CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Works Progress Administration - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"483a2f79-f3a8-4f50-8689-82fceab8c2b2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Works_Progress_Administration","wgTitle":"Works Progress Administration","wgCurRevisionId":1248641705,"wgRevisionId":1248641705,"wgArticleId":55779,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Webarchive template archiveis links","Works Progress Administration","New Deal agencies","Defunct agencies of the United States government", "History of the government of the United States","Former United States Federal assistance programs","1935 establishments in Washington, D.C.","Government agencies established in 1935","Government agencies disestablished in 1943","1943 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.","Great Depression in the United States","Work relief programs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Works_Progress_Administration","wgRelevantArticleId":55779,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline": false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1200079","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPA-USA-sign.svg/1200px-WPA-USA-sign.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1209"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPA-USA-sign.svg/800px-WPA-USA-sign.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="806"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPA-USA-sign.svg/640px-WPA-USA-sign.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="645"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Works Progress Administration - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Works_Progress_Administration rootpage-Works_Progress_Administration skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Works+Progress+Administration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Works+Progress+Administration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Works+Progress+Administration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Works+Progress+Administration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Project_Number_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Project_Number_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Federal Project Number One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Project_Number_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Art_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Art_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Federal Art Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Art_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Music_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Music_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Federal Music Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Music_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Theatre_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Theatre_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Federal Theatre Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Theatre_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Writers'_Project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Writers'_Project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Federal Writers' Project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Writers'_Project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Records_Survey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Records_Survey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Historical Records Survey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Records_Survey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_Services_Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_Services_Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Library Services Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_Services_Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incarceration_of_Japanese_Americans_in_internment_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incarceration_of_Japanese_Americans_in_internment_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Incarceration of Japanese Americans in internment camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incarceration_of_Japanese_Americans_in_internment_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>African Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_with_physical_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_with_physical_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>People with physical disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_with_physical_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Termination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Termination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Works Progress Administration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Project_Administration" title="Works Project Administration – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Works Project Administration" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_Projects_Administration" title="Work Projects Administration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Work Projects Administration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%AC%EC%97%85%EC%A7%84%ED%9D%A5%EA%B5%AD" title="공공사업진흥국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공공사업진흥국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="ԱՄՆ հանրային աշխատանքների վարչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ հանրային աշխատանքների վարչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מינהל קידום העבודות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינהל קידום העבודות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procuratio_Progressus_Operum" title="Procuratio Progressus Operum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Procuratio Progressus Operum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD%E4%BF%83%E9%80%B2%E5%B1%80" title="公共事業促進局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公共事業促進局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administracja_Projekt%C3%B3w_Rob%C3%B3t_Publicznych" title="Administracja Projektów Robót Publicznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Administracja Projektów Robót Publicznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Управление промышленно-строительными работами общественного назначения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Управление промышленно-строительными работами общественного назначения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Works Progress Administration" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%9A%E6%8C%AF%E5%85%B4%E7%BD%B2" title="公共事业振兴署 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="公共事业振兴署" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1200079#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Works_Progress_Administration" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Works_Progress_Administration" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Works_Progress_Administration" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&oldid=1248641705" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Works_Progress_Administration&id=1248641705&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWorks_Progress_Administration"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWorks_Progress_Administration"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Works_Progress_Administration&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Works_Progress_Administration" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1200079" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. government program of the 1930s and 1940s</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration_(band)" title="Works Progress Administration (band)">Works Progress Administration (band)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Works Progress Administration</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA-USA-sign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPA-USA-sign.svg/220px-WPA-USA-sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPA-USA-sign.svg/330px-WPA-USA-sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPA-USA-sign.svg/440px-WPA-USA-sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="255" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">May 6, 1935<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1935-05-06</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">June 30, 1943</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">8.5 million 1935–1943<br />3.3 million in November 1938 (peak)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$1.3 billion (1935)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key document</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_Appropriation_Act_of_1935" title="Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935">Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Works Progress Administration</b> (<b>WPA</b>; renamed in 1939 as the <b>Work Projects Administration</b>) was an American <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal agency">New Deal agency</a> that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally <a href="/wiki/Educated" class="mw-redirect" title="Educated">educated</a>) to carry out <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> projects,<sup id="cite_ref-arnesen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnesen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the construction of public buildings and roads. It was set up on May 6, 1935, by presidential order, as a key part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a>. </p><p>The WPA's first appropriation in 1935 was $4.9 billion (about $15 per person in the U.S., around 6.7 percent of the 1935 GDP).