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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beginning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>German involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litbel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litbel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Litbel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litbel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pawn_on_a_chessboard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pawn_on_a_chessboard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Pawn on a chessboard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pawn_on_a_chessboard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>War continues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_continues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slutsk_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slutsk_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Slutsk uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slutsk_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Soviet_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Soviet_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Early Soviet years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Soviet_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SSRB_in_the_mid-1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSRB_in_the_mid-1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>SSRB in the mid-1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSRB_in_the_mid-1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalinist_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalinist_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Stalinist years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalinist_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_German_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_German_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Nazi German occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_German_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Dissolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics and government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics and government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit-Russiese_Sosialistiese_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Wit-Russiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wit-Russiese Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية بيلاروس الاشتراكية السوفيتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية بيلاروس الاشتراكية السوفيتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Socialista_Sovietica_de_Belarrusia" title="Republica Socialista Sovietica de Belarrusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Republica Socialista Sovietica de Belarrusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A9tica_de_Bielorrusia" title="República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorusiya_Sovet_Sosialist_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Belorusiya Sovet Sosialist Respublikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belorusiya Sovet Sosialist Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="بلاروس شوروی سوسیالیست جومهوریتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بلاروس شوروی سوسیالیست جومهوریتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussia_Soviet_Si%C4%81-ho%C4%93-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Byelorussia Soviet Siā-hoē-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Byelorussia Soviet Siā-hoē-chú-gī Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Белорус Совет Социалистик Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Белорус Совет Социалистик Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белоруска съветска социалистическа република – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белоруска съветска социалистическа република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSS_Bielorusia" title="RSS Bielorusia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="RSS Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A8tica_de_Belar%C3%BAs" title="República Socialista Soviètica de Belarús – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República Socialista Soviètica de Belarús" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%9Blorusk%C3%A1_sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%A1_socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Běloruská sovětská socialistická republika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Běloruská sovětská socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Sofiet_Sosialaidd_Belarws" title="Gweriniaeth Sofiet Sosialaidd Belarws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Sofiet Sosialaidd Belarws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hviderussiske_SSR" title="Hviderussiske SSR – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hviderussiske SSR" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%C3%9Frussische_Sozialistische_Sowjetrepublik" title="Weißrussische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weißrussische Sozialistische Sowjetrepublik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgevene_NSV" title="Valgevene NSV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valgevene NSV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λευκορωσική Σοβιετική Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λευκορωσική Σοβιετική Σοσιαλιστική Δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A9tica_de_Bielorrusia" title="República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República Socialista Soviética de Bielorrusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorusa_Soveta_Socialisma_Respubliko" title="Belorusa Soveta Socialisma Respubliko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Belorusa Soveta Socialisma Respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorrusiako_Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialista" title="Bielorrusiako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bielorrusiako Sobietar Errepublika Sozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جمهوری شوروی سوسیالیستی بلاروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری شوروی سوسیالیستی بلاروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_socialiste_sovi%C3%A9tique_de_Bi%C3%A9lorussie" title="République socialiste soviétique de Biélorussie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République socialiste soviétique de Biélorussie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_Hoveidjagh_Hoshiallagh_y_Velaroosh" title="Pobblaght Hoveidjagh Hoshiallagh y Velaroosh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght Hoveidjagh Hoshiallagh y Velaroosh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A9tica_de_Belar%C3%BAs" title="República Socialista Soviética de Belarús – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Socialista Soviética de Belarús" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%A1%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8B%9C_%EC%86%8C%EB%B9%84%EC%97%90%ED%8A%B8_%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="벨로루시 소비에트 사회주의 공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨로루시 소비에트 사회주의 공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բելառուսական Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բելառուսական Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjeloruska_Sovjetska_Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Bjeloruska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bjeloruska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko_Socialista_Sovietiana_Bielorusia" title="Republiko Socialista Sovietiana Bielorusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko Socialista Sovietiana Bielorusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Byelorusia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Byelorusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Byelorusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_Socialista_Sovietica_Bielorussa" title="Repubblica Socialista Sovietica Bielorussa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica Socialista Sovietica Bielorussa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הרפובליקה הסובייטית הסוציאליסטית הבלארוסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרפובליקה הסובייטית הסוציאליסטית הבלארוסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბელორუსიის საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბელორუსიის საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Белорус Кеңестік Социалистік Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Белорус Кеңестік Социалистік Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komara_Sovyet_a_Sosyal%C3%AEst_a_Belar%C3%BBs%C3%AA" title="Komara Sovyet a Sosyalîst a Belarûsê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komara Sovyet a Sosyalîst a Belarûsê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Белорусь Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Белорусь Советтик Социалисттик Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltkrievijas_PSR" title="Baltkrievijas PSR – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltkrievijas PSR" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltarusijos_TSR" title="Baltarusijos TSR – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltarusijos TSR" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Socialista_Sovietica_da_Bieloruscia" title="Repubbrica Socialista Sovietica da Bieloruscia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Socialista Sovietica da Bieloruscia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_Socialista_Sovietega_Bielorussa" title="Republega Socialista Sovietega Bielorussa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega Socialista Sovietega Bielorussa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorusz_Szovjet_Szocialista_K%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Belorusz Szovjet Szocialista Köztársaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Belorusz Szovjet Szocialista Köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белоруска Советска Социјалистичка Република – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белоруска Советска Социјалистичка Република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="बेलारूशियन सोव्हिएत साम्यवादी गणराज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेलारूशियन सोव्हिएत साम्यवादी गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბელორუსიშ სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბელორუსიშ სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Belarusia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Belarusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Belarusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wit-Russische_Socialistische_Sovjetrepubliek" title="Wit-Russische Socialistische Sovjetrepubliek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wit-Russische Socialistische Sovjetrepubliek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="白ロシア・ソビエト社会主義共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="白ロシア・ソビエト社会主義共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белоруссийн Советийн Социалистийн Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Белоруссийн Советийн Социалистийн Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witjr%C3%BCs_Sosialistisk_Sowjetrepubliik" title="Witjrüs Sosialistisk Sowjetrepubliik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Witjrüs Sosialistisk Sowjetrepubliik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hviterussiske_sosialistiske_sovjetrepublikk" title="Den hviterussiske sosialistiske sovjetrepublikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den hviterussiske sosialistiske sovjetrepublikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kviterussiske_sosialistiske_sovjetrepublikken" title="Den kviterussiske sosialistiske sovjetrepublikken – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den kviterussiske sosialistiske sovjetrepublikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorussiya_Sovet_Sotsialistik_Respublikasi" title="Belorussiya Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Belorussiya Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بیلاروسی سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیلاروسی سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82oruska_Socjalistyczna_Republika_Radziecka" title="Białoruska Socjalistyczna Republika Radziecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białoruska Socjalistyczna Republika Radziecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Socialista_Sovi%C3%A9tica_da_Bielorr%C3%BAssia" title="República Socialista Soviética da Bielorrússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República Socialista Soviética da Bielorrússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_%C5%9Euralar_Sotsialistik_Cumhuriyeti" title="Belarus Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Belarus Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_Sovietic%C4%83_Socialist%C4%83_Belarus%C4%83" title="Republica Sovietică Socialistă Belarusă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republica Sovietică Socialistă Belarusă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Білоруська ССР – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Білоруська ССР" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9brica_Sotzial%C3%ACsta_Sovi%C3%A8tica_de_Bielorussia" title="Repùbrica Sotzialìsta Soviètica de Bielorussia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùbrica Sotzialìsta Soviètica de Bielorussia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byeloroushie_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byeloroushie Soviet Socialist Republic – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Byeloroushie Soviet Socialist Republic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Socialiste_Sovjetike_e_Bjellorusis%C3%AB" title="Republika Socialiste Sovjetike e Bjellorusisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Socialiste Sovjetike e Bjellorusisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bielorusk%C3%A1_sovietska_socialistick%C3%A1_republika" title="Bieloruská sovietska socialistická republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bieloruská sovietska socialistická republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Белоруска Совјетска Социјалистичка Република – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Белоруска Совјетска Социјалистичка Република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloruska_Sovjetska_Socijalisti%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Beloruska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Beloruska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valko-Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4n_sosialistinen_neuvostotasavalta" title="Valko-Venäjän sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valko-Venäjän sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitryska_SSR" title="Vitryska SSR – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vitryska SSR" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobyetikong_Sosyalistang_Republika_ng_Biyelorusya" title="Sobyetikong Sosyalistang Republika ng Biyelorusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sobyetikong Sosyalistang Republika ng Biyelorusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Беларус Совет Социалистик Республикасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Беларус Совет Социалистик Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโซเวียตเบียโลรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโซเวียตเบียโลรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyaz_Rusya_Sovyet_Sosyalist_Cumhuriyeti" title="Beyaz Rusya Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beyaz Rusya Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Белорус ССР – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Белорус ССР" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Білоруська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Білоруська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="بیلاروسی سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیلاروسی سوویت اشتراکی جمہوریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_X%C3%B4_vi%E1%BA%BFt_Byelorussia" title="Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Xô viết Byelorussia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Xô viết Byelorussia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%98%87%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="白俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白俄罗斯苏维埃社会主义共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&params=54.0000_N_29.0000_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°00′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">29°00′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.0000°N 29.0000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.0000; 29.0000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet republic from 1920 to 1991</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia</a> that existed in 1919.