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<span>Economist</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economist-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economist subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protégé_of_Keynes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protégé_of_Keynes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Protégé of Keynes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protégé_of_Keynes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adviser_to_the_Coal_Board" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adviser_to_the_Coal_Board"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adviser to the Coal Board</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adviser_to_the_Coal_Board-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thinking_outside_the_box" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thinking_outside_the_box"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Thinking outside the box</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thinking_outside_the_box-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schumacher_as_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schumacher_as_writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schumacher as writer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schumacher_as_writer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schumacher as writer subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schumacher_as_writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Question_of_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Question_of_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Question of size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Question_of_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schumacher_Circle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schumacher_Circle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Schumacher Circle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schumacher_Circle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dr._E._F._Schumacher_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dr._E._F._Schumacher_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dr. E. F. Schumacher Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dr._E._F._Schumacher_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schumacher_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schumacher_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Schumacher College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schumacher_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">E. F. Schumacher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="إيرنست فريتز شوماخر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرنست فريتز شوماخر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Schumacher" title="Ernst Schumacher – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernst Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EC%8A%88%EB%A7%88%ED%97%88" title="에른스트 프리드리히 슈마허 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 프리드리히 슈마허" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="ايرنست فريتز شوماخر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرنست فريتز شوماخر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC" title="エルンスト・フリードリッヒ・シューマッハー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・フリードリッヒ・シューマッハー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="E. F. Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AB_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0" title="ਈ ਐਫ ਸ਼ੂਮੈਕਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈ ਐਫ ਸ਼ੂਮੈਕਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Шумахер, Эрнст Фридрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шумахер, Эрнст Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Fridrih_%C5%A0umaher" title="Ernst Fridrih Šumaher – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ernst Fridrih Šumaher" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="E. F. Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81._%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இ. எஃபு. ஷூமாசர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இ. எஃபு. ஷூமாசர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แอ็นสท์ ฟรีดริช ชูมัคเคอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอ็นสท์ ฟรีดริช ชูมัคเคอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Friedrich_Schumacher" title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ernst Friedrich Schumacher" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ернст Фрідріх Шумахер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернст Фрідріх Шумахер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British statistician and economist (1911–1977)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">E. F. Schumacher</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SchumacherSiB200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/SchumacherSiB200.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="274" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Photograph of Schumacher from the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i>, 1973</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ernst Friedrich Schumacher</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1911-08-16</span>)</span>16 August 1911<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 September 1977<span style="display:none">(1977-09-04)</span> (aged 66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">British</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contributions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ernst Friedrich Schumacher</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> (16 August 1911 – 4 September 1977) was a British <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economist</a> who is best known for his proposals for human-scale, <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralised</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiBbiog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as Chief Economic Advisor to the British <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> from 1950 to 1970, and founded the Intermediate Technology Development Group (now known as <a href="/wiki/Practical_Action" title="Practical Action">Practical Action</a>) in 1966. </p><p>In 1995, his 1973 book <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful:_A_Study_of_Economics_As_If_People_Mattered" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered">Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered</a></i> was ranked by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a></i> as one of the 100 most influential books published since World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-TLS100_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLS100-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977 he published <i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="A Guide for the Perplexed">A Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> as a critique of <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> and as an exploration of the nature and organisation of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schumacher was born in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, Germany in 1911. His father was a professor of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a>. The younger Schumacher studied in Bonn and <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, then from 1930 in England as a <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholar</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiBbiog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, earning a diploma in economics. He then worked in business, farming and journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiBbiog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sister, Elizabeth, was the wife of the physicist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economist">Economist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protégé_of_Keynes"><span id="Prot.C3.A9g.C3.A9_of_Keynes"></span>Protégé of Keynes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Protégé of Keynes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schumacher moved back to England prior to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. For a period during the war, he was <a href="/wiki/Interned" class="mw-redirect" title="Interned">interned</a> on an isolated English farm as an "enemy alien". In these years, Schumacher captured the attention of <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> with a paper entitled "Multilateral Clearing"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he had written between sessions working in the fields of the internment camp. Keynes recognised the young German's understanding and abilities, and he was able to have Schumacher released from internment. Schumacher helped the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> mobilise economically and financially during World War II, and Keynes found a position for him at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Kohr" title="Leopold Kohr">Leopold Kohr</a>'s obituary for Schumacher, when "Multilateral Clearing" "was published in the spring of 1943 in <i><a href="/wiki/Economica" title="Economica">Economica</a></i>, it caused some embarrassment to Keynes who, instead of arranging for its separate publication, had incorporated the text almost verbatim in his famous "<a href="/wiki/Plan_for_an_International_Clearing_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan for an International Clearing Union">Plan for an International Clearing Union</a>", which the British government issued as a <a href="/wiki/White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="White Paper">White Paper</a> a few weeks later."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adviser_to_the_Coal_Board">Adviser to the Coal Board</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Adviser to the Coal Board"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Schumacher worked as an economic advisor to, and later Chief Statistician for, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Commission" title="Allied Commission">British Control Commission</a>, which was charged with rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/German_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="German economy">German economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiBbiog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1950 to 1970 he was Chief Economic Adviser to the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiBbiog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the world's largest organisations, with 800,000 employees. In this position, he argued that coal, not petroleum, should be used to supply the energy needs of the world's population. He saw oil as a <a href="/wiki/Finite_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite resource">finite resource</a>, fearing its depletion and eventually prohibitive <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">price</a>, and viewed with alarm the reality that "the richest and cheapest reserves are located in some of the world's most unstable countries".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His position on the Coal Board was often mentioned later by those introducing Schumacher or his ideas. It is generally thought that his farsighted planning contributed to Britain's post-war economic recovery. Schumacher predicted the rise of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> and many of the problems of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thinking_outside_the_box">Thinking outside the box</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Thinking outside the box"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1955 Schumacher travelled to <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> as an economic consultant. While there, he developed the set of principles he called "<a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a>", based on the belief that individuals need good work for proper <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(humanity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (humanity)">human development</a>. He also proclaimed that "production from local resources for local needs is the most rational way of economic life." He travelled throughout many <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries, encouraging local governments to create <a href="/wiki/Self-reliant_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-reliant economy">self-reliant economies</a>. Schumacher's experience led him to become a pioneer of what is now called <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a>: <a