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[o]" accesskey="o" class="">Hasi saioa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tresna pertsonalak </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu">Dohaintza egin</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Zulo+beltz" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."> Sortu kontua</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Zulo+beltz" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"> Hasi saioa</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi">gehiago ikasi</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y">Ekarpenak</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n">Eztabaida</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Historia </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Historia azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erlatibitate_orokorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erlatibitate_orokorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Erlatibitate orokorra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erlatibitate_orokorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erlatibitate_orokorarren_urrezko_garaia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erlatibitate_orokorarren_urrezko_garaia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Erlatibitate orokorarren urrezko garaia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erlatibitate_orokorarren_urrezko_garaia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Sorrera eta eboluzioa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sorrera eta eboluzioa azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sorrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sorrera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kolapso_grabitazionala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolapso_grabitazionala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kolapso grabitazionala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolapso_grabitazionala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energia_altuko_talkak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia_altuko_talkak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Energia altuko talkak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia_altuko_talkak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eboluzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eboluzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Eboluzioa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eboluzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baporizazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baporizazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Baporizazioa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baporizazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarriak_eta_egitura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarriak_eta_egitura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ezaugarriak eta egitura </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ezaugarriak_eta_egitura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ezaugarriak eta egitura azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarriak_eta_egitura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ezaugarri_fisikoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarri_fisikoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ezaugarri fisikoak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarri_fisikoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gertaeren_muga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gertaeren_muga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Gertaeren muga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gertaeren_muga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singularitatea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singularitatea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Singularitatea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singularitatea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fotoien_esfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fotoien_esfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Fotoien esfera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fotoien_esfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ergosfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergosfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Ergosfera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergosfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barruko_orbita_zirkular_egonkorrak_(ISCO)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barruko_orbita_zirkular_egonkorrak_(ISCO)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Barruko orbita zirkular egonkorrak (ISCO) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barruko_orbita_zirkular_egonkorrak_(ISCO)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailkapena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailkapena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sailkapena </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sailkapena-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Sailkapena azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Sailkapena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Izar-masadun_zulo_beltza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izar-masadun_zulo_beltza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Izar-masadun zulo beltza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izar-masadun_zulo_beltza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masa_ertaineko_zulo_beltza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_ertaineko_zulo_beltza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Masa ertaineko zulo beltza </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_ertaineko_zulo_beltza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zulo_beltz_supermasiboa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zulo_beltz_supermasiboa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Zulo beltz supermasiboa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zulo_beltz_supermasiboa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zulo_beltz_primarioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zulo_beltz_primarioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Zulo beltz primarioak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zulo_beltz_primarioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behaketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behaketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Behaketa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behaketa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Behaketa azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Behaketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aztarnak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aztarnak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Aztarnak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aztarnak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zulo_beltzak_gaur_egun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zulo_beltzak_gaur_egun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Zulo beltzak gaur egun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zulo_beltzak_gaur_egun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azken_aurkikuntzak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azken_aurkikuntzak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Azken aurkikuntzak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azken_aurkikuntzak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oharrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oharrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Oharrak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oharrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Erreferentziak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliografia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Ikus, gainera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Kanpo estekak </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Kanpo estekak azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ingelesez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ingelesez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Ingelesez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ingelesez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frantsesez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frantsesez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Frantsesez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frantsesez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaztelaniaz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaztelaniaz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Gaztelaniaz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaztelaniaz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Zulo beltz</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 171 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" > 171 hizkuntza </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartkolk" title="Swartkolk – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swartkolk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Loch" title="Schwarzes Loch – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzes Loch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forato_negro" title="Forato negro – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Forato negro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण विवर – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कृष्ण विवर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ثقب أسود – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقب أسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84" title="محفر كحل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="محفر كحل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ثقب أسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثقب أسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0" title="কৃষ্ণগহ্বৰ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃষ্ণগহ্বৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furacu_negru" title="Furacu negru – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Furacu negru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_d%C9%99lik" title="Qara dəlik – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara dəlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="قارادلیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارادلیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ҡара упҡын – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара упҡын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwoaz_Loch" title="Schwoaz Loch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwoaz Loch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouduoj%C4%97_sk%C4%ABlie" title="Jouduojė skīlie – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jouduojė skīlie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hole" title="Black Hole – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Black Hole" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чорная дзірка – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная дзірка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чорная дзірка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорная дзірка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobang_Item" title="Lobang Item – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Lobang Item" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Черна дупка – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черна дупка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्लैक होल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्लैक होल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_hirang" title="Lubang hirang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lubang hirang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="কৃষ্ণগহ্বর – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণগহ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ནག་ཁུང་། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནག་ཁུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toull_du" title="Toull du – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toull du" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna rupa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хара нүхэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хара нүхэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forat_negre" title="Forat negre – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Forat negre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ӏаьржа уор – txetxenera" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа уор" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="txetxenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="کونەڕەش – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کونەڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccu_neru" title="Buccu neru – korsikera" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Buccu neru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_d%C3%ADra" title="Černá díra – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá díra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C3%B4rn%C3%B4_dzura" title="Czôrnô dzura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czôrnô dzura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%85%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%BB" title="Хура хăвăл – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура хăвăл" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twll_du" title="Twll du – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twll du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_hul" title="Sort hul – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sort hul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Loch" title="Schwarzes Loch – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzes Loch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Μαύρη τρύπα – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη τρύπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C5%9B_n%C3%A9gar" title="Buś négar – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Buś négar" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black hole" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_truo" title="Nigra truo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra truo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agujero_negro" title="Agujero negro – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agujero negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_auk" title="Must auk – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must auk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="سیاه‌چاله – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاه‌چاله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_aukko" title="Musta aukko – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta aukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%B8rt_hol" title="Svørt hol – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svørt hol" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou_noir" title="Trou noir – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trou noir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suart_hool" title="Suart hool – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suart hool" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_gat" title="Swart gat – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swart gat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BApholl" title="Dúpholl – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúpholl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trou_nw%C3%A8" title="Trou nwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Trou nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_dubh" title="Toll dubh – Eskoziako gaelikoa" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Toll dubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Eskoziako gaelikoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burato_negro" title="Burato negro – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Burato negro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C3%A1ra_h%C5%A9" title="Kuára hũ – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuára hũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0" title="કૃષ્ણ વિવર – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કૃષ્ણ વિવર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towl_doo" title="Towl doo – manxera" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Towl doo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manxera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutuwaren_Taurari" title="Mutuwaren Taurari – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutuwaren Taurari" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="חור שחור – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חור שחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण विवर – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कृष्ण विवर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karia_kund" title="Karia kund – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Karia kund" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crna rupa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Corna_d%C5%BA%C4%9Bra" title="Čorna dźěra – goi-sorabiera" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čorna dźěra" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="goi-sorabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twou_nwa" title="Twou nwa – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Twou nwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_lyuk" title="Fekete lyuk – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete lyuk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B9" title="Սև խոռոչ – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև խոռոչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B9" title="Սեւ խոռոչ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ խոռոչ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramine_nigre" title="Foramine nigre – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Foramine nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_hitam" title="Lubang hitam – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lubang hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri_fore" title="Nigri fore – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nigri fore" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghere_ojii" title="Oghere ojii – igboera" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Oghere ojii" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putu_Taaqtaaq" title="Putu Taaqtaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Putu Taaqtaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangisit_nga_abut" title="Nangisit nga abut – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Nangisit nga abut" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_truo" title="Nigra truo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra truo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarthol" title="Svarthol – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svarthol" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buco_nero" title="Buco nero – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buco nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ブラックホール – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラックホール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwang_ireng" title="Luwang ireng – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Luwang ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="შავი ხვრელი – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ხვრელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Қара құрдым – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара құрдым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಕುಳಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಕುಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80" title="블랙홀 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="블랙홀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Къара тешик – karachayera-balkarera" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къара тешик" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karachayera-balkarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%81%D9%8F%D9%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="کرٛہُن چاہ – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کرٛہُن چاہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ala_Re%C5%9F" title="Çala Reş – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çala Reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_du" title="Toll du – kornubiera" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Toll du" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornubiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B4%D3%A9%D0%B9" title="Кара көңдөй – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кара көңдөй" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foramen_nigrum" title="Foramen nigrum – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Foramen nigrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaarzt_Lach" title="Schwaarzt Lach – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwaarzt Lach" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="ЧӀулав тӀеквен – lezginera" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀулав тӀеквен" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buco_negra" title="Buco negra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Buco negra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwart_laok" title="Zwart laok – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwart laok" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCsc_fosch" title="Büsc fosch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Büsc fosch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bux_neger" title="Bux neger – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bux neger" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_bedugn%C4%97" title="Juodoji bedugnė – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji bedugnė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melnais_caurums" title="Melnais caurums – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnais caurums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavaka_mainty" title="Lavaka mainty – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lavaka mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubang_itam" title="Lubang itam – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Lubang itam" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Црна дупка – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна дупка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തമോദ്വാരം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമോദ്വാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BD%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Хар нүх – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар нүх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ကတိုင်လမ္စံက် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကတိုင်လမ္စံက်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्णविवर – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कृष्णविवर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohong_hitam" title="Lohong hitam – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lohong hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toqba_sewda" title="Toqba sewda – maltera" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Toqba sewda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="တွင်းနက် – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တွင်းနက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Lock" title="Swart Lock – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Lock" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण छिद्र – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृष्ण छिद्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्ल्याक होल – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्ल्याक होल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwart_gat" title="Zwart gat – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwart gat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart_h%C3%B2l" title="Svart hòl – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svart hòl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_hull" title="Sort hull – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sort hull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri_true" title="Nigri true – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nigri true" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauc_negre" title="Trauc negre – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trauc negre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustu_loukko" title="Mustu loukko – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mustu loukko" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holqa_gurraacha" title="Holqa gurraacha – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Holqa gurraacha" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4" title="କୃଷ୍ଣଗର୍ତ୍ତ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୃଷ୍ଣଗର୍ତ୍ତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬਲੈਕ ਹੋਲ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਲੈਕ ਹੋਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%A9rt_treu" title="Noért treu – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Noért treu" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Loch" title="Schwarzes Loch – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Schwarzes Loch" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_dziura" title="Czarna dziura – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna dziura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrtus_n%C3%A8ir" title="Përtus nèir – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Përtus nèir" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84" title="بلیک ہول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلیک ہول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تور غار – paxtunera" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور غار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paxtunera" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraco_negro" title="Buraco negro – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Buraco negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_huchk%27u" title="Yana huchk'u – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yana huchk'u" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaur%C4%83_neagr%C4%83" title="Gaură neagră – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaură neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чёрная дыра – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная дыра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%97%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорна дїра – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорна дїра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хара үөдэн – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хара үөдэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirtusu_n%C3%ACguru" title="Pirtusu nìguru – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pirtusu nìguru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black hole" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84" title="بليڪ هول – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بليڪ هول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_rupa" title="Crna rupa – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna rupa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbbay_asggan" title="Agbbay asggan – tachelhita" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agbbay asggan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhita" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB" title="කළු කුහර – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු කුහර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black hole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_diera" title="Čierna diera – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna diera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna_luknja" title="Črna luknja – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna luknja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrima_e_zez%C3%AB" title="Vrima e zezë – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vrima e zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Црна рупа – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црна рупа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_hideung" title="Liang hideung – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Liang hideung" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svart_h%C3%A5l" title="Svart hål – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svart hål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimo_jeusi" title="Shimo jeusi – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shimo jeusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frn%C5%8F_dziura" title="Czŏrnŏ dziura – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnŏ dziura" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88" title="கருந்துளை – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருந்துளை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్లాక్ హోల్ – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్లాక్ హోల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Сиёҳчола – tajikera" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиёҳчола" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajikera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="หลุมดำ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุมดำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara_girdap" title="Gara girdap – turkmenera" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gara girdap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Black hole" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_delik" title="Kara delik – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara delik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кара тишек – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кара тишек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Сьӧд пась – udmurtera" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сьӧд пась" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%AD%D9%83%DB%88%D8%B1" title="قارا ئۆڭكۈر – uigurrera" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قارا ئۆڭكۈر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurrera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорна діра – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна діра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84" title="بلیک ہول – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلیک ہول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_tuynuk" title="Qora tuynuk – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora tuynuk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buxo_nero" title="Buxo nero – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Buxo nero" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_reig" title="Must reig – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Must reig" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%97_%C4%91en" title="Lỗ đen – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lỗ đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noer_tr%C3%B4_(astronomeye)" title="Noer trô (astronomeye) – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noer trô (astronomeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_luho" title="Itom nga luho – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga luho" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑洞" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="უჩა რხვილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა რხვილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9A" title="שווארצע לאך – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווארצע לאך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conghndaem" title="Conghndaem – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Conghndaem" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑洞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑洞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-khang" title="O͘-khang – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-khang" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑洞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" 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Ihesbiderik ezaren mugari <a href="/wiki/Gertaeren_horizonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertaeren horizonte">gertaeren horizontea</a> deitzen zaio. Gurutzatzen duen objektu baten helmugan eta zirkunstantzietan eragin handia duen arren, erlatibitate orokorraren arabera lokalki detekta daitezkeen ezaugarririk ez du<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>. Zentzu askotan, zulo beltz batek <a href="/wiki/Gorputz_beltz" title="Gorputz beltz">gorputz beltz</a> ideal batek bezala jokatzen du, ez baitu <a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Argi">argia</a> islatzen<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>. Gainera, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espazio-denbora_kurboko_eremuen_teoria_kuantikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espazio-denbora kurboko eremuen teoria kuantikoa (sortu gabe)">espazio-denbora kurboko eremuen teoria kuantikoak</a> aurreikusten du gertaeren horizonteek <a href="/wiki/Hawking_erradiazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawking erradiazioa">Hawking erradiazioa</a> igortzen dutela, bere masarekiko alderantziz proportzionala den <a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">tenperatura</a> duen gorputz beltz baten espektro berarekin. Tenperatura hori <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> baten mila-milioirenaren ingurukoa da izar-zulo beltzetarako, eta, beraz, ezinezkoa da zuzenean behatzea. <a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Argi">Argiak</a> ere ihes egitea ekiditen duten <a href="/wiki/Grabitazio-eremu" title="Grabitazio-eremu">grabitazio-eremu</a> indartsuegiak dituzten objektuak <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="XVIII. mende">XVIII. mendean</a> aztertu zituzten lehen aldiz <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michellek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplacek</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>. 