CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Eugène Ionesco - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e6caeaa1-9abc-46d3-b477-315bb9ae438b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Eugène_Ionesco","wgTitle":"Eugène Ionesco","wgCurRevisionId":1256363950,"wgRevisionId":1256363950,"wgArticleId":72590,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from July 2018","All articles needing additional references","Articles that may contain original research from July 2018","All articles that may contain original research","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use dmy dates from September 2020", "Pages with French IPA","Pages with Romanian IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","CS1: long volume value","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Official website not in Wikidata","Articles with German-language sources (de)","Eugène Ionesco","1909 births","1994 deaths","People from Slatina, Romania","Carol I National College alumni","20th-century French dramatists and playwrights","20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights","French people of Romanian descent","Romanian people of Greek descent","French people of Greek descent","Romanian people of French descent","French literary critics","Absurdist writers","Members of the Académie Française","Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously","Pataphysicians","Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)","Romanian writers in French","Saint Sava National College alumni","Theatre of the Absurd","University of Bucharest alumni","Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery","Jerusalem Prize recipients", "Romanian expatriates in France","Naturalized citizens of France"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Eugène_Ionesco","wgRelevantArticleId":72590,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader" :true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q46706","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.phonos.init", "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg/1200px-Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1790"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg/800px-Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1193"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg/640px-Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="954"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Eugène Ionesco - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Eugène_Ionesco rootpage-Eugène_Ionesco skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literary career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing_in_Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_in_Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Writing in Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_in_Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_his_first_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_his_first_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Origins of his first play</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_his_first_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_full-length_plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_full-length_plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The full-length plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_full-length_plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Later works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Theoretical writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Literary context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theatrical works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatrical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Untranslated_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Untranslated_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Untranslated writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Untranslated_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eugène Ionesco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="أوجين يونسكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوجين يونسكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejen_%C4%B0onesko" title="Ejen İonesko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ejen İonesko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="اوژن یونسکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوژن یونسکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Эжен Ионеско – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эжен Ионеско" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эжэн Іанеска – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эжэн Іанеска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эжэн Янэска – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эжэн Янэска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Йожен Йонеско – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йожен Йонеско" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Ionescu" title="Eugen Ionescu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eugen Ionescu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Ευγένιος Ιονέσκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευγένιος Ιονέσκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="اوژن یونسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوژن یونسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EC%A0%A0_%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94" title="외젠 이오네스코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외젠 이오네스코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AA%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Էժեն Իոնեսկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էժեն Իոնեսկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%27%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95" title="אז'ן יונסקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אז'ן יונסקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="ეჟენ იონესკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეჟენ იონესკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenius_Ionesco" title="Eugenius Ionesco – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Eugenius Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%BE%C4%93ns_Jonesko" title="Ežēns Jonesko – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ežēns Jonesko" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ежен Јонеско – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ежен Јонеско" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A" title="യൂജിൻ അയനെസ്കൊ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂജിൻ അയനെസ്കൊ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="युजिन आयोनेस्को – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युजिन आयोनेस्को" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="اوجين يونسكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجين يونسكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="اوژن یونسکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوژن یونسکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3" title="ウジェーヌ・イヨネスコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウジェーヌ・イヨネスコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Ionescu" title="Eugen Ionescu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eugen Ionescu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਓਜ਼ੈਨ ਇਓਨੈਸਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਜ਼ੈਨ ਇਓਨੈਸਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Ionescu" title="Eugen Ionescu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eugen Ionescu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%AD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ионеско, Эжен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ионеско, Эжен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8E%D9%86_%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86" title="ئۆژێن یۆنێسکۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆژێن یۆنێسکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ежен Јонеско – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ежен Јонеско" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="అయనెస్కో యూజీన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయనెస్కో యూజీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yujin_Yonesi%CC%B1ku" title="Yujin Yonesi̱ku – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yujin Yonesi̱ku" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ежен Йонеско – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ежен Йонеско" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="یوجین آئنسکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوجین آئنسکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Eugène Ionesco" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BB%81%C2%B7%E5%B0%A4%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93" title="欧仁·尤内斯库 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧仁·尤内斯库" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E9%AB%98" title="尤奧斯高 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尤奧斯高" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BB%81%C2%B7%E5%B0%A4%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93" title="欧仁·尤内斯库 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧仁·尤内斯库" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46706#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&oldid=1256363950" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&id=1256363950&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEug%25C3%25A8ne_Ionesco"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEug%25C3%25A8ne_Ionesco"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eugen_Ionescu" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q46706" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romanian-French