href="/wiki/User-friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="User-friendly">user-friendly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecologically" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologically">ecologically</a> suitable technology applicable to the scale of the community; a concept very close to <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a>'s conviviality. He founded the Intermediate Technology Development Group (now <a href="/wiki/Practical_Action" title="Practical Action">Practical Action</a>) in 1966. His theories of development have been summed up for many in catch phrases such as "<a href="/wiki/Intermediate_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate size">intermediate size</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Intermediate_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate technology">intermediate technology</a>". He was a <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustee</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scott_Bader_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Bader Commonwealth">Scott Bader Commonwealth</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1970 the president of the <a href="/wiki/Soil_Association" title="Soil Association">Soil Association</a>. </p><p>E. F. Schumacher was greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a> and Gandhi's concepts of "economy of permanence" and appropriate technology. While delivering the Gandhi Memorial Lecture at the Gandhian Institute of Studies at <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> (India) in 1973, Schumacher described Gandhi as the greatest "people's economist" whose economic thinking was compatible with spirituality as opposed to materialism.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schumacher was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Tawney" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Henry Tawney">Richard Henry Tawney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Kohr" title="Leopold Kohr">Leopold Kohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.T._Ariyaratne" class="mw-redirect" title="A.T. Ariyaratne">A.T. Ariyaratne</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his solutions to the great economic problems influence the <a href="/wiki/Schumacher_Center_for_a_New_Economics" title="Schumacher Center for a New Economics">Schumacher Center for a New Economics</a>, The Arche, George McRobie, William Schweke, and many others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schumacher_as_writer">Schumacher as writer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Schumacher as writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schumacher wrote on economics for London's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> and became one of the paper's chief <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board" title="Editorial board">editorial writers</a>. At this post he was assigned the task of compiling information for the obituary of John Maynard Keynes. He also wrote for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Resurgence_%26_Ecologist" title="Resurgence & Ecologist">Resurgence</a></i>. He served as adviser to the <a href="/wiki/India_Planning_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="India Planning Commission">India Planning Commission</a>, as well as to the governments of Zambia and Burma – an experience that led to his much-read essay "Buddhist Economics". </p><p>The 1973 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful:_A_Study_of_Economics_As_If_People_Mattered" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered">Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered</a></i>, a collection of essays, finished in the house of his friend Leopold Kohr, brought his ideas to a wider audience. One of his main arguments in <i>Small Is Beautiful</i> is that we cannot consider the problem of technological production solved if it requires that we recklessly erode our finite <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a> and deprive future generations of its benefits. Schumacher's work coincided with the growth of ecological concerns and with the birth of environmentalism, and he became a hero to many in the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Community_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Community movement (page does not exist)">community movement</a>. </p><p>In 1976, he was awarded the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Europ%C3%A9en_de_l%27Essai_Charles_Veillon" class="extiw" title="fr:Prix Européen de l'Essai Charles Veillon">Prix Européen de l'Essai Charles Veillon</a> for <i>Small Is Beautiful</i>. </p><p>His 1977 work <i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="A Guide for the Perplexed">A Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> is both a critique of <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> and an exploration of the nature and organisation of knowledge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Question_of_size">Question of size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Question of size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just like his mentor Leopold Kohr, Schumacher discusses the problems of <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a> in <i>Small Is Beautiful</i>, which he called "the question of size".<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like Kohr, Schumacher calls for separatism and decentralisation of humanity into smaller nations and communities. However, instead of focusing on the cultural and social aspects of separatism, he discusses the economic perspective. He criticises the belief that history is based on unification – that tribes formed a nation, which then formed a union of nations, and that now one could look forward to a <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that the opposite process is taking place as the number of countries worldwide is growing, as large nations break up into smaller ones, and states that <i><a href="/wiki/Balkanisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkanisation">Balkanisation</a></i> should not have negative connotations. He questions the idea of "the bigger the better", arguing that in fact smaller nations perform better economically than bigger nations, and points out that German-speaking parts of Switzerland and Austria were able to become prosperous without the need to join Germany. According to Schumacher, the German unification was not responsible for German economical success, and most of the world's wealthiest nations on a per capita basis are small, while the largest countries are poor in comparison. He asserts that the smaller internal market area of a small country is not a hindrance, but rather the basis of great economic potential and development.