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class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Argi rootpage-Argi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Argi" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Argi" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Argi" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Argi" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Espektro_elektromagnetikoa_eta_argi_ikusgarria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Espektro_elektromagnetikoa_eta_argi_ikusgarria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Espektro elektromagnetikoa eta argi ikusgarria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Espektro_elektromagnetikoa_eta_argi_ikusgarria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argiaren_abiadura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argiaren_abiadura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Argiaren abiadura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argiaren_abiadura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fenomenoak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenomenoak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fenomenoak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fenomenoak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Fenomenoak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fenomenoak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islapena_eta_errefrakzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islapena_eta_errefrakzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Islapena eta errefrakzioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islapena_eta_errefrakzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispertsioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispertsioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dispertsioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispertsioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hedapena_eta_Difrakzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hedapena_eta_Difrakzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Hedapena eta Difrakzioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hedapena_eta_Difrakzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Interferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polarizazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polarizazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Polarizazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polarizazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argiaren_izaerari_buruzko_pentsamenduaren_historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argiaren_izaerari_buruzko_pentsamenduaren_historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Argiaren izaerari buruzko pentsamenduaren historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Argiaren_izaerari_buruzko_pentsamenduaren_historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Argiaren izaerari buruzko pentsamenduaren historia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Argiaren_izaerari_buruzko_pentsamenduaren_historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grezia_klasikoa_eta_helenista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grezia_klasikoa_eta_helenista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Grezia klasikoa eta helenista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grezia_klasikoa_eta_helenista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_klasikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_klasikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>India klasikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_klasikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descartes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descartes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Descartes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descartes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoria_korpuskularra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_korpuskularra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Teoria korpuskularra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_korpuskularra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uhin-teoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uhin-teoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Uhin-teoria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uhin-teoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoria_elektromagnetikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_elektromagnetikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Teoria elektromagnetikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_elektromagnetikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoria_kuantikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoria_kuantikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Teoria kuantikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoria_kuantikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ariketak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ariketak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><figcaption></figcaption><p> Ariketak</p></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ariketak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Argi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 180 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-180" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">180 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lig" title="Lig – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95" title="ብርሃን – amharera" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብርሃን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A1" title="ضوء – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضوء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%97%DC%AA%DC%90_(%DC%9A%DC%99%DC%9D%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܢܘܗܪܐ (ܚܙܝܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܘܗܪܐ (ܚܙܝܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7" title="شعا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شعا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="النور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0" title="পোহৰ – assamera" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোহৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluz" title="Lluz – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qhana" title="Qhana – aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qhana" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1q" title="İşıq – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%82" title="ایشیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایشیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Яҡтылыҡ – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Яҡтылыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liacht" title="Liacht – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Liacht" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v%C4%97isa" title="Švėisa – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Švėisa" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwanag" title="Liwanag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Liwanag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Святло – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Святло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Сьвятло – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьвятло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Светлина – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Светлина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B" title="আলো – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="འོད། – tibetera" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goulo%C3%B9" title="Gouloù – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouloù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Svjetlost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llum" title="Llum – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%8Fng" title="Guŏng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Guŏng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahayag" title="Kahayag – cebuanoera" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kahayag" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎢᎦᎢ – txerokiera" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎦᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="txerokiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ڕووناکی – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووناکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btlo" title="Světlo – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D1%82%C4%83" title="Çутă – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çутă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goleuni" title="Goleuni – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Goleuni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys" title="Lys – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lys" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neesim" title="Neesim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Neesim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naau" title="Naau – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Naau" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%82" title="Φως – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φως" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Light" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumo" title="Lumo – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus" title="Valgus – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نور – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valo" title="Valo – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus" title="Valgus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarama" title="Rarama – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Rarama" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Lumière – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lumière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laacht" title="Laacht – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Laacht" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljocht" title="Ljocht – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ljocht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solas" title="Solas – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Solas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limy%C3%A8" title="Limyè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Limyè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesape" title="Tesape – guaraniera" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tesape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="उजवाड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उजवाड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6" title="પ્રકાશ – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રકાશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haske" title="Haske – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Haske" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אור – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रकाश – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakaas" title="Prakaas – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Prakaas" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Svjetlost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limy%C3%A8" title="Limyè – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Limyè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9ny" title="Fény – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD" title="Լույս – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լույս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BD" title="Լոյս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լոյս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumine" title="Lumine – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lumine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penampak" title="Penampak – ibanera" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Penampak" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BAmine" title="Lúmine – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lúmine" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawag" title="Lawag – ilocanoera" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lawag" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocanoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Сердало – ingushera" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сердало" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingushera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumo" title="Lumo – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3s" title="Ljós – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljós" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce" title="Luce – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luce" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait" title="Lait – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lait" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/gusni" title="gusni – lojbana" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="gusni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojbana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahya" title="Cahya – javera" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cahya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="სინათლე – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინათლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafat" title="Tafat – kabiliera" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafat" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жарық – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жарық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA" title="ពន្លឺ – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពន្លឺ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81" title="ಬೆಳಕು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಳಕು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%9B" title="빛 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빛" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="گاش – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گاش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronah%C3%AE_(fiz%C3%AEk)" title="Ronahî (fizîk) – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ronahî (fizîk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Жарык – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux" title="Lux – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lux" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liicht" title="Liicht – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Liicht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekitangaala" title="Ekitangaala – luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekitangaala" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8ch" title="Lèch – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lèch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxe" title="Luxe – liguriera" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Luxe" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCs" title="Lüs – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lüs" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0viesa" title="Šviesa – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šviesa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaisma" title="Gaisma – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gaisma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahazavana" title="Fahazavana – malgaxea" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahazavana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahayo" title="Cahayo – minangkabauera" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Cahayo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabauera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Светлина – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Светлина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Гэрэл – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэрэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रकाश – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकाश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" title="Cahaya – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%A7" title="Luç – mirandesa" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Luç" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အလင်း – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88" title="سو – mazandarandera" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tl%C4%81hu%C4%ABlli" title="Tlāhuīlli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlāhuīlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce" title="Luce – napoliera" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Luce" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locht_(straoling)" title="Locht (straoling) – behe-saxoiera" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Locht (straoling)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="behe-saxoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रकाश – nepalera" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रकाश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="जः – newarera" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys" title="Lys – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lys" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lys" title="Lys – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lys" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lume" title="Lume – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Lume" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumyire" title="Lumyire – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lumyire" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz" title="Lutz – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lutz" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifa" title="Ifa – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ifa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95" title="ଆଲୋକ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲୋକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o" title="Światło – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Światło" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus" title="Lus – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lus" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DD%A8" title="چانݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چانݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz" title="Luz – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achkiy" title="Achkiy – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Achkiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumin%C4%83" title="Lumină – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lumină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C5%84in%C3%A2" title="Luńinâ – aromaniera" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Luńinâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86" title="Шветлосц – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Шветлосц" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Свет – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Свет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Світло – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Світло" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="द्युतिशक्तिः – sanskritoa" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="द्युतिशक्तिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskritoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сырдык – sakhera" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сырдык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ – santalera" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luci" title="Luci – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luci" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licht" title="Licht – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Licht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A" title="روشني – sindhia" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="روشني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetlost" title="Svetlost – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Svetlost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ආලෝකය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආලෝකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light" title="Light – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Light" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidite%C4%BEn%C3%A9_svetlo" title="Viditeľné svetlo – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Viditeľné svetlo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetloba" title="Svetloba – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svetloba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiedza" title="Chiedza – shonera" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiedza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileys" title="Ileys – somaliera" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ileys" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drita" title="Drita – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Drita" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Светлост – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Светлост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucht" title="Lucht – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Lucht" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahya" title="Cahya – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Cahya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljus" title="Ljus – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ljus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuru" title="Nuru – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nuru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awiat%C5%82o" title="Światło – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Światło" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒளி – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="కాంతి – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87" title="แสง – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แสง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwanag" title="Liwanag – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Liwanag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Işık – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Işık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoningo" title="Rivoningo – tsongera" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Rivoningo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsongera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Яктылык – tatarera" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яктылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Чырык – tuvera" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чырык" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Югыт – udmurtera" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Югыт" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Світло – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світло" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%DB%8C" title="روشنی – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روشنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorug%CA%BBlik" title="Yorugʻlik – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yorugʻlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81uze" title="Łuze – veneziera" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łuze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauktuz" title="Vauktuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vauktuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nh_s%C3%A1ng" title="Ánh sáng – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ánh sáng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit" title="Lit – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lit" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loumire" title="Loumire – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Loumire" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamrag" title="Lamrag – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lamrag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%97%E1%83%94" title="სინთე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინთე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98" title="ליכט – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליכט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cm%E1%BB%8D%CC%81l%E1%BA%B9%CC%80" title="Ìmọ́lẹ̀ – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìmọ́lẹ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongh" title="Rongh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Rongh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kng" title="Kng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukukhanya" title="Ukukhanya – zuluera" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukukhanya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9128#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Argi" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Argi" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label 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title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Argi"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Argi" title="Orri honetaranzko 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elektromagnetikoari buruzkoa da; beste esanahietarako, ikus «<a href="/wiki/Argia_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Argia (argipena)">Argia (argipena)</a>».</i></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Prism_flat_rainbow_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prism_flat_rainbow_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Prism_flat_rainbow_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prism_flat_rainbow_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Prism_flat_rainbow_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Prism_flat_rainbow_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Prism_flat_rainbow_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>Prisma batek argiaren deskonposaketa egiten du, dispertsioa deritzon fenomenoaren ondorioz</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Argia</b> edo <b>argi ikusgarria</b> <a href="/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki">giza</a> <a href="/wiki/Begi" title="Begi">begiak</a> hauteman dezakeen <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_elektromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradiazio elektromagnetiko">erradiazio elektromagnetikoa</a> da<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ikus daitekeen argia 400-700 <a href="/wiki/Nanometro" title="Nanometro">nanometroko</a> (nm) tartean <a href="/wiki/Uhin-luzera" title="Uhin-luzera">uhin-luzerak</a> dituena da, 750-420 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">terahertzeko</a> <a href="/wiki/Maiztasun" title="Maiztasun">maiztasunei</a> dagozkienak, <a href="/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri">infragorriaren</a> (uhin-luzera luzeagoekin) eta <a href="/wiki/Ultramore" title="Ultramore">ultramorearen</a> (uhin-luzera laburragoekin) artean<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Fisikan, "argi" terminoa edozein uhin-luzeraren erradiazio elektromagnetikoari lotuta egon daiteke, giza begiak ikusteko gai izan ala ez<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ildo horretan, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_izpi" title="Gamma izpi">gamma izpiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpiak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikrouhin" title="Mikrouhin">mikrouhinak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Irrati_uhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrati uhin">irrati uhinak</a> ere argia dira. Argiaren propietate nagusiak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intentsitate_(fisika)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intentsitate (fisika) (sortu gabe)">intentsitatea</a>, hedapen-norabidea, uhin-maiztasun edo -luzeren <a href="/wiki/Espektro_elektromagnetiko" title="Espektro elektromagnetiko">espektroa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Polarizazio_(uhinak)" title="Polarizazio (uhinak)">polarizazioa</a> dira. <a href="/wiki/Huts_(fisika)" title="Huts (fisika)">Hutsean</a> duen abiadura (<a href="/wiki/Argiaren_abiadura" title="Argiaren abiadura">299792458 m/s</a>) naturaren funtsezko <a href="/wiki/Konstante_fisiko" title="Konstante fisiko">konstanteetako</a> bat da<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Erradiazio elektromagnetiko mota guztiak bezala, argi ikusgarria <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoi</a> izeneko <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masarik</a> gabeko <a href="/wiki/Oinarrizko_partikula" title="Oinarrizko partikula">oinarrizko partikulen</a> bidez hedatzen da, eremu elektromagnetikoaren kopuruak adierazten dituztenak, eta <a href="/wiki/Uhin-partikula_dualtasuna" title="Uhin-partikula dualtasuna">uhinak zein partikulak bezala</a> azter daitezke. Argiaren ikerketa, <a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Optika">optika</a> bezala ezagutzen dena, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika_moderno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisika moderno (sortu gabe)">fisika modernoaren</a> ikerketa arlo garrantzitsu bat da. </p><p>Lurreko argi natural iturri nagusia <a href="/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia">Eguzkia</a> da. Historikoki, gizakientzako beste argi-iturri garrantzitsu bat <a href="/wiki/Su" title="Su">sua</a> izan da, antzinako suetatik hasi eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerosenozko_lanpara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerosenozko lanpara (sortu gabe)">kerosenozko lanpara</a> modernoetaraino. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi_elektriko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argi elektriko (sortu gabe)">Argi elektrikoaren</a> eta elikatze-sistemen garapenarekin, argiztapen elektrikoak suaren argia ordezkatu du. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Espektro_elektromagnetikoa_eta_argi_ikusgarria">Espektro elektromagnetikoa eta argi ikusgarria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Espektro elektromagnetikoa eta argi ikusgarria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Espektro elektromagnetikoa eta argi ikusgarria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Espektro_elektromagnetiko" title="Espektro elektromagnetiko">espektro elektromagnetiko</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Electromagnetic_spectrum_-eng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Electromagnetic_spectrum_-eng.svg/langeu-900px-Electromagnetic_spectrum_-eng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Electromagnetic_spectrum_-eng.svg/langeu-1350px-Electromagnetic_spectrum_-eng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Electromagnetic_spectrum_-eng.svg/langeu-1800px-Electromagnetic_spectrum_-eng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Espektro elektromagnetikoa, argi ikusgaiaren tartea nabarmenduta.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oro har, <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_elektromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradiazio elektromagnetiko">erradiazio elektromagnetikoa</a> (EMR) uhin-luzeraren arabera sailkatzen da: <a href="/wiki/Irrati-uhin" title="Irrati-uhin">irrati-uhinak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikrouhin" title="Mikrouhin">mikrouhinak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri">infragorriak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espektro_ikusgarri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espektro ikusgarri (sortu gabe)">espektro ikusgarria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultramore" title="Ultramore">ultramore</a>, <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpi</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gamma_izpi" title="Gamma izpi">gamma izpi</a> gisa hautematen dugun espektroa. "<a href="/wiki/Erradiazio" title="Erradiazio">Erradiazio</a>" izendapenak eremu <a href="/wiki/Elektrizitate_estatiko" title="Elektrizitate estatiko">estatiko elektrikoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">magnetikoak</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertuko_eta_urruneko_eremu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertuko eta urruneko eremu (sortu gabe)">gertukoak</a> baztertzen ditu. </p><p>EMRen portaera uhin-luzeraren araberakoa da. Maiztasun altuenek uhin-luzera laburragoak dituzte, eta maiztasun baxuagoek uhin-luzera luzeagoak. EMRek <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomo</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> indibidualekin elkarreragiten dutenean, garraiatzen duten <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> kopuruaren araberakoa da haien portaera. </p><p>Argi ikusgarriaren eremuko erradiazio elektromagnetikoa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantu (sortu gabe)">kuantuak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoiak</a>) dira, molekulen barruan kitzikapen elektronikoa eragiteko gai diren energien beheko muturrean daudenak, eta horrek molekularen lotura edo kimika aldatzea dakar. Argi ikusgaiaren espektroaren beheko muturrean, EMRa ikusezin bihurtzen da gizakientzat (infragorriak), fotoiek jada ez dutelako energia indibidual nahikorik giza <a href="/wiki/Erretina" title="Erretina">erretinaren</a> molekula bisual erretinalean aldaketa molekular iraunkor bat eragiteko (konformazio aldaketa bat), eta aldaketa horrek ikusmen sentsazioa eragiten du. </p><p>Badira zenbait infragorri motarekiko sentikorrak diren animaliak, baina ez xurgapen kuantikoaren bidez. <a href="/wiki/Suge" title="Suge">Sugeetan</a> infragorriak detektatzeko, <a href="/wiki/Termografia" title="Termografia">termografia</a> natural moduko bat behar da; izan ere, erradiazio infragorriaren ondorioz, zeluletako uraren pakete txikiak tenperaturan igotzen dira. Erradiazio elektromagnetikoak, tarte horretan, bibrazio molekularrak eta berotze efektuak eragiten ditu, eta hori da animalia horiek detektatzen dutena. </p><p>Argi ikusgaiaren tartetik gora, argi ultramorea ikusezin bihurtzen da gizakientzat, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Kornea" title="Kornea">korneak</a> 360 nm-tik behera xurgatzen duelako eta <a href="/wiki/Kristalino" title="Kristalino">kristalinoak</a> 400 nm-tik behera. Gainera, giza begiaren erretinan dauden <a href="/wiki/Makila_(zelula)" title="Makila (zelula)">makilek</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Kono_(zelula)" title="Kono (zelula)">konoek</a> ezin dituzte detektatu uhin ultramorearen luzera oso laburrak (360 nm-tik beherakoak), eta, hain zuzen ere, argi ultramoreak kalte egiten die. Lenteak behar ez duten begiak dituzten animalia asko (<a href="/wiki/Intsektu" title="Intsektu">intsektuak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Izkira" title="Izkira">izkirak</a>, esaterako) ultramorea detektatzeko gai dira, fotoiak xurgatzeko mekanismo kuantikoen bidez, gizakiek argi ikusgaia detektatzeko duten modu kimikoaren oso antzera. </p><p>Hainbat iturrik definitzen dute argi ikusgaia 420-680 nm-tik<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 380-800 nm-ra<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Laborategiko baldintza ezin hobeetan, pertsonek gutxienez 1.050 nm arte ikus dezakete infragorria; haurrek eta heldu gazteek 310-313 nm arteko uhin ultramoreko luzerak hauteman ditzakete<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Landareen hazkundeari argiaren kolore-espektroak ere eragiten dio, <a href="/wiki/Fotomorfogenesi" title="Fotomorfogenesi">fotomorfogenesi</a> izenez ezagutzen den prozesuak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argiaren_abiadura">Argiaren abiadura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Argiaren abiadura»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Argiaren abiadura"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Argiaren_abiadura" title="Argiaren abiadura">Argiaren abiadura</a>»</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Huts_(fisika)" title="Huts (fisika)">Hutsean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argiaren_abiadura" title="Argiaren abiadura">argiaren abiadura</a> 299.792.458 m/s da. Argiaren abiaduraren balio finkoa SI unitateetan, metroa orain argiaren abiaduraren arabera definitzen delako. Erradiazio elektromagnetikoaren forma guztiak abiadura berean mugitzen dira hutsean. </p><p>Historian zehar, fisikari ezberdinak saiatu dira argiaren abiadura neurtzen. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a> argiaren abiadura neurtzen saiatu zen XVII. mendean. Argiaren abiadura neurtzeko lehen esperimentuetako bat <a href="/wiki/Ole_R%C3%B8mer" title="Ole Rømer">Ole Rømer</a> fisikari danimarkarrak egin zuen 1676an. <a href="/wiki/Teleskopio" title="Teleskopio">Teleskopio</a> bat erabiliz, Rømerrek <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> eta bere ilargietako baten mugimendua behatu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Io" title="Io">Io</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Io-ren orbitaren itxurazko aldian desadostasunak ikusita, kalkulatu zuen argiak 22 minutu inguru behar dituela lurraren orbitaren diametroa egiteko<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, une hartan ez zegoen haren tamainaren berri. Rømerrek lurraren orbitaren diametroa ezagutu izan balu, 227.000.000 m/s-ko abiadura kalkulatuko zukeen. </p><p>Argiaren abiaduraren beste neurketa zehatzago bat Europan egin zuen <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Fizeau" title="Hippolyte Fizeau">Hippolyte Fizeauk</a> 1849an. Fizeauk argi-sorta bat zuzendu zuen kilometro batzuetara zegoen ispilu batera. <a href="/wiki/Engranaje" title="Engranaje">Gurpil horzdun</a> birakari bat jarri zen argi-sortaren ibilbidean, iturritik ispilurainoko bidaian eta, ondoren, jatorrira itzultzean. Fizeauk jakin zuen, biraketa-abiadura jakin batean, izpia gurpiletik joanerako zulotik igarotzen zela, eta itzuleran hurrengo zulotik. Ispiluarekiko distantzia, gurpilaren hortz kopurua eta errotazio abiadura ezagututa, Fizeauk argiaren abiadura 313.000.000 m/s-tan kalkulatu ahal izan zuen<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucaultek</a> ispilu birakariak erabiliz 298.000.000 m/s-ko balioa lortu zuen 1862an. <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelsonek</a> argiaren abiadurari buruzko esperimentuak egin zituen 1877tik 1931n hil zen arte. 1926an Foucaulten metodoak hobetu zituen ispilu birakari hobetuak erabiliz, argiak <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_behatokia" title="Mount Wilson behatokia">Wilson menditik</a> Kaliforniako <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Antonio_mendia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Antonio mendia (sortu gabe)">San Antonio mendirainoko</a> joan-etorriko bidaia bat egiteko behar zuen denbora neurtzeko. Beharrezko neurketek 299.796.000 m/s-ko abiadura eman zuten<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Materia arrunta duten substantzia gardenetan, argiaren abiadura efektiboa hutsekoa baino txikiagoa da. Adibidez, uretan