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><br /><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be" style="font-style: normal;">Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru" style="font-style: normal;">Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1920–1991<br />1941–1944: <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">German occupation</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Byelorussian SSR"><img alt="Flag of Byelorussian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Flag</a><br />(1951–1991)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1981%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem (1981–1991) of Byelorussian SSR"><img alt="State emblem (1981–1991) of Byelorussian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281981%E2%80%931991%29.svg/85px-Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281981%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281981%E2%80%931991%29.svg/128px-Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281981%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281981%E2%80%931991%29.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281981%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="739" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">State emblem</a><br />(1981–1991)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be" style="font-style: normal;">Пралетарыі ўсіх краін, яднайцеся!</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>)<br /><span title="Belarusian-language text"><i lang="be-Latn">Pralyetaryi wsikh krain, yadnaytsyesya!</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>)<br />"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Anthem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Дзяржаўны гімн Беларускай Савецкай Сацыялiстычнай Рэспублiкi</a></span></span><br /><span title="Belarusian-language text"><i lang="be-Latn">Dzyarzhawny himn Byelaruskay Savyetskay Satsyyalistychnay Respubliki</i></span><br />"Anthem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic"<br />(1955–1991)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="191" data-mwtitle="Anthem-ssr-belorussian-instr-1968.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Anthem-ssr-belorussian-instr-1968.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a0/Anthem-ssr-belorussian-instr-1968.ogg/Anthem-ssr-belorussian-instr-1968.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_-_Byelorussian_SSR.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Byelorussia (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991"><img alt="Location of Byelorussia (red) within the Soviet Union (red and white) between 1956 and 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Soviet_Union_-_Byelorussian_SSR.svg/250px-Soviet_Union_-_Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Soviet_Union_-_Byelorussian_SSR.svg/375px-Soviet_Union_-_Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Soviet_Union_-_Byelorussian_SSR.svg/500px-Soviet_Union_-_Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="376" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Byelorussia (red) within the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (red and white) between 1956 and 1991</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>1920–1922:</b><br />Nominally independent state<br /><b>1922–1990</b>:<br /><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Union Republic</a><br /><b>1990–1991</b>:<br />Union Republic with priority of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian legislation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognised languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> (de jure) <p><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a> (de facto)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarusian Orthodox Church</a> <small>(autonomy granted by the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Patriarchate">Moscow Patriarchate</a>)</small> (majority) </p> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Byelorussian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>1920–1990:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">Soviet-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a></li> <li><b>1990–1991:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_leaders_of_Belarus#First_Secretaries_of_the_Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national leaders of Belarus">First Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920–1923 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Knorin" title="Vilhelm Knorin">Vilgelm Knorin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1988–1990 (last)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yefrem_Sokolov" title="Yefrem Sokolov">Yefrem Sokolov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_leaders_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national leaders of Belarus">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920–1937 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chervyakov" title="Alexander Chervyakov">Alexander Chervyakov</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Shushkevich" title="Stanislav Shushkevich">Stanislav Shushkevich</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Belarus">Head of government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1920–1924 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chervyakov" title="Alexander Chervyakov">Alexander Chervyakov</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990–1991 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Kebich" title="Vyacheslav Kebich">Vyacheslav Kebich</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">Congress of Soviets (1920–1938)<br /><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">First Soviet republic</a> declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Second Soviet republic proclaimed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 July 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">Admitted to Soviet Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 December 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">Annexation of Western Belarus</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN membership</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Belarusian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic">Sovereignty declared</a>, partial cancellation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic_(system_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republic (system of government)">Soviet form of government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence declared </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 August 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Renamed <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 September 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Internationally recognized (<a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">207,600 km<sup>2</sup> (80,200 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1989)">1989 census</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,199,709</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet rouble">Soviet rouble</a> (Rbl) (SUR)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Telephone numbers in the Soviet Union">+7</a> 015/016/017/02</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian-Byelorussian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Bialystok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezirk Bialystok">Bezirk Bialystok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Reichskommissariat Ukraine</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> Middle ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_in_the_Early_Modern_era_(1569%E2%80%931795)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)">Early Modern</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1569%E2%80%931648)" title="History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)">Early elective monarchy</a> (1569–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1648%E2%80%931764)" title="History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)">Deluge and decline</a> (1648–1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_(1764%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–95)">Three partitions</a> (1764–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th 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1991)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/16px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/24px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghizia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Allied and satellite states</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (until 1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> (until 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> (until 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">PRG</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (until 1948)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Related organizations</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe"><span style="color:white;">Opposition</span></a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(guerrilla)" title="Crusaders (guerrilla)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_resistance_by_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Anti-Soviet resistance by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> Protests and uprisings</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Poland 1944–1989</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">Poznań 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">1980–89</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">Plzeň 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East Germany 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">Georgia 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungary 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_massacre" title="Novocherkassk massacre">Novocherkassk 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Czechoslovakia 1976–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_Valley_miners%27_strike_of_1977" title="Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977">Romania 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Kazakhstan 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_rebellion" title="Brașov rebellion">Brașov 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">Tbilisi 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine 1989–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Baku 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">Lithuania 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Riga 1991</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Dissent</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_movement_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" title="Dissident movement in the People's Republic of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_attempts_and_victims_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Escape attempts and victims of the inner German border">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">to Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">North Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Cold War events</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Czechoslovak coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania">De-satellization of the Socialist Republic of Romania</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola" title="Cuban intervention in Angola">Cuban intervention in Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Afghanistan">Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Moscow Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Los Angeles Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#db3030; color:white; padding:.1em 0 0 .4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Fall</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">Barricades in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">End of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>BSSR</b> or <b>Byelorussian SSR</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Беларуская Савецкая Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Byelorussia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR). It existed between 1920 and 1922 as an independent state, and afterwards as one of <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">fifteen constituent republics</a> of the USSR from 1922 to 1991, with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991. The republic was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Communist Party of Byelorussia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also known as the <i>White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-altname_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altname-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> in March 1918, which ended Russia's involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> (BDR) was proclaimed under German occupation; however, as German troops left, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia</a> was established in its place by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> in December, and it was later merged with the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)">Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in 1919 to form the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Lithuania_and_Belorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia</a>, which ceased to exist as a result of the Polish occupation during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Peace_Treaty" title="Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty">a peace treaty</a> with Lithuania, the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia was re-founded on 31 July 1920 and later became known as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. </p><p>The BSSR became <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union</a> in December 1922, together with the republics of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a>. Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Towards the final years of the Soviet Union's existence, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR">Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_the_Belarusian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic">Declaration of State Sovereignty</a> in 1990. On 25 August 1991, the Byelorussian SSR declared independence, and on 19 September it was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a>. The Soviet Union was formally <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a> on 26 December 1991. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Byelorussia</i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">Белору́ссия</span>), derives from the term <i>Belaya Rus' </i>, i.e., <i><a href="/wiki/White_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="White Rus'">White Rus'</a></i>. There are several claims to the origin of the name <i>White Rus'.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Zaprudnik_1993_2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaprudnik_1993_2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenian</a> lands within the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> that had been populated mostly by early Christianized <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Black_Ruthenia" title="Black Ruthenia">Black Ruthenia</a>, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я (<i>Russia</i>), first rose in the days of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled "the Tsar of All the Russias", as <i>Russia</i> or the <i>Russian Empire</i> was formed by three parts of Russia—the <a href="/wiki/Great_Russia" title="Great Russia">Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Russia" title="Little Russia">Little</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Ruthenia" title="White Ruthenia">White</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, that they were variants of the Russian people.