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<div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Christianity <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">began as a movement</a> within <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>, but the two religions gradually diverged over the first few centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Era">Christian Era</a>, and the Christian movement perceived itself as distinct from the Jews by the fourth century.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Historians continue to debate the dating of Christianity's emergence as a discrete religion apart from Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Alexander" title="Philip S. Alexander">Philip S. Alexander</a> characterizes the question of when Christianity and Judaism parted company and went their separate ways (often termed the parting of the ways) as "one of those deceptively simple questions which should be approached with great care".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>, "the separation of Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event", in which the church became "more and more <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a>, and less and less Jewish".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Conversely, various historical events have been proposed as definitive points of separation, including the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg/250px-Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg/375px-Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg/500px-Los-desposorios-de-la-virgen-campin-robert-anversomp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3051" data-file-height="2679"></a><figcaption>Marriage of the Virgin by Robert Campin, circa 1420, illustrates the symbolic foundation of Christianity on Judaism through the depiction of Mary and Joseph's marriage at the unfinished portal of a Gothic church, built upon the Romanesque Temple of Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a> of the split is complicated by a number of factors, including a diverse and <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> range of religious thought and practice within <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> (both of which were far less orthodox and theologically homogeneous in the first centuries of the Christian Era than they are today) and the coexistence of and interaction between Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Gentile Christianity</a> over a period of centuries at the beginning of Early Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Some scholars have found evidence of continuous interactions between Jewish-Christian and Rabbinic movements from the mid-to late second century CE to the fourth century CE.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The first centuries of belief in <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> have been described by historians as characterized by religious creativity and "chaos".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The two religions eventually established and distinguished their respective norms and doctrines, notably by increasingly diverging on key issues such as the status of "<a href="/wiki/Purity_laws_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Purity laws in the Hebrew Bible">purity laws</a>" and the validity of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">messianic</a> beliefs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background_and_history">1 Background and history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins_of_Judaism">1.1 Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Hellenistic_Judaism">1.2 Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Second_Temple_period">1.3 Second Temple period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Jesus">1.4 Jesus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Jewish_Christianity">1.5 Jewish Christianity</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Historiography">2 Historiography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Parting_of_the_ways">2.1 Parting of the ways</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Reception_and_criticism">2.1.1 Reception and criticism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other_metaphors">2.2 Other metaphors</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Kinship">2.2.1 Kinship</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Causes">3 Causes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Theological">3.1 Theological</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Social">3.2 Social</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Intellectual">3.3 Intellectual</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Proposed_points_of_separation">4 Proposed points of separation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Life_and_ministry_of_Jesus">4.1 Life and ministry of Jesus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Pauline_epistles">4.2 Pauline epistles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Council_of_Jerusalem">4.3 Council of Jerusalem</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple">4.4 Destruction of the Second Temple</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Council_of_Jamnia">4.5 Council of Jamnia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Bar_Kokhba_revolt">4.6 Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Development_of_separate_scriptures">4.7 Development of separate scriptures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Edict_of_Milan">4.8 Edict of Milan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Ecumenical_councils">4.9 Ecumenical councils</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Religious_interpretations">5 Religious interpretations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References">7 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Background_and_history">Background and history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_Judaism">Origins of Judaism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of Judaism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellenistic_Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hellenistic Judaism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></div>Shaye J.D. Cohen writes that "Even the most Hellenized of Jews, e.g. Philo of Alexandria, belonged to Jewish communities that were socially distinct from “the Greeks,” no matter how well these Jews spoke Greek, knew Greek literature, and assimilated Greek culture high and low."<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple_period">Second Temple period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Temple period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div>There were numerous first-century Jewish sects interpreting the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> refers to twenty-four such sects).