playwright (1909–1994)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Special:EditPage/Eugène Ionesco">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Talk:Eugène Ionesco">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Special:EditPage/Eugène Ionesco">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco%22">"Eugène Ionesco"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Eugène Ionesco</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ionesco in 1993"><img alt="Ionesco in 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg/220px-Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg/330px-Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg/440px-Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="3697" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Ionesco in 1993</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Eugen Ionescu<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1909-11-26</span>)</span>26 November 1909<br /><a href="/wiki/Slatina,_Romania" title="Slatina, Romania">Slatina</a>, Romania</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">28 March 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-03-28)</span> (aged 84)<br />Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Cimetière du Montparnasse</a>, Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">Playwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Romanian, French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1931–1994</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde" class="mw-redirect" title="Avant-Garde">Avant-Garde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eugène Ionesco</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[øʒɛn<span class="wrap"> </span>jɔnɛsko]</a></span>; born <b>Eugen Ionescu</b>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[e.uˈdʒen<span class="wrap"> </span>joˈnesku]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/70\/Ro-Eugen_Ionescu.ogg\/Ro-Eugen_Ionescu.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ro-Eugen Ionescu.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/70/Ro-Eugen_Ionescu.ogg/Ro-Eugen_Ionescu.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ro-Eugen_Ionescu.ogg" title="File:Ro-Eugen Ionescu.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 26 November 1909 – 28 March 1994) was a Romanian-French playwright who wrote mostly in French, and was one of the foremost figures of the <a href="/wiki/French_avant-garde_theatre#Avant-garde" class="mw-redirect" title="French avant-garde theatre">French avant-garde theatre</a> in the 20th century. Ionesco instigated a revolution in ideas and techniques of drama, beginning with his "anti play", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bald_Soprano" title="The Bald Soprano">The Bald Soprano</a></i> which contributed to the beginnings of what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a>, which includes a number of plays that, following the ideas of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, explore concepts of absurdism and surrealism.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> in 1970, and was awarded the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Austrian State Prize for European Literature">Austrian State Prize for European Literature</a>, and the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ionesco was born in <a href="/wiki/Slatina,_Romania" title="Slatina, Romania">Slatina</a>, Romania. His father belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> church. His mother was of French and Romanian heritage. According to some sources, her faith was Protestant (the faith into which her father was born and to which her originally Greek Orthodox Christian mother had converted). According to other sources his mother was Jewish; however, this has been contested by his niece.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eugène was baptized into the Orthodox Christian faith. Many sources cite his birthdate as 1912, this error being due to vanity on the part of Ionesco himself, who wanted the year of his birth to coincide with that of when his idol, Romanian playwright <a href="/wiki/Caragiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Caragiale">Caragiale</a>, died.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He spent most of his childhood in France and, while there, had an experience he claimed affected his perception of the world more significantly than any other. As Deborah B. Gaensbauer describes in <i>Eugène Ionesco Revisited</i>, "Walking in summer sunshine in a white-washed provincial village under an intense blue sky, [Ionesco] was profoundly altered by the light."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was struck very suddenly with a feeling of intense luminosity, the feeling of floating off the ground and an overwhelming feeling of well-being. When he "floated" back to the ground and the "light" left him, he saw that the real world in comparison was full of decay, corruption and meaningless repetitive action. This also coincided with the revelation that death takes everyone in the end.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of his later work, reflecting this new perception, demonstrates a disgust for the tangible world, a distrust of communication, and the subtle sense that a better world lies just beyond our reach. Echoes of this experience can also be seen in references and themes in many of his important works: characters pining for an unattainable "city of lights" (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_(play)" title="The Killer (play)">The Killer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chairs" title="The Chairs">The Chairs</a></i>) or perceiving a world beyond (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Stroll_in_the_Air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Stroll in the Air (page does not exist)">A Stroll in the Air</a></i>); characters granted the ability to fly (<i>A Stroll in the Air</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e,_or_How_to_Get_Rid_of_It" title="Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It">Amédée</a></i>, <i>Victims of Duty</i>); the banality of the world which often leads to depression (the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(play)" title="Rhinoceros (play)">Bérenger</a> character); ecstatic revelations of beauty within a pessimistic framework (<i>Amédée</i>, <i>The Chairs</i>, the Bérenger character); and the inevitability of death (<i><a href="/wiki/Exit_the_King" title="Exit the King">Exit the King</a></i>). </p><p>He returned to Romania with his father and mother in 1925 after his parents divorced. There he attended Saint Sava National College, after which he studied French Literature at the University of Bucharest from 1928 to 1933 and qualified as a teacher of French. While there he met <a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Emil Cioran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, and the three became lifelong friends.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, Ionesco married Rodica Burileanu. They had one daughter, Marie-France Ionesco, for whom he wrote a number of unconventional children's stories. With his family, he returned to France in 1938 to complete his doctoral thesis. Caught by the outbreak of World War II in 1939, he returned to Romania, but soon changed his mind and, with the help of friends, obtained travel documents which allowed him to return to France in 1942, where he remained during the rest of the war, living in Marseille and then moving with his family to Paris after its liberation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_career">Literary career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugen-Ionescu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eugen-Ionescu.jpg/220px-Eugen-Ionescu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Eugen-Ionescu.jpg/330px-Eugen-Ionescu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Eugen-Ionescu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Romanian postage stamp depicting Ionesco</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_in_Romania">Writing in Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing in Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though best known as a playwright, plays were not his first chosen medium. He started writing poetry and criticism, publishing in several Romanian journals. Two early writings of note are <i>Nu</i>, a book criticizing many other writers, including prominent Romanian poets, and <i>Hugoliade, or, The grotesque and tragic life of Victor Hugo</i> a satirical biography mocking <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s status as a great figure in French literature. The <i>Hugoliade</i> includes exaggerated retellings of the most scandalous episodes in Hugo's life and contains prototypes for many of Ionesco's later themes: the ridiculous authoritarian character, the false worship of language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_his_first_play">Origins of his first play</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins of his first play"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ionesco began his theatre career later in life; he did not write his first play until 1948 (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Bald_Soprano" title="The Bald Soprano">La Cantatrice chauve</a></i>, first performed in 1950 with the English title <i>The Bald Soprano</i>). At the age of 40, he decided to learn English using the <a href="/wiki/Assimil" title="Assimil">Assimil</a> method, conscientiously copying whole sentences in order to memorize them. Re-reading them, he began to feel that he was not learning English, rather he was discovering some astonishing truths such as the fact that there are seven days in a week, that the ceiling is up and the floor is down; things which he already knew, but which suddenly struck him as being as stupefying as they were indisputably true.