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a> in 1917, the term "White Russia" caused some confusion as it became the name of the so-called <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White military force</a> that opposed the Red Bolsheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term <i>Byelorussia</i> was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In <a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">western Belarus</a>, under Polish control until World War II, <i>Byelorussia</i> became commonly used in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the establishment of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920, the term <i>Byelorussia</i> (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially. In 1936, with the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a>, the republic was renamed to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. In English, it was also known as the <i>White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-altname_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-altname-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 September 1991 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR">Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR</a> renamed the Soviet republic to the Republic of Belarus, with the short form "Belarus". Conservative forces in the newly independent Belarus did not support the name change and opposed its inclusion in the 1991 draft of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution of Belarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_years_of_BSSR_2019_stamp_of_Belarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/100_years_of_BSSR_2019_stamp_of_Belarus.jpg/220px-100_years_of_BSSR_2019_stamp_of_Belarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/100_years_of_BSSR_2019_stamp_of_Belarus.jpg/330px-100_years_of_BSSR_2019_stamp_of_Belarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/100_years_of_BSSR_2019_stamp_of_Belarus.jpg/440px-100_years_of_BSSR_2019_stamp_of_Belarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>A 2019 stamp dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the BSSR</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History of Belarus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning">Beginning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Oblast_(1917%E2%80%9318)" title="Western Oblast (1917–18)">Western Oblast (1917–18)</a></div> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the territories of modern-day Belarus were part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, which it gained from the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> more than a century earlier. During the war, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Russian)">Great Retreat</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Russian_Empire)" title="Western Front (Russian Empire)">Western Front</a> in August–September 1915 ended with the lands of <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno Governorate</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Governorate" title="Vilna Governorate">Vilna Governorate</a> being occupied by Germany. The resulting front, passing at 100 kilometres to the west of Minsk, remained static towards the end of the conflict, despite Russian attempts to break it at the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a> in late spring 1916, and General <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Evert" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Evert">Alexei Evert</a>'s inconclusive thrust around the city of <a href="/wiki/Baranovichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baranovichi">Baranovichi</a> in the summer of that year, during the <a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a> further south, in western Ukraine. </p><p>The abdication of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> in light of the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in Russia in February 1917, activated a rather dormant political life in Belarus. As central authority waned, different political and ethnic groups strived for greater self-determination and even secession from the increasingly ineffective <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>. The momentum picked up after the incompetent actions of the 10th Army during the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a> during the summer. Representatives of Belarusian regions and of different (mostly left-wing) newly established political powers, including the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Socialist_Assembly" title="Belarusian Socialist Assembly">Belarusian Socialist Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Christian_Democracy" title="Belarusian Christian Democracy">Christian democratic movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Lithuania,_Poland_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Lithuania, Poland and Russia">General Jewish Labour Bund</a>, formed a Belarusian Central Council. However, the national parties in Belarus were unable to secure mass support, and the nationalist movement was confined to a small, divided and ineffective <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997150_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997150-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the autumn, political stability continued to shake, and countering the rising nationalist tendencies, were the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> when the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> hit Russia; that same day, on 25 October (7 November) 1917, the Minsk Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies took over the administration of the city. The Bolshevik All-Russian Council of Soviets declared the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Oblast_(1917%E2%80%931918)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Oblast (1917–1918)">Western Oblast</a>, which unified the Vilna, <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Governorate" title="Vitebsk Governorate">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Governorate" title="Mogilev Governorate">Mogilev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Governorate" title="Minsk Governorate">Minsk</a> governorates that were not occupied by the German army, to administer the Belarusian lands in the frontal zone. On 26 November (6 December), the Executive Committee of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies for the Western Oblast was merged with the Western front's executive committee, creating a single <i><a href="/wiki/Obliskomzap" title="Obliskomzap">Obliskomzap</a></i>. During the autumn of 1917 and winter of 1918, the Western Oblast was headed by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Myasnikyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Myasnikyan">Aleksandr Myasnikyan</a> as the head of the Western Oblast's <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a>, who passed this duty on to <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Landers" title="Kārlis Landers">Kārlis Landers</a>. Myasnikyan took over as chair of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a>'s (RSDRP(b)) committee for the Western Oblast and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moses_Kalmanovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moses Kalmanovich (page does not exist)">Moses Kalmanovich</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Kalmanovich" class="extiw" title="ru:Moses Kalmanovich">ru</a>]</span> as the chair of the <i>Obliskomzap</i>. </p><p>Countering this, the Belarusian Central Council reorganised itself as the Belarusian National Council (<i>Rada</i>), and started working on establishing governmental institutions, and discarded the <i>Obliskomzap</i> as a military formation, rather than governmental. As a result, on 7 (20) December, when the first All-Belarusian Congress convened, the Minsk Bolsheviks commanded the pro-Soviet troops to disbanded it. Following this, they proclaimed the rule of soviets dominated by the Bolsheviks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997150_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997150-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Soviet government in Belarus was established at the end of December by communist organs in Minsk with the support of Russian troops of the Western Front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its authority only extended to the regions occupied by pro-communist forces and the major cities, where the local soviets followed Bolshevik leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_involvement">German involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Russo-German front in Belarus remained static since 1915 and formal negotiations began only on 19 November (2 December N.S.), when the Soviet delegation traveled to the German-occupied city of <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a>. A cease-fire was quickly agreed and proper peace negotiations began in December. </p><p>However, the German party soon went back on its word and took full advantage of the situation, and the Bolsheviks' demand of a treaty "without annexations or indemnities" was unacceptable to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, and on 18 February, hostilities resumed. The German <a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a> was of immediate success, and within 11 days, they were able to make a serious advance eastward, taking over Ukraine, the Baltic region, and occupying eastern Belarus. This forced the <i>Obliskomzap</i> to evacuate to <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Governorate" title="Smolensk Governorate">Smolensk Governorate</a> was passed to the Western Oblast. At the end of February, the Germans entered Minsk, which the Soviet authorities had already cleared a few days prior.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faced with the German demands, the Bolsheviks accepted their terms at the final <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, which was signed on 3 March 1918. For the German Empire, Operation Faustschlag achieved one of their strategic plans for World War I, to create a German-centered hegemony of <a href="/wiki/Buffer_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer states">buffer states</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Mitteleuropa" title="Mitteleuropa">Mitteleuropa</a></i>. On the eve of Germany's occupation of Minsk, some members of the disbanded Belarusian National Council emerged from hiding and formed a provisional government, hoping to achieve German recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Germans did not recognise it as another assembly in Vilna was created under their auspices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minsk and Vilna organisations issued a joint proclamation on 25 March establishing the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> (BDR) with German approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new government also sought material aid from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more radical nationalists who disapproved of collaboration with the Germans went to the communists and fled to Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communists who did not escape to the east during the German occupation were driven underground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1918, the Germans disapproved of the socialist inclinations of the nationalists in the Belarusian government and forced a change in leadership of the puppet government; however, the Germans were also displeased with him and removed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Germans permitted the government less jurisdiction compared to the one in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increase in repression by the Germans also led to an agrarian revolt, although not as violent as the one in Ukraine, which benefitted the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151–152_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151–152-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communist underground were directed by the party's Northwestern Regional Committee in Smolensk, which aimed for an alliance with the peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PL-RU_war_1919_phase_I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PL-RU_war_1919_phase_I.svg/220px-PL-RU_war_1919_phase_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PL-RU_war_1919_phase_I.svg/330px-PL-RU_war_1919_phase_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PL-RU_war_1919_phase_I.svg/440px-PL-RU_war_1919_phase_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5416" data-file-height="4237" /></a><figcaption>The initial and provisional borders of the SSRB (dark green)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia</a></div> <p>On 11 September 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Military_Council" title="Revolutionary Military Council">Revolutionary Military Council</a> ordered the creation of the Western Defence region in the Western Oblast out of <a href="/wiki/Curtain_forces" title="Curtain forces">Curtain forces</a> which were stationed there. Simultaneously the Council reorganised the Western Oblast as a <i>Western Commune</i>. After Germany was defeated in the First World War, it announced its evacuation from the occupied territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans began to depart in November 1918; however, there was no nationalist organisation in Belarus that was capable of assuming political authority, unlike in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 13 November, Moscow annulled the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>. Two days later, it transformed the Defence region into a <a href="/wiki/Western_Army_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Army (Russia)">Western army</a>. It began an initial <a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">advance westward</a> on 17 November. The Belarusian National Republic barely resisted, evacuating Minsk on 3 December. The Soviets maintained a distance of about 10–15 kilometres (6.2–9.3 mi) between the two armies,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took Minsk on 10 December. As the Red Army re-occupied Belarus, the soviets in the country were dominated by Russian and Jewish parties sympathetic to the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encouraged by their success, in Smolensk on 30–31 December 1918, the Sixth Western Oblast Party conference met and announced its split from the Russian Communist Party, proclaiming itself as the first congress of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (KP(b)B). The next day, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republic_of_Byelorussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia">Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia</a> was proclaimed in Smolensk, terminating the Western Commune, and on 7 January, it was moved to Minsk. <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Myasnikyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Myasnikyan">Aleksandr Myasnikyan</a> emerged as head of the All-Byelorussian Central Executive Committee and <a href="/wiki/Zmicier_Zhylunovich" title="Zmicier Zhylunovich">Zmicier Zhylunovich</a> as head of the provisional government. </p><p>The new Soviet republic initially consisted of seven districts: <a href="/wiki/Baranovichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Baranovichi">Baranovichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>. On 30 January, the republic announced its separation from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a> and renaming as the <i>Soviet Socialist</i> Republic of Byelorussia (SSRB). This was conferred by the First Congress of deputies, composed of workers, soldiers and Red Army soldiers, which met on 2–3 February 1919, to adopt a new socialist constitution. The Red Army continued its westward advance, capturing the city of Grodno on New Year's Day 1919, <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a> on 21 January, and Baranovichi on 6 February 1919, thereby enlarging the SSRB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litbel">Litbel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Litbel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Litbel_1919.