-778-7</a>, 2001, 2nd ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Atmore_Sherring1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Atmore_Sherring" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Atmore Sherring">Matthew Atmore Sherring</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371"><i>The Sacred City of the Hindus: An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times</i></a>. Trübner & co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217371/page/n93">51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+City+of+the+Hindus%3A+An+Account+of+Benares+in+Ancient+and+Modern+Times&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+co.&rft.date=1868&rft.au=Matthew+Atmore+Sherring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.217371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madhuri_2007-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madhuri_2007_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhuri_Desai2007" class="citation book cs1">Madhuri Desai (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdD3MYnYey8C&pg=PA30"><i>Resurrecting Banaras: Urban Space, Architecture and Religious Boundaries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-52839-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-52839-5"><bdi>978-0-549-52839-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resurrecting+Banaras%3A+Urban+Space%2C+Architecture+and+Religious+Boundaries&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-549-52839-5&rft.au=Madhuri+Desai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdD3MYnYey8C%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hügel, Baron (1845) 2000. <i>Travels in Kashmir and the Panjab, containing a Particular Account of the Government and Character of the Sikhs</i>, tr. Major T. B. Jervis. rpt, Delhi: Low Price Publications, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masson, Charles. 1842. <i>Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab</i>, 3 v. London: Richard Bentley (1) 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitralekha2019" class="citation book cs1">Chitralekha, Zutshi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cfXDwAAQBAJ&dq=ranjit+singh+banned+cow+slaughter+afghanistan+inpublisher:university&pg=PT39">"Kashmir as Mulk"</a>. <i>Kashmir</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190990466" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190990466"><bdi>978-0190990466</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405015101/https://books.google.com/books?id=7cfXDwAAQBAJ&dq=ranjit%20singh%20banned%20cow%20slaughter%20afghanistan%20inpublisher%3Auniversity&pg=PT39">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir+as+Mulk&rft.btitle=Kashmir&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0190990466&rft.aulast=Chitralekha&rft.aufirst=Zutshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cfXDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dranjit%2Bsingh%2Bbanned%2Bcow%2Bslaughter%2Bafghanistan%2Binpublisher%3Auniversity%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Polk" title="William R. Polk">Polk, William Roe</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ozFDDwAAQBAJ&dq=sikh+empire+anti+islamic&pg=PA263"><i>Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300222906" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300222906"><bdi>978-0300222906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusade+and+Jihad%3A+The+Thousand-year+War+Between+the+Muslim+World+and+the+Global+North&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0300222906&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=William+Roe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DozFDDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsikh%2Bempire%2Banti%2Bislamic%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBray2008" class="citation book cs1">Bray, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO95DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Modern Ladakh: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuity and Change</i></a>. Brill. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9047443346" title="Special:BookSources/978-9047443346"><bdi>978-9047443346</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405041653/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO95DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ladakh%3A+Anthropological+Perspectives+on+Continuity+and+Change&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9047443346&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZO95DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollfus1995" class="citation journal cs1">Dollfus, Pascale (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300542">"The History of Muslims in Central Ladakh"</a>. <i>The Tibet Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 41. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-5368">0970-5368</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300542">43300542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Muslims+in+Central+Ladakh&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43300542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0970-5368&rft.aulast=Dollfus&rft.aufirst=Pascale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43300542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiad2021" class="citation book cs1">Ziad, Waleed (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-24881-6"><bdi>978-0-674-24881-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240817011436/https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Caliphate%3A+Sufi+Saints+Beyond+the+Oxus+and+Indus&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-674-24881-6&rft.aulast=Ziad&rft.aufirst=Waleed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-ZFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChida-Razvi2020" class="citation book cs1">Chida-Razvi, Mehreen (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3QeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT92"><i>The Friday Mosque in the City: Liminality, Ritual, and Politics</i></a>. Intellect Books. pp. 91–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78938-304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78938-304-1"><bdi>978-1-78938-304-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814230541/https://books.google.com/books?id=q3QeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT92">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>In addition to the masjid's use as a site for military storage, stables for the cavalry horses, and barracks for soldiers, parts of it were also used as storage for powder magazines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Friday+Mosque+in+the+City%3A+Liminality%2C+Ritual%2C+and+Politics&rft.pages=91-94&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78938-304-1&rft.aulast=Chida-Razvi&rft.aufirst=Mehreen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3QeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar1991" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ram Narayan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24339822"><i>The Sikh struggle : origin, evolution, and present phase</i></a>. Georg Sieberer. Delhi: Chanakya Publications. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7001-083-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7001-083-7"><bdi>81-7001-083-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24339822">24339822</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814230538/https://search.worldcat.org/title/24339822">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+struggle+%3A+origin%2C+evolution%2C+and+present+phase&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Chanakya+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24339822&rft.isbn=81-7001-083-7&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ram+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24339822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puri_2693–2701-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puri_2693–2701_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puri_2693–2701_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri2003" class="citation journal cs1">Puri, Harish K. (June–July 2003). "Scheduled Castes in Sikh Community: A Historical Perspective". <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Political_Weekly" title="Economic and Political Weekly">Economic and Political Weekly</a></i>. <b>38</b> (26). Economic and Political Weekly: 2693–2701. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4413731">4413731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Scheduled+Castes+in+Sikh+Community%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=2693-2701&rft.date=2003-06%2F2003-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4413731%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Harish+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abhinav_Publications-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abhinav_Publications_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abhinav_Publications_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abhinav_Publications_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKartar_Singh_Duggal2001" class="citation book cs1">Kartar Singh Duggal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4udb8LsF3-oC&q=hardly+10+percent"><i>Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Last to Lay Arms</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8170174103" title="Special:BookSources/978-8170174103"><bdi>978-8170174103</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806115540/https://books.google.com/books?id=4udb8LsF3-oC&q=hardly+10+percent#v=onepage&q=hardly%2010%20percent&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh%2C+the+Last+to+Lay+Arms&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8170174103&rft.au=Kartar+Singh+Duggal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4udb8LsF3-oC%26q%3Dhardly%2B10%2Bpercent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._S._Grewal-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J._S._Grewal_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._S._Grewal_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA113"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.3. Cambridge University Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521637640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521637640"><bdi>978-0521637640</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516143626/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA113">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0521637640&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hans, Surjit (April 2006). "Why are we sentimental about Ranjit Singh ?". <i>The Panjab, Past and Present</i>. XXXVII–Part 1: 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Panjab%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Why+are+we+sentimental+about+Ranjit+Singh+%3F&rft.volume=XXXVII%E2%80%93Part+1&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2006-04&rft.aulast=Hans&rft.aufirst=Surjit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2010" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Amarinder (2010). <i>The Last Sunset: The Rise and Fall of the Lahore Durbar</i>. <a href="/wiki/Roli_Books" title="Roli Books">Roli Books</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7436-779-2"><bdi>978-81-7436-779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Sunset%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Lahore+Durbar&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Roli+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7436-779-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Amarinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2023" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Yvette Alt (3 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/when-jews-found-refuge-in-the-sikh-empire/">"When Jews Found Refuge in the Sikh Empire"</a>. <i>Aish</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814230529/https://aish.com/when-jews-found-refuge-in-the-sikh-empire/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish&rft.atitle=When+Jews+Found+Refuge+in+the+Sikh+Empire&rft.date=2023-09-03&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Yvette+Alt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faish.com%2Fwhen-jews-found-refuge-in-the-sikh-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahir2016" class="citation web cs1">Tahir, Saif (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi-pakistan/">"The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi, Pakistan"</a>. <i>blogs.timesofisrael.