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This feeling intensified with the introduction in later lessons of the characters known as "Mr. and Mrs. Smith". To her husband's astonishment, Mrs. Smith informed him that they had several children, that they lived in the vicinity of London, that their name was Smith, that Mr. Smith was a clerk, and that they had a servant, Mary, who was English like themselves. What was remarkable about Mrs. Smith, Ionesco thought, was her eminently methodical procedure in her quest for truth. For Ionesco, the clichés and truisms of the conversation primer disintegrated into wild caricature and parody with language itself disintegrating into disjointed fragments of words. Ionesco set about translating this experience into a play, <i>La Cantatrice Chauve</i>, which was performed for the first time in 1950 under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bataille" title="Nicolas Bataille">Nicolas Bataille</a>. It was far from a success and went unnoticed until a few established writers and critics, among them <a href="/wiki/Jean_Anouilh" title="Jean Anouilh">Jean Anouilh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Queneau" title="Raymond Queneau">Raymond Queneau</a>, championed the play. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_plays">Early plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ionesco's earliest theatrical works, considered to be his most innovative, were one-act plays or extended sketches: <i>La Cantatrice chauve</i> translated as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bald_Soprano" title="The Bald Soprano">The Bald Soprano</a></i> or <i>The Bald Prima Donna</i> (written 1948), <i>Jacques ou la soumission</i> translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Jack,_or_The_Submission" title="Jack, or The Submission">Jack, or The Submission</a></i> (1950), <i>La Leçon</i> translated as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lesson" title="The Lesson">The Lesson</a></i> (1950), <i>Les Salutations</i> translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Salutations_(play)" title="Salutations (play)">Salutations</a></i> (1950), <i>Les Chaises</i> translated as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chairs" title="The Chairs">The Chairs</a></i> (1951), <i>L'Avenir est dans les oeufs</i> translated as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Future_is_in_Eggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Future is in Eggs (page does not exist)">The Future is in Eggs</a></i> (1951), <i>Victimes du devoir</i> translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Duty" title="Victims of Duty">Victims of Duty</a></i> (1952) and, finally, <i>Le Nouveau locataire</i> translated as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Tenant" title="The New Tenant">The New Tenant</a></i> (1953). These absurdist sketches, to which he gave such descriptions as "anti-play" (<i>anti-pièce</i> in French) express modern feelings of alienation and the impossibility and futility of communication with <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surreal</a> comic force, parodying the conformism of the bourgeoisie and conventional theatrical forms. In them Ionesco rejects a conventional story-line as their basis, instead taking their dramatic structure from accelerating rhythms and/or cyclical repetitions. He disregards psychology and coherent dialogue, thereby depicting a dehumanized world with mechanical, puppet-like characters who speak in <i><a href="/wiki/Non_sequitur_(logic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non sequitur (logic)">non-sequiturs</a></i>. Language becomes rarefied, with words and material objects gaining a life of their own, increasingly overwhelming the characters and creating a sense of menace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_full-length_plays">The full-length plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The full-length plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_(play)" title="The Killer (play)">Tueur sans gages</a></i> translated as <i>The Killer</i> (1959; his second full-length play, the first being <i>Amédée, ou Comment s'en débarrasser</i> in 1954), Ionesco began to explore more sustained dramatic situations featuring more humanized characters. Notably this includes Bérenger, a central character in a number of Ionesco's plays, the last of which is <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Pi%C3%A9ton_de_l%27air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Piéton de l'air (page does not exist)">Le Piéton de l'air</a></i> translated as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Stroll_in_the_Air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Stroll in the Air (page does not exist)">A Stroll in the Air</a></i>. </p><p>Bérenger is a semi-autobiographical figure expressing Ionesco's wonderment and anguish at the strangeness of reality. He is comically naïve, engaging the audience's sympathy. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_(play)" title="The Killer (play)">The Killer</a></i> he encounters death in the figure of a serial killer. In <i><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(play)" title="Rhinoceros (play)">Rhinocéros</a></i> he watches his friends turning into rhinoceroses one by one until he alone stands unchanged against this mass movement. It is in this play that Ionesco most forcefully expresses his horror of ideological conformism, inspired by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> in Romania in the 1930s. <i>Le Roi se meurt</i> translated as <i><a href="/wiki/Exit_the_King" title="Exit the King">Exit the King</a></i> (1962) shows him as King Bérenger I, an <a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">everyman</a> figure who struggles to come to terms with his own death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_works">Later works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ionesco's later work has generally received less attention. This includes <i><a href="/wiki/Hunger_and_Thirst" title="Hunger and Thirst">La Soif et la faim</a></i> translated as <i>Hunger and Thirst</i> (1966), <i>Jeux de massacre</i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/Macbett" title="Macbett">Macbett</a></i> (1972, a free adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i>) and <i>Ce formidable bordel</i> (1973). </p><p>Ionesco also wrote his only novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermit_(novel)" title="The Hermit (novel)">The Hermit</a></i>, during this later period. It was first published in 1975. </p><p>Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> for the opera <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_Kolbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilien Kolbe (page does not exist)">Maximilien Kolbe</a></i> (music by <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Probst" title="Dominique Probst">Dominique Probst</a>) which has been performed in five countries, produced for television and recorded for release on CD, Ionesco did not write for the stage after <i>Voyage chez les morts</i> in 1981. However, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bald_Soprano" title="The Bald Soprano">La Cantatrice chauve</a></i> is still playing at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatre-huchette.com">Théâtre de la Huchette </a> today, having moved there in 1952. It holds the world record for the play that has been staged continuously in the same theatre for the longest time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_writings">Theoretical writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theoretical writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a>, Ionesco contributed to the theatre with his theoretical writings (Wellwarth, 33). Ionesco wrote mainly in attempts to correct critics whom he felt misunderstood his work and therefore wrongly influenced his audience. In doing so, Ionesco articulated ways in which he thought contemporary theatre should be reformed (Wellwarth, 33). <i>Notes and Counter Notes</i> is a collection of Ionesco's writings, including musings on why he chose to write for the theatre and direct responses to his contemporary critics. </p><p>In the first section, titled "Experience of the Theatre", Ionesco claimed to have hated going to the theatre as a child because it gave him "no pleasure or feeling of participation" (Ionesco, 15). He wrote that the problem with realistic theatre is that it is less interesting than theatre that invokes an "imaginative truth", which he found to be much more interesting and freeing than the "narrow" truth presented by strict realism (Ionesco, 15). He claimed that "drama that relies on simple effects is not necessarily drama simplified" (Ionesco, 28). <i>Notes and Counter Notes</i> also reprints a heated war of words between Ionesco and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan" title="Kenneth Tynan">Kenneth Tynan</a> based on Ionesco's beliefs and Ionesco's hatred for Brecht and Brechtian theatre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_context">Literary