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_Litbel_1919.svg/220px-Map_of_Litbel_1919.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_Litbel_1919.svg/330px-Map_of_Litbel_1919.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_Litbel_1919.svg/440px-Map_of_Litbel_1919.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4100" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>Planned border (blue line) for the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic superimposed on state borders in 1922</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">western winter offensive</a> was not limited to Byelorussia; Soviet forces similarly moved to the north into <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, as the newly created Soviet republic had hoped to include Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 December, the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)">Lithuanian Socialist Soviet Republic</a> (LSSR) was proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian operation</a> and continuing conquest of Byelorussia were threatened by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> after the withdrawal of German forces. However, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War_in_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Soviet War in 1919">conflict with Poland</a> did not break out and the Soviet High Command's 12 January directive was to cease advance on the <a href="/wiki/Neman_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neman River">Neman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug</a> rivers. However, the region to the east of those lines was historically mixed among a population of Belarusians, Poles and Lithuanians, with a sizeable Jewish minority. The local communities of each respective group wanted to be part of the respective states that were establishing themselves. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontwschodni_luty1919.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Frontwschodni_luty1919.png/220px-Frontwschodni_luty1919.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Frontwschodni_luty1919.png/330px-Frontwschodni_luty1919.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Frontwschodni_luty1919.png/440px-Frontwschodni_luty1919.png 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="3149" /></a><figcaption>After their <a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">1918–1919 winter conquest of Byelorussia, Ukraine and Lithuania</a>, Soviet forces faced Poland as a competing power in the region.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a></i> ("borderland") areas of Lithuania, Belarus and western Ukraine, self-organized militias, the <i>Samoobrona Litwy i Białorusi</i> numbering approximately 2,000 soldiers under General Wejtko, began to fight against the local communist and advancing Bolshevik forces. Each side was trying to secure the territories for its own government. The newly formed Polish Army began sending its organised units to reinforce the militias. On 14 February, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bereza_Kartuska_(1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bereza Kartuska (1919)">first clash</a> between regular armies took place and a front emerged. The operations in Lithuania brought the front close to <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, and the German units that had withdrawn there began to assist the Lithuanian forces to defeat the Soviets; they repelled the Red offensive against <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a> in February 1919. </p><p>Eager to win support, the Bolshevik government decided to merge the Lithuanian and Byelorussian republics into the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Belorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (<i>Litbel</i>) on 28 February 1919. Its capital was proclaimed as <a href="/wiki/Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilna">Vilna</a>, with five governorates: <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Governorate" title="Vilna Governorate">Vilna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kovno_Governorate" title="Kovno Governorate">Kovno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suwalki_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Suwalki Governorate">Suwalki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Governorate" title="Minsk Governorate">Minsk</a>. The Vitebsk and Mogilev governorates were transferred to the Russian SFSR, and were soon joined by the <a href="/wiki/Gomel_Governorate" title="Gomel Governorate">Gomel Governorate</a>, which was created on 26 April. The two parties of the republics were also combined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The republic was headed by <a href="/wiki/Vincas_Mickevi%C4%8Dius-Kapsukas" title="Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas">Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas</a> and the combined party was headed by nationalist <a href="/wiki/Zmicier_Zhylunovich" title="Zmicier Zhylunovich">Zmicier Zhylunovich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Belarusian nationalists disapproved that the republic was being expanded, and Zhylunovich resigned shortly after, followed by other nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1919, Polish units opened an offensive: forces under General <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Szeptycki" title="Stanisław Szeptycki">Stanisław Szeptycki</a> captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Slonim" title="Slonim">Slonim</a> (2 March) and crossed the Neman, whilst Lithuanian advances forced the Soviets out of <a href="/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Panevėžys">Panevėžys</a>. A final Soviet counter-offensive retook <a href="/wiki/Panev%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Panevėžys">Panevėžys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a> in early April, but the Western Army was too thinly spread to fight both the Polish and Lithuanian troops, and the German units assisting them. The Polish offensive quickly gained momentum, and <a href="/wiki/Vilna_offensive" title="Vilna offensive">Vilna offensive</a> in April 1919, forced Litbel to evacuate the capital first to <a href="/wiki/Dvinsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvinsk">Dvinsk</a> (28 April), then to Minsk (28 April), then to <a href="/wiki/Bobruysk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobruysk">Bobruysk</a> (19 May). As the Litbel lost territory, its powers were quickly stripped by Moscow. For example, on 1 June, <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">Vtsik</a>'s decree put all of Litbel's armed forces under the command of the Red Army. On 17 July, the Defence Soviet was liquidated, and its function was passed to Minsk's <a href="/wiki/Milrevcom" class="mw-redirect" title="Milrevcom">Milrevcom</a>. When on 8 August Polish forces <a href="/wiki/Operation_Minsk" title="Operation Minsk">captured Minsk</a>, that same day the capital was evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>. On 28 August, Lithuanian forces took <a href="/wiki/Zarasai" title="Zarasai">Zarasai</a> (the last Lithuanian town held by Litbel) and the same day <a href="/wiki/Bobruysk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobruysk">Bobruysk</a> fell to the Poles. </p><p>By late summer of 1919, the Polish advance was also exhausted. The defeat of the Red Army allowed the outbreak of another historic disagreement over territory between Poland and Lithuania; their competition to control the city of Vilna soon erupted into a <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">military conflict</a>, with Poland winning. Facing Denikin and Kolchak, Soviet Russia could not spare men for the western front. A stalemate with localised skirmishes developed between Poland and Lithuania. </p><p>The Polish Sejm had also declared that the territories of Belarus were an inalienable part of the Polish Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Sejm was voting for annexation, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> offered the Belarusians federal ties instead; however, the Polish occupation authorities disregarded the social radicalism of the masses and nationalist sentiments among parts of the Belarusian intelligentsia, with the Poles ordering for the lands confiscated by the communists to be returned to the landowners, and Polish being introduced as an official language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pawn_on_a_chessboard">Pawn on a chessboard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pawn on a chessboard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stalemate and the occasional, though fruitless, negotiations gave Russia a much needed pause to concentrate on other regions. During the latter half of 1919, the Red Army successfully defeated Denikin in the south, taking over the Don, North Caucasus and eastern Ukraine, and pushed Kolchak from the Volga, beyond the Ural mountains into <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. In the autumn of 1919, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a>'s advance on <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> was checked, whilst in the far north the <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Miller" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgeny Miller">Evgeny Miller</a>'s army was pushed into the Arctic. On the diplomatic front, on 11 September 1919, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Russian_SFSR" title="People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the Russian SFSR">People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs</a> of Soviet Russia, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a>, sent a note to Lithuania with a proposal for a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a>. It was a <i>de facto</i> recognition of the Lithuanian state.<sup id="cite_ref-cepenas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cepenas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, gave way for a peace treaty with the former on 2 February 1920 and a cease-fire agreement with the latter a day earlier. </p><p>Lenin feared that a Polish offensive was incoming, and offered to accept the current frontline as a permanent border between Poland and Russia, which would include nearly all of Belarus going to Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Piłsudski had greater ambitions, and he also made an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a> in Ukraine to exchange <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> in return for a promise to force out communists in right-bank Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_continues">War continues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War continues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BnN_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BnN_2.png/220px-BnN_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BnN_2.png/330px-BnN_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BnN_2.png/440px-BnN_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>After the decisive Polish victory in Warsaw, the Red Army was forced to retreat from Polish territories, but attempts to hold <a href="/wiki/Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Belarus">Western Belarus</a> were lost after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Niemen_River" title="Battle of the Niemen River">Polish victory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Nieman_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nieman River">Nieman River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1920, Poland initiated its <a href="/wiki/Kiev_offensive_(1920)" title="Kiev offensive (1920)">major offensive</a> on Kiev, which although was initially successful, ended in a Polish defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Red Army was much more organised than it was a year earlier, and though Polish troops managed to make several gains in Ukraine, notably the capture of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a>, in Byelorussia, both of its offensives towards <a href="/wiki/Zhlobin" title="Zhlobin">Zhlobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orsha</a> were thrown back in May. </p><p>In June, the RSFSR was finally ready to open its major Western advance. To preserve the neutrality of Lithuania (though the peace treaty was still being negotiated), on 6 June the exiled government of Litbel was disbanded. Within a few days, the 3rd Cavalry Corps under command of <a href="/wiki/Hayk_Bzhishkyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayk Bzhishkyan">Hayk Bzhishkyan</a> broke the Polish front, causing a collapse and a retreat. On 11 July Minsk was re-taken, and on 31 July 1920 once again the Soviet Socialist Republic of Belorussia was re-established in Minsk. </p><p>As the front moved west, and more Belarusian lands were adjoined to the new republic, the first administrative decrees were issued. The entity was divided into seven <a href="/wiki/Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezd">uyezds</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bobruysk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobruysk">Bobruysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barysaw" title="Barysaw">Borisov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igumen" class="mw-redirect" title="Igumen">Igumen</a>, Minsk, <a href="/wiki/Mozyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozyr">Mozyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Slutsk</a>. (Vitebsk, Gomel and Mogilev remained part of the RSFSR.) This time the leaders were <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Chervyakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Chervyakov">Aleksandr Chervyakov</a> (head of Minsk's milrevcom) and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Knorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Knorin">Wilhelm Knorin</a> (as chairmen of the Central Committee of the Belarusian Communist Party). The SSRB sought to join further territories, as the Red Army crossed into Poland, but the decisive Polish victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a> in August ended these ambitions. Once again, the Red Army found itself on the defensive in Belorussia. The Poles were able to successfully break the Russian lines at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Niemen_River" title="Battle of the Niemen River">Battle of the Niemen River</a> in September 1920. As a result, the Soviets were not only forced to abandon their <a href="/wiki/World_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="World Revolution">World Revolution</a> targets, but <a href="/wiki/Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Belarus">Western Belarus</a> too. However early autumn rains halted the Polish advance, which exhausted itself by October. A cease-fire agreed on 12 October, came into effect on 18 October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slutsk_uprising">Slutsk uprising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Slutsk uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature_for_Riga_Peace_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Caricature_for_Riga_Peace_1921.png/220px-Caricature_for_Riga_Peace_1921.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Caricature_for_Riga_Peace_1921.png/330px-Caricature_for_Riga_Peace_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Caricature_for_Riga_Peace_1921.png/440px-Caricature_for_Riga_Peace_1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1311" /></a><figcaption>A Belarusian caricature showing the division of their country by Poles and Bolsheviks.