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Headed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>, the WPA supplied paid jobs to the unemployed during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a>, while building up the public infrastructure of the US, such as parks, schools, and roads. Most of the jobs were in construction, building more than 620,000 miles (1,000,000 km) of streets and over 10,000 bridges, in addition to many airports and much housing. In 1942, the WPA played a key role in both building and staffing <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">internment camps to incarcerate Japanese Americans</a>. </p><p>At its peak in 1938, it supplied paid jobs for three million unemployed men and women, as well as youth in a separate division, the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a>. Between 1935 and 1943, the WPA employed 8.5 million people (about half the population of New York).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hourly wages were typically kept well below industry standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Neumann_et_al._2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neumann_et_al._2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196">: 196 </span></sup> Full employment, which was reached in 1942 and appeared as a long-term national goal around 1944, was not the goal of the WPA; rather, it tried to supply one paid job for all families in which the <a href="/wiki/Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">breadwinner</a> suffered long-term unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Long_Range-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64, 184">: 64, 184 </span></sup> </p><p>In one of its most famous projects, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a>, the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in arts, drama, media, and literacy projects.<sup id="cite_ref-arnesen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnesen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five projects dedicated to these were the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a> (FWP), the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_Survey" title="Historical Records Survey">Historical Records Survey</a> (HRS), the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a> (FTP), the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Music_Project" title="Federal Music Project">Federal Music Project</a> (FMP), and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Art_Project" title="Federal Art Project">Federal Art Project</a> (FAP). In the Historical Records Survey, for instance, many former slaves in the South were interviewed; these documents are of immense importance to American history. Theater and music groups toured throughout the United States and gave more than 225,000 performances. Archaeological investigations under the WPA were influential in the rediscovery of pre-Columbian Native American cultures, and the development of professional archaeology in the US. </p><p>The WPA was a <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> program that ran its own projects in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">local</a> governments, which supplied 10–30% of the costs. Usually, the local sponsor provided land and often trucks and supplies, with the WPA responsible for wages (and for the salaries of supervisors, who were not on relief). WPA sometimes took over state and local relief programs that had originated in the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Finance_Corporation" title="Reconstruction Finance Corporation">Reconstruction Finance Corporation</a> (RFC) or <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a> programs (FERA).<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Long_Range-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> It was liquidated on June 30, 1943, because of low unemployment during World War II. Robert D. Leininger asserted: "millions of people needed subsistence incomes. Work relief was preferred over public assistance (the dole) because it maintained self-respect, reinforced the work ethic, and kept skills sharp."<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 228">: 228 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg/220px-FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg/330px-FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg/440px-FDR-April-28-1935-side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3386" data-file-height="2760" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">FDR prepares to speak about the establishment of the work relief program and <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">fireside chat</a> of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_Fireside_Chat,_28_April_1935" class="extiw" title="s:Roosevelt's Fireside Chat, 28 April 1935">April 28, 1935</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry-Hopkins-WPA-November-1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Harry-Hopkins-WPA-November-1935.jpg/220px-Harry-Hopkins-WPA-November-1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Harry-Hopkins-WPA-November-1935.jpg/330px-Harry-Hopkins-WPA-November-1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Harry-Hopkins-WPA-November-1935.jpg/440px-Harry-Hopkins-WPA-November-1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4720" data-file-height="3860" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">FERA</a> administrator and WPA head <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> speaking to reporters (November 1935)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On May 6, 1935, FDR issued <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> 7034, establishing the Works Progress Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FDR_Creating_WPA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDR_Creating_WPA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WPA superseded the work of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a>, which was dissolved. Direct relief assistance was permanently replaced by a national work relief program—a major <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> program directed by the WPA.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WPA was largely shaped by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>, supervisor of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a> and close adviser to Roosevelt. Both Roosevelt and Hopkins believed that the route to economic recovery and the lessened importance of the dole would be in employment programs such as the WPA.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Long_Range-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 56–57">: 56–57 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hallie_Flanagan" title="Hallie Flanagan">Hallie Flanagan</a>, national director of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a>, wrote that "for the first time in the relief experiments of this country the preservation of the skill of the worker, and hence the preservation of his self-respect, became important."<sup id="cite_ref-Arena_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arena-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17">: 17 </span></sup> </p><p>The WPA was organized into the following divisions: </p> <ul><li>The Division of Engineering and Construction, which planned and supervised construction projects including airports, dams, highways and sanitation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Division of Professional and Service Projects (called the Division of Women's and Professional Projects in 1937), which was responsible for <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar</a> projects including education programs, recreation programs, and the arts projects. It was later named the Division of Community Service Programs and the Service Division.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Division of Finance.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Division of Information.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Division of Investigation, which succeeded a comparable division at FERA and investigated fraud, misappropriation of funds and disloyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Division of Statistics, also known as the Division of Social Research.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Project Control Division, which processed project applications.