<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus">Jesus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jesus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Historical background of the New Testament</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_Christianity">Jewish Christianity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jewish Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a></div>Most historians agree that Jesus or his followers established a new Jewish sect, one that attracted both Jewish and gentile converts. According to New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, a number of early Christianities existed in the first century CE, from which developed various Christian traditions and denominations, including <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a>, four types of early Christianity can be discerned: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Hellenistic Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalyptic Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">early Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The first followers of Jesus were essentially all ethnically Jewish or Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">proselytes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_historical_background_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural and historical background of Jesus">Jesus was Jewish</a>, preached to the Jewish people, and called from them his first followers. According to McGrath, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>, as faithful religious Jews, "regarded their movement as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief-that Jesus was the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>." On the subject of the separation of early Christian belief from Judaism, Shaye J. D. Cohen writes that early Jewish believers in Christ "had a choice: they could join the emerging Christian communities which were being populated more and more by gentile Christians; or they could try to maintain their place within Jewish society, a stance that will become harder and harder to maintain as the decades go by; or, if they were uncomfortable among non-Jewish Christians and non-Christian Jews, they could try to maintain their own communities, separate from each of the others." He writes that the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> shows that, among Christ-believing Jews in the first century, the norm was to join the emerging gentile-populated Christian communities. But as these communities became more hostile to non-Christian Jews, the Christ-believing Jews were pushed to compromise either their Jewish identities or their belonging within the Christian communities.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a> By the second century, Romans regarded Christians and Jews as separate communities, persecuting Christians without targeting Jews. Second-century Christian writers regularly accused the Jews of collaborating with the Romans in their anti-Christian persecutions. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> attests to a Christian converting to Judaism in order to escape Roman persecution. The opposite is true, too; when the Romans persecuted Jews, they ignored Christians.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historiography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> describes a traditional (and in his view, errant) understanding of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> origins in 1999's Dying For God: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Not long ago, everyone knew that Judaism came before Christianity. The story would go that Christianity developed out of the "orthodox" Judaism of the first century, rabbinic Judaism, and either deviated from the true path or superseded its ancestor.</blockquote> He writes that this narrative, which he calls the "old paradigm", was propagated in "more or less the same" form by both Christian and Jewish scholars, with an understanding of pre-Christian Jews that anachronistically reduced their religious diversity into a single "Judaism".<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> Israel Yuval described the paradigm as seeing early Christianity "only as influenced and not as influencing". In the late 20th century, scholars began to favor a more complex view of pre-Christian Judaism, and came to understand early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism as "sister religions that were crystallized in the same period and the same background of enslavement and destruction."<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parting_of_the_ways">Parting of the ways</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parting of the ways" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The term parting of the ways refers to a historical concept figuring the emergence of Christianity's distinction from Judaism as a split in paths, with the two religions becoming separated like two branching roadways "never to cross or converge again".<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a> While most uses of the metaphor consider Christianity and Judaism to be two equally-important roadways, some use it to describe Judaism as the main "highway" from which Christianity forked. The metaphor may also refer to an interpersonal "parting", as in human relationships when two parties no longer see eye to eye and decide to "go their separate ways".<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Reed and Becker describe a "master narrative" of Jewish and Christian history that is guided by the parting concept, which describes a first-century Judaism characterized by great diversity, with exchange between Christ-believing and non-Christ-believing Jews, that was fundamentally changed in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Second Temple">Second Temple's destruction</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> of the Jews against Roman rule, after which Christianity and Judaism "definitively institutionalized their differences". The master narrative recognizes this period as the point from which Judaism's influence on Christianity was limited to the Jewish scriptures that the Church held as their <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a> The parting of the ways is the most commonly-used metaphor in contemporary scholarship on the topic of Christianity's historical distinction from Judaism, and the notion has been subject to a number of debates, criticisms, and metaphorical adaptations from scholars.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Lieu" title="Judith Lieu">Judith Lieu</a> has argued for a "criss-crossing of muddy tracks which only the expert tracker, or poacher, can decipher" over the parting metaphor, while Daniel Boyarin describes a continuum along which one could travel rather than a divide or partition between rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Scholarly works on the matter of the concept of the parting of the ways have been published under such titles as "The Ways That Never Parted", "The Ways That Often Parted", and "The Ways That Parted".<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reception_and_criticism">Reception and criticism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception and criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the Introduction to The Ways That Never Parted, Annette Reed and Adam Becker identify two fundamental assumptions guiding the parting model: that "Judaism and Christianity developed in relative isolation from one another," and that "the interactions between Jews and Christians after the second century were limited, almost wholly, to polemical conflict and mutual misperception." Reed and Becker, however, describe a literary and archaeological record of interaction between Jewish and Christian communities that suggests a "far messier reality" than that suggested by the parting concept, citing theological literature in which Jews and Christians reacted to one another's theologies and religions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>, who upholds the parting narrative, argues conversely that "the notion of 'the parting of the ways' does not in the least suggest that Jews and Christians stopped speaking with each other, arguing with each other, and influencing each other," and that reactions to Christianity in rabbinic scholarship neither prove nor disprove such a parting, and only prove that Jews and Christians continued to speak with one another after their parting. Cohen also argues that "There was no parting of the ways between gentile Christians and non-Christian Jews for the simple reason that their ways had never been united."<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Philip S. Alexander describes motivations for both Christian and Jewish scholars in upholding and propagating the parting of the ways: "The attempt [to lay down a norm for Judaism in the first century] barely conceals apologetic motives-in the case of Christianity a desire to prove that Christianity transcended or transformed Judaism, in the case of Jews a desire to suggest that Christianity was an alien form of Judaism which deviated from the true path."