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227022144/https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi-pakistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>The history of Jews in Rawalpindi dates back to 1839 when many Jewish families from Mashhad fled to save themselves from the persecutions and settled in various parts of subcontinent including Peshawar and Rawalpindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=The+lost+Jewish+history+of+Rawalpindi%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.aulast=Tahir&rft.aufirst=Saif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi-pakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsidine2017" class="citation book cs1">Considine, Craig (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993691884"><i>Islam, race, and pluralism in the Pakistani diaspora</i></a>. Milton: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46276-9"><bdi>978-1-315-46276-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993691884">993691884</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806115542/https://search.worldcat.org/title/993691884">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+race%2C+and+pluralism+in+the+Pakistani+diaspora&rft.place=Milton&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993691884&rft.isbn=978-1-315-46276-9&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F993691884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Naveed Aman (12 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/239196/pakistani-jews-and-pti/">"Pakistani Jews and PTI"</a>. <i>Daily Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814230545/https://dailytimes.com.pk/239196/pakistani-jews-and-pti/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistani+Jews+and+PTI&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Naveed+Aman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F239196%2Fpakistani-jews-and-pti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rda.gop.pk/rawalpindi/">"Rawalpindi – Rawalpindi Development Authority"</a>. <i>Rawalpindi Development Authority (rda.gop.pk)</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306223117/https://rda.gop.pk/rawalpindi/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad, Persia in 1839, in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rawalpindi+Development+Authority+%28rda.gop.pk%29&rft.atitle=Rawalpindi+%E2%80%93+Rawalpindi+Development+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frda.gop.pk%2Frawalpindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaiya2008" class="citation book cs1">Daiya, Kavita (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/302391286"><i>Violent belongings : partition, gender, and national culture in postcolonial India</i></a>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59213-745-9"><bdi>978-1-59213-745-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/302391286">302391286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240806115657/https://search.worldcat.org/title/302391286">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violent+belongings+%3A+partition%2C+gender%2C+and+national+culture+in+postcolonial+India&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F302391286&rft.isbn=978-1-59213-745-9&rft.aulast=Daiya&rft.aufirst=Kavita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F302391286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1849" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1cOAAAAQAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs, from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej</i></a>. London: J. Murray. p. 424. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814230545/https://books.google.com/books?id=u1cOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%2C+from+the+Origin+of+the+Nation+to+the+Battles+of+the+Sutlej&rft.place=London&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Davey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du1cOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rajasthali.marudharacollege.ac.in/papers/Volume-1/Issue-4/04-07.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814230413/https://www.rajasthali.marudharacollege.ac.in/papers/Volume-1/Issue-4/04-07.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rajasthali.marudharacollege.ac.in%2Fpapers%2FVolume-1%2FIssue-4%2F04-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1990" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J.S. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA107"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-63764-3"><bdi>0-521-63764-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005023139/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC&pg=PA107#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-63764-3&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_nryFANsoYC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1971" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971). "Raja Gulab Singh's Role in the First Anglo-Sikh War". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 46–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x00002845">10.1017/s0026749x00002845</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/311654">311654</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145500298">145500298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Raja+Gulab+Singh%27s+Role+in+the+First+Anglo-Sikh+War&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=46-50&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145500298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F311654%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x00002845&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Bawa+Satinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miniature painting from the photo album of princely families in the Sikh and Rajput territories by <a href="/wiki/James_Skinner_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="James Skinner (East India Company officer)">Colonel James Skinner (1778–1841)</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2004" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, R. S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC"><i>History of the Marathas</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126903948" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126903948"><bdi>978-8126903948</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Marathas&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8126903948&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_v3Y7hns8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2005" class="citation cs2">Heath, Ian (2005), <i>The Sikh Army 1799–1849</i>, Osprey Publishing (UK), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-777-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-777-8"><bdi>1-84176-777-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Army+1799%E2%80%931849&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+%28UK%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84176-777-8&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalsi2005" class="citation