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Other divisions including the Employment, Management, Safety, Supply, and Training and Reemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA-Road-Development.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/WPA-Road-Development.jpg/220px-WPA-Road-Development.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/WPA-Road-Development.jpg/330px-WPA-Road-Development.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/WPA-Road-Development.jpg/440px-WPA-Road-Development.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="1965" /></a><figcaption>WPA road development project</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These ordinary men and women proved to be extraordinary beyond all expectation. They were golden threads woven in the national fabric. In this, they shamed the political philosophy that discounted their value and rewarded the one that placed its faith in them, thus fulfilling the founding vision of a government by and for its people. All its people.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nick Taylor, <i>American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA</i><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 530">: 530 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The goal of the WPA was to employ most of the unemployed people on relief until the economy recovered. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> testified to Congress in January 1935 why he set the number at 3.5 million, using <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a> data. Estimating costs at $1,200 per worker per year ($26,668 in present-day terms<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), he asked for and received $4 billion ($88.9 billion in present-day terms<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Many women were employed, but they were few compared to men. </p><p>In 1935 there were 20 million people on relief in the United States. Of these, 8.3 million were children under 16 years of age; 3.8 million were persons between the ages of 16 and 65 who were not working or seeking work. These included housewives, students in school, and incapacitated persons. Another 750,000 were person age 65 or over.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 562">: 562 </span></sup> Thus, of the total of 20 million persons then receiving relief, 13 million were not considered eligible for employment. This left a total of 7 million presumably employable persons between the ages of 16 and 65 inclusive. Of these, however, 1.65 million were said to be farm operators or persons who had some non-relief employment, while another 350,000 were, despite the fact that they were already employed or seeking work, considered incapacitated. Deducting this 2 million from the total of 7.15 million, there remained 5.15 million persons age 16 to 65, unemployed, looking for work, and able to work.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 562">: 562 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-Hopkins-September-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FDR-Hopkins-September-1938.jpg/220px-FDR-Hopkins-September-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FDR-Hopkins-September-1938.jpg/330px-FDR-Hopkins-September-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/FDR-Hopkins-September-1938.jpg/440px-FDR-Hopkins-September-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>FDR and Hopkins (September 1938)</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the assumption that only one worker per family would be permitted to work under the proposed program, this total of 5.15 million was further reduced by 1.6 million—the estimated number of workers who were members of families with two or more employable people. Thus, there remained a net total of 3.55 million workers in as many households for whom jobs were to be provided.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 562">: 562 </span></sup> </p><p>The WPA reached its peak employment of 3,334,594 people in November 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 547">: 547 </span></sup> To be eligible for WPA employment, an individual had to be an American citizen, 18 or older, able-bodied, unemployed, and certified as in need by a local public relief agency approved by the WPA. The WPA Division of Employment selected the worker's placement to WPA projects based on previous experience or training. Worker pay was based on three factors: the region of the country, the degree of <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, and the individual's <a href="/wiki/Skill_(labor)" title="Skill (labor)">skill</a>. It varied from $19 per month to $94 per month, with the average wage being about $52.50—$1,136 in present-day terms.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal was to pay the local prevailing wage, but limit the hours of work to 8 hours a day or 40 hours a week; the stated minimum being 30 hours a week, or 120 hours a month.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 213">: 213 </span></sup> </p><p>Being a voter or a Democrat was not a prerequisite for a relief job. Federal law specifically prohibited any political discrimination against WPA workers. Vague charges were bandied about at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus of experts is that: "In the distribution of WPA project jobs as opposed to those of a supervisory and administrative nature politics plays only a minor in comparatively insignificant role."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However those who were hired were reminded at election time that FDR created their job and the Republicans would take it away. The great majority voted accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projects">Projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPAsign.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPAsign.JPG/220px-WPAsign.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPAsign.JPG/330px-WPAsign.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/WPAsign.JPG/440px-WPAsign.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3035" data-file-height="2226" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Typical plaque on a WPA project</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffith_Observatory_on_the_south-facing_slope_of_Mount_Hollywood_in_L.A.%27s_Griffith_Park_(LC-DIG-highsm-_22255).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Griffith_Observatory_on_the_south-facing_slope_of_Mount_Hollywood_in_L.A.%27s_Griffith_Park_%28LC-DIG-highsm-_22255%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Griffith_Observatory_on_the_south-facing_slope_of_Mount_Hollywood_in_L.A.%27s_Griffith_Park_%28LC-DIG-highsm-_22255%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Griffith_Observatory_on_the_south-facing_slope_of_Mount_Hollywood_in_L.A.%27s_Griffith_Park_%28LC-DIG-highsm-_22255%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Griffith_Observatory_on_the_south-facing_slope_of_Mount_Hollywood_in_L.A.%27s_Griffith_Park_%28LC-DIG-highsm-_22255%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Griffith_Observatory_on_the_south-facing_slope_of_Mount_Hollywood_in_L.A.%27s_Griffith_Park_%28LC-DIG-highsm-_22255%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Griffith_Observatory_on_the_south-facing_slope_of_Mount_Hollywood_in_L.A.%27s_Griffith_Park_%28LC-DIG-highsm-_22255%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Griffith_Observatory" title="Griffith Observatory">Griffith Observatory</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timberline_Lodge_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Timberline_Lodge_2014.jpg/220px-Timberline_Lodge_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Timberline_Lodge_2014.jpg/330px-Timberline_Lodge_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Timberline_Lodge_2014.jpg/440px-Timberline_Lodge_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6880" data-file-height="2470" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Timberline_Lodge" title="Timberline Lodge">Timberline Lodge</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>WPA projects were administered by the Division of Engineering and Construction and the Division of Professional and Service Projects. Most projects were initiated, planned and sponsored by states, counties or cities. Nationwide projects were sponsored until 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WPA built traditional infrastructure of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> such as roads, bridges, schools, libraries, courthouses, hospitals, sidewalks, waterworks, and post-offices, but also constructed museums, swimming pools, parks, community centers, playgrounds, coliseums, markets, fairgrounds, tennis courts, zoos, botanical gardens, auditoriums, waterfronts, city halls, gyms, and university unions. Most of these are still in use today.