1916an, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Karl Schwarzschildek</a> erlatibitate orokorraren lehen soluzio modernoa aurkitu zuen, zulo beltz baten ezaugarria izango zena. <a href="/wiki/David_Finkelstein" title="David Finkelstein">David Finkelsteinek</a> 1958an argitaratu zuen lehen aldiz "zulo beltzaren" interpretazioa, ezerk ihes egin ezin dion espazioko eskualde gisa. Zulo beltzak bitxikeria matematikotzat hartu ziren luzaroan; <a href="/wiki/1960ko_hamarkada" title="1960ko hamarkada">1960ko hamarkadara</a> arte ez zuten frogatu lan teorikoek erlatibitate orokorraren aurreikuspen generikoa zirela. 1967an <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnellek</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutroi-izar" title="Neutroi-izar">neutroi-izarrak</a> aurkitu izanak grabitatez kolapsatutako objektu trinkoekiko interesa piztu zuen, balizko errealitate astrofisiko gisa. Ezagutzen zen lehen zulo beltza <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a> izan zen, 1971n hainbat ikertzailek modu independentean identifikatu zutena<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>. Izar masiboko zulo beltzak <a href="/wiki/Izar_eboluzio" title="Izar eboluzio">izar zikloaren amaieran</a> kolapsatzen direnean sortzen dira. Behin osatuta, zulo beltza inguruko masa xurgatuz haz daiteke. Milioika eguzki masatako zulo beltz supermasiboak beste izar batzuk xurgatuz eta beste zulo beltz batzuekin fusionatuz sor daitezke. Zulo beltz supermasiboak <a href="/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia">galaxia</a> gehienen erdian daudelako adostasuna dago. Zulo beltz baten presentzia beste <a href="/wiki/Materia" title="Materia">materia</a> batekiko eta erradiazio elektromagnetikoarekiko elkarrekintzaren bidez ondoriozta daiteke, argi ikusgaia bezala. Zulo beltz batean erortzen den edozein materiak kanpoko akrezio disko bat osa dezake, <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Marruskadura">marruskadurak</a> berotua, <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasarrak</a> osatuz, unibertsoko objekturik distiratsuenetako batzuk. Zulo beltz supermasibo batetik hurbilegi igarotzen diren izarrak "irentsi" baino lehen distira egiten duten ildoetan txikitu daitezke<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>. Beste izar batzuek zulo beltz baten inguruan orbitatzen badute, orbitek zulo beltzaren masa eta kokapena zehaztu dezakete. Behaketa horiek alternatiba posibleak baztertzeko erabil daitezke, hala nola neutroi-izarrak. Horrela, astronomoek izar-zulo beltz izateko hautagai ugari identifikatu dituzte sistema bitarretan, eta ezarri dute <a href="/wiki/Sagitario_A*" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagitario A*">Sagitario A*</a> izeneko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrati-iturri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irrati-iturri (sortu gabe)">irrati-iturriak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidearen</a> nukleoan, 4,3 milioi eguzki masako zulo beltz supermasiboa duela. 2016ko otsailaren 11n, <a href="/w/index.php?title=LIGO_Lankidetza_Zientifikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LIGO Lankidetza Zientifikoa (sortu gabe)">LIGO Lankidetza Zientifikoak</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgo_lankidetza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgo lankidetza (sortu gabe)">Virgo lankidetzak</a> iragarri zuten grabitazio-uhinen lehen detekzio zuzena, zulo beltzen fusioaren lehen behaketa<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>. 2019ko apirilaren 10ean, zulo beltz baten eta haren inguruen lehen irudi zuzena argitaratu zen, <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescopek</a> (EHT) 2017an <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">Messier 87ko</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zentro_galaktiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zentro galaktiko (sortu gabe)">zentro galaktikoko</a> zulo beltz supermasiboaz egindako behaketen ondoren<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>. 2021etik aurrera, zulo beltz bat dela uste den gorputz ezagunik hurbilena 1.500 argi-urteko distantziara dago. Orain arte Esne Bidean dozena pare bat zulo beltz baino aurkitu ez badira ere, ehunka milioi daudela uste da, eta horietako gehienak bakartiak dira eta ez dute erradiazio-isuririk eragiten<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>. Beraz, <a href="/wiki/Grabitazio-lente" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitazio-lente">grabitazio-lenteen</a> bidez bakarrik detekta daitezke. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/John_Michell" title="John Michell">John Michell</a> ingeles geologoak aipatu zuen lehen aldiz <a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Argi">argiak</a> ere ihes egin ezin liezaiokeen objektua, 1783. urtean <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Societyra</a> bidalitako gutun batean.<a href="#cite_note-Michell1784-17">[17]</a> Garai hartan <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newtonen</a> grabitate teoria eta ihes-abiaduraren kontzeptua aski ezagunak ziren. Michellek <a href="/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia">eguzkiaren</a> <a href="/wiki/Dentsitate_(fisika)" title="Dentsitate (fisika)">dentsitate</a> berbera eta 500 aldiz erradio handiagoa zuen objektuak, azalean argiaren abiaduraren adinako ihes-abiadura izango zuela suposatu zuen, eta ondorioz ikusezina izango zela. Hauek izan ziren haren hitzak (itzulita): <table style="background-color:#e0e0e0;border-collapse:collapse;border-radius: 6px;border-style:none;margin: .5em 2.75em; padding: 20px;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">« </td> <td align="left" style="padding:10px; padding-bottom:0; font-size: 90%;">Eguzkiaren dentsitate berdina duen esfera baten diametroerdia Eguzkia berarena baino handiagoa izango balitz, 500/1 proportzioan, altuera infinitutik erortzen dabilen gorputz orok bere gainazalean argiaren abiadura baino azkarragoa lortuko luke. Hau hala izanik, argia, bere inertzia-masarekiko proportzioan, indar berak erakarriko lukeela suposatuz, edozein gorputzek sortutako argiak ezingo luke bere hedapena gauzatu, gorputzaren grabitateak berak izpia sortutako lekura itzularaziko lukeelako. </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="color:silver;font-size:40px;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;text-align:right;padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px;">» </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 10px; padding-top:0; font-size: 85%;"><cite style="font-style:normal;">—John Michell<a href="#cite_note-18">[oh 1]</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> Michellek <a href="/wiki/Unibertso" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibertso">unibertsoan</a> ikusezinak ziren objektu hauek bazitezkeela ondorioztatu zuen, hori horrela izateko aukera gutxi zeudela uste izan arren. <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Pierre-Simon Laplace</a> frantziar matematikariak bere liburuaren lehen eta bigarren edizioetan ideia berdina defendatu zuen, azken edizioetan ez bezala.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Zulo beltzen ideiak indarra galdu zuen garai honetan, argia <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masarik</a> gabeko elementua zela uste baitzen, eta beraz grabitazio indarrak ez zuela harengan eraginik. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erlatibitate_orokorra">Erlatibitate orokorra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erlatibitate orokorra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Erlatibitate orokorra">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_orokorra" title="Erlatibitate orokorra">Erlatibitate orokorra</a>»</div> 1915ean, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einsteinek</a> <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_orokorra" title="Erlatibitate orokorra">erlatibitate orokorraren</a> teoria garatu zuen, grabitateak argiaren mugimenduan eragina duela frogatu ondoren. Hilabete batzuk geroago, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Karl Schwarzschildek</a> soluzio bat aurkitu zuen <a href="/wiki/Einsteinen_eremu-ekuazioak" title="Einsteinen eremu-ekuazioak">Einsteinen eremu-ekuazioentzat</a>, masa puntual baten eta masa esferiko baten eremu grabitatorioa deskribatzen duena<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a>. Schwarzschildek baino hilabete batzuk geroago, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Droste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Droste (sortu gabe)">Johannes Drostek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentzen</a> ikasleak, soluzio bera eman zuen masa puntualarentzat eta bere propietateei buruz luzeago idatzi zuen. Soluzio horrek portaera berezia zuen orain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwarzschilden_erradioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwarzschilden erradioa (sortu gabe)">Schwarzschilden erradioan</a>, non singular bihurtzen baitzen, eta horrek esan nahi zuen Einsteinen ekuazioen termino batzuk infinitu bihurtzen zirela. Gainazal horren izaera ez zen erabat ulertzen une hartan. 1924an, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddingtonek</a> frogatu zuen <a href="/wiki/Singularitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Singularitate">singularitatea</a> desagertu egiten zela koordenatu-aldaketa baten ondoren (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddington-Finkelstein_koordenatuak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddington-Finkelstein koordenatuak (sortu gabe)">Eddington-Finkelstein koordenatuak</a>), nahiz eta 1933ra arte itxaron behar izan zen <a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Georges Lemaître</a> konturatzeko horrek esan nahi zuela Schwarzschilden erradioko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koordenatu-singularitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koordenatu-singularitate (sortu gabe)">koordenatu-singularitatea</a> ez-fisikoen singularitatea zela. Hala ere, Arthur Eddingtonek masa konprimatuko izar baten aukera aipatu zuen Schwarzschilden erradioan 1926ko liburu batean, Einsteinen teoriak <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> bezalako izar ikusgarrientzako dentsitate handiegiak baztertzea ahalbidetzen duela adieraziz, "250 milioi kilometroko erradioko izar batek ezingo lukeelako Eguzkiarena bezain dentsitate altua izan". Lehenik eta behin, grabitazio-indarra hain izango litzateke handia, non argia ez bailitzateke gai izango bertatik ihes egiteko, izpiak izarrera eroriz harri bat lurrera bezala. Bigarrenik, espektro-lerroak <a href="/wiki/Gorriranzko_lerrakuntza" title="Gorriranzko lerrakuntza">gorrirantz lerratzea</a> hain izango litzateke handia non <a href="/wiki/Espektro_elektromagnetiko" title="Espektro elektromagnetiko">espektroa</a> desagertu egingo bailitzateke. Hirugarrenik, masak espazio-denboraren metrikaren hain kurbadura handia sortuko luke, non espazioa izarraren inguruan itxiko litzatekeen, kanpoan utziz (hau da, inon ez)"<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a>. 1931n, <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekharrek</a> kalkulatu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitate_berezia" title="Erlatibitate berezia">erlatibitate berezia</a> erabiliz, materia elektronikoko gorputz ez-birakari bat, mugako masa jakin baten gainetik endekatua (orain <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekharren_muga" title="Chandrasekharren muga">Chandrasekharren muga</a> deitzen zaio, 1,4 <a href="/wiki/Eguzki_masa" title="Eguzki masa">M☉</a>) ez duela irtenbide egonkorrik<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a>. Bere garaiko askok, Eddingtonek eta <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landauk</a> kasu, haren argudioei aurka egin zieten, oraindik ezagutzen ez zen mekanismoren batek kolapsoa geldiaraziko zuela uste baitzuten<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a>. Neurri batean arrazoi zuten: Chandrasekharren muga baino pixka bat masiboagoa den <a href="/wiki/Nano_zuri" title="Nano zuri">nano zuri</a> bat kolapsatu egingo da <a href="/wiki/Neutroi-izar" title="Neutroi-izar">neutroi-izar</a> batean<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>, eta izar hori egonkorra da. Baina 1939an, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimerrek</a> eta beste batzuek iragarri zuten neutroi-izarrek beste muga baten gainetik (<a href="/wiki/Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff_muga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff muga">Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff muga</a>) are gehiago kolapsatuko zutela Chandrasekharrek azaldutako arrazoiengatik, eta ondorioztatu zuten ez zela posible fisikaren legerik tartean sartzea eta gutxienez izar batzuk zulo beltz bihurtzea eragoztea<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pauliren_esklusio-printzipioa" title="Pauliren esklusio-printzipioa">Pauliren esklusio-printzipioan</a> oinarritutako bere jatorrizko kalkuluen emaitza 0,7 M☉zen; <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitz" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz">indar bortitzak</a> eragindako neutroi-neutroi errepultsioa ondorengo kontsiderazioak estimazioa 1,5 M☉tik 3,0 M☉ ingurura igo zuen<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=GW170817&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW170817 (sortu gabe)">GW170817</a> neutroi-izarren fusioaren behaketek, handik gutxira zulo beltz bat sortu zuela uste denak, TOV a ~ 2,17 3,0 M☉ mugaren estimazioa findu dute<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a>. Oppenheimerrek eta bere egilekideek interpretatu zuten Schwarzschilden erradioaren mugako singularitateak adierazten zuela hori zela <a href="/wiki/Denbora" title="Denbora">denbora</a> gelditzen zen burbuila baten muga. Ikuspuntu hau baliagarria da kanpoko behatzaileentzat, baina ez erortzen ari diren behatzaileentzat. Propietate hori dela eta, izar kolapsatuei "izar izoztuak" deitu zitzaien, kanpoko behatzaile batek izarraren gainazala Schwarzschilden erradiora eramaten duen unean izoztuta ikusiko zuelako<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erlatibitate_orokorarren_urrezko_garaia">Erlatibitate orokorarren urrezko garaia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erlatibitate orokorarren urrezko garaia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Erlatibitate orokorarren urrezko garaia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> 1958. urtean, <a href="/wiki/David_Finkelstein" title="David Finkelstein">David Finkelstein</a>ek Schwarzschilden gainazala <a href="/wiki/Gertaeren_muga" title="Gertaeren muga">gertaeren horizonte</a> gisa identifikatu zuen, "Norabide bakarreko mintz perfektu bat: kausazko eraginek norabide bakar batean gurutzatu dezakete"<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a>. Hau ez zegoen Oppenheimerren emaitzekin kontraesanean, are gehiago, emaitzak zabaltzen zituen. Izan ere, barnealdean erortzen ziren behatzaileen ikuspuntua sartzen zuen. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruskal-Szekeresen_koordenatuak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kruskal-Szekeresen koordenatuak (sortu gabe)">Zabalkuntza osoa</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kruskal" title="Martin Kruskal">Martin Kruskal</a>-ek aurkitu zuen<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a>. Aurreko emaitzak erlatibitate orokorraren urrezko aroaren hasieran jazo ziren; aro horretan, erlatibitate orokorraren eta zulo beltzen inguruko ikerketak nagusitu ziren. Prozesu horretan eragin handia izan zuen <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a>ren aurkikuntzak. 1967an aurkitu zituen <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a>-ek eta 1969an errotazio azkarreko neutroi izarrak direla erakutsi zen<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a>. Ordura arte, neutroi izarrak, zulo beltzak bezala, kontzeptu teorikotzat baino ez ziren hartzen<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a>; baina pulsarren aurkikuntzak euren garrantzi fisikoa frogatu zuen eta, ondorioz, kolapso grabitatorioaren eraginez sortutako objetu trinkoekiko interesa areagotu zen. Aro honetan, zulo beltzentzako soluzio orokorragoak aurkitu ziren. 1963. urtean, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Roy Kerr</a>-ek errotazioan zegoen zulo beltz baten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soluzio_zehatza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soluzio zehatza (sortu gabe)">soluzio zehatza</a> aurkitu zuen. Bi urte beranduago, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ezra_Newman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ezra Newman (sortu gabe)">Ezra Newman</a>ek soluzio axisimetrikoa aurkitu zuen jira-biraka dabilen eta elektrikoki kargatuta dagoen zulo beltz batentzako<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Israel (sortu gabe)">Werner Israel</a>-en<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brandon_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brandon Carter (sortu gabe)">Brandon Carter</a>-en<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a>, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Robinson (sortu gabe)">David Robinson</a>-en lanari esker<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ile_ezaren_teorema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ile ezaren teorema (sortu gabe)">ile ezaren teorema</a> sortu zen. Teorema honek zulo beltz geldikor baten soluzioa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerr-Newmanen_metrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerr-Newmanen metrika (sortu gabe)">Kerr-Newmanen metrika</a>ren hiru parametroek (masa, <a href="/wiki/Momentu_angeluarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Momentu angeluarra">momentu angeluarra</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektriko" title="Karga elektriko">karga elektrikoa</a>) guztiz deskribatzen dutela baieztatzen du<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[43]</a>. Hasieran uste zen zulo beltzen soluzioetan agertzen ziren ezaugarri arraroak ezarritako simetria-baldintzen artefaktu patologikoak zirela, bai eta singularitateak egoera orokorretan agertuko ez zirela ere. Bereziki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Belinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Belinsky (sortu gabe)">Vladimir Belinsky</a>-k, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaak_Khalatnikov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaak Khalatnikov (sortu gabe)">Isaak Khalatnikov</a>-ek eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evgeny_Lifshitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evgeny Lifshitz (sortu gabe)">Evgeny Lifshitz</a>-ek babestu zuten ikuspuntu hau eta soluzio orokorretan berezitasunik agertzen ez dela frogatzen saiatu ziren. Hala ere, 1960ko hamarkadaren amaieran, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>-k<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>-ek teknika globalak erabili zituzten berezitasunak modu orokorrean agertzen direla frogatzeko<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a>. Lan honengatik, Penrose-k 2020ko <a href="/wiki/Zerrenda:Fisikako_Nobel_Saria" title="Zerrenda:Fisikako Nobel Saria">Fisikako Nobel Saria</a>ren erdia jaso zuen, Hawking 2018an hil baitzen<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a>. 1970eko hamarkadaren hasieran, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>-en eta <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>n egindako behakeetetatik abiatuta, <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_X-1" title="Cygnus X-1">Cygnus X-1</a>, 1964an aurkitutako <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X-izpi</a>en iturri galaktiko bat, zulo beltz gisa onartutako lehen objektu astronomikoa bihurtu zen<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a>. 1970eko hamarkadaren hasieran, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Bardeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Bardeen (sortu gabe)">James Bardeen</a>-en, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Bekenstein">Jacob Bekenstein</a>-en, Carter-en eta Hawking-en lanek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltzen_termodinamika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zulo beltzen termodinamika (sortu gabe)">zulo beltzen termodinamika</a>ren formulazioa ekarri zuten<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a>. Lege horiek zulo beltzen portaera deskribatzen dute <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamikaren legeekin</a> analogian. Izan ere, ondorengo magnitudeak erlazionatzen ditu: masa <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a>rekin, <a href="/wiki/Azalera" title="Azalera">azalera</a> <a href="/wiki/Entropia" title="Entropia">entropia</a>rekin eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gainazaleko_grabitatea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gainazaleko grabitatea (sortu gabe)">gainazaleko grabitatea</a> <a href="/wiki/Tenperatura" title="Tenperatura">tenperatura</a>rekin. Analogia hori Hawking-ek osatu zuen 1974an, <a href="/wiki/Eremu-teoria_kuantiko" title="Eremu-teoria kuantiko">eremuen teoria kuantikoa</a>k honako hau dakarrela frogatu zuenean: zulo beltz batek T tenperaturako <a href="/wiki/Gorputz_beltz" title="Gorputz beltz">gorputz beltz</a> bat bezala erradiatu behar du, tenperatura hori zulo beltzaren gainazal-grabitatearekiko proportzionala izanik. Horrekin, gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Hawkingen_erradiazio" title="Hawkingen erradiazio">Hawking-en erradiazioa</a> bezala ezagutzen den efektua aurreikusi zen<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sorrera_eta_eboluzioa">Sorrera eta eboluzioa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sorrera eta eboluzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Sorrera eta eboluzioa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sorrera">Sorrera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sorrera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sorrera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/220px--BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm/BBH_gravitational_lensing_of_gw150914.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Bi zulo beltzen arteko kolisioaren simulazioa.</figcaption></figure> Erlatibitate orokorrak aurreikusten du naturan masa kopuru jakin bat espazioko eremu mugatu batean elkartzen denean zulo beltz bat sortuko dela, grabitate-kolapso izeneko prozesuaren bidez. Adibidez: <a href="/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia">Eguzkia</a> hiru kilometroko erradioraino konprimituz gero, bere egungo tamaina baino 4.000.000 aldiz txikiagora alegia, zulo beltz bilakatuko litzateke. Espazioko eremu mugatu batean masa kopurua handitzen den heinean, bere grabitate indarra ere handituz doa. Horrek erlatibitatearen ikuspuntutik bere inguruko espazioaren deformazioa suposatzen du. Erdigunetik distantzia jakin batera ihes-abiadura argi-abiaduraren berdina denean, <a href="/wiki/Gertaeren_muga" title="Gertaeren muga">gertakari horizontea</a> izenekoa sortzen da, eta honen barruko materia puntu bakar batean kolapsatuko da, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puntu_singular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puntu singular (sortu gabe)">puntu singular</a> bat sortuz. Ideia honen analisi kuantitatiboak, <a href="/wiki/Eguzki_masa" title="Eguzki masa">eguzkiaren masaren</a> hirukoitza zuen izarrak, bere eboluzioaren bukaeran, <a href="/wiki/Neutroi-izar" title="Neutroi-izar">neutroi-izar</a> bat normalean, halabeharrez grabitate-kolapsoa jasateko tamaina kritikora murriztuko zela aurreikusi zen. Grabitate-kolapso prozesua abian jarri eta gero ez dago geldiaraziko duen indar fisikorik eta orduan zulo beltz bat sortuko da. Izar-kolapsoak gutxienez eguzki-masaren hirukoitza duten zulo beltzak sorraraziko ditu. Masa hau baino txikiagoa duten zulo beltzak beraien kanpotik zerbaitek presio oso altuak jasanarazten badizkio bakarrik sor litezke. Zulo beltz mota hauek sortzeko behar den presio ikaragarria unibertsoaren lehen urratsetan izan zela suposatzen da, zulo beltz primarioak sortuz, hau da, aipatutako eguzki-masa baino hiru aldiz txikiagoak dutenak. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kolapso_grabitazionala">Kolapso grabitazionala</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kolapso grabitazionala»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kolapso grabitazionala">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Objektu baten barne presioa <a href="/wiki/Grabitate_indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitate indar">grabitate indarrari</a> aurka egiteko nahikoa ez denean, <a href="/wiki/Kolapso_grabitazional" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolapso grabitazional">kolapso grabitazionala</a> gertatzen da. Izar batean hau gertazten da izarrak ezin duenean bere tenperatura mantendu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleosintensia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleosintensia (sortu gabe)">nukleosintesiaren</a> bidez edo egonkorra den izar batek materia extra jasotzen duenean. Bi kasuetan, izarraren tenperatura ez da nahiko altua kolapsoa ekiditeko. Izarra osatezen duen materia endakatuak kolapsoa gelditu dezake, izar konpaktu bat sortuz. Izar konpaktu honen masa jatorrizko izarrarena baino txikiagoa izango da eta 3-4<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fa96ed83d5db40d3350f1eb4f3e87754ef91793" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.765ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}"> baino handiagoa bada, ezinezkoa da <a href="/wiki/Inplosio" title="Inplosio">inplosioa</a> gelditzea eta zulo beltz bat sortuko da. Beraz, izar pisutsuen kolapsoak zulo beltzak sortzen dituzte. Kolapso grabitazionalean energia oso azkar askatzen da baina kanpo behatzaile batek ez du prosezu honen bukaera ikusten. Kolapsatzen ari den materiaren <a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">erreferentzia-sistematik</a> prosezuak denbora finito bat irauten du baina kanpo behatzaile batentzat, denbora oso motel doa grabitazioak sorzen duen <a href="/wiki/Denboraren_zabalkuntza" title="Denboraren zabalkuntza">denboraren zabalkuntzaren</a> ondorioz. Kolapsatzen ari den materiaren argiak gero eta denbora gehiago behar du behatzailearengana heltzeko. Beraz, kanpo behatzaile batek inoiz ez du ikusten gertaera horizonte baten sorrera. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energia_altuko_talkak">Energia altuko talkak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Energia altuko talkak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Energia altuko talkak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:CMS_Higgs-event.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/220px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/330px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/440px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>mikro zulo beltz bat sortzen duen kolisioa. </figcaption></figure> Kolapso grabitazionalaz gain, energia altuko talkek ere zulo beltzak sor ditzakete. Badaude teoria batzuk esaten dutenak talka energetikoak erabiliz mikro zulo beltzak sortzea posiblea dela; adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_kosmiko" title="Erradiazio kosmiko">izpi koskimikoek</a> lurraren atmosfera jotzean edo <a href="/wiki/Partikula-azeleragailu" title="Partikula-azeleragailu">partikula-azeleragailuetan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eboluzioa">Eboluzioa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Eboluzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Eboluzioa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zulo beltzak, sortu eta gero, bere tamaina handitu dezake materia xurgatuz (inguruko gasak eta <a href="/wiki/Hauts_kosmiko" title="Hauts kosmiko">hauts kosmikoa</a>). Hazkunde prozesu honen bidez zulo beltz super masiboak sortzen direla uste da, baina oraindik zulo beltz mota hauen sorrera ez dago argi. Zulo beltzak sortzean beste objektu batzuk ere sor daitezke, izarrak edo beste zulo beltz sekundario bat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baporizazioa">Baporizazioa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Baporizazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Baporizazioa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Hasieran zulo beltzak bakarrik handiagotu zitezkeela uste zen, 1974ean <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawkingek</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawking_erradiazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawking erradiazioa">Hawking erradiazioa</a> delakoa teorizatu arte. Erradiazio hau zulo beltzen <a href="/wiki/Gertakari-horizonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertakari-horizonte">gertakari horizonteetan</a> gertatuko litzateke, eta <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">mekanika kuantikoak</a> dioen ziurgabetasun printzipioak balioesten dituen partikula-antipartikula sorkuntzari dagokie. Honetan partikula bat eta bere kontrakoa ezerezetik sortzen dira, normalean sortu bezain laster batak bestea deuseztatzen dutelarik. Baina gertakari horizontearen ertzean sortzen badira, bat zulo beltzean erori eta bestea kanpoan gera daitezke eta, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kontserbazioaren_printzipio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kontserbazioaren printzipio (sortu gabe)">kontserbazioaren printzipioaren</a> arabera, zulo beltzak masa galtzen du, ihes egin duen partikularen energia kontserbatzeko. Gertakaria honek denboran zehar zulo beltzaren «baporizazioa» ekar dezake, baina horretarako denbora kantitate ikaragarria beharko litzateke. Adibidez, zulo beltz txiki batek (3 eguzkiren masakoa) 1066 urte beharko lituzke baporizatzeko. Ohar bedi azken estimazioen arabera unibertsoak 15.000 milioi urte dituela (1,5 x 1010urte), konparazioan. Orokorrean, zulo beltz handiek txikiek baino erradiazio gutxiago emititzen dute. Zulo beltz astrofisiko batean, erradiazioa oso ahula da eta hau Lurrean detektatzea oso zaila da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarriak_eta_egitura">Ezaugarriak eta egitura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarriak eta egitura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarriak eta egitura">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Black_hole_details.