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Slutsk_Defence_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Slutsk Defence Action">Slutsk Defence Action</a></div> <p>As the negotiations between the Polish Republic and the Russian Bolshevik government took place in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, the Soviet side saw the armistice as only a temporary setback in its western advance. Seeing the failure of overcoming the Polish nationalist rhetoric with Communist propaganda, the Soviet government chose a different tactic, by appealing to the minorities of the Polish state, creating a <a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">fifth column</a> element out of <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>. During the negotiations, RSFSR offered all of BSSR to Poland in return for concessions in Ukraine, which were rejected by the Polish side. Eventually a compromising armistice line was agreed, which would see the Belarusian city of <a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Slutsk</a> handed over to the Bolsheviks. </p><p>News of Belarus' upcoming permanent division angered the population, and using the town's Polish occupation, the local population began self-organising into a militia and associating itself with the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a>. On 24 November the Polish units left the town, and for nearly a month the Slutsk partisans resisted Soviet attempts to re-gain control of the area. Eventually the Red Army had to mobilise two divisions to overcome the resistance, when the last units of Slutsk militia crossed the Moroch River and interned by the Polish border guards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Soviet_years">Early Soviet years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early Soviet years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BSSR_1.12.1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/BSSR_1.12.1938.jpg/220px-BSSR_1.12.1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/BSSR_1.12.1938.jpg/330px-BSSR_1.12.1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/BSSR_1.12.1938.jpg/440px-BSSR_1.12.1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>BSSR between the two World Wars</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1921, the delegations of the Second Polish Republic and the Russian SFSR finally signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Riga" title="Treaty of Riga">Treaty of Riga</a> putting an end of hostilities in Europe, and Belarus in particular. Six years of war had left the land neglected and looted, and the endless change of occupying regimes, each worse than the previous, left their mark on the Belarusian people, who were now divided. Almost half (<a href="/wiki/Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Belarus">Western Belarus</a>) now belonged to Poland. Eastern Belarus (Gomel, Vitebsk and parts of Smolensk guberniyas) were administered by the RSFSR. The rest was the SSRB, a republic with 52,400 square kilometres and a population of a mere 1.544 million people. </p><p>An interesting paradox arose in the status of SSRB within the future Bolshevik state. On one hand its small geographic, population and almost negligent economic indicators did not warrant it much political weight on Soviet affairs. In fact the leader of the Communist Party of Byelorussia (Bolshevik), <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chervyakov" title="Alexander Chervyakov">Alexander Chervyakov</a> would represent Byelorussian communists at seven party congresses in Moscow, but not once be elected into the party's <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a>. Moreover, the weak national sentiment of the Belarusian people would easily have allowed SSRB to be disbanded and annexed to the RSFSR, unlike for example Ukraine. </p><p>On the other hand, the region's strategic role decided its fate, as a full <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Union republic</a> within the negotiations upon forming the future state. For one <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and his supporters within the Soviet leadership still supported its <a href="/wiki/World_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="World Revolution">World Revolution</a> concept, and as said above, viewed the Treaty of Riga as only a temporary setback to the process, and a future advance would require a prepared bridgehead. This justified giving the SSRB the status of a full union republic within the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">Treaty on the Creation of the USSR</a> that was signed on 30 December 1922. SSR Byelorussia became a founding member of the Soviet Union in 1922 and became known as BSSR.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However the politics in Moscow took a different course of events, and eventually the accession of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> saw a new policy adopted: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_One_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in One Country">Socialism in One Country</a>. In accordance with which, expansionist and irredentist claims were removed from Soviet ideology, which instead would focus on making regions economically viable. Thus in March 1924, by decree of the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Central_Executive_Committee" title="All-Russian Central Executive Committee">All-Russian Central Executive Committee</a>, Russia returned most of territories that made up the Vitebsk and Mogilev Governorates, as well as parts of Smolensk. The passing of land that largely survived the destruction of war not only doubled the SSRB's area to 110,600 square kilometres, but also raised the population to 4.2 million people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSRB_in_the_mid-1920s">SSRB in the mid-1920s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SSRB in the mid-1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miensk_Railway_Station_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Miensk_Railway_Station_1926.jpg/220px-Miensk_Railway_Station_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Miensk_Railway_Station_1926.jpg/330px-Miensk_Railway_Station_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Miensk_Railway_Station_1926.jpg/440px-Miensk_Railway_Station_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Minsk Railway Station (1926), with the city's name given in Belarusian, Russian, Polish and Yiddish (or interwar Belarus's 4 official languages)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to its entry in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1925 SSRB was a largely rural country. Out of the 4,342,800 people that inhabited it, only 14.5% lived in urban areas. Administratively it was split into ten <a href="/wiki/Okrugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Okrugs">okrugs</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bobruysk_Region" title="Bobruysk Region">Bobruysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barysaw" title="Barysaw">Borisov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalinin,_Byelorussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalinin, Byelorussia (page does not exist)">Kalinin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozyr">Mozyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orsha" title="Orsha">Orsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Slutsk</a>; all of which contained a total of 100 <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> and 1,229 <a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">selsoviets</a>. Only 25 towns and cities and an additional 49 urban settlements. </p><p>Trotsky's plan for the SSRB to act as a future magnet for the minorities in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> is clearly evidenced in the national policies. The republic initially had four official languages: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, despite the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> made up only around 2% of the total population (most of the latter lived next to the state border in the Minsk and Borisov districts). The most important minority was the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Jewish population of Belarus</a>, which had a long history of targeted oppression under the Tsars, and in 1925 made up almost 44% of the urban population and began to be aided by <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> programmes. In 1924 the government created a committee – <i>Belkomzet</i> – to allocate land to Jewish families, in 1926 a total of 32,700 hectares were given for 6,860 Jewish families. Jews would continue to play a major role in Byelorussian politics, society and economy right up to the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>; in fact, between 1928 and 1930, the first secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Communist Party of Byelorussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gamarnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Gamarnik">Yakov Gamarnik</a>, was a Jew. </p><p>Yet, the titular nation of the SSRB were the <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, which made up 82% of the rural population, but less than half of the urban one (40.1%). The Belarusian national sentiment was a lot weaker than that of neighbouring Ukraine, this was greatly exploited by the Bolshevik-Polish power struggle in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. (In fact to avoid being annexed to Poland, at the census of 1920, many chose to be label themselves as <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). To appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Belarus">Western Belarus</a> and also to prevent the nationalist element of the exiled <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> from having any influence on the population (i.e. to avoid another Slutsk uprising), a policy of <a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenizatsiya">Korenizatsiya</a> was widely implemented. Belarusian language, folklore and culture was put at front of everything else. This went on par with the Soviet policy of liquidation of illiteracy (<a href="/wiki/Likbez" title="Likbez">likbez</a>). </p><p>Economically the republic remained largely self-centred, and most of the effort was put into restoring and repairing the war-damaged industry (if in 1923 there was only 226 different fabrics and factories, then by 1926 the number climbed to 246. However, the employed manpower jumped from 14 thousand to 21.3 thousand workers). The majority was food industry followed by metal and wood working combines. A lot more was centred in local and private sector, as allowed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> of the USSR, in 1925 these number 38.5 thousand who employed almost 50 thousand people. Most being textile workshops and lumber yards and blacksmiths. </p><p>On 6 December 1926, the SSRB was once again enlarged, in order to make the republic prosperous and continue the <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">creating of well-defined national territorial units</a>. This time, parts of RSFSR's <a href="/wiki/Gomel_Governorate" title="Gomel Governorate">Gomel Governorate</a> were added, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rechytsa" title="Rechytsa">Rechytsa</a>. This increased the area to 126,300 square kilometres and the <a href="/wiki/First_All-Union_Census_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union">1926 Soviet census</a> that was held at the same time reported a population of 4,982,623. Of the latter 83% was rural, and Belarusians made up 80.6% (though only 39.2% of urban, yet 89% of rural). </p><p>On 11 April 1927, the republic adopted its new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a>, bringing its laws in tie with those of the USSR and changing the name from the <i>Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia</i> to the <i>Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The head of government (chairman of the Soviet of People's Commissars) was by now then newly appointed <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Goloded" title="Nikolay Goloded">Nikolay Goloded</a>, whilst <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Knorin" title="Vilhelm Knorin">Vilhelm Knorin</a> remained the first secretary of the Communist Party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalinist_years">Stalinist years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stalinist years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_(1938-1939).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Byelorussian SSR Oblasts (1938–1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281938-1939%29.png/220px-Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281938-1939%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281938-1939%29.png/330px-Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281938-1939%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281938-1939%29.png/440px-Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281938-1939%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>The Byelorussian SSR prior to the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_(1939-1941).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Byelorussian SSR Oblasts (1939–1941)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281939-1941%29.png/220px-Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281939-1941%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281939-1941%29.png/330px-Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281939-1941%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281939-1941%29.png/440px-Byelorussian_SSR_Oblasts_%281939-1941%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2660" /></a><figcaption>The Byelorussian SSR after the invasion of Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1930s marked the peak of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions in Belarus</a>. According to incomplete calculations, about 600,000 people fell victim to Soviet repressions in Belarus between 1917 and 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-hb_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hb-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other estimates put the number at higher than 1.4 million persons.,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 250,000 were sentenced by judicial or executed by extrajudicial bodies (<i>dvoikas</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/NKVD_troika" title="NKVD troika">troikas</a></i>, special commissions of the <a href="/wiki/OGPU" class="mw-redirect" title="OGPU">OGPU</a>, <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry for State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a>). Excluding those sentenced in the 1920s–1930s, over 250,000 Belarusians were deported as <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a> or kulak family members to regions outside the Belarusian Soviet Republic. The scale of Soviet terror in Belarus was higher than in Russia or Ukraine which resulted in a much stronger extent of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> in the republic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Polish_Autonomous_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Autonomous District">Polish Autonomous District</a> was founded in 1932 and disbanded in 1935. </p><p>In September 1939, the Soviet Union, following the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, occupied eastern Poland after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">1939 invasion of Poland</a>. The former Polish territories referred to as <a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">West Belarus</a> were incorporated into the Belarusian SSR, with an exception of the city of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and its surroundings that were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. The annexation was internationally recognized after the end of World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_German_occupation">Nazi German occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nazi German occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">The Holocaust in Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarusian resistance during World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khatyn_massacre" title="Khatyn massacre">Khatyn massacre</a></div> <p>In the summer of 1941, Belarus was occupied by Nazi Germany. A large part of the territory of Belarus became the <i>General District Belarus</i> within the <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 people for <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">slave labour</a>, and killing hundreds of thousands of civilians more. 800,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarusian Jews</a> (about 90 percent of the Jewish population) were killed during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 5,295 Belarusian settlements were destroyed by the Germans and some or all their inhabitants killed (out of 9,200 settlements that were burned or otherwise destroyed in Belarus during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Khatyn-expeditions_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khatyn-expeditions-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 600 villages like <a href="/wiki/Khatyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatyn">Khatyn</a> were totally annihilated.