<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_metaphors">Other metaphors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other metaphors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Historians of Early Christianity have been "inventive in creating <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a>" to explain and illustrate the emergence of Christianity from Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Alexander" title="Philip S. Alexander">Philip S. Alexander</a> posited a <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a> to compare to the process of Christianity's differentiation from Judaism, with the two religions beginning as two overlapping circles, which gradually moved apart until they were entirely separated. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> commends Alexander's Venn diagram image for complicating the dominant "parting of the ways" notion of Christian historical distinction, but regards the metaphor as still being too simple for the "reconfiguring [of the historical narrative of Christianity's emergence] that needs to be done".<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> Among the several metaphors proposed by <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James Dunn</a> is the metaphor of a <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, which illustrated first-century Judaism as a woven textile, and Early Christianity as one of its fibers. Both Dunn and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> have used <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">body of water</a> metaphors: Dunn described Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity as two currents that eventually carved separate channels from the stream of ancient Judaism, and Boyarin described Early Christianity as one of many first-century Jewish movements that flowed out from one source, like <a href="/wiki/Capillary_wave" title="Capillary wave">ripples</a> on a pond's surface.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kinship">Kinship</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kinship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Metaphors of family and kinship "dominated" nineteenth- and twentieth-century academic discussion of the relationship between Judaism and Christianity, and are still used in contemporary scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Daniel Boyarin calls the understanding propagated with the use of this metaphor "the old paradigm". A mother-child metaphor was particularly common in the nineteenth century, with Christianity as the child born from and nurtured by Judaism. <a href="/wiki/Adele_Reinhartz" title="Adele Reinhartz">Adele Reinhartz</a> criticizes this formulation for its implication that Judaism was a single entity, when in fact it was "an ever-shifting set of groups".<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Boyarin identified the mother-daughter metaphor, which he attributes to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zallel_Lauterbach" title="Jacob Zallel Lauterbach">Jacob Lauterbach</a>, as "a typical example of how the myth [of Judaism and Christianity as 'self-identical religious organisms'] works".<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Alexander described the historical reduction of pre-Christian Jewish religious diversity into the singular entity of "Judaism" as taking place in two distinct ways: through the <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> "retrojection" of Rabbinic Judaism onto first-century <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisaic Judaism</a>, and through the assumption that all first-century Jewish religions shared some common features that allowed them to be joined into a single religion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> Alan Segal proposed a sibling metaphor as more accurate than that of the mother and daughter. Segal's metaphor compares the two religions to the biblical twins <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a>'s children", in acknowledgment of their "mother": Second Temple Judaism. Daniel Boyarin identified this interpretation of the two "new" religions as "part of one complex religious family, twins in a womb, contending with each other for identity and precedence, but sharing with each other the same spiritual food" for at least three centuries, as a new scholarly paradigm that overtook the "old paradigm" of the mother-daughter metaphor.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> Boyarin suggested that kinship metaphors should be abandoned altogether, because they erroneously imply a separation of first-century Judaism and Christianity as organic, definite entities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> He proposed "a model of shared and crisscrossing lines of history and religious development", describing Judaism and Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late Antiquity</a> as two points on a continuum, with <a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionites</a> and non-Christ-following Jews at each end, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:4-12">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Causes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological">Theological</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Theological" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Shaye J. D. Cohen argues that, while theological disputes between Jews and followers of Christ contributed to the social separation of the two groups, the disputes themselves had no direct connection to the parting; instead, the split of Christians from Jews was a process of social separation.<a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual">Intellectual</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Intellectual" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Emanuel Fiano examines the parting as a split of intellectual traditions, with the emergence of Christian theology reifying gentile Christianity as a discrete religion from Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Proposed_points_of_separation">Proposed points of separation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Proposed points of separation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_and_ministry_of_Jesus">Life and ministry of Jesus</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Life and ministry of Jesus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most historians agree that Jesus or his followers established a new Jewish sect, one that attracted both Jewish and gentile converts. According to New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, a number of early Christianities existed in the first century CE, from which developed various Christian traditions and denominations, including <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005-20">[20]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">James D. G. Dunn</a>, four types of early Christianity can be discerned: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Hellenistic Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalyptic Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">early Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006253-255-21">[21]</a> The first followers of Jesus, including the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">twelve apostles</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">seventy disciples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, were mostly ethnically Jewish or Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytes">proselytes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_and_historical_background_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural and historical background of Jesus">Jesus was Jewish</a>, preached to the Jewish people (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_15:24" title="Matthew 15:24">Matthew 15:24</a>), and called from them his first followers. According to McGrath, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a>, as faithful religious Jews, "regarded their movement as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief-that Jesus was the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Most of Jesus's teachings were intelligible and acceptable in terms of Second Temple Judaism; what set Christians apart from Jews was their faith in Christ as the resurrected messiah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987167%E2%80%93168-23">[23]</a> While Christianity acknowledges only one ultimate Messiah, Judaism can be said to hold to a concept of multiple messiahs. The two most relevant are the Messiah ben Joseph and the traditional Messiah ben David. Some scholars have argued that the idea of two messiahs, one suffering and the second fulfilling the traditional messianic role, was normative to ancient Judaism, predating Jesus. Jesus would have been viewed by many as one or both.