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_hole_details.svg/220px-Black_hole_details.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_hole_details.svg/330px-Black_hole_details.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Black_hole_details.svg/440px-Black_hole_details.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Spinik gabeko zulo beltzaren eskema sinplea</figcaption></figure><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ile_ezaren_teorema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ile ezaren teorema (sortu gabe)">Ile ezaren teoremak</a> ondorengoa dio: sortu eta gero, behin egoera egonkorra lortzen duenean, zulo beltz batek hiru ezaugarri fisiko independente baino ez ditu: masa, karga elektrikoa eta momentu angeluarra; gainerakoan, zulo beltzak ez du ezaugarririk. Aurrekoa egia bada, parametro berdinak dituzten bi zulo beltz bereizezinak dira. Gainera, haren baliagarritasuna zulo beltz errealentzat ziurtatu gabe dago oraindik fisika modernoan<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[43]</a>. Propietate horiek bereziak dira zulo beltzaren kanpotik ikus daitezkeelako. Adibidez, zulo beltz batek, bestelako objektu kargatu bat bezala, antzeko kargak alderatzen ditu. Modu berean, zulo beltz bat duen esfera baten barruko masa <a href="/wiki/Gaussen_legea" title="Gaussen legea">Gaussen legea</a>ren analogo grabitatorioa erabiliz aurki daiteke (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ADM_masa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ADM masa (sortu gabe)">ADM masa</a>ren bidez), zulo beltzetik urrun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004253-52">[51]</a>. Momentu angeluarra ere urrunetik neur daiteke, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lense-Thirring-en_efektua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lense-Thirring-en efektua (sortu gabe)">Lense-Thirring-en efektua</a>ren bidez, adibidez<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a>. Objektu bat zulo beltzera erortzen denean, haren formaren edo karga-banaketaren edozein informazioa uniformeki sakabanatzen da gertaera horizontearen zehar, eta ikusezina bihurtzen da kanpoko behatzaileentzat. Horrelako kasuetan, gertaera horizonteen portaera <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistema_disipatibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistema disipatibo (sortu gabe)">sistema disipatibo</a> batena da, zeina marruskadura eta <a href="/wiki/Erresistentzia_elektriko" title="Erresistentzia elektriko">erresistentzia elektriko</a>a dituen mintz elastiko eroale batekin analogoa den: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mintzaren_paradigma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mintzaren paradigma (sortu gabe)">mintzaren paradigma</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a>. Hau, elektromagnetismoa bezalako beste <a href="/wiki/Eremu-teoria_kuantiko" title="Eremu-teoria kuantiko">eremu-teoria kuantiko</a> batzuetatik ezberdina da, maila mikroskopikoan inolako marruskadurarik edo erresistibitaterik ez dutenak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denboran_itzulgarria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denboran itzulgarria (sortu gabe)">denboran itzulgarria</a>k direlako. Zulo beltzak soilik 3 parametrorekin lortzen duenez egoera egonkorra, saihetsezina da hasierako baldintzei buruzko informazioa galtzea: eremu grabitatorioek eta elektrikoek oso informazio gutxi ematen dute eroritako objektuari buruz. Galtzen den informazioan zulo beltzaren horizontetik urrun neurtu ezin diren kantitate guztiak sartzen dira, kontserbatzen diren <a href="/wiki/Zenbaki_kuantiko" title="Zenbaki kuantiko">zenbaki kuantikoa</a>k barne; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenbaki_barioniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenbaki barioniko (sortu gabe)">zenbaki barionikoa</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zenbaki_leptonikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zenbaki leptonikoa (sortu gabe)">zenbaki leptonikoa</a>, adibidez. Portaera horri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltzaren_informazio_galeraren_paradoxa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zulo beltzaren informazio galeraren paradoxa (sortu gabe)">zulo beltzaren informazio galeraren paradoxa</a> deritzo<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ezaugarri_fisikoak">Ezaugarri fisikoak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarri fisikoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ezaugarri fisikoak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Gravitational_time_dilation_around_a_black_hole.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gravitational_time_dilation_around_a_black_hole.gif/220px-Gravitational_time_dilation_around_a_black_hole.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gravitational_time_dilation_around_a_black_hole.gif/330px-Gravitational_time_dilation_around_a_black_hole.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gravitational_time_dilation_around_a_black_hole.gif/440px-Gravitational_time_dilation_around_a_black_hole.gif 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Denboraren zabalkunta zulo beltz baten inguruan</figcaption></figure> Zulo beltz estatiko sinpleenek masa dute, baina ez dute ez karga elektrikorik eta ez momentu angeluarrik. Zulo beltz horiei Schwarzschild-en zulo beltzak deritze, Karl Schwarzschild-en omenez. Izan ere, berak aurkitu zuen soluzio hau 1916an<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[20]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birkhoff-en_teorema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birkhoff-en teorema (sortu gabe)">Birkhoff-en teorema</a>ren arabera, soluzio hori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simetria_esferikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simetria esferikoa (sortu gabe)">simetria esferikoa</a> duen <a href="/wiki/Hutsaren_soluzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutsaren soluzio">hutsaren soluzio</a> bakarra da. Horrek esan nahi du ez dagoela urrutitik ikus daitekeen alderik zulo beltz horren eremu grabitatorioaren eta masa bereko beste edozein objektu esferikoren artean. Zulo beltz batek bere inguruan dagoen guztia "xurgatzen" duela dioen ideia zabaldua, beraz, zuzena da zulo beltz baten horizontetik gertu soilik; urruti, kanpoko eremu grabitatorioa, masa bereko beste edozein gorputzen berdina da<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a>. Zulo beltz orokorragoak deskribatzen dituzten soluzioak ere badaude. Biratzen ez duten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz_kargatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zulo beltz kargatu (sortu gabe)">zulo beltz kargatuak</a> <a href="/wiki/Reissner-Nordstr%C3%B6men_metrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Reissner-Nordströmen metrika">Reissner-Nordströmen metrikaren</a> bidez deskribatzen dira. Kerren metrikak, aldiz, kargatu gabeko zulo beltz birakari bat deskribatzen ditu. Ezagutzen den zulo beltz egonkorreko soluziorik orokorrena Kerr-Newmanen metrika da, karga eta momentu angeluarra dituen zulo beltz bat deskribatzen duena<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>. Zulo beltz baten masak edozein balio positibo har dezakeen bitartean, karga eta momentu angeluarra masak mugatzen ditu. Planck unitateetan, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"> karga elektrikoak eta <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>J</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}"> momentu angeluarrak ondorengoa betetzea espero da <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {Q^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}+{\frac {c^{2}J^{2}}{GM^{2}}}\leq GM^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {Q^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}+{\frac {c^{2}J^{2}}{GM^{2}}}\leq GM^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/405f9a293c88cecb78a48a78e5dfa60a73658c24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" id="/" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.863ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {Q^{2}}{4\pi \epsilon _{0}}}+{\frac {c^{2}J^{2}}{GM^{2}}}\leq GM^{2}}"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}"> masako zulo beltz batentzat. Baldintza hori betetzen duten masa txikieneko zulo beltzei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muturreko_zulo_beltz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muturreko zulo beltz (sortu gabe)">muturreko zulo beltz</a>ak deritze. Badaude hori betetzen ez duten soluzioak, baina hauek ez dute gertaera horizonterik. Soluzio horiek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Singularitate_biluzia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Singularitate biluzia (sortu gabe)">singularitate biluzia</a>k dituzte, kanpotik ikus daitezkeenak; horregatik ez-fisikotzat hartzen dira. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zentsura_kosmikoaren_hipotesiak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zentsura kosmikoaren hipotesiak (sortu gabe)">Zentsura kosmikoaren hipotesiak</a> baztertu egiten du berezitasun horien eraketa, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Energia-baldintza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energia-baldintza (sortu gabe)">materia errealista</a>ren grabitazio-kolapsoaren bidez sortzen direnean, eta hori simulazio numerikoetan oinarritzen da<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a>. Nahiko handia den <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">indar elektromagnetiko</a>a dela eta, izarren kolapsotik sortzen diren zulo beltzek izarraren karga ia neutroa mantentzea espero da. Hala ere, errotazioa objektu astrofisiko trinkoen ezaugarri unibertsala izatea espero da. Momentu angeluarrak ondorengoa betetzen du<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a>: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\leq {\frac {GM^{2}}{c}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>J</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\leq {\frac {GM^{2}}{c}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c7c321d2db906040905e3f9604bbecace0a1bc9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:10.786ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\leq {\frac {GM^{2}}{c}}}"> adimentsionala den biraketa parametro bat definitzea ahalbidetuz, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0\leq {\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}\leq 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>≤</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>J</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <msup> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≤</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0\leq {\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}\leq 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/520cb68bec499b1cacd940e3569af351dba26865" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:14.738ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0\leq {\frac {cJ}{GM^{2}}}\leq 1}"> Normalean, zulo beltzak masaren arabera sailkatzen dira, momentu angeluarra alde batera utziz, J. zulo beltz baten tamaina, gertaeren horizontearen erradioak zehazten duena, edo Schwarzschild erradioak, m masarekiko proportzionala da honako moduan <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}\approx 2.95\,{\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}~\mathrm {km} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>2.95</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>M</mi> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}\approx 2.95\,{\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}~\mathrm {km} }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1291a598bfc5228ca23079ba56c93f0de56492fb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.26ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }={\frac {2GM}{c^{2}}}\approx 2.95\,{\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}~\mathrm {km} }"> non <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9b668b847b37f6900527196641a87fe3eb4b5c5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.929ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {s} }}"> Schwarzchilden erradioa eta <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fa96ed83d5db40d3350f1eb4f3e87754ef91793" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.765ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eguzkiaren_masa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eguzkiaren masa (sortu gabe)">eguzkiaren masa</a> diren<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWald1984124–125-61">[60]</a>. Espina eta/edo karga elektriko nulua duen zulo beltz batentzat, erradioa txikiagoa da, harik eta muturreko zulo beltz batek gertakari-horizonte bat izan dezakeen arte, horizontea balio honetatik hurbil egonik<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a>: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {+} }={\frac {GM}{c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {+} }={\frac {GM}{c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9f12da341528ece03f0ed44784719814c58ceeb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:10.763ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\mathrm {+} }={\frac {GM}{c^{2}}}}"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gertaeren_muga">Gertaeren muga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gertaeren muga»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Gertaeren muga">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Gertaeren_muga" title="Gertaeren muga">Gertaeren muga</a>»</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8009458/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:BH-no-escape-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BH-no-escape-1.svg/300px-BH-no-escape-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BH-no-escape-1.svg/450px-BH-no-escape-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/BH-no-escape-1.svg/600px-BH-no-escape-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="106" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Zulo beltzetik urrun, partikula bat edozein norabidetan mugi daiteke, gezi multzoak erakusten duen bezala. Argiaren abiadurak bakarrik mugatzen du.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:BH-no-escape-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BH-no-escape-2.svg/300px-BH-no-escape-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BH-no-escape-2.svg/450px-BH-no-escape-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/BH-no-escape-2.svg/600px-BH-no-escape-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="106" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Zulo beltzetik gertuago, espazio-denbora deformatzen hasten da. Ibilbide gehiago daude zulo beltzera doazenak urruntzen direnak baino.<a href="#cite_note-64">[oh 2]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:BH-no-escape-3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BH-no-escape-3.svg/300px-BH-no-escape-3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BH-no-escape-3.svg/450px-BH-no-escape-3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/BH-no-escape-3.svg/600px-BH-no-escape-3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="106" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Gertaeren mugaren barruan, bide guztiek zulo beltzaren erdira hurbiltzen dute partikula. Jada ez da posible partikulak ihes egitea.