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 226">: 226 </span></sup> The amount of infrastructure projects of the WPA included 40,000 new and 85,000 improved buildings. These new buildings included 5,900 new schools; 9,300 new auditoriums, gyms, and recreational buildings; 1,000 new libraries; 7,000 new dormitories; and 900 new armories. In addition, infrastructure projects included 2,302 stadiums, grandstands, and bleachers; 52 fairgrounds and rodeo grounds; 1,686 parks covering 75,152 acres; 3,185 playgrounds; 3,026 athletic fields; 805 swimming pools; 1,817 handball courts; 10,070 tennis courts; 2,261 horseshoe pits; 1,101 ice-skating areas; 138 outdoor theatres; 254 golf courses; and 65 ski jumps.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 227">: 227 </span></sup> Total expenditures on WPA projects through June 1941 totaled approximately $11.4 billion—the equivalent of $236 billion today.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over $4 billion was spent on highway, road, and street projects; more than $1 billion on public buildings, including the iconic <a href="/wiki/Dock_Street_Theatre" title="Dock Street Theatre">Dock Street Theatre</a> in Charleston, the <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Observatory" title="Griffith Observatory">Griffith Observatory</a> in Los Angeles, and <a href="/wiki/Timberline_Lodge" title="Timberline Lodge">Timberline Lodge</a> in Oregon's <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood_National_Forest" title="Mount Hood National Forest">Mount Hood National Forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 252–253">: 252–253 </span></sup> </p><p>More than $1 billion—$20.7 billion today<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—was spent on publicly owned or operated utilities; and another $1 billion on welfare projects, including sewing projects for women, the distribution of surplus commodities, and school lunch projects.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup> One construction project was the <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Parkway" title="Merritt Parkway">Merritt Parkway</a> in Connecticut, the bridges of which were each designed as architecturally unique.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its eight-year run, the WPA built 325 firehouses and renovated 2,384 of them across the United States. The 20,000 miles of water mains, installed by their hand as well, contributed to increased fire protection across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Long_Range-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p><p>The direct focus of the WPA projects changed with need. In 1935 priority projects were to improve infrastructure; roads, extension of electricity to rural areas, water conservation, sanitation and flood control. In 1936, as outlined in that year's <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Relief_Appropriations_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Relief Appropriations Act">Emergency Relief Appropriations Act</a>, public facilities became a focus; parks and associated facilities, public buildings, utilities, airports, and transportation projects were funded. The following year saw the introduction of agricultural improvements, such as the production of marl fertilizer and the eradication of fungus pests. As the Second World War approached, and then eventually began, WPA projects became increasingly defense related.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Long_Range-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p><p>One project of the WPA was funding state-level library service demonstration projects, to create new areas of library service to underserved populations and to extend rural service.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another project was the <a href="/wiki/Household_Service_Demonstration_Project" title="Household Service Demonstration Project">Household Service Demonstration Project</a>, which trained 30,000 women for domestic employment. <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> had one of the larger statewide library service demonstration projects. At the end of the project in 1943, South Carolina had twelve publicly funded county libraries, one regional library, and a funded state library agency.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Project_Number_One">Federal Project Number One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federal Project Number One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant aspect of the Works Progress Administration was the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a>, which had five different parts: the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Art_Project" title="Federal Art Project">Federal Art Project</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Music_Project" title="Federal Music Project">Federal Music Project</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_Survey" title="Historical Records Survey">Historical Records Survey</a>. The government wanted to provide new federal cultural support instead of just providing direct grants to private institutions. After only one year, over 40,000 artists and other talented workers had been employed through this project in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cedric Larson stated that "The impact made by the five major cultural projects of the WPA upon the national consciousness is probably greater in total than anyone readily realizes. As channels of communication between the administration and the country at large, both directly and indirectly, the importance of these projects cannot be overestimated, for they all carry a tremendous appeal to the eye, the ear, or the intellect—or all three."<sup id="cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson,_Cedric_1939-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 491">: 491 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Art_Project">Federal Art Project</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federal Art Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Art_Project" title="Federal Art Project">Federal Art Project</a></div> <p>This project was directed by <a href="/wiki/Holger_Cahill" title="Holger Cahill">Holger Cahill</a>, and in 1936 employment peaked at over 5,300 artists. The Arts Service Division created illustrations and posters for the WPA writers, musicians, and theaters. The Exhibition Division had public exhibitions of artwork from the WPA, and artists from the Art Teaching Division were employed in settlement houses and community centers to give classes to an estimated 50,000 children and adults. They set up over 100 art centers around the country that served an estimated eight million individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Music_Project">Federal Music Project</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Federal Music Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPABandLafayetteSquareNOLA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/WPABandLafayetteSquareNOLA.jpg/220px-WPABandLafayetteSquareNOLA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/WPABandLafayetteSquareNOLA.jpg/330px-WPABandLafayetteSquareNOLA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/WPABandLafayetteSquareNOLA.jpg/440px-WPABandLafayetteSquareNOLA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Noon-hour WPA band concert in <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Lafayette Square (New Orleans)">Lafayette Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> (1940)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Music_Project" title="Federal Music Project">Federal Music Project</a></div> <p>Directed by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Sokoloff" title="Nikolai Sokoloff">Nikolai Sokoloff</a>, former principal conductor of the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra" title="Cleveland Orchestra">Cleveland Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Music_Project" title="Federal Music Project">Federal Music Project</a> employed over 16,000 musicians at its peak. Its purpose was to create jobs for unemployed musicians, It established new ensembles such as chamber groups, orchestras, choral units, opera units, concert bands, military bands, dance bands, and theater orchestras. They gave 131,000 performances and programs to 92 million people each week.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federal Music Project performed plays and dances, as well as radio dramas.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson,_Cedric_1939-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494">: 494 </span></sup> In addition, the Federal Music Project gave music classes to an estimated 132,000 children and adults every week, recorded folk music, served as copyists, arrangers, and librarians to expand the availability of music, and experimented in music therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sokoloff stated, "Music can serve no useful purpose unless it is heard, but these totals on the listeners' side are more eloquent than statistics as they show that in this country there is a great hunger and eagerness for music."