argiaren abiadura hutsaren 3/4 inguru da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fenomenoak">Fenomenoak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fenomenoak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fenomenoak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islapena_eta_errefrakzioa">Islapena eta errefrakzioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Islapena eta errefrakzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Islapena eta errefrakzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Uhin bat (uhin erasotzailea) bi ingurune desberdinen arteko gainazalera heltzen denean, bi uhinetan zatitzen da: hasierako uhinaren ingurunean hedatzen dena uhin <a href="/wiki/Islapen" title="Islapen">islatua</a> da eta ingurune berrian zehar hedatzen dena, uhin <a href="/wiki/Errefrakzioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Errefrakzioa">errefraktatua</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Refraction-with-soda-straw-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Refraction-with-soda-straw-cropped.jpg/125px-Refraction-with-soda-straw-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Refraction-with-soda-straw-cropped.jpg/188px-Refraction-with-soda-straw-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Refraction-with-soda-straw-cropped.jpg/250px-Refraction-with-soda-straw-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Likido barneko arkatzak hautsia dirudi, argiaren errefrakzioaren ondorioz</figcaption></figure> <p>Uhin errefraktatuaren hedapen norabidea uhin erasotzailearen norabidea eta ingurune bien <a href="/wiki/Errefrakzio-indize" title="Errefrakzio-indize">errefrakzio indizeen</a> araberakoa da. Ingurune aldaketa jakin batean uhinaren eraso anglua nahikoa handia bada, barne islapen osoa gertatu daiteke. Egoera honetan ez dago errefraktatutako uhinik eta hasierako uhinaren energia osoa islatu egiten da. Telekomunikazioetan hain garrantzitsua den <a href="/wiki/Zuntz_optiko" title="Zuntz optiko">zuntz-optikoan</a> argia fenomeno honi esker garraiatzen da. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Totalreflexion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Totalreflexion.jpg/327px-Totalreflexion.jpg" decoding="async" width="327" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Totalreflexion.jpg/491px-Totalreflexion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Totalreflexion.jpg/654px-Totalreflexion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Errefrakzio eta islapena ingurune aldaketa jasotzen duten uhinetan. Eraso angelua zenbat eta handiagoa izan, energia gehiago islatzen da, angelu jakin batetik aurrera barne-islapen osoa ematen delarik.</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispertsioa">Dispertsioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Dispertsioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dispertsioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argia hutsean hedatzen denean, uhin-luzera guztiek hedapen-abiadura berdina dute. Aldiz, ingurune material batean hedatzean, hedapen-abiadura desberdina da uhin-luzera (kolore) bakoitzarentzat. <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hori dela eta, ingurunea aldatzeak ezberdin eragiten dio uhin luzera bakoitzari, eta kolore guztiez osatutako argi zuria hainbat koloretan banatzen da. Honi esker ikus dezakegu <a href="/wiki/Ostadar" title="Ostadar">ortzadarra</a> zeruan, adibidez. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hedapena_eta_Difrakzioa">Hedapena eta Difrakzioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hedapena eta Difrakzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Hedapena eta Difrakzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Argia lerro zuzenean hedatzen da, normalki, uhin-fronteak sortuz. Argiaren hedapena argiaren iturri edo fokutik urrunduz gertatzen da, hiru dimentsoetan. </p><p>Irekigune estu batetik edo objetu baten hertzetik pasatzean, ordea, muga horiek argi iturri edo foko bihurtzen dira uhinarentzat, bere norabidea aldatuz. <a href="/wiki/Difrakzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Difrakzio">Difrakzioa</a> deritzo azken fenomeno horri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interferentziak">Interferentziak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Interferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Interferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interferentzia uhin bi puntu batean gainezartzen direnean gertatzen den fenomenoa da. Uhin bakoitzaren ezaugarrien arabera, interferentzia eraikitzailea izan daiteke, uhin bien baturaz anplitude handiagoko uhin bat sortzen denean; edo suntsitzailea, anplitude txikiagoko uhin bat sortzen denean. </p><p>Argiaren interferentzia fenomenoa frogatzen duen esperimentu klasiko bat Young-en esperimentua edo <a href="/wiki/Zirrikitu_bikoitzaren_saiakuntza" title="Zirrikitu bikoitzaren saiakuntza">bi zirrikituen esperimentua</a> da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polarizazioa">Polarizazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Polarizazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Polarizazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Animation_polariseur_2.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Animation_polariseur_2.gif/220px-Animation_polariseur_2.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Animation_polariseur_2.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption>Polarizatzailea.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Polarizazio_(uhinak)" title="Polarizazio (uhinak)">Polarizazioa</a> hainbat norabidetan oszila dezaketen uhinek duten propietatea da<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Argi naturala normalean polarizatu gabea izaten da, ausazko norabideetan oszilatzen duen eremu elektromagnetikoak osatzen baitu. Argi honek polarizatzaile bat zeharkatzean, norabide jakin baten oszilatzen duen uhina pasatzen da soilik, argi polarizatua lortuz. Jada norabide batean polarizatutako argiak beste polarizatzaile bat zeharkatzen badu, polarizatzailearen transmisio-ardatza eta uhinaren oszilazio norabidearen angeluaren arabera, pasaten den argiaren intentsitatea txikitu egingo da, nulua izatera heltzeraino ere.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argiaren_izaerari_buruzko_pentsamenduaren_historia">Argiaren izaerari buruzko pentsamenduaren historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Argiaren izaerari buruzko pentsamenduaren historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Argiaren izaerari buruzko pentsamenduaren historia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grezia_klasikoa_eta_helenista">Grezia klasikoa eta helenista</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Grezia klasikoa eta helenista»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Grezia klasikoa eta helenista"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>K.a. V. mendean. <a href="/wiki/Enpedokles" title="Enpedokles">Enpedoklesek</a>, dena <a href="/wiki/Elementu_klasikoak" title="Elementu klasikoak">lau elementuz</a> osatua zegoela esan zuen: sua, airea, lurra eta ura. Uste zuen <a href="/wiki/Afrodita" title="Afrodita">Afroditak</a> giza begia lau osagaietatik sortu zuela eta begian sua piztu zuela, bertatik distira egin baitzuen ikuspena ahalbidetuz. Hori egia bazen, gauez zein egunez ikus zitekeen, eta Enpedoklesek begietako izpien eta eguzkia bezalako iturri bateko izpien arteko interakzioa proposatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>K.a. 300. urte inguruan <a href="/wiki/Euklides" title="Euklides">Euklidesek</a> <i>Optika</i> idatzi zuen, argiaren propietateak aztertuz. Euklidesek argia zuzen zihoala esan zuen, erreflexioaren legeak deskribatu eta matematikoki aztertu zituen. Zalantzan jarri zuen ikusmena begitik datorren izpi baten ondorioa ote den; izan ere, bere buruari galdetzen dio ea izarrak nola ikusten diren berehala, batek begiak itxi eta gero gauez irekitzen dituenean. Begiko izpiak ezin azkarrago bidaiatzen badu, hau ez da arazo bat<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>K. a. 55. urtean, <a href="/wiki/Tito_Lukrezio_Karo" title="Tito Lukrezio Karo">Lukreziok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomismo" title="Atomismo">atomista</a> greziarren ideiak jarraitu zituen erromatarrak, honela idatzi zuen: "Argia eta eguzkiaren beroa atomo ñimiñoz osatuta daude, eta, bultzatzen dituztenean, ez dute denborarik galtzen bultzadak emandako norabidean airearen tarteko espazioan zehar tiroka irteteko". Partikulei buruzko ondorengo teorien antzekoak izan arren, Lukrezioren iritziak ez ziren orokorrean onartuak izan. <a href="/wiki/Ptolomeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolomeo">Ptolomeok</a> (II. mendea) argiaren errefrakzioaz idatzi zuen <i>Optika</i> liburuan<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_klasikoa">India klasikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «India klasikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: India klasikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antzinako <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (sortu gabe)">Samkhya</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (sortu gabe)">Vaisheshikako</a> eskola hinduek argiari buruzko teoriak garatu zituzten gure aroko lehen mendeen inguruan. Samkhya eskolaren arabera, argia elementu gordinak sortzen diren funtsezko bost elementu "sotiletako" bat da (<i>tanmatra</i>). Elementu horien atomikotasuna ez da berariaz aipatzen, eta badirudi jarraitutzat jotzen zirela. Bestalde, Vaisheshika eskolak mundu fisikoaren teoria atomikoa ematen du eterraren, espazioaren eta denboraren oinarri ez-atomikoaren gainean. Oinarrizko atomoak lurrekoak (<i>prthivi</i>), urekoak (<i>pani</i>), sukoak (<i>agni</i>) eta airekoak (<i>vayu</i>) dira. Argi-izpiak abiadura handiko <i>tejas</i> (su) atomoen korrontetzat hartzen dira. Argi-partikulek ezaugarri desberdinak izan ditzakete, <i>tejas</i> atomoen abiaduraren eta antolamenduaren arabera. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishnu_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishnu Purana (sortu gabe)">Vishnu Purana</a></i>k "eguzkiaren zazpi izpiak" esaten dio eguzki-argiari. </p><p>Indiar <a href="/wiki/Budismo" title="Budismo">budistek</a>, V. mendeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dignaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dignaga (sortu gabe)">Dignagak</a> eta VII. mendeko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmakirti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharmakirti (sortu gabe)">Dharmakirtik</a> bezala, atomismo mota bat garatu zuten, errealitatearen gaineko filosofia bat dena, argiaren edo energiaren momentuko distirak diren entitate atomikoez osatua. Argia energiaren pareko entitate atomikoa zela uste zuten<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descartes">Descartes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Descartes»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Descartes"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartesek</a> (1596-1650) argia gorputz argitsuaren propietate <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanismo_(filosofia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanismo (filosofia) (sortu gabe)">mekanikoa</a> zela zioen, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Witelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Witelo (sortu gabe)">Witeloren</a> "formak" eta <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Keplerren</a> "espezieak" baztertuz. 1637an argiaren errefrakzioaren teoria bat argitaratu zuen, zeinak, oker, argia ingurune dentsoago batean dentsitate txikiagoko ingurune batean baino azkarrago zihoala suposatzen zuen. Descartesek soinu-uhinen portaerarekin analogiaz lortu zuen ondorio hori. Descartesek abiadura erlatiboei buruz huts egin zuen arren, asmatu egin zuen argiak uhin bat bezala jokatzen zuela suposatzean eta errefrakzioa argiaren abiaduraren bidez azal zitekeela ondorioztatzean. Descartes ez da analogia mekanikoak erabiltzen lehena, baina argia gorputz argitsuaren eta ingurune igorlearen propietate mekanikoa baino ez dela argi adierazten duenez, Descartesen argiaren teoria optika fisiko modernoaren hasieratzat hartzen da<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teoria_korpuskularra">Teoria korpuskularra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teoria korpuskularra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Teoria korpuskularra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Argiaren_teoria_korpuskular" title="Argiaren teoria korpuskular">Argiaren teoria korpuskular</a>»</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Opticks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Opticks.jpg/220px-Opticks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Opticks.jpg/330px-Opticks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Opticks.jpg/440px-Opticks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newtonen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i> lanaren azala.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a> (1592-1655) atomistak, 1660ko hamarkadan hil ondoren argitaratu zen partikuletan oinarritutako argiaren teoria bat proposatu zuen. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newtonek</a> Gassendiren obra adin goiztiar batean aztertu zuen eta bere ikuspuntua Descartesen osoko bilkuraren teoria baino nahiago izan zuen. 1675eko bere <i>Argiaren hipotesia</i>n, argia, iturri batetik abiatuta norabide guztietan igortzen diren <a href="/wiki/Korpuskularismo" title="Korpuskularismo">korpuskuluez</a> (materia partikulak) osatuta dagoela baieztatzen du. Newtonen argudioetako bat zen argiaren izaeraren aurka, jakina zela uhinak oztopoen inguruan okertzen zirela, eta argiak, berriz, zuzen baino ez. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experimentum_crucis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experimentum crucis (sortu gabe)">Experimentum crucis</a></i> famatuan prismaren bidez argi zurian kolore guztiak (uhin-luzera ikusgai guztiak) daudela frogatu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Hala ere, argiaren <a href="/wiki/Difrakzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Difrakzio">difrakzioaren</a> fenomenoa azaldu zuen (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Grimaldi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Grimaldi (sortu gabe)">Francesco Grimaldik</a> behatua), argi-partikula batek <a href="/wiki/Eter" class="mw-disambig" title="Eter">eterrean</a> kokatutako uhin bat sortzea ahalbidetuz. </p><p>Newtonen teoria argiaren islapena iragartzeko erabil zitekeen, baina soilik errefrakzioa azal zezakeen, zeren eta, oker, proposatu zuen argi hori bizkortu egiten zela ingurune dentsoago batean sartzean, <a href="/wiki/Grabitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitate">grabitatearen</a> erakarpena handiagoa zelako. Newtonek bere teoriaren behin betiko bertsioa argitaratu zuen 1704ko <i><a href="/wiki/Opticks" title="Opticks">Opticks</a></i> lanean. Bere ospeak argiaren partikulen teoria XVIII. mendean gailentzen lagundu zuen. Argiaren partikulen teoriak <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplacek</a> gorputz bat hain masiboa izan zitekeela adieraztera eraman zuen, ezen argiak bertatik ihes egin ezin zuela. Bestela esanda, gaur egun <a href="/wiki/Zulo_beltz" title="Zulo beltz">zulo beltza</a> deritzona bihurtuko litzateke. Laplacek bere iradokizuna kendu zuen geroago, argiaren teoria ondulatorioa argiaren eredu gisa irmoki ezarri ondoren (azaldu den bezala, partikulen eta uhinen teoria ez dira guztiz zuzenak). Newtonek argiari buruz egindako saiakeraren itzulpen bat agertzen da <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_F._R._Elli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George F. R. Elli (sortu gabe)">George F. R. Ellisen</a><i> The large scale structure of space-time</i> lanean. </p><p>Argia <a href="/wiki/Polarizazio_(uhinak)" title="Polarizazio (uhinak)">polarizatu</a> ahal izatea kualitatiboki azaldu zuen lehen aldiz Newtonek partikulen teoria erabiliz. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne-Louis_Malu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne-Louis Malu (sortu gabe)">Étienne-Louis Malusek</a> polarizazioaren partikulen teoria matematiko bat sortu zuen 1810ean. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Biot" title="Jean-Baptiste Biot">Jean-Baptiste Biot</a> autoreak 1812an frogatu zuen teoria horrek argiaren polarizazioaren fenomeno ezagun guztiak azaltzen zituela. Garai hartan, polarizazioa partikulen teoriaren frogatzat hartzen zen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uhin-teoria">Uhin-teoria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Uhin-teoria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Uhin-teoria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg/220px-Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg/330px-Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg/440px-Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kolore" title="Kolore">Koloreen</a> jatorria azaltzeko, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hookek</a> (1635-1703) "pultsuaren teoria" bat garatu zuen, eta argiaren hedapena uretan uhinak zabaltzearekin alderatu zuen 1665eko bere <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Micrographia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Micrographia (sortu gabe)">Micrographia</a></i> lanean ("Behaketa IX"). 1672an, Hookek argiaren bibrazioak hedapen norabidearekiko perpendikularrak izan zitezkeela iradoki zuen. <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Christiaan Huygensek</a> (1629-1695) argiaren teoria ondulatorio matematiko bat egin zuen 1678an, eta <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_Light&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatise on Light (sortu gabe)">Treatise on Light</a></i> tratatuan argitaratu zuen 1690ean. Proposatu zuen argia norabide guztietan igortzen zela uhin sail bat bezala <a href="/wiki/Eter_(fisika)" title="Eter (fisika)">eter</a> izeneko ingurune batean. Grabitateak uhinei eragiten ez dienez, ingurune dentsoago batean sartzean moteldu egiten zirela suposatu zuen<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Young_Diffraction.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Young_Diffraction.png/220px-Young_Diffraction.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Young_Diffraction.png/330px-Young_Diffraction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Young_Diffraction.png/440px-Young_Diffraction.png 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young">Thomas Youngen</a> eskema, difrakzioa erakusten duen <a href="/wiki/Zirrikitu_bikoitzaren_saiakuntza" title="Zirrikitu bikoitzaren saiakuntza">zirrikitu bikoitzaren esperimentu</a> batena. Youngen esperimentuek argia uhinez osatuta dagoela dioen teoria babestu zuten.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uhinen teoriak, argi-uhinek, soinu-uhinek bezala, elkarren artean eragin zezaketela aurreikusten zuen (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young" title="Thomas Young">Thomas Youngek</a> 1800 inguruan ikusi zuen bezala). Youngek difrakzio-esperimentu baten bidez frogatu zuen argiak uhinak bezala jokatzen zuela. Kolore ezberdinak argiaren uhin luzera desberdinek eragiten zituztela ere proposatu zuen, eta kolorearen ikuspegia azaldu zuen begian hiru koloretako hargailuei dagokienez. Teoria ondulatorioaren aldekoen artean <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> izan zen. <i>Nova theoria lucis et colorum</i> (1746) lanean difrakzioa teoria ondulatorioaren bidez errazago azal daitekeela dio. 1816an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andre-Marie Ampère (sortu gabe)">Andre-Marie Ampèrek</a> <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Jean_Fresnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin-Jean Fresnel">Augustin-Jean Fresneli</a> argiaren polarizazioa uhin-teoriaren bidez azal zitekeela esan zion, argia zeharkako uhina bazen<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Geroago, Fresnelek modu independentean landu zuen argiaren bere teoria ondulatorioa eta 1817an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Académie des Sciences (sortu gabe)">Académie des Sciencesi</a> aurkeztu zion. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siméon Denis Poisso (sortu gabe)">Siméon Denis Poissonek</a> Fresnelen lan matematikoa zabaldu zuen teoria ondulatorioaren aldeko argudio sinesgarri bat sortzeko, Newtonen teoria korpuskularra eraisten lagunduz. 1821ean, Fresnelek metodo matematikoen bidez frogatu ahal izan zuen polarizazioa argiaren teoria ondulatorioaren bidez azal zitekeela, baldin eta argia erabat zeharkakoa bazen, inolako luzetarako bibraziorik gabe. </p><p>Uhin-teoriaren ahulgunea zen argi-uhinek, soinu-uhinek bezala, transmisiorako bitarteko bat beharko zutela. Huygensek 1678an proposatutako balizko argi-eterraren existentzia zalantzan jarri zuen XIX. mendearen amaieran <a href="/wiki/Michelson-Morley_esperimentua" title="Michelson-Morley esperimentua">Michelson-Morley esperimentuak</a>. </p><p>Newtonen teoria korpuskularrak argia ingurune dentsoago batean azkarrago bidaiatuko zela esan nahi zuen, Huygens eta beste batzuen teoria ondulatorioak kontrakoa zekarren bitartean. Garai hartan, argiaren abiadura ezin zen behar bezain zehatz neurtu bi teorietatik zein zen zuzena erabakitzeko. Neurketa nahiko zehatza egiten lehena <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> izan zen, 1850ean<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bere emaitzak teoria ondulatorioaren alde egin zuen eta partikulen teoria klasikoa, azkenik, bertan behera utzi zen, XX. mendean partzialki berpizteko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teoria_elektromagnetikoa">Teoria elektromagnetikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teoria elektromagnetikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Teoria elektromagnetikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Sakontzeko, irakurri: «<a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_elektromagnetikoa" title="Erradiazio elektromagnetikoa">Erradiazio elektromagnetikoa</a>»</div> <p>1845ean, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faradayk</a> aurkitu zuen linealki polarizatutako argiaren polarizazio planoa biratzen dela argi izpiak <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">eremu magnetikoaren</a> norabidean zehar <a href="/wiki/Dielektriko" title="Dielektriko">dielektriko</a> garden bat dagoenean, orain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faradayren_errotazioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faradayren errotazioa (sortu gabe)">Faradayren errotazioa</a> bezala ezagutzen dena. Hau izan zen argia <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetismo" title="Elektromagnetismo">elektromagnetismoarekin</a> lotuta zegoenaren lehen froga. 1846an espekulatu zuen argia eremu magnetikoaren lerroetan zehar hedatuko zen perturbazio moduren bat izan zitekeela<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Faradayk 1847an proposatu zuen argia maiztasun altuko bibrazio elektromagnetikoa zela, eterra bezalako ingurune baten faltan ere heda zitekeena. </p><p>Faradayren lanak <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> inspiratu zuen <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_elektromagnetiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Erradiazio elektromagnetiko">erradiazio elektromagnetikoa</a> eta argia aztertzeko. Maxwellek aurkitu zuen uhin elektromagnetiko auto-hedatuak abiadura konstantean zihoazela espazioan zehar, eta abiadura hori lehen neurtutako argiaren abiaduraren berdina zela. Hortik aurrera, Maxwellek argia erradiazio elektromagnetikoaren forma bat zela ondorioztatu zuen: emaitza hau 1862an azaldu zuen lehen aldiz <i>On Physical Lines of Force</i> lanean. 1873an, <i>A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism</i> argitaratu zuen, eremu elektriko eta magnetikoen portaeraren deskribapen matematiko osoa zuena, oraindik <a href="/wiki/Maxwellen_ekuazioak" title="Maxwellen ekuazioak">Maxwellen ekuazioak</a> bezala ezagutzen dena. Handik gutxira, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertzek</a> esperimentalki berretsi zuen Maxwellen teoria, laborategian irrati-uhinak sortuz eta detektatuz eta uhin horiek argi ikusgarriak bezala jokatzen zutela frogatuz, islapena, errefrakzioa, difrakzioa eta interferentzia bezalako propietateak erakutsiz. Maxwellen teoriak eta Hertzen esperimentuek <a href="/wiki/Irrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrati">irrati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telebista" title="Telebista">telebista</a>, irudi elektromagnetiko eta <a href="/wiki/Haririk_gabeko_komunikazio" title="Haririk gabeko komunikazio">haririk gabeko komunikazio</a> modernoen garapenera eraman zuten zuzenean. </p><p>Teoria kuantikoan, fotoiak Maxwellen teoria klasikoan deskribatutako uhinen <a href="/wiki/Uhin_fardel" title="Uhin fardel">uhin fardel</a> gisa ikusten dira. Teoria kuantikoa beharrezkoa zen Maxwellen teoria klasikoak azaldu ezin zitzakeen fenomenoak azaltzeko, hala nola espektro lerroak bezala. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teoria_kuantikoa">Teoria kuantikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Teoria kuantikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Teoria kuantikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1900. urtean, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planckek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorputz_beltzaren_erradiazio" title="Gorputz beltzaren erradiazio">gorputz beltzaren erradiazioa</a> azaldu nahian, zera iradoki zuen, argia uhin bat izan arren, uhin hauek beren maiztasunarekin lotutako kantitate finituetan bakarrik irabaz edo gal zezaketela energia. Planckek "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantu (sortu gabe)">kuantu</a>" deitu zien argi-energiaren "talde" horiei. 1905ean, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einsteinek</a> argi-kopuruen ideia erabili zuen <a href="/wiki/Efektu_fotoelektriko" title="Efektu fotoelektriko">efektu fotoelektrikoa</a> azaltzeko, eta argi-kopuru horiek existentzia "erreala" zutela iradoki zuen. 1923an, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Comptonek</a> frogatu zuen intentsitate baxuko X izpiak elektroietatik barreiatzen zirenean behatutako uhin-luzeraren desplazamendua (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Comptonen_dispertsioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comptonen dispertsioa (sortu gabe)">Comptonen dispertsioa</a> deiturikoa) X izpien partikulen teoria baten bidez azal zitekeela, baina ez uhin-teoria baten bidez. 1926an, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Gilbert N. Lewisek</a> <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoi</a> deitu zien argi-kuantu horiei<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Denborarekin, <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">mekanika kuantikoaren</a> teoria modernoak argia (zentzu batean) bai partikula bat uhin bat bezala eta (beste zentzu batean) partikula eta uhin bat ez den fenomeno bat bezala kontsideratu zuen (benetan fenomeno makroskopikoak direnak, pilotak edo itsasoko olatuak bezala). Fisika modernoak, aldiz, metafora makroskopiko mota baterako (partikulak) eta beste metafora makroskopiko baterako (ur-uhinak) egokiak diren matematikez deskriba daitekeen zerbait bezala ikusten du argia, baina benetan ezin da erabat imajinatu. Comptonen dispertsioan inplikatutako X izpien eta irrati-uhinen kasuan bezala, fisikariek ikusi dute erradiazio elektromagnetikoak maiztasun baxuko uhin klasiko bat bezala jokatzeko joera duela, baina are gehiago frekuentzia altuko partikula klasiko bat bezala, baina ez ditu inoiz erabat galtzen bataren edo bestearen nolakotasun guztiak. Argi ikusgaia, maiztasunean batez besteko termino bat hartzen duena, erraz froga daiteke uhin edo partikula eredu bat erabiliz deskriba daitekeen esperimentuetan, edo batzuetan bietan. </p><p>2018ko otsailean, zientzialariek lehen aldiz jakinarazi zuten argi forma berri bat aurkitu zutela, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaritoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaritoi (sortu gabe)">polaritoiak</a> ekar ditzakeena, <a href="/wiki/Ordenagailu_kuantiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordenagailu kuantiko">ordenagailu kuantikoen</a> garapenean erabilgarria izan daitekeena<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ariketak"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Jakindun_logoa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/24px-Jakindun_logoa.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/36px-Jakindun_logoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Jakindun_logoa.png/48px-Jakindun_logoa.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Ariketak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ariketak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Ariketak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="background-color: #fef6e7; margin-left: 0;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Argia</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/320px-seek%3D3-Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="603" data-mwtitle="Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm/Argia_Ariketa_SELEKTIBITATEA_FISIKA.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>Argia</b> eta <b>errefrakzioa</b> lantzeko ariketa.