</div></div></div></div></div> Zulo beltz bat definitzen duen ezaugarria <a href="/wiki/Gertaeren_muga" title="Gertaeren muga">gertaeren muga</a> edo horizonte baten agerpena da: espazio-denboran muga bat, non materia eta argia zulo beltzaren masaren barnealdera soilik pasa daitezkeen. Ezerk, ezta argiak ere, ezin du ihes egin gertaeren horizontetik<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a>. Gertaeren muga honela deitzen da gertaera bat mugaren barruan gertatzen bada, gertaera horren informazioa ezin delako kanpoko behatzaile batengana iritsi. Ondorioz, ezinezkoa da gertaera hori gertatu zen zehaztea<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2007179-67">[65]</a> Erlatibitate orokorrak iragartzen duen bezala, masa baten presentziak espazio-denbora deformatzen du eta, ondorioz, partikulen ibilbideak masarantz inklinatzen dira. Zulo beltz baten gertaeren horizontean, deformazio hori hain da indartsua, non ez baitago zulo beltzetik urrunduko den ibilbiderik<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll20045.4_eta_7.3_atalak-68">[66]</a> Grabitazio eremuan dauden objektuek denboraren moteltzea jasaten dute, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denbora-moteltze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denbora-moteltze (sortu gabe)">denbora-moteltze</a> bezala ezagutzen den fenomenoa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004217-69">[67]</a>. Gertakari hau Scout espazio ontziaren esperimentuan baieztatu zen eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=GPS_sistema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPS sistema (sortu gabe)">GPS sisteman</a> kontuan izaten da. Gertaera horizontetik gertu denbora-moteltzea handitu egiten da<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004218-70">[68]</a>. Kanpo behatzaile batentzat objektu batek denbora infinitua behar luke gertakari horizontera iristeko, eta puntu horretan objetuak igorritako argia <a href="/wiki/Gorriranzko_lerrakuntza" title="Gorriranzko lerrakuntza">gorrirantz infinituki lerratuta</a> legoke<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a>. Azkenik, erortzen den objektua desagertu egiten da ikusgai izateari uzten dion arte. Oro har, prozesu hori oso azkar gertatzen da, eta objektua <a href="/wiki/Segundo" title="Segundo">segundo</a> batean baino gutxiagoan desagertzen da bistatik<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a>. Aldiz, zulo beltz batean erortzen diren behatzaile suntsiezinek ez dute efektu horietako bat bera ere nabaritzen gertaeren horizontea zeharkatzean. Euren erlojuen arabera, denak normal funtzionatzen duela iruditzen zaie, gertaeren horizontea igarotzen dute denbora mugatu baten ondoren, portaera berezirik sumatu gabe; erlatibitate orokor klasikoan, ezinezkoa da gertaeren horizontearen kokapena zehaztea tokiko behaketetatik abiatuta, Einsteinen <a href="/wiki/Baliokidetasun-printzipioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Baliokidetasun-printzipioa">baliokidetasun-printzipioaren</a> ondorioz<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004222-73">[71]</a>. Orekan dagoen zulo beltz baten gertaeren horizontearen topologia beti da esferikoa<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a>. Zulo beltz ez birakarientzat (estatikoentzat) gertaeren horizontearen geometria esferikoa da, eta zulo beltz birakarientzat, berriz, gertaeren horizontea oblatua da<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-1-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singularitatea">Singularitatea</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Singularitatea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Singularitatea">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Singularitate_grabitazional" title="Singularitate grabitazional">Singularitate grabitazional</a>»</div> Erlatibitate orokorrak deskribatzen duen bezala, zulo beltz baten erdian <a href="/wiki/Singularitate_grabitazional" title="Singularitate grabitazional">singularitate grabitatorio</a> bat aurki daiteke, espazio-denboraren kurbadura infinitu bihurtzen den eskualde bat<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004205-78">[76]</a>. Zulo beltz ez birakari batentzako, gune honek puntu bakar baten forma hartzen du, eta zulo beltz birakari batentzako, errotazio planoan dagoen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eraztun-singularitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eraztun-singularitate (sortu gabe)">eraztun-singularitate</a> bat eratzeko zabaltzen da<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004264-265-79">[77]</a>. Bi kasuetan, singularitatearen eskualdearen <a href="/wiki/Bolumen" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bolumen">bolumena</a> nulua da. Eskualde singularrak zulo beltzaren soluzioaren masa osoa duela ere froga daiteke<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004252-80">[78]</a>, eta, beraz, singularitatearen eskualdeak dentsitate infinitua duela esan daiteke<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a>. Schwarzschilden zulo beltz batean erortzen diren behatzaileak (hau da, biratzen ez dutenak eta kargatuta ez daudenak) ezin dira atera behin gertakarien horizontea zeharkatzen dutenean. Esperientzia luzatu dezakete azeleratuz, erorketa moteltzeko, baina soilik limite bateraino<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a>. Singularitatera iristen direnean, dentsitate infinitu bateraino zapalduak dira, eta euren masa zulo beltzarenari gehitzen zaio. Hori gertatu baino lehen, gero eta indartsuagoak diren <a href="/wiki/Marea-indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Marea-indar">marea-indar</a>ren ondorioz suntsituak izango lirateke, “<a href="/wiki/Espagetizazio" title="Espagetizazio">espagetizazioa</a>” deritzon prozesuan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2007182-83">[81]</a>. Zulo beltz kargatu (Reissner-Nordström) edo birakari (Kerr) baten kasuan, posible da singularitatea saihestea. Soluzio horiek ahalik eta gehien zabalduz gero, zulo beltzetik beste espazio-denbora batera irteteko aukera hipotetikoa dago, zulo beltzak <a href="/wiki/Zizare_zulo" title="Zizare zulo">zizare-zulo</a> gisa jardunez<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004265-266-84">[82]</a>. Beste unibertso batera bidaiatzeko aukera, ordea, teorikoa baino ez da, edozein perturbaziok aukera hori suntsituko bailuke. Era berean, Kerr-en singularitatearen inguruan <a href="/wiki/Denbora_kurba_itxi" title="Denbora kurba itxi">denbora-kurba itxia</a>k jarrai daitezke (iraganera itzuliz), eta horrek <a href="/wiki/Kausalitate" title="Kausalitate">kausalitate</a> arazoak eragiten ditu, hala nola, <a href="/wiki/Aitonaren_paradoxa" title="Aitonaren paradoxa">aitonaren paradoxa</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004266-85">[83]</a>. Espero da efektu berezi horietako bakar batek ere ez duela iraungo zulo beltz birakari eta kargatuen tratamendu kuantiko egokian<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a>. Erlatibitate orokorrean singularitateak agertzea teoriaren hausturaren seinale gisa ikusten da eskuarki<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWald1984212-87">[85]</a>. Haustura hau, hala ere, espero da; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efektu_kuantiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efektu kuantiko (sortu gabe)">efektu kuantiko</a>ek ekintza hauek deskribatu beharko lituzketen egoera batean gertatzen da, dentsitate oso altuagatik eta, beraz, partikulen interakzioengatik. Gaur egun arte, ezin izan dira efektu kuantikoak eta grabitatorioak teoria bakar batean batu, mota horretako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grabitate_kuantikoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grabitate kuantikoa (sortu gabe)">grabitate kuantikoa</a>ren teoria bat formulatzeko saiakerak dauden arren<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fotoien_esfera">Fotoien esfera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fotoien esfera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Fotoien esfera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">Fotoi</a>en esfera lodiera nuluko muga esferiko bat da, non esfera horrekiko <a href="/wiki/Zuzen_ukitzaile" title="Zuzen ukitzaile">tangente</a>etan mugitzen diren fotoiak zulo beltzaren inguruko orbita biribil batean harrapatuta geratuko liratekeen. Zulo beltz ez birakarien kasuan, fotoien esferak Schwarzschild erradioa baino 1,5 aldiz handiagoa den erradioa du. Bere orbitak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinamikoki_ezegonkor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinamikoki ezegonkor (sortu gabe)">dinamikoki ezegonkor</a>rak izango lirateke, eta, beraz, edozein perturbazio txikik, materia hutsezinazko partikula batek bezala, denborarekin haziko litzatekeen ezegonkortasun bat eragingo luke. Horrela, fotoia zulo beltzetik ihes eginaraziko liokeen kanporanzko ibilbide batean jarriz, edo amaieran gertaeren horizontea gurutzatuko lukeen barnealderanzko espiral batean<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a>. Argiak fotoien esferatik ihes egiten jarrai dezakeen arren, sarrerako ibilbide batean fotoien esfera zeharkatzen duen edozein argi zulo beltzak harrapatuko du. Beraz, fotoien esferatik kanpoko behatzaile batengana iristen den edozein argi, fotoien esferaren eta gertakarien horizontearen artean dauden objektuek igorri behar izan dute. Kerren zulo beltz batentzako, fotoien esferaren erradioa espinaren parametroaren eta fotoiaren orbitaren xehetasunen araberakoa da, zeina “progradoa” (fotoiak zuloaren espinaren noranzko berean biratzen du) edo “erretrogradoa” izan daitekeen<a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-2-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-2-91">[89]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ergosfera">Ergosfera</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ergosfera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Ergosfera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ergosfera_%C8%99i_orizontul_evenimentelor_ale_unei_g%C4%83uri_negre_rotative.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ergosfera_%C8%99i_orizontul_evenimentelor_ale_unei_g%C4%83uri_negre_rotative.gif/220px-Ergosfera_%C8%99i_orizontul_evenimentelor_ale_unei_g%C4%83uri_negre_rotative.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ergosfera_%C8%99i_orizontul_evenimentelor_ale_unei_g%C4%83uri_negre_rotative.gif/330px-Ergosfera_%C8%99i_orizontul_evenimentelor_ale_unei_g%C4%83uri_negre_rotative.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ergosfera_%C8%99i_orizontul_evenimentelor_ale_unei_g%C4%83uri_negre_rotative.gif/440px-Ergosfera_%C8%99i_orizontul_evenimentelor_ale_unei_g%C4%83uri_negre_rotative.gif 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Ergosfera</figcaption></figure> Errotazioan dauden zulo beltzak geldirik geratzea ezinezkoa den espazio-denbora eremu batez daude inguratuta. Eremu horri ergosfera deritzo. Hau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Markoaren_arrastatzea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Markoaren arrastatzea (sortu gabe)">markoaren arrastatzea</a> bezala ezagutzen den prozesu baten emaitza da; erlatibitate orokorrak iragartzen du errotazioan dagoen edozein masak hura inguratzen duen espazio-denbora arinki "arrastatzera" joko duela. Errotazioan dagoen masatik gertu dagoen edozein objektuk errotazioaren norabidean mugitzen hasteko joera izango du. Errotazioan dagoen zulo beltz baten kasuan, efektu hau hain da indartsua gertaeren horizontetik gertu, objektu bat kontrako norabidean argiaren abiadura baino azkarrago mugitu beharko litatekeela geldirik geratzeko<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll20046.6._atala-92">[90]</a>. Zulo beltz baten ergofera zulo beltzaren gertaeren horizonteak eta ergoazalerak mugatzen duten bolumen bat da, poloetako gertaeren horizontearekin bat datorrena, baina ekuatorearen inguruan distantzia askoz handiago batera dagoena<a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-1-76">[74]</a>. Objektuak eta erradiazioa normalean ergosferatik atera daitezke. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penrose_prozesua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penrose prozesua (sortu gabe)">Penrose prozesua</a>ren bidez, objektuak sartu ziren baino energia gehiagorekin atera daitezke ergosferatik. Energia gehigarria zulo beltzaren errotazio-energiatik hartzen da. Modu honetan, zulo beltzaren errotazioa moteldu egiten da<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll20046.7._atala-93">[91]</a>. Penrose prozesuaren aldaketa bat eremu magnetiko indartsuen presentzian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blandford-Znajeken_prozesua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blandford-Znajeken prozesua (sortu gabe)">Blandford-Znajeken prozesua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">“quasar</a>”-en eta beste <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleo_galaktiko_aktibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleo galaktiko aktibo (sortu gabe)">nukleo galaktiko aktibo</a>en argitasunaren eta “jet” erlatibisten mekanismo probabletzat hartzen da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barruko_orbita_zirkular_egonkorrak_(ISCO)">Barruko orbita zirkular egonkorrak (ISCO)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Barruko orbita zirkular egonkorrak (ISCO)»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Barruko orbita zirkular egonkorrak (ISCO)">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grabitate_newtondar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grabitate newtondar (sortu gabe)">Grabitate newtondar</a>rean, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Probazko_partikulek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Probazko partikulek (sortu gabe)">probazko partikulek</a> modu egonkorrean orbitatu dezakete objektu zentral baten distantzia arbitrarioetan. Erlatibitate orokorrean, ordea, barruko orbita egonkor bat dago (sarritan ISCO deitua). Horren barnean, orbita biribil bati eragindako edozein perturbazio infinitesimalek zulo beltz baten inspirazioa ekarriko du<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisnerThorneWheeler_1973-94">[92]</a>. ISCO-aren kokapena zulo beltzaren espinaren araberakoa da. Schwarzschilden zulo beltz baten kasuan, (zero espina) honako hau da: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{\rm {ISCO}}=3\,r_{s}={\frac {6\,GM}{c^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">I</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">O</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>G</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r_{\rm {ISCO}}=3\,r_{s}={\frac {6\,GM}{c^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bc2d8d468b45d945234475457cf241bb79cdea3c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:21.707ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{\rm {ISCO}}=3\,r_{s}={\frac {6\,GM}{c^{2}}}}"> eta espinaren norabide berean orbitatzen duten partikulentzat gutxitu egiten da zulo beltzaren espina handitzean<a href="#cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-2-91">[89]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sailkapena">Sailkapena</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sailkapena»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sailkapena">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Erlatibitate orokorraren arabera, zulo beltzak hiru parametrok definitzen dituzte: <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Momentu_angeluar" title="Momentu angeluar">momentu angeluarra</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Karga_elektriko" title="Karga elektriko">karga elektrikoa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izar-masadun_zulo_beltza">Izar-masadun zulo beltza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Izar-masadun zulo beltza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Izar-masadun zulo beltza">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Izar arrunt baten masa duena da, 4 eta 15 eguzki-masa bitartean. 1939an, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimerrek</a> 3,3 eguzki-masa baino gehiago duen objektu bat grabitate indarren eraginez zulo beltz bilakatuko dela frogatu zuen.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_ertaineko_zulo_beltza">Masa ertaineko zulo beltza</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Masa ertaineko zulo beltza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Masa ertaineko zulo beltza">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> 100 eta 10.000 izar-masen parekoa duten zulo beltzak dira. Duela gutxi aurkitu dira masa ertaineko zulo beltzak. 