<sup id="cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson,_Cedric_1939-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494">: 494 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Theatre_Project">Federal Theatre Project</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Federal Theatre Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a></div> <p>In 1929, Broadway alone had employed upwards of 25,000 workers, onstage and backstage; in 1933, only 4,000 still had jobs. The Actors' Dinner Club and the Actors' Betterment Association were giving out free meals every day. Every theatrical district in the country suffered as audiences dwindled. The New Deal project was directed by playwright <a href="/wiki/Hallie_Flanagan" title="Hallie Flanagan">Hallie Flanagan</a>, and employed 12,700 performers and staff at its peak. They presented more than 1,000 performances each month to almost one million people, produced 1,200 plays in the four years it was established, and introduced 100 new playwrights. Many performers later became successful in Hollywood including <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Houseman" title="John Houseman">John Houseman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burt_Lancaster" title="Burt Lancaster">Burt Lancaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_Lee" title="Canada Lee">Canada Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Geer" title="Will Geer">Will Geer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Thomson" title="Virgil Thomson">Virgil Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ray" title="Nicholas Ray">Nicholas Ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.G._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="E.G. Marshall">E.G. Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a>. The Federal Theatre Project was the first project to end; it was terminated in June 1939 after Congress zeroed out the funding.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_Writers'_Project"><span id="Federal_Writers.27_Project"></span>Federal Writers' Project</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Federal Writers' Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a></div> <p>This project was directed by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Alsberg" title="Henry Alsberg">Henry Alsberg</a> and employed 6,686 writers at its peak in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By January 1939, more than 275 major books and booklets had been published by the FWP.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson,_Cedric_1939-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494">: 494 </span></sup> Most famously, the FWP created the <a href="/wiki/American_Guide_Series" title="American Guide Series">American Guide Series</a>, which produced thorough guidebooks for every state that include descriptions of towns, waterways, historic sites, oral histories, photographs, and artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An association or group that put up the cost of publication sponsored each book, the cost was anywhere from $5,000 to $10,000. In almost all cases, the book sales were able to reimburse their sponsors.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson,_Cedric_1939-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494">: 494 </span></sup> Additionally, another important part of this project was to record oral histories to create archives such as the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Narrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Narrative">Slave Narratives</a> and collections of folklore. These writers also participated in research and editorial services to other government agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_Records_Survey">Historical Records Survey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical Records Survey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_Survey" title="Historical Records Survey">Historical Records Survey</a></div> <p>This project was the smallest of Federal Project Number One and served to identify, collect, and conserve United States' historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the biggest bibliographical efforts and was directed by Luther H. Evans. At its peak, this project employed more than 4,400 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson,_Cedric_1939-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494">: 494 </span></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Miss_Muffet_1940_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1940 WPA poster using Little Miss Muffet to promote reading among children"><img alt="1940 WPA poster using Little Miss Muffet to promote reading among children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Little_Miss_Muffet_1940_poster.jpg/153px-Little_Miss_Muffet_1940_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Little_Miss_Muffet_1940_poster.jpg/229px-Little_Miss_Muffet_1940_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Little_Miss_Muffet_1940_poster.jpg/306px-Little_Miss_Muffet_1940_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1940 WPA poster using <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Miss_Muffet" title="Little Miss Muffet">Little Miss Muffet</a></i> to promote reading among children</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA-Cancer-Poster-Herzog.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WPA health education poster about cancer, c. 1936–1938"><img alt="WPA health education poster about cancer, c. 1936–1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/WPA-Cancer-Poster-Herzog.jpg/187px-WPA-Cancer-Poster-Herzog.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/WPA-Cancer-Poster-Herzog.jpg/280px-WPA-Cancer-Poster-Herzog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/WPA-Cancer-Poster-Herzog.jpg/374px-WPA-Cancer-Poster-Herzog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">WPA health education poster about cancer, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1936</span>–1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_nickel_and_dime_store,_WPA_poster,_ca._1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the 5 & 10¢ store"><img alt="Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the 5 & 10¢ store" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_nickel_and_dime_store%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1941.jpg/189px-The_nickel_and_dime_store%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_nickel_and_dime_store%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1941.jpg/284px-The_nickel_and_dime_store%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_nickel_and_dime_store%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1941.jpg/379px-The_nickel_and_dime_store%2C_WPA_poster%2C_ca._1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="3234" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Poster for the WPA shows various items that can be purchased at the <a href="/wiki/Variety_store" title="Variety store">5 & 10¢</a> store</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_classes_for_children_LCCN98510141.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WPA poster advertising art classes for children"><img alt="WPA poster advertising art classes for children" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Art_classes_for_children_LCCN98510141.jpg/153px-Art_classes_for_children_LCCN98510141.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Art_classes_for_children_LCCN98510141.jpg/230px-Art_classes_for_children_LCCN98510141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Art_classes_for_children_LCCN98510141.jpg/306px-Art_classes_for_children_LCCN98510141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">WPA poster advertising art classes for children</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_Zoo_Poster-Elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit, showing an elephant"><img alt="WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit, showing an elephant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WPA_Zoo_Poster-Elephant.jpg/186px-WPA_Zoo_Poster-Elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WPA_Zoo_Poster-Elephant.jpg/278px-WPA_Zoo_Poster-Elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/WPA_Zoo_Poster-Elephant.jpg/371px-WPA_Zoo_Poster-Elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">WPA poster promoting the zoo as a place to visit, showing an elephant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_Theatre_Poster-Abraham_Lincoln.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation"><img alt="1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WPA_Theatre_Poster-Abraham_Lincoln.jpg/163px-WPA_Theatre_Poster-Abraham_Lincoln.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WPA_Theatre_Poster-Abraham_Lincoln.jpg/245px-WPA_Theatre_Poster-Abraham_Lincoln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WPA_Theatre_Poster-Abraham_Lincoln.jpg/327px-WPA_Theatre_Poster-Abraham_Lincoln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1936 WPA Poster for Federal Theatre Project presentation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA-Work-Pays-America-Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America"><img alt="WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WPA-Work-Pays-America-Poster.jpg/188px-WPA-Work-Pays-America-Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WPA-Work-Pays-America-Poster.jpg/282px-WPA-Work-Pays-America-Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/WPA-Work-Pays-America-Poster.jpg/376px-WPA-Work-Pays-America-Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">WPA poster encouraging laborers to work for America</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_Services_Program">Library Services Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Library Services Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the Great Depression, it was estimated that one-third of the population in the United States did not have reasonable access to public library services.