<sup id="cite_ref-Khatyn-expeditions_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khatyn-expeditions-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether, over 2,000,000 people were killed in Belarus during the three years of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a>, almost a quarter of the region's population.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_F._Kennedy,_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_F._Kennedy%2C_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg/220px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_F._Kennedy%2C_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg/330px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_F._Kennedy%2C_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg/440px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_Andrei_Gromyko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Belarus-born <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a> (right) served as Soviet foreign minister (1957–1985) and as <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> (1985–1988)</figcaption></figure> <p>After World War II, the Byelorussian SSR was given a seat in the United Nations <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">General Assembly</a> together with the Soviet Union and Ukrainian SSR, becoming one of the founding members of the UN. This was part of a deal with the United States to ensure a degree of balance in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a>, which, the USSR opined, was unbalanced in favor of the Western Bloc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A Byelorussian, G.G. Chernushchenko, served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United Nations Security Council">President of the United Nations Security Council</a> from January–February 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution">Dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its last years during <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, the Supreme Soviet of Byelorussian SSR declared sovereignty on 27 July 1990 over Soviet laws. </p><p>On 25 August 1991, after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">failure of the coup in Moscow</a>, the republic proclaimed its political and economic independence from the Soviet Union,<sup id="cite_ref-pravo.kulichki.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pravo.kulichki.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, continued to consider herself part of the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-pravo.kulichki.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pravo.kulichki.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 September the republic was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 December 1991 it was a signatory, along with Russia and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a>, which replaced the Soviet Union with the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>. Belarus received independence on 25 December 1991. A day later the Soviet Union ceased to exist. However, the Constitution (Fundamental Law) of the Republic of Belarus of 1978, was retained after independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics of the Soviet Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics of Belarus</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/250px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/375px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/500px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>The Supreme Soviet of Byelorussia met for its legislative sessions in Minsk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 1990, Byelorussia was a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a>, governed by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Communist Party of Byelorussia</a>, a branch within the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (CPSU/KPSS).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all other Soviet republics, it was one of the 15 constituent republics composing the Soviet Union from its entry into the union in 1922 until its dissolution in 1991. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> was exercised by the Byelorussian Communist Party authorities, at its top sits the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> was vested in the unicameral parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of Belarus">Supreme Soviet of Byelorussia</a>, also dominated by the Communist Party. </p><p>Belarus is the legal successor of the Byelorussian SSR and in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a> it states, "Laws, decrees and other acts which were applied in the territory of the Republic of Belarus prior to the entry into force of the present Constitution shall apply in the particular parts thereof that are not contrary to the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations of Belarus</a></div> <p>On the international stage, Byelorussia (along with Ukraine) was one of only two <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republics of the Soviet Union</a> to be separate members of the United Nations. Both republics and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> joined the UN when the organization was founded with the other 50 states on 24 October 1945. In effect, this provided the Soviet Union (a permanent <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> member with veto powers) with another 2 votes in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a>. </p><p>Apart from the UN, the Byelorussian SSR was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">UN Economic and Social Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Children's Fund">UNICEF</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>. Byelorussia was excluded separately from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth</a>. In 1949, it joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> as a Union Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Census_(1959)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Census (1959)">1959 Soviet Census</a>, the population of the republic were made up as follows: </p><p>Ethnicities (1959): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> – 81%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> – 16%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> – 5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> – about 1%</li> <li>Jews – about 1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> – <1%</li></ul> <p>The largest cities were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobruisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobruisk">Bobruisk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture of Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture of the Soviet Union</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potato_pancakes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potato_pancakes.jpg/220px-Potato_pancakes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potato_pancakes.jpg/330px-Potato_pancakes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Potato_pancakes.jpg/440px-Potato_pancakes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Potato_pancake" title="Potato pancake">Draniki</a>, the national dish</figcaption></figure> <p>Whilst part of the Union, the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">cuisine of Byelorussia</a> consisted mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or <a href="/wiki/Stewed" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewed">stewed</a>. Typically, Byelorussians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals, with dinner being the largest meal of the day. Wheat and <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> breads are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. Many of the cuisines within Byelorussia also shared its cuisine with <a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Poland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captive_Nations" title="Captive Nations">Captive Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification of Belarus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical names: <ul><li>1920–1936: Byelorussian Socialist Soviet Republic (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Беларуская Сацыялістычная Савецкая Рэспубліка</span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Белорусская Социалистическая Советская Республика</span>)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In interwar Soviet Belarus, between 1924 and 1938, four languages were official, namely, Belarusian, Polish, Russian and Yiddish.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some parts, e.g., <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dionys" title="Švenčionys">Švenčionys</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0al%C4%8Dininkai" title="Šalčininkai">Šalčininkai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieveni%C5%A1k%C4%97s" title="Dieveniškės">Dieveniškės</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aduti%C5%A1kis" title="Adutiškis">Adutiškis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druskininkai" title="Druskininkai">Druskininkai</a>, were annexed in 1939 from Poland to Byelorussia, but passed to <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuania</a> in 1940</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled <i>Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Беларуская ССР</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Byelaruskaya SSR</i></span>;<br />Russian: <span lang="ru">Белорусская ССР</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Belorusskaya SSR</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Belarusian" title="Romanization of Belarusian">romanized</a>: <i>Byelaruskaya Savyetskaya Satsyyalistychnaya Respublika</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: <i>Belorusskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes called <i>Soviet Belarus</i> or simply <i>Belarus</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <a href="/wiki/Soviet_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet historiography">Soviet historiography</a> the term "SSRB" was suppressed, but there is documentary evidence of the usage of the term SSRB rather than BSSR, see, e.g., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon2006.by.ru/part28/doc37855.shtm">A 1992 cancellation of a 1921 SSRB laws</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFКожинова2017" class="citation journal cs1">Кожинова, Алла Андреевна (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13128%2FStudi_Slavis-21942">"Языки и графические системы Беларуси в период от Октябрьской революции до Второй мировой войны"</a>. <i>Studi Slavistici</i>. <b>14</b>: 133–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13128%2FStudi_Slavis-21942">10.13128/Studi_Slavis-21942</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+Slavistici&rft.atitle=%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=133-156&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13128%2FStudi_Slavis-21942&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13128%252FStudi_Slavis-21942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">28 July 1990 from Art. 6 of the Constitution of the Byelorussian SSR, the provision on the monopoly of the Communist Party of Byelorussia on power was excluded</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._N._Drobaŭ1971" class="citation book cs1">L. N. Drobaŭ (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R7AuAQAAIAAJ"><i>Art of Soviet Byelorussia</i></a>. Avrora.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Soviet+Byelorussia&rft.pub=Avrora&rft.date=1971&rft.au=L.+N.+Droba%C5%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR7AuAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-altname-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-altname_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-altname_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC"><i>Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary</i></a>. Merriam-Webster. 1997. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-546-9"><bdi>978-0-87779-546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Geographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-546-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo_VIPIJerIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaprudnik_1993_2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaprudnik_1993_2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaprudnik1993" class="citation book cs1">Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtnTh3-2Ki8C&pg=PA1"><i>Belarus: At A Crossroads In History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1794-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1794-0"><bdi>0-8133-1794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+At+A+Crossroads+In+History&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8133-1794-0&rft.aulast=Zaprudnik&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtnTh3-2Ki8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho) (1956) <i>Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь</i> (<i>About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_G._Roeder2011" class="citation book cs1">Philip G. Roeder (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAItI5C_JPUC&q=Belorussia+Russian+Empire&pg=PA116"><i>Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13467-3"><bdi>978-0-691-13467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Nation-States+Come+From%3A+Institutional+Change+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13467-3&rft.au=Philip+G.+Roeder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAItI5C_JPUC%26q%3DBelorussia%2BRussian%2BEmpire%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishmanGarcia2011" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Joshua; Garcia, Ofelia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&q=Belorussia+name&pg=PA385"><i>Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983799-1"><bdi>978-0-19-983799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+The+Success-Failure+Continuum+in+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+Efforts&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983799-1&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft.au=Garcia%2C+Ofelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUydX_3rG0AC%26q%3DBelorussia%2Bname%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond1995" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Yale (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&q=Byelorussia+name&pg=PA260"><i>From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans</i></a>. Intercultural Press. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877864-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-877864-30-7"><bdi>1-877864-30-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Da+to+Yes%3A+Understanding+the+East+Europeans&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-877864-30-7&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Yale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Y8GNIp42ysC%26q%3DByelorussia%2Bname%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoffe2008" class="citation book cs1">Ioffe, Grigory (25 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=00B6wxgftH8C&q=west+belarus&pg=PA150"><i>Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5558-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-5558-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Belarus+and+How+Western+Foreign+Policy+Misses+the+Mark&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5558-7&rft.aulast=Ioffe&rft.aufirst=Grigory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D00B6wxgftH8C%26q%3Dwest%2Bbelarus%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Ryder1998" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Ryder (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&q=Belarus+name+law+1991&pg=PA183"><i>Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, Volume 4</i></a>. Routledge. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-058-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-058-1"><bdi>1-85743-058-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+and+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85743-058-1&rft.au=Andrew+Ryder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmN95fFocsMC%26q%3DBelarus%2Bname%2Blaw%2B1991%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997150-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997150_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997150_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1997">Pipes 1997</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151_21-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1997">Pipes 1997</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997152_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1997">Pipes 1997</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151–152-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997151–152_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1997">Pipes 1997</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČepėnas1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pranas_%C4%8Cep%C4%97nas" title="Pranas Čepėnas">Čepėnas, Pranas</a> (1986). <i>Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija</i> (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89957-012-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-89957-012-1"><bdi>5-89957-012-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nauj%C5%B3j%C5%B3+laik%C5%B3+Lietuvos+istorija&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Dr.+Griniaus+fondas&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=5-89957-012-1&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cep%C4%97nas&rft.aufirst=Pranas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPipes1997153_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1997">Pipes 1997</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cepenas-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cepenas_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČepėnas1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pranas_%C4%8Cep%C4%97nas" title="Pranas Čepėnas">Čepėnas, Pranas</a> (1986). <i>Naujųjų laikų Lietuvos istorija</i> (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Chicago: Dr. Griniaus fondas. pp. 355–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-89957-012-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-89957-012-1"><bdi>5-89957-012-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nauj%C5%B3j%C5%B3+laik%C5%B3+Lietuvos+istorija&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=355-359&rft.pub=Dr.+Griniaus+fondas&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=5-89957-012-1&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cep%C4%97nas&rft.aufirst=Pranas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> 1st edition, Volume 5, p.378-413, 1927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hb-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hb_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">В. Ф. Кушнер. <i>Грамадска-палітычнае жыццё ў БССР у 1920—1930–я гг.</i> Гісторыя Беларусі (у кантэксьце сусьветных цывілізацыяў) p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nn.by/1999/03/10.htm">600 000 ахвяраў — прыблізная лічба</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311191726/http://www.nn.by/1999/03/10.htm">Archived</a> 11 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: з І. Кузьняцовым гутарыць Руслан Равяка // Наша Ніва, 3 кастрычніка 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ігар Кузьняцоў. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baj.by/belkalehium/lekcyji/historyja/kuzniacou_02.htm">Рэпрэсіі супраць беларускай iнтэлiгенцыi і сялянства ў 1930—1940 гады. Лекцыя 2.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003062059/http://baj.by/belkalehium/lekcyji/historyja/kuzniacou_02.htm">Archived</a> 3 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // «Беларускі Калегіюм», 15 чэрвеня 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurojewcong.org/communities/belarus/">"Belarus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Jewish_Congress" title="European Jewish Congress">European Jewish Congress</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Jewish+Congress&rft.atitle=Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurojewcong.org%2Fcommunities%2Fbelarus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khatyn-expeditions-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khatyn-expeditions_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatyn-expeditions_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060712/http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/expeditions/%20">"Genocide policy"</a>. <i>Khatyn.by</i>. SMC "Khatyn". 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/expeditions/">the original</a> on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khatyn.by&rft.atitle=Genocide+policy&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khatyn.by%2Fen%2Fgenocide%2Fexpeditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitali_Silitski2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vitali Silitski (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013223959/http://www.ilhr.org/ilhr/regional/belarus/updates/BU-2005-PDF/vol8no20-2005.pdf">"Belarus: A Partisan Reality Show"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transitions Online</i>: 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilhr.org/ilhr/regional/belarus/updates/BU-2005-PDF/vol8no20-2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transitions+Online&rft.atitle=Belarus%3A+A+Partisan+Reality+Show&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2005-05&rft.au=Vitali+Silitski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilhr.org%2Filhr%2Fregional%2Fbelarus%2Fupdates%2FBU-2005-PDF%2Fvol8no20-2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225191815/http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/">"The tragedy of Khatyn – Genocide policy"</a>. SMC Khatyn. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khatyn.by/en/genocide/">the original</a> on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+tragedy+of+Khatyn+%E2%80%93+Genocide+policy&rft.pub=SMC+Khatyn&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khatyn.by%2Fen%2Fgenocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pravo.kulichki.com-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pravo.kulichki.com_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pravo.kulichki.com_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47249.htm">ПОСТАНОВЛЕНИЕ ВЕРХОВНОГО СОВЕТА БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ССР от 25 августа 1991 г. № 1019-XII «Об обеспечении политической и экономической самостоятельности Белорусской ССР»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47250.htm">ЗАКОН БЕЛОРУССКОЙ ССР от 25 августа 1991 г. N 1018-XII «О внесении изменений и дополнений в Конституцию (Основной Закон) Белорусской ССР»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47166.htm">Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 18 сентября 1991 г. № 1078-XII «О делегировании народных депутатов БССР и народных депутатов СССР в состав Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР от Белорусской ССР»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47157.htm">Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 19 сентября 1991 г. № 1087-XII «О делегировании народных депутатов СССР в состав Совета Союза Верховного Совета СССР от Республики Беларусь»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47143.htm">Постановление Верховного Совета Республики Беларусь от 20 сентября 1991 г. № 1101-XII «О таможенной службе Республики Беларусь»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belzakon.net/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%91/1994/2105">Закон Республики Беларусь № 1085-XII от 19 сентября 1991 года № 1085-XII «О названии Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и внесении изменений в Декларацию Верховного Совета Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики о государственном суверенитете Белорусской Советской Социалистической Республики и Конституцию (Основной Закон) Белорусской ССР»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1990/doc48308.htm">Закон Белорусской ССР от 28 июля 1990 г. №212-XII "Об изменениях и дополнениях Конституции (Основного Закона Белорусской ССР)"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of Belarus">Constitution of Belarus</a>, Art. 142.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1997" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (25 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVgwEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, Revised Edition</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41764-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41764-9"><bdi>978-0-674-41764-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Communism+and+Nationalism%2C+1917%E2%80%931923%2C+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997-04-25&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41764-9&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVgwEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaranova2008" class="citation journal cs1">Baranova, Olga (2008). "Nationalism, anti-Bolshevism or the will to survive? Collaboration in Belarus under the Nazi occupation of 1941–1944". <i>European Review of History</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 113–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13507480801931044">10.1080/13507480801931044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144785016">144785016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review+of+History&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+anti-Bolshevism+or+the+will+to+survive%3F+Collaboration+in+Belarus+under+the+Nazi+occupation+of+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-128&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13507480801931044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144785016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baranova&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bekus, Nelly. <i>Struggle over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarussianness" </i> (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010);</li> <li>Bemporad, Elissa. <i>Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk</i> (Indiana UP, 2013).</li> <li>Epstein, Barbara. <i>The Minsk Ghetto 1941–1943: Jewish Resistance and Soviet Internationalism</i> (U of California Press, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthier1977" class="citation journal cs1">Guthier, Steven L. (1977). "The Belorussians: National identification and assimilation, 1897–1970: Part 1, 1897–1939". <i>Soviet Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (1): 37–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668137708411105">10.1080/09668137708411105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Belorussians%3A+National+identification+and+assimilation%2C+1897%E2%80%931970%3A+Part+1%2C+1897%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-61&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668137708411105&rft.aulast=Guthier&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorak1974" class="citation journal cs1">Horak, Stephan M. (1974). "Belorussia: Modernization, Human Rights, Nationalism". <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 403–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1974.11091370">10.1080/00085006.1974.11091370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Belorussia%3A+Modernization%2C+Human+Rights%2C+Nationalism&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-423&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1974.11091370&rft.aulast=Horak&rft.aufirst=Stephan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubachko1972" class="citation book cs1">Lubachko, Ivan (1972). <a href="/wiki/Belorussia_under_Soviet_Rule,_1917%E2%80%931957" title="Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917–1957"><i>Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917–1957</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belorussia+under+Soviet+Rule%2C+1917%E2%80%931957&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lubachko&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples1985" class="citation journal cs1">Marples, David R. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/David_Marples/Western_Ukraine_and_Western_Belorussia_Under_Soviet_Occupation_anhl.pdf">"Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia Under Soviet Occupation: The Development of Socialist Farming, 1939–1941"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 158–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00085006.1985.11091799">10.1080/00085006.1985.11091799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Slavonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Western+Ukraine+and+Western+Belorussia+Under+Soviet+Occupation%3A+The+Development+of+Socialist+Farming%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-177&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00085006.1985.11091799&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchtyvo.org.ua%2Fauthors%2FDavid_Marples%2FWestern_Ukraine_and_Western_Belorussia_Under_Soviet_Occupation_anhl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2014" class="citation book cs1">Marples, David (2014). <i><span></span>'Our Glorious Past': Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3838205748" title="Special:BookSources/978-3838205748"><bdi>978-3838205748</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Our+Glorious+Past%27%3A+Lukashenka%27s+Belarus+and+the+Great+Patriotic+War&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3838205748&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsonPappasPappas1994" class="citation book cs1">Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C.J. (1994). <i>Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-27497-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-27497-5"><bdi>0-313-27497-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnohistorical+Dictionary+of+the+Russian+and+Soviet+Empires&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-313-27497-5&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=James+Stuart&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Lee+Brigance&rft.au=Pappas%2C+Nicholas+C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlokhy2001" class="citation book cs1">Plokhy, Serhii (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NCzzxNisc1MC&q=white+rus+commonwealth&pg=PA327"><i>The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924739-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924739-0"><bdi>0-19-924739-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cossacks+and+Religion+in+Early+Modern+Ukraine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-924739-0&rft.aulast=Plokhy&rft.aufirst=Serhii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNCzzxNisc1MC%26q%3Dwhite%2Brus%2Bcommonwealth%26pg%3DPA327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond1995" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Yale (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&q=Byelorussia+name&pg=PA260"><i>From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans</i></a>. Intercultural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877864-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-877864-30-7"><bdi>1-877864-30-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Da+to+Yes%3A+Understanding+the+East+Europeans&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-877864-30-7&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Yale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Y8GNIp42ysC%26q%3DByelorussia%2Bname%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rudling, Pers Anders. <i>The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931</i> (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2014) 436pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=46748">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilitski,_VitaliJan_Zaprudnik2010" class="citation book cs1">Silitski, Vitali & Jan Zaprudnik (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQXyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>The A to Z of