context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literary context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ionesco is often considered a writer of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a>, a label originally given to him by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Esslin" title="Martin Esslin">Martin Esslin</a> in his book of the same name. Esslin, placed Ionesco alongside contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Genet" title="Jean Genet">Jean Genet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Adamov" title="Arthur Adamov">Arthur Adamov</a>, calling this informal group "absurd" on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>' concept of the absurd. In Esslin's view, Beckett and Ionesco better captured the meaninglessness of existence in their plays than works by Camus or Sartre. Because of this loose association, Ionesco is often mislabeled an existentialist. Ionesco claimed in <i>Notes and Counter Notes</i> that he was not an existentialist and often criticized existentialist figurehead <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. Although Ionesco knew Beckett and honored his work, the French group of playwrights was far from an organized movement. </p><p>Ionesco on the metaphysics of death in <i>Through Parisian Eyes: Reflections on Contemporary French Arts and Culture</i> by <a href="/wiki/Melinda_Camber_Porter" title="Melinda Camber Porter">Melinda Camber Porter</a>: "Death is our main problem and all others are less important. It is the wall and the limit. It is the only inescapable alienation; it gives us a sense of our limits. But the ignorance of ourselves and of others to which we are condemned is just as worrying. In the final analysis, we don't know what we're doing. Nevertheless, in all my work there is an element of hope and an appeal to others." </p><p>Ionesco claimed instead an affinity for <a href="/wiki/%E2%80%99Pataphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="’Pataphysics">’Pataphysics</a> and its creator <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jarry" title="Alfred Jarry">Alfred Jarry</a>. He was also a great admirer of the <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealists</a>, especially his fellow countryman <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Tzara" title="Tristan Tzara">Tristan Tzara</a>. Ionesco became friends with <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton" title="André Breton">André Breton</a>, whom he revered. In <i>Present Past, Past Present</i>, Ionesco wrote "Breton taught us to destroy the walls of the real that separate us from reality, to participate in being so as to live as if it were the first day of creation, a day that would every day be the first day of new creations."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Queneau" title="Raymond Queneau">Raymond Queneau</a>, a former associate of Breton and a champion of Ionesco's work, was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_%E2%80%99Pataphysique" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège de ’Pataphysique">Collège de ’Pataphysique</a> and a founder of <a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a>, two groups with which Ionesco was associated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politically, Ionesco expressed sympathy with the left-libertarian <a href="/wiki/Transnational_Radical_Party" title="Transnational Radical Party">Transnational Radical Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Pannella" title="Marco Pannella">Marco Pannella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombe_Ionesco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tombe_Ionesco.jpg/220px-Tombe_Ionesco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tombe_Ionesco.jpg/330px-Tombe_Ionesco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tombe_Ionesco.jpg/440px-Tombe_Ionesco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ionesco's grave in <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Montparnasse cemetery">Montparnasse cemetery</a>, Paris. The inscription translates: <i>Pray to the I don't-know-who: Jesus Christ, I hope</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Ionesco was made a member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received numerous awards including Tours Festival Prize for film, 1959; Prix Italia, 1963; Society of Authors Theatre Prize, 1966; Grand Prix National for theatre, 1969; Monaco Grand Prix, 1969; <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Austrian State Prize for European Literature">Austrian State Prize for European Literature</a>, 1970; <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a>, 1973; and honorary Doctoral Degrees from New York University and the Universities of <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>. He was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> eight times.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eugène Ionesco died at age 84 on 28 March 1994 and is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Montparnasse Cemetery">Cimetière du Montparnasse</a> in Paris. </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> granted posthumous membership to Ionesco.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatrical_works">Theatrical works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theatrical works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Long plays</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e,_or_How_to_Get_Rid_of_It" title="Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It">Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_(play)" title="The Killer (play)">The Killer</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(play)" title="Rhinoceros (play)">Rhinoceros</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exit_the_King" title="Exit the King">Exit the King</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stroll_in_the_Air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stroll in the Air (page does not exist)">Stroll in the Air</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunger_and_Thirst" title="Hunger and Thirst">Hunger and Thirst</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i>The Killing Game</i> aka <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Here_Comes_a_Chopper_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Here Comes a Chopper (play) (page does not exist)">Here Comes a Chopper</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbett" title="Macbett">Macbett</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oh,_What_a_Bloody_Circus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oh, What a Bloody Circus (page does not exist)">Oh, What a Bloody Circus</a></i> aka <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Hell_of_a_Mess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Hell of a Mess (page does not exist)">A Hell of a Mess</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Man_with_Bags&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Man with Bags (page does not exist)">Man with Bags</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journeys_Among_the_Dead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journeys Among the Dead (page does not exist)">Journeys Among the Dead</a></i> (1980)</li></ul> <p><b>Short plays</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bald_Soprano" title="The Bald Soprano">The Bald Soprano</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salutations_(play)" title="Salutations (play)">Salutations</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lesson" title="The Lesson">The Lesson</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Motor_Show&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Motor Show (page does not exist)">The Motor Show</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chairs" title="The Chairs">The Chairs</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Leader_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Leader (play) (page does not exist)">The Leader</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Duty" title="Victims of Duty">Victims of Duty</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maid_to_Marry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maid to Marry (page does not exist)">Maid to Marry</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack,_or_The_Submission" title="Jack, or The Submission">Jack, or The Submission</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Tenant" title="The New Tenant">The New Tenant</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_(Ionesco_play)" title="The Picture (Ionesco play)">The Picture</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Improvisation_or_the_Shepherd%27s_Chameleon" title="Improvisation or the Shepherd's Chameleon">Improvisation or the Shepherd's Chameleon</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Foot_of_the_Wall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Foot of the Wall (page does not exist)">The Foot of the Wall</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Future_is_in_Eggs,_or_It_Takes_All_Sorts_to_Make_a_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Future is in Eggs, or It Takes All Sorts to Make a World (page does not exist)">The Future is in Eggs, or It Takes All Sorts to Make a World</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foursome_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foursome (play) (page does not exist)">Foursome</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frenzy_for_Two,_or_More&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frenzy