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding the need, not only to maintain existing facilities but to expand library services led to the establishment of the WPA's Library Projects.  With the onset of the Depression local governments facing declining revenues were unable to maintain social services, including libraries. This lack of revenue exacerbated problems of library access that were already widespread. In 1934 only two states, Massachusetts and Delaware, provided their total population access to public libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many rural areas, there were no libraries, and where they did exist, reading opportunities were minimal. 66% of the South's population did not have access to any public library. Libraries that existed circulated one book per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early emphasis of these programs was on extending library services to rural populations, by creating libraries in areas that lacked facilities. The WPA library program also greatly augmented reader services in metropolitan and urban centers.   </p><p>By 1938, the WPA Library Services Project had established 2,300 new libraries, 3,400 reading rooms in existing libraries, and 53 traveling libraries for sparsely settled areas.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dp.la/exhibitions/history-us-public-libraries/libraries-on-the-move/wpa-library-programs">[1]</a> Federal money for these projects could only be spent on worker wages, therefore local municipalities would have to provide upkeep on properties and purchase equipment and materials. At the local level, WPA libraries relied on funding from county or city officials or funds raised by local community organizations such as women's clubs. Due to limited funding, many WPA libraries were "little more than book distribution stations: tables of materials under temporary tents, a tenant home to which nearby readers came for their books, a school superintendents' home, or a crossroads general store."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public response to the WPA libraries was extremely positive. For many, "the WPA had become 'the breadline of the spirit.'"<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At its height in 1938, there were 38,324 people, primarily women, employed in library services programs, while 25,625 were employed in library services and 12,696 were employed in bookbinding and repair.   </p><p>Because book repair was an activity that could be taught to unskilled workers and once trained, could be conducted with little supervision, repair and mending became the main activity of the WPA Library Project. The basic rationale for this change was that the mending and repair projects saved public libraries and school libraries thousands of dollars in acquisition costs while employing needy women who were often heads of households.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>By 1940, the WPA Library Project, now the Library Services Program, began to shift its focus as the entire WPA began to move operations towards goals of national defense. WPA Library Programs served those goals in two ways: 1.) existing WPA libraries could distribute materials to the public on the nature of an imminent national defense emergency and the need for national defense preparation, and 2.) the project could provide supplementary library services to military camps and defense impacted communities. </p><p>By December 1941, the number of people employed in WPA library work was only 16,717. In May of the following year, all statewide Library Projects were reorganized as WPA War Information Services Programs. By early 1943, the work of closing war information centers had begun. The last week of service for remaining WPA library workers was March 15, 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it is difficult to quantify the success or failure of WPA Library Projects relative to other WPA programs, "what is incontestable is the fact that the library projects provided much-needed employment for mostly female workers, recruited many to librarianship in at least semiprofessional jobs, and retained librarians who may have left the profession for other work had employment not come through federal relief...the WPA subsidized several new ventures in readership services such as the widespread use of bookmobiles and supervised reading rooms – services that became permanent in post-depression and postwar American libraries."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>   </p><p>In extending library services to people who lost their libraries (or never had a library to begin with) WPA Library Services Projects achieved phenomenal success, made significant permanent gains, and had a profound impact on library life in America.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incarceration_of_Japanese_Americans_in_internment_camps">Incarceration of Japanese Americans in internment camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Incarceration of Japanese Americans in internment camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</a></div> <p>The WPA spent $4.47 million on removal and <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> between March and November 1942, slightly more than the $4.43 million spent by the Army for that purpose during that period. Jason Scott Smith observes that "the eagerness of many WPA administrators to place their organization in the forefront of this wartime enterprise is striking.” The WPA was on the ground helping with removal and relocation even before the creation of the WRA. On March 11, Rex L. Nicholson, the WPA's regional director, took charge of the “Reception and Induction” centers that controlled the first thirteen assembly centers. Nicholson's old WPA associates played key roles in the administration of the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WPA veterans involved in internment included Clayton E. Triggs, the first manager of the <a href="/wiki/Manzanar_Relocation_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Manzanar Relocation Center">Manzanar Relocation Center</a> in California, a facility that, according to one insider, was “manned just about 100% by the WPA.” Drawing on experiences derived from New Deal era road building, he supervised the installation of such features as guard towers and spotlights. Then Secretary of Commerce <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> praised his successor as WPA administrator, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Howard_O._Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Howard O. Hunter (page does not exist)">Howard O. Hunter</a>, for the “building of those camps for the War Department for the Japanese evacuees on the West Coast.”<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: African Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The share of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a> and WPA benefits for African Americans exceeded their proportion of the general population. The FERA's first relief census reported that more than two million African Americans were on relief during early 1933, a proportion of the African-American population (17.8%) that was nearly double the proportion of white Americans on relief (9.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-salmond_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmond-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was during the period of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in the South, when black Americans were largely <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchised</a>. </p><p>By 1935, there were 3,500,000 African Americans (men, women and children) on relief, almost 35 percent of the African-American population; plus another 250,000 African-American adults were working on WPA projects. Altogether during 1938, about 45 percent of the nation's African-American families were either on relief or were employed by the WPA.<sup id="cite_ref-salmond_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmond-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a> leaders initially objected that African Americans were proportionally underrepresented. African American leaders made such a claim with respect to WPA hires in New Jersey, stating, "In spite of the fact that Blacks indubitably constitute more than 20 percent of the State's unemployed, they composed 15.9% of those assigned to W.P.A. jobs during 1937."