<sup id="cite_ref-niles_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niles-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schumacher then notes that the myth of "bigness" also appears in case of corporations, as it's "generally told that gigantic organisations are inescapably necessary".<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Schumacher, however, as soon as an organisation of a great size is created, it inevitably entails "a strenuous attempt to attain smallness within bigness" in order to remain efficient; he argues that the <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> was organised as a federation of medium-sized firms, and recalls his experience in the British <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a>, which was decentralised into a "federation of numerous quasi-firms" under <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham" title="Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham">Lord Robens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schumacher asserts that while many still engage in "idolatry of large size", in practice nobody can deny the "convenience, humanity, and manageability of smallness". He repeats the arguments of Leopold Kohr – when any body grows too big, it also becomes unmanageable and highly dysfunctional, naming <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> examples of overgrown cities, where "the millions do not add to the city's real value but merely create enormous problems and produce human degradation".<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also discusses <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a>, identifying the "idolatry of gigantism" as a harmful belief steming from technological progress – the highly developed communications system greatly increased <a href="/wiki/Labor_mobility" title="Labor mobility">labor mobility</a>, rendering people "footloose".<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that everything needs a structure, and while before the advent of mass transport people were relatively immobile, one was still able to move, such as the Irish immigrants in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once everything has become extremely mobile, all structures are more vulnerable and threatened than ever. For him, fast transport ended up destroying freedom rather than providing it, given how it made every structure vulnerable and made actions that would mitigate the destructive effects of this technological development necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that this problem affects both large and small countries, and that the now extremely high labour mobility might not only destroy social cohesion (resulting in alienation and <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">anomie</a>), but also cause instability: </p> <blockquote><p>The factor of footlooseness is, therefore, the more serious, the bigger the country. Its destructive effects can be traced both in the rich and in the poor countries. In the rich countries such as the United States of America, it produces, as already mentioned, 'megalopolis'. It also produces a rapidly increasing and ever more intractable problem of 'drop-outs', of people, who, having become footloose, cannot find a place anywhere in society. Directly connected with this, it produces an appalling problem of crime, alienation, stress, social breakdown, right down to the level of the family. In the poor countries, again most severely in the largest ones, it produces mass migration into cities, mass unemployment, and, as vitality is drained out of the rural areas, the threat of famine. The result is a 'dual society' without any inner cohesion, subject to a maximum of political instability.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Schumacher then moves his attention to nation-states, which he also considers endangered by "bigness", defined as annexation or unification into larger states. He notes that Denmark or Belgium being annexed to Germany and France respectively would stunt their growth, cause their economic potential to be completely neglected, threaten their language and culture, and lastly cause their separatist cause to be dismissed by modern media and politicians: </p> <blockquote><p>Imagine that in 1864 Bismarck had annexed the whole of Denmark instead of only a small part of it, and that nothing had happened since. The Danes would be an ethnic minority in Germany, perhaps struggling to maintain their language by becoming bilingual, the official language of course being German. Only by thoroughly Germanising themselves could they avoid becoming second-class citizens. There would be an irresistible drift of the most ambitious and enterprising Danes, thoroughly Germanised, to the mainland in the south, and what then would be the status of Copenhagen? That of a remote provincial city. Or imagine Belgium as part of France. What would be the status of Brussels? Again, that of an unimportant provincial city. I don't have to enlarge on it. Imagine now that Denmark a part of Germany, and Belgium a part of France, suddenly turned what is now charmingly called 'nats' wanting independence. There would be endless, heated arguments that these 'non-countries' could not be economically viable, that their desire for independence was, to quote a famous political commentator, 'adolescent emotionalism, political naivety, phoney economics, and sheer bare-faced opportunism'.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Schumacher continues – nations and states are composed of people, and people are only "viable" when they "can stand on their own feet and earn their keep".<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that people won't become viable when forced into one huge community, and that they likewise won't become "non-viable" when divided into smaller, more coherenent and manageable communities.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that separatism should be applauded rather than mocked, as it entails the desire to become a free and self-reliant region. He also mocks unionism, arguing that "if a country wishes to export all over the world, and import from all over the world, it has never been held that it had to annex the whole world in order to do so".