70eko hamarkadan erdi mailako zulo beltzak izar multzoen bihotzean zeudela suposatzen zen baina ez zen hipotesi hori baieztatzen zuen frogarik aurkitu. Beranduago, 2000. urteko behaketek <a href="/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia">galaxien</a> erdiguneei ez zegozkien X izpi ultra-argitsuen existentzia frogatu zuten. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zulo_beltz_supermasiboa">Zulo beltz supermasiboa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zulo beltz supermasiboa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Zulo beltz supermasiboa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Galaxia tipiko baten masaren % 1 inguru biltzen dutenak dira, milioika eguzki-masa beraz. Jatorri ezberdinak izan ditzakete: <ul><li>izar kopuru handia espazioko eremu txiki batean dagoenean sor litezke;</li> <li>zulo beltz batek masa kantitate handia bereganatzen duenean;</li> <li>zulo beltz txiki ugari elkartuz.</li></ul> Zulo beltz supermasiboentzako baldintza egokiak galaxia batzuen erdigunean topa litezkeela pentsatzen da. Posible da guztiz ohikoak izatea ere, eta galaxia gehienen erdigunean zulo beltz supermasiboren bat egotea, baita gu gauden <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidean</a> ere.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zulo_beltz_primarioak">Zulo beltz primarioak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zulo beltz primarioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Zulo beltz primarioak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zulo beltz primarioek, mikro zulo beltz edo zulo beltz kuantikoak ere deituak, oso tamaina txikia dute. <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bangean</a> dute sorburua, hortik datorkie izena. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaketa">Behaketa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Behaketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Behaketa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Black_hole_lensing_web.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Black_hole_lensing_web.gif/220px-Black_hole_lensing_web.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Black_hole_lensing_web.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Zulo beltz baten <a href="/wiki/Grabitazio-lente" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitazio-lente">grabitazio-lente</a> baten simulazioa, galaxia bat distortsionatuz</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg/220px-Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg/330px-Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg/440px-Images_of_gas_cloud_being_ripped_apart_by_the_black_hole_at_the_centre_of_the_Milky_Way_ESO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Gas laino bat zulo beltz batez urratua da <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bide" class="mw-redirect" title="Esne Bide">Esne Bidearen</a> erdian (2006, 2010 eta 2013ko oharrak urdin, berde eta gorriz ageri dira hurrenez hurren).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:BH_LMC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BH_LMC.png/220px-BH_LMC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BH_LMC.png/330px-BH_LMC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/BH_LMC.png/440px-BH_LMC.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption> Zulo beltz baten ikuspegi simulatua <a href="/wiki/Magallaesen_Hodei_Handia" title="Magallaesen Hodei Handia">Magallaesen Hodei Handiaren</a> aurrean. Kasu grabitazio-lentearen efektuari, zeinak lainoaren bi ikuspegi handitu eta distortsionatuak eragiten dituen. Goikaldean zehar, <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bide" class="mw-redirect" title="Esne Bide">Esne Bidearen</a> diskoa ageri da, arku batean distortsionatua.</figcaption></figure> Teoriaren arabera ez dago zulo beltz batetik ihes egiteko adina abiadura duen partikularik, ezta argia bera ere; hori dela eta zulo beltzek ez dute beraien existentzia frogatzen duen aztarnarik igortzen. Halere zulo beltzak beraien inguruan gertatutako fenomenoei esker dira iragarriak: gravitational lensing («grabitazio lenteak») eta materiarik ez dagoela dirudien espazioaren inguruan orbitatzen duten izarrek salatzen dute zulo beltzen presentzia.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Behaketarako efekturik ikuserrazena materia zulo beltzera amiltzen denekoa dela suposatzen da, ura kanilatik behera doanean bezala, eta ikaragarri beroa den eta oso azkar biraka dabilen akrezio disko batean biltzen da irentsia izan aurretik. Diskoak ondoko eremuekin duen marruskadurak gune hori oso bero bilakatzen du eta <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpi</a> kopuru handiak igortzen ditu. Marruskadura hau oso eragingarria da eta objektu baten masaren % 50 bilaka dezake erradiazio energia. Fusio nuklearrak berak ere masaren energiaren ehuneko oso txiki bat bakarrik bihur dezake erradiazio. Aurreikusitako beste efektu batzuk ere badira, partikula zorrotada estuak diskoaren ardatzetik erlatibitate-abiaduran irtetea kasu. Halere, <a href="/wiki/Akrezio-disko" title="Akrezio-disko">akrezio-disko</a>, zorrotada eta orbitatzen duten objektuak ez dira zulo beltzen inguruan bakarrik topatzen, baita <a href="/wiki/Neutroi-izar" title="Neutroi-izar">neutroi-izar</a> bezalako objektuen inguruan ere, eta hauen inguruan objektuen dinamika zulo beltzen ingurukoaren oso antzekoa da, ikerkuntza esparru aktibo eta konplexuaren iturri, eremu magnetiko eta plasma fisikarekin zerikusia dutenetan.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Horregatik, akrezio-disko eta orbita mugimenduen behaketak erdigunean masa jakin bateko objektu trinko bat dagoela adierazten du soilik, baina objektu horren jatorriaz ezer gutxi esaten digu. Objektu bat zulo beltz kontsideratzeak beste edozein objektu ezin litekeela horren masibo eta trinkoa onartzea dakar. Astrofisikari gehienek hori horrela dela onartzen dute, erlatibitate orokorraren arabera, nahikoa dentsitate duen edozein materia zulo beltz batean kolapsatuko dela. Zulo beltz eta aipatutako beste objektu masibo trinkoen arteko alde behagarri bat, X izpien igorpenen erregulartasunean datza. Erakarria den edozein materiak aurretik erakarritakoarekin talka egingo du erlatibitate-abiaduran, X izpi eta beste erradiazio gogor batzuk igorriz modu ez erregularrean. Ondorioz, masa kontzentrazio trinko baten inguruan erradiazio irregular hauek aurkitzen ez baditugu, objektu hori zulo beltz kontsideratzen da, materiaren talka eragingo duen azalera ez duen objektua beraz. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aztarnak">Aztarnak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aztarnak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Aztarnak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Gaur egun, zeharkako behaketa astronomikoen bidez lortutako zulo beltzen aztarna ugari daude, bi masa multzotan: izar masadun zulo beltzak eta zulo beltz supermasiboak. Gainera masa ertaineko zulo beltzen aztarna batzuk ere badira. Zulo beltz horiek zulo beltz supermasiboak eratzearen eragile izan litezke. Zulo beltzak izateko probabilitatea zuten objektuak tamaina eta abiadura egokiak zituen akrezio-diskoaren presentziagatik ziren identifikatuak, beste objektu trinkoen inguruan espero litekeen erupzio irregularren presentziarik gabe. Izar masadun zulo beltzak gama izpien leherketarekin erlazionaturik egon litezke, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gama_izpi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gama izpi (sortu gabe)">gama izpien</a> leherketak <a href="/wiki/Supernoba" title="Supernoba">supernoba</a> eta zulo beltzak ez diren beste objektu batzuekin erlazionaturiko behaketetan bien arteko erlazioaren aukera murriztu arren. Zulo beltzak izateko lehen hautagaiak 1960eko hamarkadan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irrati_astronomia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irrati astronomia (sortu gabe)">irrati-astronomoek</a> aurkitutako nukleo galaktiko aktiboak eta <a href="/wiki/Quasar" title="Quasar">quasarrak</a> izan ziren. Objektu hauek sortzen duten energia kopuru handiaren azalpen bakarra zulo beltzen akrezio-diskoaren marruskaduraren ondorioz, eraginkortasunez masa energia bilakatzean askatutako energian datzala dirudi. 1970eko hamarkadan, teoria horren onarpenak quasarrak urruneko galaxiak zirelako uste zabaldua desegin zuen, hau da, bertan behera geratu zen inongo mekanismo fisikok hain energia kopuru izugarria ezin duela sortu zioen ustea. 1980ko hamarkadan galaxia erdiguneen inguruan mugitzen ziren izarren mugimenduen behaketei esker, zulo beltz supermasiboak galaxia gehienen erdiguneetan daudela uste da, baita Esne Bidean ere.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Gaur egun Sagittarius A*, Esne Bidearen erdialdean kokatua, zulo beltz supermasibo baten kokalekutzat hartzen da. Aurkikuntza berriek zulo beltzak galaxien sorreran duten parte hartzea erakusten dute. Gaur egungo fisikaren legeak zuzenak direla jotzen badugu, <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a> objektu astronomikotik unitate astronomiko gutxi batzuen barruan dauden izarren orbitak adierazten digu <a href="/wiki/Esne_Bidea" title="Esne Bidea">Esne Bidearen</a> erdigunean dagoen objektua zulo beltz bat besterik ezin litekeela izan Sagittarius A* hori. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:M87_jet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/220px-M87_jet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/330px-M87_jet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/M87_jet.jpg/440px-M87_jet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">M87 galaxiak</a> igorritako zorrotada galaxiaren erdigunean dagoen zulo beltz supermasibo baten ondorio dela suposatzen da</figcaption></figure> Gaur egun galaxia guztiek erdigunean zulo beltz supermasibo bat dutela uste da, eta honek galaxiako erdigunean dagoen gas eta hauts guztia irensten duela, erradiazio ikaragarria sortuz prozesuan. Inguruko masa guztia irentsitakoan jada ez du materia zorrotadarik jaurtitzen. Honek azaltzen du zergatik ez dagoen quasarrik gertu. Zergatiak argi ez dauden arren zulo beltzen hazkundea osagai esferikoa, galaxia eliptikoa edo espiral-galaxiaren bat-bateko hazkundearekin erlazionatzen da, bertan bizi baita. Interesgarria da nola ez dagoen zulo beltz supermasiboen existentziaren ziurtasunik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globular_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globular cluster (sortu gabe)">globular cluster</a> delakoen erdigunean, horiek galaxietatik arras ezberdinak direla adieraziz.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zulo_beltzak_gaur_egun">Zulo beltzak gaur egun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zulo beltzak gaur egun»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Zulo beltzak gaur egun">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Zulo beltzak deskribatzeko bi teoria posible daude: <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">kuantika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Erlatibitatearen_teoria" title="Erlatibitatearen teoria">erlatibitatea</a>. Mekanika kuantikoak gauza txikien izaera azaltzen du eta erlatibitate orokorrak gauza pisutsuen izaera. Bi teoriak ez dira bateragarriak, beraz zulo beltzen izaera deskribatzean kuantika erabili daiteke txikia izateagatik edo erlatbitatea pisutsua izateagatik. Fisika aurretuagoa izan arte ezin da fenomeno hau guztiz azaldu. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azken_aurkikuntzak">Azken aurkikuntzak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Azken aurkikuntzak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Azken aurkikuntzak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> 1995 urtean UCLA-ko ikertzaile talde batek zulo beltz super masiboen existentzia frogatu zuen ordenagailuan egindako simulazioen bidez. Kalkulu hauek eta gero, teknika aureratuak erabiliz, baieztatu zen gure galaxiaren zentrutik igortzen diren argi izpiak zerbaitek deformatzen zituela. Deformazio hori zulo beltz super masibo baten ondorio da, <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a> izenekoa. 2007-2008 urteetan experimentu batzuk egin ziren galaxiako erdigunean dagoen zulo beltz honen tamaina zehazteko, kalkulatu dute bere masa eguzkiarena baino 4.5 milio handiagoa dela eta 26000 argi urtetara dagoela. Gaur egun, zulo beltz hau ez da aktiboa bere inguruko materiaren zati handi bat kontsumitu duelako eta erradiazio kantitate handia emititzen duelako. 2004ean zulo beltz talde bat aurkitu zen, zulo beltzak unibertsoan nola banatzen diren hobeto ulertaraziz. Honek ikerlariak unibertsoan zulo beltzen kopurua berrikustera bultzatu ditu. Uste zena baina bost aldiz zulo beltz gehiago daudela pentsatzen da gaur egun. 2004ko uztailean astronomoek zulo beltz erraldoi bat aurkitu zuten, Q0906+6930, <a href="/wiki/Hartz_Nagusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartz Nagusia">Hartz Nagusia</a> konstelazioan dagoen galaxia urrun baten erdigunean. Aurkitutako zulo beltzaren tamaina eta aurreikusitako adinak unibertsoaren adina aurkitzen lagun dezakeen ezaugarriak ditu. 2004ko azaroan astronomo talde batek Sagittarius A*tik hiru argi urteetara orbitatzen ari den gure galaxiako lehen masa ertaineko zulo beltzaren aurkikuntzari buruzko informazioa azaldu zuten. 1300 eguzki-masa dituen masa ertaineko zulo beltz hau, zazpi izarreko taldearekin batera, galaxiaren erdiguneak banatutako izar masibo multzo baten hondakinak dira ziurrenik. Aurkikuntza honek zulo beltz supermasiboak ondoko zulo beltz txikiagoak eta izarrak irentsiz hazten direnaren ideia babestuko luke. 2005eko otsailean, SDSS J090745.0+24507 izar erraldoi urdina Esne Bidetik ihes abiaduraren bikoitzean (argi-abiaduraren 0.0022) urruntzen aurkitu zen. Izarraren bideak galaxiaren erdigunera garamatza. Bere abiadura handiak galaxiaren erdigunean zulo beltz supermasibo bat dagoelako hipotesia babesten du. Lurreko <a href="/wiki/Partikula_azeleragailu" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikula azeleragailu">partikula azeleragailuetan</a> mikro zulo beltzaren eraketaren berri eman da, baina baieztatzeke dago oraindik. Beraz ez dago zulo beltz primarioentzako izangairik. 2016ko otsailaren 11an, <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> behatokiak <a href="/wiki/Uhin_grabitazional" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhin grabitazional">uhin grabitazionalen</a> lehenengo behaketaren berri eman zuen.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Jasotako datuen arabera uhin horiek bi zulo beltzen arteko talkaren ondorioz sortu ziren. Zulo beltz bat zuzenean detektatzen den lehenbiziko aldia da izan zen, ordu artekoak soilik zeharkako frogetatik ondorioztatu baitira. 2019ko apirilaren 10ean, <a href="/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope" title="Event Horizon Telescope">Event Horizon Telescope</a>-k (EHT-k) zulo beltz baten argazki bat egin zuen lehengo aldiz, <a href="/wiki/Messier_87" title="Messier 87">M87</a> galaxiaren zentruan dagoen zulo beltz super masiboaren argazkia hain zuzen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oharrak">Oharrak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oharrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Oharrak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> Jatorrizko testua, <a href="/wiki/Ingeles" title="Ingeles">ingelesez</a>: «If the semi-diameter of a sphere of the same density as the Sun were to exceed that of the Sun in the proportion of 500 to 1, a body falling from an infinite height towards it would have acquired at its surface greater velocity than that of light, and consequently supposing light to be attracted by the same force in proportion to its vis inertiae (inertial mass), with other bodies, all light emitted from such a body would be made to return towards it by its own proper gravity.» </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Ibilbide posibleen multzoa, edo zehatzago munduko lerro posible guztiak biltzen dituen <a href="/wiki/Argi_kono" class="mw-redirect" title="Argi kono">argi konoa</a> (diagrama honetan argi konoa argi izpien munduko lerroak irudikatzen dituzten geziek mugatutako V formako eskualdeak irudikatzen du), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddington-Finkelstein_koordenatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddington-Finkelstein koordenatu (sortu gabe)">Eddington-Finkelstein koordenatuetan</a> inklinatuta dago. Baina beste koordenatu batzuetan argi-konoak ez dira horrela makurtzen; adibidez, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schwarzschilden_koordenatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schwarzschilden koordenatu (sortu gabe)">Schwarzschilden koordenatuetan</a>, makurtu gabe estutzen dira gertaeren horizontera hurbildu ahala, eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kruskal-Szekeresen_koordenatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kruskal-Szekeresen koordenatu (sortu gabe)">Kruskal-Szekeresen koordenatuetan</a> argi-konoak ez dira inola ere aldatzen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisnerThorneWheeler1973848-63">[62]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Oldham, L. 