Belarus</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461731740" title="Special:BookSources/9781461731740"><bdi>9781461731740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Belarus&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781461731740&rft.au=Silitski%2C+Vitali&rft.au=Jan+Zaprudnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQXyAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmilovitsky1997" class="citation journal cs1">Smilovitsky, Leonid (1997). "Righteous Gentiles, the Partisans, and Jewish Survival in Belorussia, 1941–1944". <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 301–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F11.3.301">10.1093/hgs/11.3.301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Righteous+Gentiles%2C+the+Partisans%2C+and+Jewish+Survival+in+Belorussia%2C+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301-329&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F11.3.301&rft.aulast=Smilovitsky&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2004" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (1 December 2004). <i>The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999</i> (1 ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300105865" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300105865"><bdi>978-0300105865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconstruction+of+Nations%3A+Poland%2C+Ukraine%2C+Lithuania%2C+Belarus%2C+1569%E2%80%931999&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0300105865&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzporluk1979" class="citation journal cs1">Szporluk, Roman (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Shporliuk_Roman/West_Ukraine_and_West_Belorussia__en.pdf">"West Ukraine and west Belorussia: Historical tradition, social communication, and linguistic assimilation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Soviet Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (1): 76–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668137908411225">10.1080/09668137908411225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=West+Ukraine+and+west+Belorussia%3A+Historical+tradition%2C+social+communication%2C+and+linguistic+assimilation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-98&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668137908411225&rft.aulast=Szporluk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchtyvo.org.ua%2Fauthors%2FShporliuk_Roman%2FWest_Ukraine_and_West_Belorussia__en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzporluk1967" class="citation journal cs1">Szporluk, Roman (1967). "The press in Belorussia, 1955–65". <i>Soviet Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (4): 482–493. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136708410553">10.1080/09668136708410553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+press+in+Belorussia%2C+1955%E2%80%9365&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=482-493&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136708410553&rft.aulast=Szporluk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1989" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Michael E. (1989). <i>An Algebra of Soviet Power: Elite Circulation in the Belorussian Republic 1966-86</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521372565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521372565"><bdi>978-0521372565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Algebra+of+Soviet+Power%3A+Elite+Circulation+in+the+Belorussian+Republic+1966-86&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0521372565&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. <i>Belorussia: the making of a nation: a case study</i> (Harvard UP, 1956).</li> <li>Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. <i>A bibliographical guide to Belorussia</i> (Harvard UP, 1956).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler1985" class="citation book cs1">Wexler, Paul (1985). "Belorussification, Russification and Polonization Trends in the Belorussian Language 1890–1982". In Kreindler, Isabelle T. (ed.). <i>Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Soviet National Languages: Their Past, Present and Future</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 37–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110864380">10.1515/9783110864380</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110864380" title="Special:BookSources/9783110864380"><bdi>9783110864380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Belorussification%2C+Russification+and+Polonization+Trends+in+the+Belorussian+Language+1890%E2%80%931982&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Perspectives+on+Soviet+National+Languages%3A+Their+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pages=37-56&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110864380&rft.isbn=9783110864380&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaprudnik1993" class="citation book cs1">Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502113012/https://books.google.com/books?id=qtnTh3-2Ki8C&pg=PA1&dq=Belarusia+name&cd=3"><i>Belarus: At A Crossroads In History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-1794-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-1794-0"><bdi>0-8133-1794-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtnTh3-2Ki8C&q=Belarusia+name&pg=PA1">the original</a> on 2 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+At+A+Crossroads+In+History&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-8133-1794-0&rft.aulast=Zaprudnik&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtnTh3-2Ki8C%26q%3DBelarusia%2Bname%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZejmis1997" class="citation journal cs1">Zejmis, Jakub (1997). "Belarus in the 1920s: Ambiguities of National Formation". <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 243–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905999708408501">10.1080/00905999708408501</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153635749">153635749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Belarus+in+the+1920s%3A+Ambiguities+of+National+Formation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=243-254&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905999708408501&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153635749%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zejmis&rft.aufirst=Jakub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AByelorussian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ByelorussiaSpeedingTowardsAbundance"><i>Byelorussia : speeding towards abundance</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Tikhon_Kiselev" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon Kiselev">Tikhon Kiselev</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belarus_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Neuri">Neuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphagi" title="Androphagi">Androphagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Turov" title="Principality of Turov">Principality of Turov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Belorussia" title="Western Belorussia">Western Belorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_annexation_of_Western_Belorussia" title="Soviet annexation of Western Belorussia">Annexation of Western Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Republic_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Republic of Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belarus" title="Geography of Belarus">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Belarus" title="List of extreme points of Belarus">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Belarus" title="Geology of Belarus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Belarus" title="Protected areas of Belarus">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves_in_Europe_and_North_America#Belarus" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America">Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Belarus" title="List of national parks of Belarus">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Belarus" title="List of rivers of Belarus">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamps_of_Belarus" title="Swamps of Belarus">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Belarus" title="Politics of Belarus">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belarus" title="Constitution of Belarus">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belarus" title="Elections in Belarus">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Belarus" title="Central Election Commission of Belarus">Central Election Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belarus" title="Foreign relations of Belarus">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Belarus" title="Government of Belarus">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Belarus" title="Human rights in Belarus">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Belarus">LGBT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Belarus" title="Law enforcement in Belarus">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">State Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Belarus)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Belarus)">Ministry of Internal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Troops_of_Belarus" title="Internal Troops of Belarus">Internal Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya_(Belarus)" title="Militsiya (Belarus)">Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Service_(Belarus)" title="Presidential Security Service (Belarus)">Presidential Security Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Belarus">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Belarus" title="List of political parties in Belarus">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belarus" title="Prime Minister of Belarus">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belarus" title="List of prime ministers of Belarus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State of Russia and Belarus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Belarus" title="Agriculture in Belarus">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Belarus" title="List of banks in Belarus">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="National Bank of the Republic of Belarus">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Belarus" title="Industry of Belarus">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_and_organizations_sanctioned_in_relation_to_human_rights_violations_in_Belarus" title="List of people and organizations sanctioned in relation to human rights violations in Belarus">International sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Currency_and_Stock_Exchange" title="Belarusian Currency and Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belarus" title="Transport in Belarus">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Belarus" title="Category:Society of Belarus">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belarus" title="Demographics of Belarus">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belarus" title="Education in Belarus">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Belarus" title="Healthcare in Belarus">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Belarus" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus">Awards and decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_folk_dance" title="Belarusian folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belarus" title="Languages of Belarus">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Belarus" title="Mass media in Belarus">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Belarus" title="National symbols of Belarus">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Belarus" title="Public holidays in Belarus">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Belarus" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Belarus">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Belarus" title="Outline of Belarus">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarus-related_topics" title="List of Belarus-related topics">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Belarusian_history" title="Bibliography of Belarusian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarus" title="Category:Belarus">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1922–1991)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Republics of the Soviet 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Founders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byelorussian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former parts of <br /> the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Annexed in <a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a> (1940–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> (1922–1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-union republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia">SSR Abkhazia</a> (1921–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan SSR</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezm_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Khorezm People's Soviet Republic">Khorezm SSR</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz ASSR</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Template talk:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Eastern_and_Central_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Eastern and Central Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_of_Eastern_and_Central_Europe_during_their_Communist_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries of Eastern and Central Europe during their <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> period</div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warsaw Pact Logo"><img alt="Warsaw Pact Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/90px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/135px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Cold War Europe"><img alt="Map of Cold War Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/90px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/135px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/180px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukraine</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/21px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1922–1991)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Republics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Republics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1922–1991)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics of the Soviet Union</a> (1922–1991)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Founders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Byelorussian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former parts of <br /> the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkmen SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic">Kazakh SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Annexed in <a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian SSR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a> (1940–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> (1922–1936)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-union republics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia">SSR Abkhazia</a> (1921–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Bukharan People's Soviet Republic">Bukharan SSR</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorezm_People%27s_Soviet_Republic" title="Khorezm People's Soviet Republic">Khorezm SSR</a> (1920–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Abkhaz ASSR</a> (1990–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridnestrovian_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2895#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2895#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2895#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148288172">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1009143-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81008409">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36330662">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616296306706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04267997?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1247227">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span 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