<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He identifies the question of regionalism as the "most important problem", but stressed that regionalism does not mean combining states into free-trade systems, but rather developing all the regions within each country.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schumacher calls separatism a "logical and rational response to the need for regional development" and argues that there is no hope for the poor communities beyond successful regional development.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that most modern developments only result in widening the gap between the rich and the poor, as they almost exclusively focus on the capital or already wealthy areas instead, as these yield the most profit. Thus modern industrialists seek to make the already very profitable regions even richer, while the poor regions remain miserable.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This keeps the poor in the "weakest possible bargaining position", as the impoverished regions see no development despite needing it the most. Schumacher considers the "economics of gigantism" to be "a left-over of nineteenth-century conditions and nineteenth-century thinking" which no longer applies to modern problems.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that modern technological and scientific potential must focus on fighting human degradation, in "intimate contact" with individuals and small groups rather than large states.<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Schumacher, democracy is a matter of people, who can only "be themselves" in small and comprehensible groups. He argues that economic thinking is useless if it only engages in "vast abstractions" such as "the national income, the rate of growth, capital/output ratio, input-output analysis, labour mobility, <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>" instead of addressing "the human realities of poverty, frustration, alienation, despair, breakdown, crime, escapism, stress, congestion, ugliness and spiritual death."<sup id="cite_ref-smal1_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a young man, Schumacher was a dedicated atheist, but his later rejection of materialist, capitalist, agnostic modernity was paralleled by a growing fascination with religion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed an interest in Buddhism, but beginning in the late-1950s, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholicism</a> heavily influenced his thinking. He noted the similarities between his own economic views and the teaching of papal <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclicals</a> on socio-economic issues, from <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mater_et_magistra" title="Mater et magistra">Mater et magistra</a></i>, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">distributism</a> supported by the Catholic thinkers <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_McNabb" title="Vincent McNabb">Vincent McNabb</a>. Philosophically, he absorbed much of <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a>, which provided an objective system in contrast to what he saw as the self-centered <a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">subjectivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> of modern philosophy and society.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was greatly interested in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a> and read deeply such writers as St. <a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_Avila" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa of Avila">Teresa of Avila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a>. These were all interests that he shared with his friend, the Catholic writer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Derrick" title="Christopher Derrick">Christopher Derrick</a>. In 1971, he converted to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schumacher gave interviews and published articles for a wide readership in his later years. He also pursued one of the loves of his life: gardening. He died of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> on 4 September 1977, on arrival at Billens hospital in <a href="/wiki/Romont" title="Romont">Romont</a>, Switzerland; after falling ill on a train in Zurich during a <a href="/wiki/Lecture_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Lecture tour">lecture tour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schumacher's personal collection of books and archives is held by the <a href="/wiki/Schumacher_Center_for_a_New_Economics" title="Schumacher Center for a New Economics">Schumacher Center for a New Economics</a> library in <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington,_Massachusetts" title="Great Barrington, Massachusetts">Great Barrington, Massachusetts</a>. The center continues the work of Schumacher by maintaining a research library, organising lectures and seminars, publishing papers, developing model economic programs, and providing technical assistance to groups all for the purpose of linking people, land, and community to build strong, diverse local economies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schumacher_Circle">Schumacher Circle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Schumacher Circle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Schumacher Circle</b> is a family of organisations which were founded in Schumacher's memory or were inspired by his work, and which co-operate to support each other. The circle includes<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Schumacher_College" title="Schumacher College">Schumacher College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a>, Devon, <i>Resurgence Magazine</i> (now <i><a href="/wiki/Resurgence_%26_Ecologist" title="Resurgence & Ecologist">Resurgence & Ecologist</a></i>), publishing company Green Books, international non-governmental organisation <a href="/wiki/Practical_Action" title="Practical Action">Practical Action</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Economics_Foundation" title="New Economics Foundation">New Economics Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Schumacher_Center_for_a_New_Economics" title="Schumacher Center for a New Economics">Schumacher Center for a New Economics</a> (heir to the legacy programs of the former E. F. Schumacher Society) founded in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Soil_Association" title="Soil Association">Soil Association</a>, the educational <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a> (CAT) North Wales, the Jeevika Trust, and the research organisation the Schumacher Institute<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dr._E._F._Schumacher_Society">Dr. E. F. Schumacher Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dr. E. F. Schumacher Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Dr. E. F. Schumacher Society</i>, commonly known as <i>Schumacher UK</i>, was founded in 1978 in Bristol, England.