<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 287">: 287 </span></sup> Nationwide in 1940, 9.8% of the population were African American. </p><p>However, by 1941, the perception of discrimination against African Americans had changed to the point that the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> magazine <i>Opportunity</i> hailed the WPA: </p> <blockquote><p>It is to the eternal credit of the administrative officers of the WPA that discrimination on various projects because of race has been kept to a minimum and that in almost every community Negroes have been given a chance to participate in the work program. In the South, as might have been expected, this participation has been limited, and differential wages on the basis of race have been more or less effectively established; but in the northern communities, particularly in the urban centers, the Negro has been afforded his first real opportunity for employment in white-collar occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 295">: 295 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The WPA mostly operated segregated units, as did its youth affiliate, the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North; however of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South, only 11 were black.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Anthony Badger argues, "New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_with_physical_disabilities">People with physical disabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: People with physical disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Physically_Handicapped" title="League of the Physically Handicapped">League of the Physically Handicapped</a> in New York was organized in May 1935 to end discrimination by the WPA against the physically disabled unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-longmore_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longmore-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's <a href="/wiki/Home_Relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Relief">Home Relief Bureau</a> coded applications by the physically disabled applicants as "PH" ("physically handicapped"). Thus they were not hired by the WPA.<sup id="cite_ref-isr_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In protest, the League held two <a href="/wiki/Sit-ins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sit-ins">sit-ins</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-isr_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WPA relented and created 1,500 jobs for physically disabled workers in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-zames_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zames-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-consumer_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-consumer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_Working_for_the_WPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_Working_for_the_WPA.jpg/220px-Women_Working_for_the_WPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_Working_for_the_WPA.jpg/330px-Women_Working_for_the_WPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Women_Working_for_the_WPA.jpg/440px-Women_Working_for_the_WPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Women in Costilla, New Mexico, weaving rag rugs in 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>About 15% of the household heads on relief were women, and youth programs were operated separately by the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a>. The average worker was about 40 years old (about the same as the average family head on relief). </p><p>WPA policies were consistent with the strong belief of the time that husbands and wives should not both be working (because the second person working would take one job away from some other breadwinner). A study of 2,000 female workers in Philadelphia showed that 90% were married, but wives were reported as living with their husbands in only 18 percent of the cases. Only 2 percent of the husbands had private employment. Of the 2,000 women, all were responsible for one to five additional people in the household.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 283">: 283 </span></sup> </p><p>In rural Missouri, 60% of the WPA-employed women were without husbands (12% were single; 25% widowed; and 23% divorced, separated or deserted). Thus, only 40% were married and living with their husbands, but 59% of the husbands were permanently disabled, 17% were temporarily disabled, 13% were too old to work, and remaining 10% were either unemployed or disabled. Most of the women worked with sewing projects, where they were taught to use sewing machines and made clothing and bedding, as well as supplies for hospitals, orphanages, and adoption centers.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_21-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 283">: 283 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One WPA-funded project, the <a href="/wiki/Pack_Horse_Library_Project" title="Pack Horse Library Project">Pack Horse Library Project</a>, mainly employed women to deliver books to rural areas in eastern Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the women employed by the project were the sole breadwinners for their families.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA-Rumor-Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/WPA-Rumor-Poster.jpg/220px-WPA-Rumor-Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/WPA-Rumor-Poster.jpg/330px-WPA-Rumor-Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/WPA-Rumor-Poster.jpg/440px-WPA-Rumor-Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>Poster representing the WPA defending itself from attacks</figcaption></figure> <p>The WPA had numerous critics.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strongest attacks were that it was the prelude for a national political machine on behalf of Roosevelt. Reformers secured the <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act of 1939</a> that largely depoliticized the WPA.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others complained that far left elements played a major role, especially in the New York City unit. Representative <a href="/wiki/J._Parnell_Thomas" title="J. Parnell Thomas">J. Parnell Thomas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a> claimed in 1938 that divisions of the WPA were a "hotbed of Communists" and "one more link in the vast and unparalleled New Deal propaganda network."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the criticism of the distribution of projects and funding allotment is a result of the view that the decisions were politically motivated. The South, despite being the poorest region of the United States, received 75% less in federal relief and public works funds per capita than the West. Critics would point to the fact that Roosevelt's Democrats could be sure of voting support from the South, whereas the West was less of a sure thing; <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">swing states</a> took priority over the other states.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford_A._Lee_1982_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford_A._Lee_1982-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> </p><p>There was a perception that WPA employees were not diligent workers, and that they had little incentive to give up their <a href="/wiki/Busy_work" title="Busy work">busy work</a> in favor of productive jobs. Some employers said that the WPA instilled poor work habits and encouraged inefficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some job applicants found that a WPA work history was viewed negatively by employers, who said they had formed poor work habits.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Senate committee reported that, "To some extent the complaint that WPA workers do poor work is not without foundation. ... Poor work habits and incorrect techniques are not remedied. Occasionally a supervisor or a foreman demands good work."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WPA and its workers were ridiculed as being lazy. The organization's initials were said to stand for "We Poke Along" or "We Putter Along" or "We Piddle Around" or "Whistle, Piss and Argue." These were sarcastic references to WPA projects that sometimes slowed down deliberately because foremen had an incentive to keep going, rather than finish a project.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WPA's Division of Investigation proved so effective in preventing political corruption "that a later congressional investigation couldn't find a single serious irregularity it had overlooked," wrote economist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>. "This dedication to honest government wasn't a sign of Roosevelt's personal virtue; rather, it reflected a political imperative. FDR's mission in office was to show that government activism works. To maintain that mission's credibility he needed to keep his administration's record clean. And he did."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many complaints were recorded from private industry at the time that the existence of WPA works programs made hiring new workers difficult. The WPA claimed to counter this by keeping hourly wages well below private wages and encouraging relief workers to actively seek private employment and accept job offers if they got them.