cs2">Kalsi, Sewa Singh (2005), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhismreligions00sewa"><i>Sikhism</i></a></span>, Religions of the World, Chelsea House Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-8098-6"><bdi>978-0-7910-8098-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism&rft.series=Religions+of+the+World&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-8098-6&rft.aulast=Kalsi&rft.aufirst=Sewa+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhismreligions00sewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2004" class="citation cs2">Markovits, Claude (2004), <i>A history of modern India, 1480–1950</i>, London: Anthem Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-152-2"><bdi>978-1-84331-152-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-152-2&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJestice2004" class="citation cs2">Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&q=guru+har+gobind+jahangir&pg=PA345"><i>Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-355-1"><bdi>978-1-57607-355-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+people+of+the+world%3A+a+cross-cultural+encyclopedia%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-355-1&rft.aulast=Jestice&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5cQH17-HnMC%26q%3Dguru%2Bhar%2Bgobind%2Bjahangir%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohar1975" class="citation cs2">Johar, Surinder Singh (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dFomYOVXsAkC&q=tegh+bahadur+martyrdom&pg=PA192"><i>Guru Tegh Bahadur</i></a>, University of Wisconsin–Madison Center for South Asian Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-030-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-030-3"><bdi>81-7017-030-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Tegh+Bahadur&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison+Center+for+South+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=81-7017-030-3&rft.aulast=Johar&rft.aufirst=Surinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdFomYOVXsAkC%26q%3Dtegh%2Bbahadur%2Bmartyrdom%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation cs2">Singh, Pritam (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC&q=dal+khalsa+banda+bahadur&pg=PA26"><i>Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp. 25–26, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45666-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45666-1"><bdi>978-0-415-45666-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federalism%2C+Nationalism+and+Development%3A+India+and+the+Punjab+Economy&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45666-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pritam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQLDcjhNoJwC%26q%3Ddal%2Bkhalsa%2Bbanda%2Bbahadur%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt2005" class="citation cs2">Nesbitt, Eleanor (2005), <i>Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, US, p. 61, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280601-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280601-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280601-7&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaheeduddin1981" class="citation book cs1">Waheeduddin, Fakir Syed (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=36718&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched="><i>The Real Ranjit Singh</i></a>. Patiala, Punjab, India: Punjabi University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173807787" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173807787"><bdi>978-8173807787</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Ranjit+Singh&rft.place=Patiala%2C+Punjab%2C+India&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-8173807787&rft.aulast=Waheeduddin&rft.aufirst=Fakir+Syed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panjabdigilib.org%2Fwebuser%2Fsearches%2FdisplayPage.jsp%3FID%3D36718%26page%3D1%26CategoryID%3D1%26Searched%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._S._Grewal" title="J. S. Grewal">Grewal, J. S.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a>. The New Cambridge History of India. Vol. II.3 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316025338" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316025338"><bdi>978-1316025338</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pages=82-127&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1316025338&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASikh+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Volume 2: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708–1769)</i>, By Hari Ram Gupta. (Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0540-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0540-2">81-215-0540-2</a>, 383 pages, illustrated)</li> <li><i>The Sikh Army (1799–1849) (Men-at-arms)</i>, By Ian Heath. (2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-777-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-777-8">1-84176-777-8</a>)</li> <li><i>The Heritage of the Sikhs By Harbans Singh</i>. (1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7304-064-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-7304-064-8">81-7304-064-8</a>).</li> <li><i>Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire</i>. (2000, 2nd ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0213-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0213-6">81-215-0213-6</a>)</li> <li><i>The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls</i>. (2001, revised ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2">81-215-0165-2</a>)</li> <li><i>Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Lord of the Five Rivers</i>, By Jean-Marie Lafont. (Oxford University Press. 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-566111-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-566111-7">0-19-566111-7</a>)</li> <li><i>History of Panjab</i>, By L. M. Joshi and Fauja Singh <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><i>Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his Times</i>, By Bhagat Singh. (Sehgal Publishers Service. 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85477-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-85477-01-9">81-85477-01-9</a>)</li> <li><i>Ranjit Singh – monarch mystique</i>, By V. Nalwa. (Hari Singh Nalwa Foundation Trust. 