<sup id="cite_ref-sustainability_engineering_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustainability_engineering-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schumacher_uk_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schumacher_uk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schumacher UK and the E. F. Schumacher Society in the USA both spread Schumacher's ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schumacher_College">Schumacher College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Schumacher College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schumacher College was founded in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-sustainability_engineering_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustainability_engineering-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schumacher_uk_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schumacher_uk-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ran until September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful:_A_Study_of_Economics_As_If_People_Mattered" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered">Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered</a></i> (1973, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-131778-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-131778-0">0-06-131778-0</a>); a 25th anniversary edition was published (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88179-169-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88179-169-5">0-88179-169-5</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_for_the_Perplexed" title="A Guide for the Perplexed">A Guide for the Perplexed</a></i> (1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-01496-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-01496-X">0-224-01496-X</a>; still in paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090611-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090611-1">0-06-090611-1</a>)</li> <li><i>This I Believe and Other Essays</i> (1977; reissued, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870098-66-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-870098-66-8">1-870098-66-8</a>)</li> <li><i>Good Work</i> (1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-013857-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-013857-2">0-06-013857-2</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">Community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Sale" title="Kirkpatrick Sale">Kirkpatrick Sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcredit" title="Microcredit">Microcredit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship" title="Social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SiBbiog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiBbiog_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biography on the inner dustjacket of <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TLS100-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TLS100_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times Literary Supplement, 6 October 1995, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforneweconomics.org/content/multilateral-clearing">E. F. Schumacher, "Multilateral Clearing"</a> <i>Economica</i>, New Series, Vol. 10, No. 38 (May 1943), pp. 150–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leopold Kohr.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011020125/http://www.schumacher.org.uk/about_efschumacher.htm">"Tribute to E. F. Schumacher"</a>. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribute+to+E.+F.+Schumacher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schumacher.org.uk%2Fabout_efschumacher.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>, in Satish Kumar (ed.), <i>The Schumacher Lectures</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Yergin. <i>The Prize</i>, Simon & Schuster, 1991, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Small Is Beautiful</i> Section 2, Chapters 3–4. Schumaker, EF. Harper and Row Publishers. 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926073000/http://www.scottbader.com/governance.html">"Scott Bader"</a>. <i>Scott Bader</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottbader.com/">the original</a> on 26 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scott+Bader&rft.atitle=Scott+Bader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottbader.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323002508/http://gandhifoundation.org/2008/09/07/surur-hoda-1928-2003/">"Surur Hoda (1928–2003)"</a>. <i>Gandhi Foundation</i>. 7 September 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gandhifoundation.org/2008/09/07/surur-hoda-1928-2003/">the original</a> on 23 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gandhi+Foundation&rft.atitle=Surur+Hoda+%281928%E2%80%932003%29&rft.date=2008-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgandhifoundation.org%2F2008%2F09%2F07%2Fsurur-hoda-1928-2003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schumacher-haney.info/chapter-13">"Chapter 12: Influences – E. F. Schumacher: Ideas That Matter"</a>. <i>www.schumacher-haney.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.schumacher-haney.info&rft.atitle=Chapter+12%3A+Influences+%E2%80%93+E.+F.