for Two, or More (page does not exist)">Frenzy for Two, or More</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Oversight&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Oversight (page does not exist)">The Oversight</a></i> (1966)</li></ul> <p><b>Vignettes</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Duel_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Duel (play) (page does not exist)">The Duel</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i>Double Act</i> (1971)</li></ul> <p><b>Monologue</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=How_to_Prepare_a_Hard-Boiled_Egg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="How to Prepare a Hard-Boiled Egg (page does not exist)">How to Prepare a Hard-Boiled Egg</a></i> (1966)</li></ul> <p><b>Ballet scenario</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Learning_to_Walk_(play)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Learning to Walk (play) (page does not exist)">Learning to Walk</a></i> (1960)</li></ul> <p><b>Opera libretto</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximilien_Kolbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximilien Kolbe (page does not exist)">Maximilien Kolbe</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_writings">Other writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Fiction</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Colonel%27s_Photograph_and_Other_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Colonel's Photograph and Other Stories (page does not exist)">The Colonel's Photograph and Other Stories</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermit_(novel)" title="The Hermit (novel)">The Hermit</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stories_1,_2,_3,_4_(2012)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stories 1, 2, 3, 4 (2012) (page does not exist)">Stories 1, 2, 3, 4</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> <p><b>Non-fiction</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugoliad,_or_The_Grotesque_and_Tragic_Life_of_Victor_Hugo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugoliad, or The Grotesque and Tragic Life of Victor Hugo (page does not exist)">Hugoliad, or The Grotesque and Tragic Life of Victor Hugo</a></i> (1935, published 1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notes_and_Counter-Notes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notes and Counter-Notes (page does not exist)">Notes and Counter-Notes</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fragments_of_a_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fragments of a Journal (page does not exist)">Fragments of a Journal</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Present_Past_Past_Present&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Present Past Past Present (page does not exist)">Present Past Past Present</a></i> (1968)</li></ul> <p><b>Film scenarios</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Anger</i> (1961)</li> <li><i>La vase (Slime)</i> (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Television scenario</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hard_Boiled_Egg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Hard Boiled Egg (page does not exist)">The Hard Boiled Egg</a></i> (1966)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Untranslated_writings">Untranslated writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Untranslated writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Non-fiction</b> </p> <ul><li><i>Nu</i> (1934)</li> <li><i>Decouvertes: Les Sentiers de la Creation</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Antidotes</i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Un_homme_en_question&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Un homme en question (page does not exist)">Un homme en question</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i>Le blanc et le noir</i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_qu%C3%AAte_intermittente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La quête intermittente (page does not exist)">La quête intermittente</a></i> (1987)</li></ul> <p><b>Plays</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_vicomte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le vicomte (page does not exist)">Le vicomte</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_ni%C3%A8ce-%C3%A9pouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La nièce-épouse (page does not exist)">La nièce-épouse</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exercices_de_conversation_et_de_diction_fran%C3%A7aises_pour_%C3%A9tudiants_am%C3%A9ricains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exercices de conversation et de diction françaises pour étudiants américains (page does not exist)">Exercices de conversation et de diction françaises pour étudiants américains</a></i> (1966)</li></ul> <p><b>Ballet scenario</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_jeune_homme_%C3%A0_marier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le jeune homme à marier (page does not exist)">Le jeune homme à marier</a></i> (1966)</li></ul> <p><b>Poetry</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elegii_pentru_fiin%C8%9Be_mici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elegii pentru ființe mici (page does not exist)">Elegii pentru ființe mici</a></i> (1931)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_playwrights" title="List of Romanian playwrights">List of Romanian playwrights</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Eugene-Ionesco">[1]</a> The Editors of <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. Eugène Ionesco; French dramatist. <i>Britannica</i> online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Theatre-of-the-Absurd">[2]</a> The Editors of <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. "Theatre of the Absurd". <i>Britannica</i> online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources such as the <i>Who's Who in Jewish History</i> (Routledge, London, 1995) and 'Ionesco Eugene' article in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i> state that Ionesco's mother was Jewish. In his now-famous diary, Romanian playwright <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sebastian" title="Mihail Sebastian">Mihail Sebastian</a> recorded that Ionesco told him his mother "had been Jewish, from <a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a>." (Cf. <i>Journal: 1935–1944</i>, UK edition, 321.) Marie-France Ionesco, Eugène's daughter, details a more complex genealogy of her family. Marie-Therese Ipcar's father was Jean Ipcar, a Lutheran from France and her mother was Aneta Ioanid, a Romanian woman of Greek parentage and Orthodox Christian faith. Jean's biological father was a Frenchman of Lutheran faith named Émile Marin. His mother, Anna, later married a man named Sebastien Ipcher, from whom Jean got his surname, a French-Catholic variation of "Ipcher" or "Ipchier". Rumors of Marie-Therese's Jewish origin, Marie-France writes, may have originated from the fact that her paternal grandmother's surname is disputed between the French <i><a href="/wiki/Lebel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lebel (disambiguation)">Lebel</a></i> or German-Jewish <i><a href="/wiki/Lindenberg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lindenberg (disambiguation)">Lindenberg</a></i>. Whether Eugène Ionesco's great-grandmother was Jewish or not, is, according to Marie-France, unknown and irrelevant, especially in regard to Eugène Ionesco's positive view of Jews. Cf. Ionesco, Marie-France, <i>Portrait de l'écrivain dans le siècle: Eugène Ionesco, 1909–1994</i>, Gallimard, Paris, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ionesco-eug-x00e9-ne">"Ionesco, Eugéne"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Ionesco%2C+Eug%C3%A9ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fionesco-eug-x00e9-ne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsky2014" class="citation journal cs1">Elsky, Julia (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/diasporas/319?lang=en">"Eugène Ionesco, 1942-1944 : Political and Cultural Transfers between Romania and France"</a>. <i>Diasporas. Circulations, migrations, histoire</i> (23–24): 200–214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fdiasporas.319">10.4000/diasporas.319</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1637-5823">1637-5823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diasporas.+Circulations%2C+migrations%2C+histoire&rft.atitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco%2C+1942-1944+%3A+Political+and+Cultural+Transfers+between+Romania+and+France&rft.issue=23%E2%80%9324&rft.pages=200-214&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fdiasporas.319&rft.issn=1637-5823&rft.aulast=Elsky&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fdiasporas%2F319%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050306221210/http://www.ionesco.org/vie-en.html">"Søren Olsen, <i>Eugene Ionesco's life</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ionesco.org/vie-en.html">the original</a> on 6 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Olsen%2C+Eugene+Ionesco%27s+life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ionesco.org%2Fvie-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaensbauer, Deborah B. <i>Eugène Ionesco Revisited</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ionesco, Eugene. <i>Fragments of a Journal</i>. Trans. Jean Stewart. London: Faber and Faber, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBejan2019" class="citation book cs1">Bejan, Cristina A. (2019). <i>Intellectuals and Fascism in Interwar Romania</i>. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-20164-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-20164-7"><bdi>978-3-030-20164-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectuals+and+Fascism+in+Interwar+Romania&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-20164-7&rft.aulast=Bejan&rft.aufirst=Cristina+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ionesco, <i>La tragedie du langage, Spectacles,</i>Paris, no. 2, July 1958.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatre-huchette.com/en/996-2/la-cantatrice-chauve-la-lecon-en/">Theatre de la Huchette</a>. Retrieved 28 May 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/article/ionescos-bald-soprano-sings-at-shakespeare-theatre-of-nj-aug-7-26-com-142772">Playbill, 7 August 2007</a>. Retrieved 28 May 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ionesco, Eugene. <i>Present Past, Past Present</i>. Trans. Helen R. Lane. Da Capo Press, 1998, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamon, Rosette C. <i>Ionesco's Imperative: The Politics of Culture</i>. University of Michigan Press, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVecellio2011" class="citation book cs1">Vecellio, Valter (2011). <i>Marco Pannella. Biografia di un irregolare</i>. Rubbettino Editore. pp. 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marco+Pannella.+Biografia+di+un+irregolare&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Rubbettino+Editore&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Vecellio&rft.aufirst=Valter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/discours_reception/ionesco.html">Ionescue</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050304102432/http://www.academie-francaise.fr/immortels/discours_reception/ionesco.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=13224">"Eugène Ionesco"</a>. <i>Nomination Database</i>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Media">Nobel Media</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202093737/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=13224">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomination+Database&rft.atitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D13224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acad.ro/membri_ar/pag_membri_pm.htm"><i>Membrii post-mortem al Academiei Române</i></a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069652/">Film directed by Heinz von Cramer, script by Ionesco at IMDb</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>—. <i>Fragments of a Journal</i>. Trans. Jean Stewart. London: Faber and Faber, 1968.</li> <li>—. <i>Ionesco : Théâtre complet</i>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_la_Pl%C3%A9iade" title="Bibliothèque de la Pléiade">Pléiade</a> edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-011198-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-011198-9">2-07-011198-9</a></li> <li>—. <i>Notes and Counter Notes: Writings on the Theatre</i>. Trans. Donald Watson. New York: Grove Press, 1964.</li> <li>—. <i>Present Past, Past Present</i>. Trans. Helen R. Lane. Da Capo Press, 1998, p. 149. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80835-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80835-8">0-306-80835-8</a></li> <li>Ionesco, Eugène. <i>Conversations with Eugène Ionesco</i>. Trans. Jan Dawson. New York: [Holt, Rinehart and Winston], 1966.</li> <li>Calinescu, Matei. <i>Ionesco, Recherches identitaires</i>. Paris [Oxus Éditions], 2005. Romanian version under <i>Eugène Ionesco: teme identitare si existentiale</i>. Iasi [Junimea], 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-37-1176-4" title="Special:BookSources/973-37-1176-4">973-37-1176-4</a> & (13)978-973-37-1176-6</li> <li><i>The New Oxford Companion to Literature in French</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866125-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866125-8">0-19-866125-8</a></li> <li><i>Who's Who in Jewish History</i>, Routledge, London, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12583-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12583-9">0-415-12583-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Esslin" title="Martin Esslin">Esslin, Martin</a>. <i>The Theatre of the Absurd</i>. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1969.</li> <li>Gaensbauer, Deborah B. <i>Eugène Ionesco Revisited</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996.</li> <li>Hayman, Ronald. <i>World Dramatists: Eugène Ionesco</i>. New York: Frederick Unger, 1976.</li> <li>Kraft, Barbara. <i>Interview: Eugène Ionesco</i>. Ontario, Canada: Canadian Theatre Review, York University, 1981.</li> <li>Ionesco, Marie-France. <i>Portrait de l'écrivain dans le siècle: Eugène Ionesco, 1909–1994</i>. Paris: Gallimard, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-07-074810-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-07-074810-3">2-07-074810-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Kamyabi Mask, Ahmad</a>. <i>Ionesco et son théâtre</i>. Paris: A. Kamyabi Mask, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9504806-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9504806-3-7">978-2-9504806-3-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Kamyabi_Mask" title="Ahmad Kamyabi Mask">Kamyabi Mask, Ahmad</a>. <i> Qui sont les rhinocéros de Monsieur Bérenger-Eugène Ionesco? (Etude dramaturgique) suivie d'un entretien avec Jean-Louis Barrault, Préface de Bernard Laudy</i>. Paris: A. Kamyabi Mask, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9504806-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9504806-0-6">978-2-9504806-0-6</a></li> <li>Lamon, Rosette C. <i>Ionesco's Imperative: The Politics of Culture</i>. University of Michigan Press, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10310-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10310-5">0-472-10310-5</a></li> <li>Lewis, Allan. <i>Ionesco</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1972.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Sebastian" title="Mihail Sebastian">Sebastian, Mihail</a>. <i>Journal: 1935–1944</i>. London: Pimlico, 2003.</li> <li>Sprenger, Scott; Mitroi, Anca. <i>Bibliographie Ionesco</i>. Bucharest: University of Bucharest Press. 2009.</li> <li>Sprenger, Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguaromana.byu.edu/archives/vol-3-issue-2-fall-2004/">Special Double Issue of Lingua Romana on Ionesco</a>. 2004.</li> <li>Wellwarth, George E. <i>The Dream and the Play</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuppy1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Guppy, Shusha (Fall 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2956/the-art-of-theater-no-6-eugene-ionesco">"Eugene Ionesco, The Art of Theater No. 6"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. Fall 1984 (93).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=Eugene+Ionesco%2C+The+Art+of+Theater+No.+6&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=Fall+1984&rft.issue=93&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Guppy&rft.aufirst=Shusha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F2956%2Fthe-art-of-theater-no-6-eugene-ionesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEug%C3%A8ne+Ionesco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> Călinescu, Matei. <i>O carte despre Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco</i>. On Cioran, Eliade, Ionesco. In: <i>Revista 22</i>, no. 636, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070910233251/http://www.revista22.ro/html/index.php?art=100&nr=2002-05-20">[3]</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Laura_Pavel" title="Laura Pavel">Pavel, Laura</a>. <i>Ionesco. Anti-lumea unui sceptic</i> (<i>Ionesco: The Anti-World of a Skeptic</i>). Piteşti: Paralela 45, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-593-686-0" title="Special:BookSources/973-593-686-0">973-593-686-0</a></li> <li>(in Romanian) <a href="/wiki/Octavian_Saiu" title="Octavian Saiu">Saiu, Octavian</a>. <i>Ionescu/Ionesco: Un veac de ambiguitate</i> (<i>Ionescu/Ionesco: One Hundred Years of Ambiguity).</i> Bucharest: Paideia Press, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-596-717-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-596-717-8">978-973-596-717-8</a></li> <li>Kraft, Barbara. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/barbara-kraft/a-conversation-with-eugene-ionseco_b_3288112.html">A Conversation with Eugene Ionesco</a></i> Huffington Post, 2013</li> <li><i>Orifiamma</i>, ebook ita, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-97618-22-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-97618-22-5">978-88-97618-22-5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilclubdimilano.org/catalogoCo.html">(Il Club di Milano</a>, 2013)</li> <li><i>Perché scrivo?