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> was, before his conversion, the main antagonist of Christianity. Initially he persecuted the "church of God,"<a href="#cite_note-32">[note 1]</a> then <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Paul">converted</a> and adopted the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles" and started proselytizing among the <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentiles</a>. He opposed the strict applications of Jewish customs for converts, and argued with the leaders of the Jerusalem Church to allow gentile converts exemption from most <a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">Jewish commandments</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity" title="Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity">Paul was Jewish</a>, referring to himself even after his conversion as a Jew<a href="#cite_note-33">[note 2]</a> "circumcised the eighth day, of the stock of Israel, of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a>, a Hebrew of the Hebrews" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippians%203:5&version=nrsv">Philippians 3:5</a>). However, Paul fiercely denounced "<a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a>" who sought to impose Jewish laws on Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary-34">[32]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Supporting_Pauline_passages" title="Antinomianism">some passages</a> in his letters, Paul is sometimes credited with originating the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionism</a>: that the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> through <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> has superseded or replaced the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic covenant</a> and therefore the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> has superseded the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Jewish people</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">God's chosen people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Galatians_1#Paul's_Pre-Christian_Life_and_Conversion_(1:13%E2%80%9317)" title="Galatians 1">Galatians 1:13-14</a>, he becomes the first writer by almost half a century to refer to Judaism and Christianity as two separate religions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Council of Jerusalem" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem Church</a> was an early Christian community located in Jerusalem, of which <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James the Just</a>, the brother of Jesus, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> were leaders. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> was affiliated with this community.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Paul and <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> were sent from Antioch to confer with the Jerusalem Church over whether Gentile Christians need to keep the Jewish Law and be <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcised</a>. James played a prominent role in the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">council's</a> decision (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2015:19&version=nrsv">Acts 15:19</a> <a href="/wiki/NRSV" class="mw-redirect" title="NRSV">NRSV</a>) that circumcision was not a requirement. Paul says that James, Peter and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> will minister to the "circumcised" (in general <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a>) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the "uncircumcised" (in general <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/galatians/2-9.htm">Galatians 2:9</a>),<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[note 3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_of_the_Second_Temple">Destruction of the Second Temple</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Destruction of the Second Temple" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></div> The First Jewish-Roman war, and the destruction of the Temple, was a main event in the development of both early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism. Full scale open revolt against the Romans occurred with the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> in 66 CE. In 70 CE the Temple was destroyed. The destruction of the Second Temple was a profoundly traumatic experience for the Jews, who were now confronted with difficult and far-reaching questions.<a href="#cite_note-Neusner-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[note 4]</a> After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, sectarianism largely came to an end. The Zealots, Sadducees, and Essenes disappeared, while the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">Early Christians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> survived, the latter transforming into Rabbinic Judaism, today known simply as "Judaism". The term "Pharisee" was no longer used, perhaps because it was a term more often used by non-Pharisees, but also because the term was explicitly sectarian, and the rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews. Many historians argue that the gospels took their final form after the Great Revolt and the destruction of the Temple, although some scholars put the authorship of Mark in the 60s; this could help one understand their context.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Strack theorizes that the growth of a Christian canon (the New Testament) was a factor that influenced the rabbis to record the oral law in writing.<a href="#cite_note-46">[note 5]</a> A significant contributing factor to the split was the two groups' differing theological interpretations of the Temple's destruction. Rabbinic Judaism saw the destruction as a chastisement for neglecting the Torah. The early Christians however saw it as God’s punishment for the Jewish rejection of Jesus, leading to the claim that the 'true' Israel <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">was now the Church</a>. Jews believed this claim was scandalous.<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> According to Fredriksen, since early Christians believed that Jesus had already replaced the Temple as the expression of a <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Covenant (theology)">new covenant</a>, they were relatively unconcerned with the destruction of the Temple during the First Jewish-Roman War.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council_of_Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Council of Jamnia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a> postulated a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jamnia" title="Council of Jamnia">Council of Jamnia</a> in 90 that excluded Christians from the <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a>, but this is disputed. Jewish Christians continued to worship in synagogues for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1996190-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112%E2%80%93113-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wright_1992_p_164f-51">[46]</a> As late as the 5th century, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a> reprimanded <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a> in his congregation who were still participating in Jewish festivals, taking part in other Jewish observances such as the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">shabbat</a>, and making pilgrimage to Jewish holy places.