+Schumacher%3A+Ideas+That+Matter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schumacher-haney.info%2Fchapter-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smal1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smal1_10-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumacher1973" class="citation book cs1">Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich (1973). <i>Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics As If People Mattered</i>. HarperCollins. pp. 39–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060916305" title="Special:BookSources/9780060916305"><bdi>9780060916305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Is+Beautiful%3A+A+Study+of+Economics+As+If+People+Mattered&rft.pages=39-49&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780060916305&rft.aulast=Schumacher&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niles-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-niles_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiles1978" class="citation journal cs1">Niles, Hansen (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/805/1/RM-77-010.pdf">"Economic aspects of regional separatism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Papers of the Regional Science Association</i>. <b>41</b> (1). University of Texas: 142–152. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978PRegS..41..142H">1978PRegS..41..142H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01936413">10.1007/BF01936413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+Regional+Science+Association&rft.atitle=Economic+aspects+of+regional+separatism&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=142-152&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01936413&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978PRegS..41..142H&rft.aulast=Niles&rft.aufirst=Hansen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F805%2F1%2FRM-77-010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diana Schumacher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gandhifoundation.org/2011/11/25/who-was-fritz-schumacher-by-diana-schumacher/">"Who was Fritz Schumacher?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185339/http://gandhifoundation.org/2011/11/25/who-was-fritz-schumacher-by-diana-schumacher/">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Forster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430013731/http://resurgence.opendemocracy.net/index.php/Schumacher%2C_E.F.">"E. F. Schumacher"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Fager. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1151">"Small Is Beautiful, and So Is Rome: The Surprising Faith of E. F. Schumacher"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620095357/http://religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=1151">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Century">Christian Century</a></i>, 6 April 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearce, Joseph (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldarchive.godspy.com/issues/The-Education-and-Catholic-Conversion-of-E-F-Schumacher-by-Joseph-Pearce.cfm.html">"The Education of E.F. Schumacher"</a>. God Spy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1977/09/06/archives/ef-schumacher-66-economist-who-believed-that-small-is-beautiful.html">"E. F. Schumacher, 66, Economist Who Believed That 'Small Is Beautiful'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 6 September 1977. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=E.+F.+Schumacher%2C+66%2C+Economist+Who+Believed+That+%27Small+Is+Beautiful%27&rft.date=1977-09-06&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1977%2F09%2F06%2Farchives%2Fef-schumacher-66-economist-who-believed-that-small-is-beautiful.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centerforneweconomics.org/">Schumacher Center for a New Economics web site</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schumacher.org.uk/schumacher-circle/">Schumacher Circle links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160326063427/http://www.schumacher.org.uk/schumacher-circle/">Archived</a> 26 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Schumacher Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerton2011" class="citation web cs1">Fullerton, John (3 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capitalinstitute.org/blog/relevance-ef-schumacher-21st-century/">"The Relevance of EF Schumacher in the 21st Century"</a>. <i>CAPITAL INSTITUTE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAPITAL+INSTITUTE&rft.atitle=The+Relevance+of+EF+Schumacher+in+the+21st+Century&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft.aulast=Fullerton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapitalinstitute.org%2Fblog%2Frelevance-ef-schumacher-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centerforneweconomics.org/content/economics-embodying-our-highest-ideals">"An Economics Embodying Our Highest Ideals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Schumacher_Center_for_a_New_Economics" title="Schumacher Center for a New Economics">Schumacher Center for a New Economics</a>. 17 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Economics+Embodying+Our+Highest+Ideals&rft.pub=Schumacher+Center+for+a+New+Economics&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcenterforneweconomics.org%2Fcontent%2Feconomics-embodying-our-highest-ideals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schumacherinstitute.org.uk/our-history/">"Our History and Background"</a>. <i>schumacherinstitute.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=schumacherinstitute.org.uk&rft.atitle=Our+History+and+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschumacherinstitute.org.uk%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sustainability_engineering-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sustainability_engineering_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sustainability_engineering_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHSG_bJZwcsC">"Sustainability & Engineering"</a>. Via books.google.com 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schumacher_uk-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schumacher_uk_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schumacher_uk_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schumachersociety.net/governance/history-and-mission/">"Schumacher Society History and Mission"</a>. schumachersociety.net</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Martin Parker, Valerie Fournier, Patrick Reedy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UwFjDgAAQBAJ">"The Dictionary of Alternatives: Utopianism and Organization"</a>. 