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60233969"><i>Vocabulaire international de l'ʹeclairage = International lighting vocabulary = Internationales Wörterbuch der Lichttechnik.. </i></a> Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale 1987 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/2-8273-0006-0" title="Berezi:BookSources/2-8273-0006-0">2-8273-0006-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60233969">60233969</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPal2001">Pal, G. K..  (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50302789"><i>Textbook of practical physiology. </i></a> Orient Longman <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/81-250-2021-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/81-250-2021-7">81-250-2021-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=50302789">50302789</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBuser1992">Buser, Pierre A..  (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24318938"><i>Vision. </i></a> MIT Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-262-02336-9" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-262-02336-9">0-262-02336-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24318938">24318938</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSmith2006">Smith, Gregory Hallock.  (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62342120"><i>Camera lenses : from box camera to digital. </i></a> SPIE Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8194-6093-1" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8194-6093-1">0-8194-6093-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=62342120">62342120</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFNarinder_Kumar2004">Narinder Kumar.  (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769736979"><i>Comprehensive physics for class XII.. </i></a> Laxmi Publications <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/81-7008-592-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/81-7008-592-6">81-7008-592-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=769736979">769736979</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFUzanLeclercq2008">Uzan, Jean-Philippe; Leclercq, Bénédicte.  (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-74081-2"><i>The Natural Laws of the Universe. </i></a> Praxis  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-74081-2">10.1007/978-0-387-74081-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-387-73454-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-387-73454-5">978-0-387-73454-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLaufer1996">Laufer, Gabriel, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/introduction-to-optics-and-lasers-in-engineering/geometrical-optics/7B471D4ECAD5368371ACBC9155043F4B">«Geometrical Optics»</a> <i>Introduction to Optics and Lasers in Engineering</i> (Cambridge University Press): 11–58.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139174190.004">10.1017/cbo9781139174190.004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-45233-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-521-45233-5">978-0-521-45233-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBradt2004">Bradt, Hale.  (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/772458328"><i>Astronomy methods : a physical approach to astronomical observations. </i></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-511-33813-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-511-33813-7">978-0-511-33813-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=772458328">772458328</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54074455"><i>Handbook of pharmaceutical analysis. </i></a> Marcel Dekker 2002 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8247-4194-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8247-4194-3">0-8247-4194-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=54074455">54074455</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAhluwalia2000">Ahluwalia, V. 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44883822"><i>Color and light in nature. </i></a> (2nd ed. argitaraldia) Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-521-77284-2" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-521-77284-2">0-521-77284-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=44883822">44883822</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFDASH">DASH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7mW4-us4Yg8C&pg=PA213"><i>FUNDAMENTALS OF ECOLOGY 3E. </i></a> Tata McGraw-Hill Education <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-259-08109-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-259-08109-5">978-1-259-08109-5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3148d">«Gallica -»</a> <i>visualiseur.bnf.fr</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> </span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGonzalez_Larrañaga2020-04-29">Gonzalez Larrañaga, Galder.  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(1968-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/1.1974445">«Speed of Light»</a> <i>American Journal of Physics</i> 36 (2): 158–161.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1974445">10.1119/1.1974445</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505">0002-9505</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMichelson1927-01-01">Michelson, A. A..  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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/426679724"><i>Fundamentals of optical engineering. </i></a> Discovery Publishing House <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-81-8356-436-6" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-81-8356-436-6">978-81-8356-436-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=426679724">426679724</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319180859/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/Light_1.html">«Classical light»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2017-03-19 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFPtolemy1996">Ptolemy, activend century.  (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34724889"><i>Ptolemy's theory of visual perception : an English translation of the Optics. </i></a> American Philosophical Society <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-87169-862-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-87169-862-5">0-87169-862-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34724889">34724889</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150530101227/http://www.sifuae.com/sif/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Shastra-Pratibha-2015-Seniors-Booklet.pdf">«Shastra Pratibha 2015 Seniors Booklet»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2015-05-30 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSabra1981">Sabra, A. 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(2018-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao7293">«Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium»</a> <i>Science</i> 359 (6377): 783–786.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aao7293">10.1126/science.aao7293</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29449489">29449489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=PMC6467536">PMC6467536</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-04-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argi_kutsadura" title="Argi kutsadura">Argi kutsadura</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul 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height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9128" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q9128">Q9128</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Light">Light</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q9128%22">Q9128</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX525938">XX525938</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119582471">119582471</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119582471">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4035596-2">4035596-2</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85076871">sh85076871</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563178">00563178</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116358">ph116358</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/light">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D008027">D008027</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9128" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q9128">Q9128</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Light">Light</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q9128%22">Q9128</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <p><br /> <br clear="all" /> </p> <table style="margin:0 auto; background-color:#f7f8ff; border:1px solid #8888aa;" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Espektro_elektromagnetiko" title="Espektro elektromagnetiko">Espektro elektromagnetikoa</a></b> <p> <a href="/wiki/Gamma_izpi" title="Gamma izpi">gamma izpiak</a> • <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpiak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ultramore" title="Ultramore">ultramoreak</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">argia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Infragorri" title="Infragorri">infragorriak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mikrouhin" title="Mikrouhin">mikrouhinak</a> • <a href="/wiki/Irrati_uhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrati uhin">irrati uhinak</a> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kolore" title="Kolore">Koloreak</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td width="100">  </td> <td bgcolor="#3F007F"><small><a href="/wiki/Ultramore" title="Ultramore"><span style="color:white;">ultramorea</span></a></small> </td> <td bgcolor="#7F00CF"><small><a href="/wiki/More" title="More"><span style="color:white;">morea</span></a></small> </td> <td bgcolor="blue"><small><a href="/wiki/Urdin" title="Urdin"><span 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