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bar_Kokhba_revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bar Kokhba revolt" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a> led the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> in a revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from 132–135 CE. The Romans, either as a cause of or in response to the uprising, initiated a persecution against Jewish religious observance. During this campaign, the Romans ignored the Christians, considering them to be separate from the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-:5-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_separate_scriptures">Development of separate scriptures</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Development of separate scriptures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Development of the New Testament canon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Development of the Hebrew Bible canon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edict_of_Milan">Edict of Milan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Edict of Milan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenical_councils">Ecumenical councils</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ecumenical councils" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Religious_interpretations">Religious interpretations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religious interpretations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation" title="Christian–Jewish reconciliation">Christian–Jewish reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">History of early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Judaism">History of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Jewish schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church">Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Pella" title="Flight to Pella">Flight to Pella</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeder2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Feder, Theodore H. (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/parsing-the-parting-painting-the-marriage-of-the-virgin/">"Parsing 'the parting' painting: The marriage of the virgin"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Review. Vol. 40, no. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240212080625/https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/parsing-the-parting-painting-the-marriage-of-the-virgin/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-12. Retrieved 2024-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Parsing+%27the+parting%27+painting%3A+The+marriage+of+the+virgin&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Theodore+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Farticle%2Fparsing-the-parting-painting-the-marriage-of-the-virgin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhartz2020" class="citation book cs1">Reinhartz, Adele (2020-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.18574/nyu/9781479896950.003.0006/html">"5. How Christianity Parted from Judaism"</a>. In Greenspahn, Frederick E.; Greenspahn, Frederick E. (eds.). Early Judaism. New York University Press. pp. 97–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479896950.003.0006">10.18574/nyu/9781479896950.003.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-2570-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-2570-7"><bdi>978-1-4798-2570-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171634920">171634920</a>. Retrieved 2024-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+How+Christianity+Parted+from+Judaism&rft.btitle=Early+Judaism&rft.pages=97-120&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171634920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479896950.003.0006&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-2570-7&rft.aulast=Reinhartz&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.18574%2Fnyu%2F9781479896950.003.0006%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWylen1996" class="citation book cs1">Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ni_wa-L8hiIC">The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3610-0"><bdi>978-0-8091-3610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+the+Time+of+Jesus%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3610-0&rft.aulast=Wylen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dni_wa-L8hiIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Alexander, Philip S. "'The Parting of the Ways' from the Perspective of Rabbinic Judaism". <a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a>, ed. Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, Durham-Tübingen Research Symposium on Earliest Christianity and Judaism 1992 (2nd: 1999: Wm. B. Eerdmans). p1 in the 1992 edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2014) [1987]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z651BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226">From the Maccabees to the Mishnah</a> (3rd ed.). Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-23904-6"><bdi>978-0-664-23904-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/884882479">884882479</a>. <q>The separation of Christianity from Judaism was a process, not an event. The essential part of the process was that the church was becoming more and more gentile and less and less Jewish, but the separation manifested itself in different ways in each community where Jews and Christians dwelled together. In some places, the Jews expelled the Christians; in other, the Christians left of their own accord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Mishnah&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=226&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F884882479&rft.isbn=978-0-664-23904-6&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ651BwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Philippe Bobichon,"L'enseignement juif, païen, hérétique et chrétien dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr", Revue des Études Augustiniennes 45/2 (1999), pp. 233-259 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7279724/_Lenseignement_juif_pa%C3%AFen_h%C3%A9r%C3%A9tique_et_chr%C3%A9tien_dans_l%C5%93uvre_de_Justin_Martyr_Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Augustiniennes_45_2_1999_p_233_259">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426211231/https://www.academia.edu/7279724/_Lenseignement_juif_pa%C3%AFen_h%C3%A9r%C3%A9tique_et_chr%C3%A9tien_dans_l%C5%93uvre_de_Justin_Martyr_Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Augustiniennes_45_2_1999_p_233_259">Archived</a> 2021-04-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li>See for instance:</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuong2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vuong, Lily C. (2013-11-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWifdAZbuugC&pg=PA210">Gender and Purity in the Protevangelium of James</a>. Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament. Vol. 2.358. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 210–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F978-3-16-152844-6">10.1628/978-3-16-152844-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152337-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-152337-3"><bdi>978-3-16-152337-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-9570">0340-9570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Purity+in+the+Protevangelium+of+James&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+zum+Neuen+Testament&rft.pages=210-213&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft.issn=0340-9570&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F978-3-16-152844-6&rft.isbn=978-3-16-152337-3&rft.aulast=Vuong&rft.aufirst=Lily+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWifdAZbuugC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgel2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bourgel, Jonathan (2017). "The holders of the 'Word of Truth': The pharisees in Pseudo-Clementine Recognitions 1.27–71". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 25 (2): 171–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2017.0018">10.1353/earl.2017.0018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3184">1086-3184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+holders+of+the+%27Word+of+Truth%27%3A+The+pharisees+in+Pseudo-Clementine+Recognitions+1.27%E2%80%9371&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-200&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2017.0018&rft.issn=1086-3184&rft.aulast=Bourgel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobichon2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bobichon, Philippe (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29309756">"Autorités religieuses juives et « sectes » juives dans l'oeuvre de Justin Martyr"</a>. Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques. 48 (1): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.104844">10.1484/J.REA.5.104844</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1768-9260">1768-9260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes+et+Patristiques&rft.atitle=Autorit%C3%A9s+religieuses+juives+et+%C2%AB+sectes+%C2%BB+juives+dans+l%27oeuvre+de+Justin+Martyr&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.104844&rft.issn=1768-9260&rft.aulast=Bobichon&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29309756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1983" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Raymond E (1983). "Not Jewish Christianity and Gentile Christianity but Types of Jewish/Gentile Christianity". Catholic Biblical Quarterly (45): 74–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Not+Jewish+Christianity+and+Gentile+Christianity+but+Types+of+Jewish%2FGentile+Christianity&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=74-79&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBibliowicz2019" class="citation book cs1">Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29628872">Jewish-Christian Relations - The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019)</a>. WA: Mascarat. p. ????. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1513616483" title="Special:BookSources/978-1513616483"><bdi>978-1513616483</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116052803/https://www.academia.edu/29628872">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2020-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish-Christian+Relations+-+The+First+Centuries+%28Mascarat%2C+2019%29&rft.place=WA&rft.pages=%3F%3F%3F%3F&rft.pub=Mascarat&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1513616483&rft.aulast=Bibliowicz&rft.aufirst=Abel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29628872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_11-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2017-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004352971/BP000020.xml">"The Ways That Parted: Jews, Christians, and Jewish-Christians, ca. 100–150 ce"</a>. Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE. Brill. pp. 307–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1"><bdi>978-90-04-35297-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2024-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ways+That+Parted%3A+Jews%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jewish-Christians%2C+ca.+100%E2%80%93150+ce&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+in+the+First+and+Second+Centuries%3A+The+Interbellum+70%E2%80%92132+CE&rft.pages=307-339&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35297-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004352971%2FBP000020.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyarin1999" class="citation book cs1">Boyarin, Daniel (1999-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780804764292/html">Dying for God: Martyrdom and the Making of Christianity and Judaism</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780804764292">10.1515/9780804764292</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6429-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-6429-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246222899">246222899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+for+God%3A+Martyrdom+and+the+Making+of+Christianity+and+Judaism&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246222899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804764292&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6429-2&rft.aulast=Boyarin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804764292%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart (2005). Lost Christianities: The battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+The+battles+for+scripture+and+the+faiths+we+never+knew&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2005" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, James D. G. (2005) [1977]. Unity and diversity in the New Testament: An inquiry into the character of earliest Christianity (3rd ed.). London: SCM Press. pp. 253–255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-334-02998-4"><bdi>978-0-334-02998-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64450678">64450678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unity+and+diversity+in+the+New+Testament%3A+An+inquiry+into+the+character+of+earliest+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253-255&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=SCM+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F64450678&rft.isbn=978-0-334-02998-4&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=James+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckerReed2003" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Adam H.; Reed, Annette Yoshiko (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7GlASVWRgQC">The Ways that Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147966-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147966-3"><bdi>978-3-16-147966-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ways+that+Never+Parted%3A+Jews+and+Christians+in+Late+Antiquity+and+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-16-147966-3&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Adam+H.&rft.au=Reed%2C+Annette+Yoshiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV7GlASVWRgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv7r424g">The Ways That Often Parted: Essays in Honor of Joel Marcus</a>. Society of Biblical Literature. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv7r424g">10.2307/j.ctv7r424g</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-315-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88414-315-4"><bdi>978-0-88414-315-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv7r424g">j.ctv7r424g</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239776961">239776961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ways+That+Often+Parted%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Joel+Marcus&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv7r424g&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239776961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv7r424g%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-88414-315-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv7r424g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J. D. (2017-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10861143">"The Ways That Parted: Jews, Christians, and Jewish-Christians, ca. 100–150 ce"</a>. Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE. Brill. pp. 307–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004352971_017">10.1163/9789004352971_017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35297-1"><bdi>978-90-04-35297-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2024-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ways+That+Parted%3A+Jews%2C+Christians%2C+and+Jewish-Christians%2C+ca.