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(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-21). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisnerThorneWheeler1973848-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisnerThorneWheeler1973848_63-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMisnerThorneWheeler1973">Misner, Thorne & Wheeler 1973</a>, 848 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16830558">The New physics. </a> Cambridge University Press 1989 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-521-30420-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-521-30420-2">0-521-30420-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16830558">16830558</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-21). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> Fleisch, Daniel A.. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840462869">A student's guide to the mathematics of astronomy. </a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-107-61021-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-107-61021-7">978-1-107-61021-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=840462869">840462869</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-21). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2007179-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2007179_67-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2007">Wheeler 2007</a>, 179 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll20045.4_eta_7.3_atalak-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll20045.4_eta_7.3_atalak_68-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 5.4 eta 7.3 atalak. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004217-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004217_69-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 217 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004218-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004218_70-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 218 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423053437/http://nrumiano.free.fr/Estars/int_bh.html">«Inside a black hole»</a> web.archive.org 2009-04-23 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/BlackHoles/fall_in.html">«What happens to you if you fall into a black holes»</a> math.ucr.edu (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004222-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004222_73-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 222 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> Hawking, Stephen. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/848895535">The large scale structure of space-time. </a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-139-81169-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-139-81169-9">978-1-139-81169-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=848895535">848895535</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> Smarr, Larry. (1973-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.7.289">«Surface Geometry of Charged Rotating Black Holes»</a> Physical Review D 7 (2): 289–295.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.7.289">10.1103/PhysRevD.7.289</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-1-76">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-1_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-1_76-1">b</a> Visser, Matt. (2008-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0622">«The Kerr spacetime: A brief introduction»</a> arXiv:0706.0622 [astro-ph, physics:gr-qc, physics:hep-th] (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> Delgado, Jorge F. M.; Herdeiro, Carlos A. R.; Radu, Eugen. (2018-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.97.124012">«Horizon geometry for Kerr black holes with synchronized hair»</a> Physical Review D 97 (12): 124012.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.97.124012">10.1103/PhysRevD.97.124012</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004205-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004205_78-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 205 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004264-265-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004264-265_79-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 264-265 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004252-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004252_80-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 252 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> (Ingelesez) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/how-big-is-a-black-hole/">«Sizes of Black Holes: How Big is a Black Hole?»</a> Sky & Telescope 2014-07-22 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Lewis, Geraint F.; Kwan, Juliana. (2007/ed). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/publications-of-the-astronomical-society-of-australia/article/no-way-back-maximizing-survival-time-below-the-schwarzschild-event-horizon/2A1CCF5CB13E7BEFA6441B3038C635A3">«No Way Back: Maximizing Survival Time Below the Schwarzschild Event Horizon»</a> Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 24 (2): 46–52.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1071%2FAS07012">10.1071/AS07012</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1323-3580">1323-3580</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2007182-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2007182_83-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2007">Wheeler 2007</a>, 182 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004265-266-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004265-266_84-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 265-266 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2004266-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2004266_85-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 266 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> Poisson, Eric; Israel, Werner. (1990-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.41.1796">«Internal structure of black holes»</a> Physical Review D 41 (6): 1796–1809.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.41.1796">10.1103/PhysRevD.41.1796</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWald1984212-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWald1984212_87-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWald1984">Wald 1984</a>, 212 orr. . </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407043337/http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/bh_hawk.html">«Black holes and quantum gravity»</a> web.archive.org 2009-04-07 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328064842/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980420b.html">«Quantum Gravity and Black Holes»</a> web.archive.org 2009-03-28 (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> Nitta, Daisuke; Chiba, Takeshi; Sugiyama, Naoshi. (2011-09-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.84.063008">«Shadows of colliding black holes»</a> Physical Review D 84 (6): 063008.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevD.84.063008">10.1103/PhysRevD.84.063008</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-2-91">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-2_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-2_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Izenik-gabekoa-pNrT-2_91-2">c</a> Bardeen, James M.; Press, William H.; Teukolsky, Saul A.. (1972-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972ApJ...178..347B">«Rotating Black Holes: Locally Nonrotating Frames, Energy Extraction, and Scalar Synchrotron Radiation»</a> The Astrophysical Journal 178: 347–370.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F151796">10.1086/151796</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-22). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll20046.6._atala-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll20046.6._atala_92-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 6.6. atala. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll20046.7._atala-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll20046.7._atala_93-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2004">Carroll 2004</a>, 6.7. atala. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMisnerThorneWheeler_1973-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMisnerThorneWheeler_1973_94-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMisnerThorneWheeler_1973">Misner & Thorne Wheeler 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Einstein, A.. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-mathematics_1939-10_40_4/page/922">«On A Stationary System With Spherical Symmetry Consisting of Many Gravitating Masses»</a> Annals of Mathematics 40 (4): 922-936.. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Oppenheimer, J. R.; Volkoff, G. M.. (1939-2-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PR/v55/i4/p374_1">«On Massive Neutron Cores»</a> Physical Review 55 (374): 374–381.. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> Agirre Ruiz de Arkaute, Aitziber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aldizkaria.elhuyar.eus/albisteak/dozena-bat-zulo-beltz-txiki-gure-galaxiako-zulo-be/">«Dozena bat zulo beltz txiki, gure galaxiako zulo beltz erraldoiaren inguruan»</a> Elhuyar. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Marck, Jean-Alain. (1996-03-01). «Short-cut method of solution of geodesic equations for Schwarzchild black hole» Classical and Quantum Gravity 13 (3): 393–402.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F13%2F3%2F007">10.1088/0264-9381/13/3/007</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0264-9381">0264-9381</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Nowak, Michael A.; Wagoner, Robert V.. (1991). «Diskoseismology: Probing accretion disks. I - Trapped adiabatic oscillations» Astrophysical Journal 378: 656–664.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F170465">10.1086/170465</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJ...378..656N">1991ApJ...378..656N</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> Gallego, Juanma. (2018/04/11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zientziakaiera.eus/2018/04/11/7847/">«Galaxiaren erdialdean milaka zulo beltz daudela kalkulatu dute»</a> Zientzia Kaiera. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> (Ingelesez) Vesperini, E.; McMillan, S. L. W.; d'Ercole, A.; d'Antona, F.. (2010). «Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Early Globular Clusters» The Astrophysical Journal Letters 713 (1): L41–L44.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F713%2F1%2FL41">10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L41</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...713L..41V">2010ApJ...713L..41V</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a> Garikoitz Goikoetxea Arantxa Iraola. (2016-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1774/009/001/2016-02-12/kosmosa_ulertzeko_beste_ate_bat.htm">«Kosmosa ulertzeko beste ate bat»</a> <a href="/wiki/Berria" title="Berria">Berria</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li> Carroll, Sean M.. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53245141">Spacetime and geometry : an introduction to general relativity. </a> Addison Wesley <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8053-8732-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8053-8732-3">0-8053-8732-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=53245141">53245141</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-21).</li> <li> Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S; Wheeler, John. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/585119">Gravitation. </a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-7167-0334-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-7167-0334-3">0-7167-0334-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=585119">585119</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-21).</li> <li> (Ingelesez) Wald, Robert M.. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9S-hzg6-moYC">General Relativity. </a> University of Chicago Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-226-87037-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-226-87037-3">978-0-226-87037-3</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-21).</li> <li> Wheeler, J. Craig. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173252787">Cosmic catastrophes : exploding stars, black holes, and mapping the universe. </a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-511-26911-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-511-26911-0">0-511-26911-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=173252787">173252787</a>. (Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-06-21).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera">Ikus, gainera</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izar" title="Izar">Izar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertakari-horizonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gertakari-horizonte">Gertakari horizonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutroi-izar" title="Neutroi-izar">Neutroi izar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano_zuri" title="Nano zuri">Nano zuri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ingelesez">Ingelesez</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ingelesez»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zulo_beltz&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Ingelesez">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517091731/http://hubblesite.org/go/blackholes">Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull</a> Award-winning interactive multimedia Web site about the physics and astronomy of black holes from the Space Telescope Science Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/htmltest/gifcity/bh_pub_faq.html">FAQ on black holes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980118051503/http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/schwp.html">Schwarzschild Geometry</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606131650/http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/">Andrew Hamilton’s website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019083226/http://www.knowledge-storage.org/astronomy/black-hole.html">Black Hole in Knowledge storage</a></li> <li>Tufts University: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711163109/http://hepguru.com/blackholes/">Student Project (Great Kid's Section)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040925044354/http://www.mpe.mpg.de/ir/GC/index.php">Movie of Black Hole Candidate from Max Planck Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blue.utb.edu/newsandinfo/2006%AD%AD_04_13BreakthroughBlackHoles.htm">13 Apr 2006: UT Brownsville Group Simulates Spinning Black-Hole Binaries</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia">Betiko hautsitako esteka</a>]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/black_holes/">Black Hole Research News</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/">ScienceDaily</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=0004567B-11FB-1EDD-8E1C809EC588EF21">Scientific American Magazine (July 2003 Issue) The Galactic Odd Couple - 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