</i>, ebook ita, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-97618-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-97618-01-0">978-88-97618-01-0</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilclubdimilano.org/catalogoCo.html">Il Club di Milano</a>, 2013)</li> <li>Kraft, Barbara, ebook usa, <i>The Light Between the Shadows: A Conversation with Eugène Ionesco</i>, 2014</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eugen_Ionescu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eugen Ionescu">Eugen Ionescu</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ionesco.de/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGOFBLHiVXU"><span class="plainlinks">An Interview with Eugene Ionesco</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.untitledtheater.com/Ionescobio.htm">Eugène Ionesco: Man of the Theatre/Theatrical Man</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421135653/http://www.untitledtheater.com/Ionescobio.htm">Archived</a> 21 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volokhov.ru/site/">Eugene Ionesco and Russian dramatist Mikhail Volokhov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405153026/http://volokhov.ru/site/">Archived</a> 5 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eugène_Ionesco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Template:Eugène Ionesco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Template talk:Eugène Ionesco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugène Ionesco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eugène_Ionesco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugène Ionesco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bald_Soprano" title="The Bald Soprano">The Bald Soprano</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lesson" title="The Lesson">The Lesson</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chairs" title="The Chairs">The Chairs</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Duty" title="Victims of Duty">Victims of Duty</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e,_or_How_to_Get_Rid_of_It" title="Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It">Amédée, or How to Get Rid of It</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jack,_or_The_Submission" title="Jack, or The Submission">Jack, or The Submission</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Tenant" title="The New Tenant">The New Tenant</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Picture_(Ionesco_play)" title="The Picture (Ionesco play)">The Picture</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_(play)" title="The Killer (play)">The Killer</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_(play)" title="Rhinoceros (play)">Rhinoceros</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exit_the_King" title="Exit the King">Exit the King</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunger_and_Thirst" title="Hunger and Thirst">Hunger and Thirst</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macbett" title="Macbett">Macbett</a></i> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hermit_(novel)" title="The Hermit (novel)">The Hermit</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Académie_française_seat_6" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_6" title="Template:Académie française Seat 6"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_6" title="Template talk:Académie française Seat 6"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise_Seat_6" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Académie française Seat 6"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Académie_française_seat_6" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie française">Académie française</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise" title="List of members of the Académie française">seat 6</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_le_M%C3%A9tel_de_Boisrobert" title="François le Métel de Boisrobert">François le Métel de Boisrobert</a> (1634)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Regnault_de_Segrais" title="Jean Regnault de Segrais">Jean Regnault de Segrais</a> (1662)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Galbert_de_Campistron" title="Jean Galbert de Campistron">Jean Galbert de Campistron</a> (1701)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_N%C3%A9ricault_Destouches" title="Philippe Néricault Destouches">Philippe Néricault Destouches</a> (1723)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Boissy" title="Louis de Boissy">Louis de Boissy</a> (1754)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_La_Curne_de_Sainte-Palaye" title="Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye">Jean-Baptiste de La Curne de Sainte-Palaye</a> (1758)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas (Chamfort)</a> (1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Roederer" title="Pierre Louis Roederer">Pierre Louis Roederer</a> (1803)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marc_Gaston_de_L%C3%A9vis,_Duke_of_L%C3%A9vis" title="Pierre Marc Gaston de Lévis, Duke of Lévis">Pierre-Marc-Gaston de Lévis</a> (1816)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Paul,_comte_de_S%C3%A9gur" title="Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur">Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur</a> (1830)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Viel-Castel" title="Charles de Viel-Castel">Charles de Viel-Castel</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Jurien_de_La_Gravi%C3%A8re" title="Edmond Jurien de La Gravière">Edmond Jurien de La Gravière</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lavisse" title="Ernest Lavisse">Ernest Lavisse</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georges_de_Porto-Riche" title="Georges de Porto-Riche">Georges de Porto-Riche</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Benoit_(novelist)" title="Pierre Benoit (novelist)">Pierre Benoit</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paulhan" title="Jean Paulhan">Jean Paulhan</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugène Ionesco</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Fumaroli" title="Marc Fumaroli">Marc Fumaroli</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Jambet" title="Christian Jambet">Christian Jambet</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Template:Austrian State Prize for European Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Template talk:Austrian State Prize for European Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austrian State Prize for European Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Prize_for_European_Literature" title="Austrian State Prize for European Literature">Austrian State Prize for European Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Herbert" title="Zbigniew Herbert">Zbigniew Herbert</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasko_Popa" title="Vasko Popa">Vasko Popa</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1968)</li> <li><span style="color:gray"><i>Not given</i></span> (1969)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eugène Ionesco</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Mro%C5%BCek" title="Sławomir Mrożek">Sławomir Mrożek</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_We%C3%B6res" title="Sándor Weöres">Sándor Weöres</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa" title="Miroslav Krleža">Miroslav Krleža</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Kohout" title="Pavel Kohout">Pavel Kohout</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvio_Tomizza" title="Fulvio Tomizza">Fulvio Tomizza</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_R%C3%B3%C5%BCewicz" title="Tadeusz Różewicz">Tadeusz Różewicz</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Manganelli" title="Giorgio Manganelli">Giorgio Manganelli</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Kundera" title="Milan Kundera">Milan Kundera</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Szczypiorski" title="Andrzej Szczypiorski">Andrzej Szczypiorski</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Duras" title="Marguerite Duras">Marguerite Duras</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Hei%C3%9Fenb%C3%BCttel" title="Helmut Heißenbüttel">Helmut Heissenbüttel</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_N%C3%A1das" title="Péter Nádas">Péter Nádas</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinghiz_Aitmatov" title="Chinghiz Aitmatov">Chinghiz Aitmatov</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inger_Christensen" title="Inger Christensen">Inger Christensen</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Ti%C5%A1ma" title="Aleksandar Tišma">Aleksandar Tišma</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrg_Laederach" title="Jürg Laederach">Jürg Laederach</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Tabucchi" title="Antonio Tabucchi">Antonio Tabucchi</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubravka_Ugre%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Dubravka Ugrešić">Dubravka Ugrešić</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Esterh%C3%A1zy" title="Péter Esterházy">Péter Esterházy</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Lobo_Antunes" title="António Lobo Antunes">António Lobo Antunes</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Hein" title="Christoph Hein">Christoph Hein</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cees_Nooteboom" title="Cees Nooteboom">Cees Nooteboom</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Barnes" title="Julian Barnes">Julian Barnes</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Magris" title="Claudio Magris">Claudio Magris</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Sempr%C3%BAn" title="Jorge Semprún">Jorge Semprún</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._L._Kennedy" title="A. L. Kennedy">A. L. Kennedy</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81gota_Krist%C3%B3f" title="Ágota Kristóf">Ágota Kristóf</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Olov_Enquist" title="Per Olov Enquist">Per Olov Enquist</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nizon" title="Paul Nizon">Paul Nizon</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Mar%C3%ADas" title="Javier Marías">Javier