+100%E2%80%93150+ce&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+in+the+First+and+Second+Centuries%3A+The+Interbellum+70%E2%80%92132+CE&rft.pages=307-339&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004352971_017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35297-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A10861143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780804764292-002/html">"Introduction: When Christians Were Jews: On Judeo-Christian Origins"</a>. Dying for God. Stanford University Press. 1999-11-01. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780804764292-002">10.1515/9780804764292-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6429-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-6429-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246212283">246212283</a>. Retrieved 2024-02-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+When+Christians+Were+Jews%3A+On+Judeo-Christian+Origins&rft.btitle=Dying+for+God&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246212283%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804764292-002&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6429-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780804764292-002%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiano2023" class="citation book cs1">Fiano, Emanuel (2023-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.12987/9780300271393/html">Three Powers in Heaven: The Emergence of Theology and the Parting of the Ways</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12987%2F9780300271393">10.12987/9780300271393</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-27139-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-27139-3"><bdi>978-0-300-27139-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Powers+in+Heaven%3A+The+Emergence+of+Theology+and+the+Parting+of+the+Ways&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300271393&rft.isbn=978-0-300-27139-3&rft.aulast=Fiano&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.12987%2F9780300271393%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman2005_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEhrman2005">Ehrman 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006253-255-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006253-255_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2006">Dunn 2006</a>, p. 253-255. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> McGrath, Alister E., Christianity: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1">1-4051-0899-1</a>. Page 174: "In effect, they [Jewish Christians] seemed to regard Christianity as an affirmation of every aspect of contemporary Judaism, with the addition of one extra belief—that Jesus was the Messiah. Unless males were <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcised</a>, they could not be <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">saved</a> (Acts 15:1)." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1987167–168-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen1987167%E2%80%93168_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen1987">Cohen 1987</a>, p. 167–168. sfn error: no target: CITEREFCohen1987 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Boyarin2012" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Boyarin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVlZEHVmuw0C&q=The+Jew+Who+Would+Be+God">The Jewish Gospels: The Story of the Jewish Christ</a>. New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595584687" title="Special:BookSources/9781595584687"><bdi>9781595584687</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Gospels%3A+The+Story+of+the+Jewish+Christ&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781595584687&rft.au=Daniel+Boyarin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVlZEHVmuw0C%26q%3DThe%2BJew%2BWho%2BWould%2BBe%2BGod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael_Knohl2000" class="citation book cs1">Israel Knohl (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fgv4HVPgtp0C&q=The+Messiah+before+Jesus:+The+Suffering+Servant+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls">The Messiah Before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520928749" title="Special:BookSources/9780520928749"><bdi>9780520928749</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Messiah+Before+Jesus%3A+The+Suffering+Servant+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780520928749&rft.au=Israel+Knohl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfgv4HVPgtp0C%26q%3DThe%2BMessiah%2Bbefore%2BJesus%3A%2BThe%2BSuffering%2BServant%2Bof%2Bthe%2BDead%2BSea%2BScrolls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_J._Avery-Peck2005" class="citation book cs1">Alan J. Avery-Peck, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H23hArqmJsQC&q=post+bethar">The Review of Rabbinic Judaism: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 91–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004144846" title="Special:BookSources/9004144846"><bdi>9004144846</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Review+of+Rabbinic+Judaism%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern&rft.pages=91-112&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004144846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH23hArqmJsQC%26q%3Dpost%2Bbethar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Schäfer2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Schäfer (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2YUtEQmbwgC&q=Messiah+ben+Joseph+">The Jewish Jesus: How Judaism and Christianity Shaped Each Other</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 235–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400842285" title="Special:BookSources/9781400842285"><bdi>9781400842285</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Jesus%3A+How+Judaism+and+Christianity+Shaped+Each+Other&rft.pages=235-238&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781400842285&rft.au=Peter+Sch%C3%A4fer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2YUtEQmbwgC%26q%3DMessiah%2Bben%2BJoseph%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2006">Dunn 2006</a>, p. 294. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006289-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn2006289_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn2006">Dunn 2006</a>, p. 289. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDunn2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Larry Hurtado's blog (November 11, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2014/11/11/pauls-persecution-of-jewish-jesus-followers-nature-causes/">Paul’s “Persecution” of Jewish Jesus-Followers: Nature & Cause(s)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Larry Hurtado's blog (November 12, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larryhurtado.wordpress.com/2014/11/12/the-hellenists-of-acts-dubious-assumptions-and-an-important-publication/">The “Hellenists” of Acts: Dubious Assumptions and an Important Publication</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ">The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</a> (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 912. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=912&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2019" class="citation web cs1">Novak, David (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2019/02/supersessionism-hard-and-soft">"SUPERSESSIONISM HARD AND SOFT"</a>. firstthings.com. Retrieved 4 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firstthings.com&rft.atitle=SUPERSESSIONISM+HARD+AND+SOFT&rft.date=2019-02&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2019%2F02%2Fsupersessionism-hard-and-soft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F.L., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&dq=james+the+just+oxford+dictionary+christian&pg=PA862">The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church</a> (3rd rev. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 862. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=862&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djames%2Bthe%2Bjust%2Boxford%2Bdictionary%2Bchristian%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/gal/2:9#56002009-1">"Footnote on 2:9"</a>, Galatians 2 from <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a>, USCCB</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Footnote+on+2%3A9&rft.btitle=Galatians+2+from+New+American+Bible&rft.pub=USCCB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fgal%2F2%3A9%2356002009-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/gal/2:9#56002012-1">"Footnote on 2:12"</a>, Galatians 2 from <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a>, USCCB</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Footnote+on+2%3A12&rft.btitle=Galatians+2+from+New+American+Bible&rft.pub=USCCB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fgal%2F2%3A9%2356002012-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASplit+of+Christianity+and+Judaism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner_40-1">b</a> Jacob Neusner 1984 Toah From our Sages Rossell Books. p. 175 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Cook, Michael J. (2008) Modern Jews Engage the New Testament, Jewish Lights Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58023-313-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58023-313-2">978-1-58023-313-2</a> p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Fredriksen, Paula (1988. From Jesus to Christ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04864-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04864-5">0-300-04864-5</a> p.5 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Meier, John (1991), A Marginal Jew, Rethinking the Historial Jesus Volume I: The Roots of the Problem and the Person,. Doubleday Press. pp. 43–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Sanders, E.P. (1987). Jesus and Judaism, Fortress Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5">0-8006-2061-5</a> p.60 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oztorah.com/2008/07/jewish-attitudes-to-gentiles-in-the-first-century/">Raymond Apple, "Jewish attitudes to Gentiles in the First Century"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Paula Fredriksen, From Jesus to Christ </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWylen1996190-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWylen1996190_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWylen1996">Wylen 1996</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112–113-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerard2006112%E2%80%93113_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerard2006">Berard 2006</a>, pp. 112–113. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBerard2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright_1992_p_164f-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_1992_p_164f_51-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>Wright 1992 p 164f</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Meeks, Wayne A., and Robert L. Wilken (1978). Jews and Christians in Antioch in the First Four Centuries of the Common Era (The Society of Biblical Literature, Number 13). Missoula: Scholars Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89130-229-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-89130-229-8">0-89130-229-8</a>. </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Galatians 1:13.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294-28">[28]</a> According to Dunn, Paul persecuted the "Hellenists"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006294-28">[28]</a> of Acts 6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn2006289-29">[29]</a> According to Larry Hurtado, there was no theological divide between "Hellenists" (Greek speaking Jews from the diaspora who had returned to Jerusalem) and their fellow Jesus-followers; Paul's persecution was directed against the Jesus-movement in general, because it offended his Pharisaic convictions.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2022:3&version=nrsv">Acts 22:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, who were predominant; however, this is an oversimplification, as 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Judaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea Province">Judaea Province</a> also had some Jews who no longer circumcised and some Greeks and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who did. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Such as:<a href="#cite_note-Neusner-40">[37]</a> <ul><li>How to achieve atonement without the Temple?</li> <li>How to explain the disastrous outcome of the rebellion?</li> <li>How to live in the post-Temple, Romanized world?</li> <li>How to connect present and past traditions?</li></ul> How people answered these questioned depended largely on their position prior to the revolt. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The theory that the destruction of the Temple and subsequent upheaval led to the committing of Oral Law into writing was first explained in the Epistle of <a href="/wiki/Sherira_Gaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherira Gaon">Sherira Gaon</a> and often repeated. See, for example, Grayzel, A History of the Jews, Penguin Books, 1984, p. 193. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&oldid=1257294749">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&oldid=1257294749</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Split_of_Christianity_and_Judaism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 05:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separaci%C3%B3_del_cristianisme_primitiu_del_judaisme" title="Separació del cristianisme primitiu del judaisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Separació del cristianisme primitiu del judaisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separaci%C3%B3n_del_cristianismo_primitivo_y_el_juda%C3%ADsmo_rab%C3%ADnico" title="Separación del cristianismo primitivo y el judaísmo rabínico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Separación del cristianismo primitivo y el judaísmo rabínico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebreoj_kaj_Kristanoj_de_la_unuaj_kvin_jarcentoj" title="Hebreoj kaj Kristanoj de la unuaj kvin jarcentoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hebreoj kaj Kristanoj de la unuaj kvin jarcentoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racines_juives_du_christianisme" title="Racines juives du christianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Racines juives du christianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EA%B5%90%EC%99%80_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%98_%EB%B6%84%EC%97%B4" title="유대교와 기독교의 분열 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대교와 기독교의 분열" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpecahan_Gereja_Perdana_dan_Yudaisme" title="Perpecahan Gereja Perdana dan Yudaisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpecahan Gereja Perdana dan Yudaisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99-%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99" title="הפילוג היהודי-נוצרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפילוג היהודי-נוצרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_korai_kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g_%C3%A9s_a_judaizmus_sz%C3%A9tv%C3%A1l%C3%A1sa" title="A korai kereszténység és a judaizmus szétválása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A korai kereszténység és a judaizmus szétválása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rano_hri%C5%A1%C4%87anstvo_i_judaizam" title="Rano hrišćanstvo i judaizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rano hrišćanstvo i judaizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 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