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/westcountry/2024-09-01/students-feel-sad-angry-and-disrespected-at-sudden-closure-of-devon-college">"Students feel 'sad, angry and disrespected' after sudden closure of Dartington Hall college"</a>. <i>www.itv.com</i>. 1 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.itv.com&rft.atitle=Students+feel+%27sad%2C+angry+and+disrespected%27+after+sudden+closure+of+Dartington+Hall+college&rft.date=2024-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Fwestcountry%2F2024-09-01%2Fstudents-feel-sad-angry-and-disrespected-at-sudden-closure-of-devon-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE.+F.+Schumacher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Etherden, Peter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100130003229/http://ownership.blog.co.uk/2009/03/20/schumacher-enigma-revisited-5794529/">"The Schumacher Enigma"</a>, <i>Fourth World Review</i>, 1999</li> <li>Kirk, Geoffrey, ed. <i>Schumacher on Energy</i> (London: Sphere Books, 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearce,_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearce, Joseph">Pearce, Joseph</a>, <i>Small is Still Beautiful</i>, (Wilmington: ISI Books, 2006)</li> <li>Wood, Barbara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080427024426/http://www.smallisbeautiful.org/Wood%20bio/index.html"><i>E.F. Schumacher: His Life and Thought</i></a> (New York: Harper & Row, 1984)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._F._Schumacher&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/E._F._Schumacher" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neweconomy.net/">New Economy Coalition</a> (following the merger of the New Economics Institute and New Economy Network)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforneweconomics.org/">Schumacher Center for a New Economics</a> (formerly The E.F. Schumacher Society) in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, which houses his personal library and archives.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journeytoforever.org/media/s/schumacher.jpg">Schumacher pic</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.practicalaction.org/">Intermediate Technology Development Group / Practical Action</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schumacher.org.uk">About E. F. Schumacher, from British Schumacher Society website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schumacherinstitute.org.uk/">The Schumacher Institute for Sustainable Systems</a> is an independent research organisation working to continue Schumacher's legacy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerforneweconomics.org/schumacher/buddhist-economics">Essay on Buddhist Economics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldarchive.godspy.com/issues/The-Education-and-Catholic-Conversion-of-E-F-Schumacher-by-Joseph-Pearce.cfm.html">"The Education of E.F. Schumacher"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oldarchive.godspy.com/reviews/EF-Schumacher-Small-is-Still-Beautiful-A-Godspy-Interview-with-Joseph-Pearce-by-Angelo-Matera.cfm.html">Small is Still Beautiful an interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Joseph Pearce</a> by Angelo Matera, <i><a href="/wiki/Godspy" title="Godspy">Godspy</a></i>, 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newciv.org/nl/newslog.php/_v97/__show_article/_a000097-000098.htm">Economics as if People Mattered, E. F. Schumacher observed </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051027115307/http://www.wie.org/j11/schumcapra.asp?page=1">Dialogue with E.F Schumacher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritjof_Capra" title="Fritjof Capra">Fritjof Capra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loka.org/alerts/loka_alert_8.6.htm">E.F. Schumacher: A Retrospect and Reflection After September 11, 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050217015710/http://www.loka.org/alerts/loka_alert_8.6.htm">Archived</a> 17 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manasjournal.org/pdf_library/VolumeXXIX_1976/XXIX-20.pdf">Interview with E. F. Schumacher</a> published in <i><a href="/wiki/Manas_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Manas Journal">Manas Journal</a></i>, May 19, 1976</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johntoyedotnet.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/worldimprovementfritzschumacher2011improved.pdf">The world improvement plans of Fritz Schumacher</a> by John Toye. Published in <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Journal_of_Economics" title="Cambridge Journal of Economics">Cambridge Journal of Economics</a></i>, 36,2: 387–403</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthhealing.info/fifty.htm">Fifty Possible Ways to Challenge Over-Commercialism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthhealing.info/beyond.pdf">Beyond Simplicity: Tough Issues For A New Era</a> by Albert J. Fritsch, SJ, PhD</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103053430/http://http.dvlabs.com/radio4all/ug/ug287-hour1mix.mp3">Introduction to Schumacher (MP3)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/small_is_beautiful/">Watch the documentary <i>Small Is Beautiful: Impressions of Fritz Schumacher</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912025722/http://www.ef-schumacher.org/">ef-schumacher.org</a> site set up by Schumacher's family to mark his centenary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48022826">Ernst Friedrich "Fritz" Schumacher</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121912256">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50002634">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119241533">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119241533">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455827">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V039680">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36198439">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0005151&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1005466">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/74554">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069022194">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/17451763">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00336850?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1227803">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd121912256.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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