Marías</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Banville" title="John Banville">John Banville</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Ulitskaya" title="Lyudmila Ulitskaya">Lyudmila Ulitskaya</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_C%C4%83rt%C4%83rescu" title="Mircea Cărtărescu">Mircea Cărtărescu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Stasiuk" title="Andrzej Stasiuk">Andrzej Stasiuk</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ove_Knausg%C3%A5rd" title="Karl Ove Knausgård">Karl Ove Knausgård</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadie_Smith" title="Zadie Smith">Zadie Smith</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Houellebecq" title="Michel Houellebecq">Michel Houellebecq</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drago_Jan%C4%8Dar" title="Drago Jančar">Drago Jančar</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Krasznahorkai" title="László Krasznahorkai">László Krasznahorkai</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Smith" title="Ali Smith">Ali Smith</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_NDiaye" title="Marie NDiaye">Marie NDiaye</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46706#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46706#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46706#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120993554">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17224288">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/34545/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtxkgjJDQHkg4dkWjkMT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555707">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79046020">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908252k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11908252k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444267">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ionesco, Eugène"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV007404">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36110098">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003900&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX885891">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/24373">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068604912">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052183">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000000967&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000011609&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=79480">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613496">Korea</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N9098">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlms8q0njcjjt">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598530305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/97654">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263123605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530339806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14124146">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0083347X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500381031">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/127148">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/2820">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=51504">ADK</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1213830">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118555707.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118555707">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027325334">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wh39x1">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12986">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugène_Ionesco&oldid=1256363950">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eugène_Ionesco&oldid=1256363950</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Category:Eugène Ionesco">Eugène Ionesco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1909_births" title="Category:1909 births">1909 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1994_deaths" title="Category:1994 deaths">1994 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Slatina,_Romania" title="Category:People from Slatina, Romania">People from Slatina, Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carol_I_National_College_alumni" title="Category:Carol I National College alumni">Carol I National College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_French_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century French dramatists and playwrights">20th-century French dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Romanian_dramatists_and_playwrights" title="Category:20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights">20th-century Romanian dramatists and playwrights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Romanian_descent" title="Category:French people of Romanian descent">French people of Romanian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_people_of_Greek_descent" title="Category:Romanian people of Greek descent">Romanian people of Greek descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Greek_descent" title="Category:French people of Greek descent">French people of Greek descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_people_of_French_descent" title="Category:Romanian people of French descent">Romanian people of French descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_literary_critics" title="Category:French literary critics">French literary critics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Absurdist_writers" title="Category:Absurdist writers">Absurdist writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Category:Members of the Académie Française">Members of the Académie Française</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Romanian_Academy_elected_posthumously" title="Category:Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously">Members of the Romanian Academy elected posthumously</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pataphysicians" title="Category:Pataphysicians">Pataphysicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_(civil_class)" title="Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)">Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_writers_in_French" title="Category:Romanian writers in French">Romanian writers in French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saint_Sava_National_College_alumni" title="Category:Saint Sava National College alumni">Saint Sava National College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatre_of_the_Absurd" title="Category:Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Bucharest_alumni" title="Category:University of Bucharest alumni">University of Bucharest alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Montparnasse_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery">Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jerusalem_Prize_recipients" title="Category:Jerusalem Prize recipients">Jerusalem Prize recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanian_expatriates_in_France" title="Category:Romanian expatriates in France">Romanian expatriates in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturalized_citizens_of_France" title="Category:Naturalized citizens of France">Naturalized citizens of France</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)">Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2018">Articles needing additional references from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from July 2018">Articles that may contain original research from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Romanian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Romanian IPA">Pages with Romanian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_not_in_Wikidata" title="Category:Official website not in Wikidata">Official website not in Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 15:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fb7ms","wgBackendResponseTime":149,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.747","walltime":"0.966","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5459,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":109446,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12836,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":103110,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 847.967 1 -total"," 15.00% 127.235 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.19% 120.361 1 Template:Infobox_writer"," 14.02% 118.849 2 Template:IPA"," 13.69% 116.123 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.44% 80.025 3 Template:Cite_web"," 9.36% 79.390 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 9.32% 79.025 13 Template:ISBN"," 9.14% 77.516 3 Template:Navbox"," 9.14% 77.488 1 Template:Ionesco_Plays"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.486","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24031675,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6d7kv","timestamp":"20241122142803","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Eug\u00e8ne Ionesco","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q46706","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q46706","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-16T18:09:52Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T15:56:41Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/89\/Eugene_Ionesco_01.jpg","headline":"Romanian-French playwright (1909\u20131994)"}</script> </body> </html>