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-910526-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-910526-1-9">978-81-910526-1-9</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikh_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, <a href="/wiki/Hill_States%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill States–Sikh Wars">Hill States–Sikh Wars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhan_Empire" title="Magadhan Empire">Magadha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Hellenization in the Byzantine Empire">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Perm" title="Great Perm">Permian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kyivan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_Sikh_politics_16px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_politics" title="Template talk:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_Sikh_politics_16px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghadar Party">Ghadar Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_State_Akali_Dal" title="Haryana State Akali Dal">Haryana State Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Amritsar)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Longowal)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Longowal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Dal_(1920)" title="Akali Dal (1920)">Akali Dal (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Akali_Dal" title="United Akali Dal">United Akali Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Panthic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Democratic)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_Delhi" title="Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi">Shiromani Akali Dal Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal_(Sanyukt)" title="Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)">Shiromani Akali Dal (Sanyukt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Sikh_Students_Federation" title="All India Sikh Students Federation">All India Sikh Students Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Sikh_Gurdwara_Prabandhak_Committee" title="Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee">Pakistan Sikh Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sikh_Gurdwara_Management_Committee" title="Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee">Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Sikh_Gurdwara_Parbandhak_Committee" title="Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee">Haryana Sikh Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Tara_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Tara Singh">Master Tara Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardul_Singh_Caveeshar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardul Singh Caveeshar">Sardul Singh Caveeshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjit_Singh_Chohan" title="Jagjit Singh Chohan">Jagjit Singh Chohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjit_Singh_Barnala" title="Surjit Singh Barnala">Surjit Singh Barnala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhbir_Singh_Badal" title="Sukhbir Singh Badal">Sukhbir Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harcharan_Singh_Longowal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcharan Singh Longowal">Harcharan Singh Longowal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachhman_Singh_Gill" title="Lachhman Singh Gill">Lachhman Singh Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhdev_Singh_Dhindsa" title="Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa">Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagir_Kaur" title="Jagir Kaur">Jagir Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Singh_Majithia" title="Sundar Singh Majithia">Sundar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gian_Singh_Rarewala" title="Gian Singh Rarewala">Gian Singh Rarewala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurcharan_Singh_Tohra" title="Gurcharan Singh Tohra">Gurcharan Singh Tohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simranjit_Singh_Mann" title="Simranjit Singh Mann">Simranjit Singh Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Singh_Chandumajra" title="Prem Singh Chandumajra">Prem Singh Chandumajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partap_Singh_Kairon" title="Partap Singh Kairon">Partap Singh Kairon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurnam_Singh" title="Gurnam Singh">Gurnam Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giani_Zail_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Zail Singh">Giani Zail Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beant_Singh_(politician)" title="Beant Singh (politician)">Beant Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajinder_Kaur_Bhattal" title="Rajinder Kaur Bhattal">Rajinder Kaur Bhattal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritpal_Singh" title="Amritpal Singh">Amritpal Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;;width:1%;background:#ffd600;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha movement">Singh Sabha movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_movement" title="Akali movement">Akali movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Suba" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi Suba">Punjab State Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandpur_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandpur Resolution">Anandpur Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharam_Yudh_Morcha" title="Dharam Yudh Morcha">Dharam Yudh Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Truth" title="Wall of Truth">Wall of Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Woodrose" title="Operation Woodrose">Operation Woodrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Thunder" title="Operation Black Thunder">Operation Black Thunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab insurgency">Punjab insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #e1b039, inset -1px -1px 0 #e1b039;; background:#ffc600;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/24px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/32px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="606" /></a></span> <b>Portal:Sikhism</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Khanda_emblem.svg/16px-Khanda_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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