<sup id="cite_ref-Neumann_et_al._2010_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neumann_et_al._2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196">: 196 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_Harrington_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Colonel_Harrington_2.jpg/170px-Colonel_Harrington_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Colonel_Harrington_2.jpg/255px-Colonel_Harrington_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Colonel_Harrington_2.jpg/340px-Colonel_Harrington_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Harrington" title="Francis C. Harrington">Francis C. Harrington</a>, WPA national administrator 1938–40</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 23, 1938, after leading the WPA for three and a half years, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> resigned and became the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>. To succeed him Roosevelt appointed <a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Harrington" title="Francis C. Harrington">Francis C. Harrington</a>, a colonel in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a> and the WPA's chief engineer, who had been leading the Division of Engineering and Construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 417–420">: 417–420 </span></sup> </p><p>Following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Act_of_1939" title="Reorganization Act of 1939">Reorganization Act of 1939</a> in April 1939, the WPA was grouped with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Bureau of Public Roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">Public Buildings Branch of the Procurement Division</a>, Branch of Buildings Management of the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a> under the newly created <a href="/wiki/Federal_Works_Agency" title="Federal Works Agency">Federal Works Agency</a>. Created at the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Agency" title="Federal Security Agency">Federal Security Agency</a> assumed the WPA's responsibility for the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a>. "The name of the Works Progress Administration has been changed to Work Projects Administration in order to make its title more descriptive of its major purpose," President Roosevelt wrote when announcing the reorganization.<sup id="cite_ref-FDR_on_FWA_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDR_on_FWA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As WPA projects became more subject to the state, local sponsors were called on to provide 25% of project costs. As the number of public works projects slowly diminished, more projects were dedicated to preparing for war.<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 227">: 227 </span></sup> Having languished since the end of World War I, the American military services were depopulated and served by crumbling facilities; when <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Germany occupied Czechoslovakia</a> in 1938, the U.S. Army numbered only 176,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494">: 494 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPAMapMakersGoToWarNewOrleans1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WPAMapMakersGoToWarNewOrleans1941.jpg/220px-WPAMapMakersGoToWarNewOrleans1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WPAMapMakersGoToWarNewOrleans1941.jpg/330px-WPAMapMakersGoToWarNewOrleans1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WPAMapMakersGoToWarNewOrleans1941.jpg/440px-WPAMapMakersGoToWarNewOrleans1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>WPA researchers and map makers prepare the air raid warning map for New Orleans within days of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> (December 11, 1941).</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 26, 1940, FDR delivered a <a href="/wiki/Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">fireside chat</a> to the American people about "the approaching storm",<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on June 6 Harrington reprioritized WPA projects, anticipating a major expansion of the U.S. military. "Types of WPA work to be expedited in every possible way to include, in addition to airports and <a href="/wiki/Air_base" title="Air base">military airfields</a>, construction of housing and other facilities for enlarged military garrisons, camp and cantonment construction, and various improvements in navy yards," Harrington said. He observed that the WPA had already made substantial contributions to national defense over its five years of existence, by building 85 percent of the new airports in the U.S. and making $420 million in improvements to military facilities. He predicted there would be 500,000 WPA workers on defense-related projects over the next 12 months, at a cost of $250 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 492–493">: 492–493 </span></sup> The estimated number of WPA workers needed for defense projects was soon revised to between 600,000 and 700,000. Vocational training for war industries was also begun by the WPA, with 50,000 trainees in the program by October 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494">: 494 </span></sup> </p><p>"Only the WPA, having employed millions of relief workers for more than five years, had a comprehensive awareness of the skills that would be available in a full-scale national emergency," wrote journalist Nick Taylor. "As the country began its preparedness buildup, the WPA was uniquely positioned to become a major defense agency."<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 494–495">: 494–495 </span></sup> </p><p>Harrington died suddenly, aged 53, on September 30, 1940. Notably apolitical—he boasted that he had never voted<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—he had deflected Congressional criticism of the WPA by bringing attention to its building accomplishments and its role as an employer.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 504">: 504 </span></sup> Harrington's successor, Howard O. Hunter, served as head of the WPA until May 1, 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 517">: 517 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Termination">Termination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Termination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unemployment ended with war production for <a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">World War II</a>, as millions of men joined the services, and <a href="/wiki/Cost-plus_contract" title="Cost-plus contract">cost-plus contracts</a> made it attractive for companies to hire unemployed men and train them.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concluding that a national relief program was no longer needed, Roosevelt directed the Federal Works Administrator to end the WPA in a letter December 4, 1942. "Seven years ago I was convinced that providing useful work is superior to any and every kind of dole. Experience had amply justified this policy," FDR wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>By building airports, schools, highways, and parks; by making huge quantities of clothing for the unfortunate; by serving millions of lunches to school children; by almost immeasurable kinds and quantities of service the Work Projects Administration has reached a creative hand into every county in this Nation. It has added to the national wealth, has repaired the wastage of depression, and has strengthened the country to bear the burden of war. By employing eight millions of Americans, with thirty millions of dependents, it has brought to these people renewed hope and courage. It has maintained and increased their working skills; and it has enabled them once more to take their rightful places in public or in private employment.<sup id="cite_ref-FDR_Letter_Terminating_WPA_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDR_Letter_Terminating_WPA-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Roosevelt ordered a prompt end to WPA activities to conserve funds that had been appropriated. Operations in most states ended February 1, 1943. With no funds budgeted for the next fiscal year, the WPA ceased to exist after June 30, 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-FDR_Letter_Terminating_WPA_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDR_Letter_Terminating_WPA-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The agencies of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Franklin D. Roosevelt administration</a> had an enormous and largely unrecognized role in defining the public space we now use", wrote sociologist Robert D. Leighninger. "In a short period of ten years, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a>, the Works Progress Administration, and the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> built facilities in practically every community in the country. Most are still providing service half a century later. It is time we recognized this legacy and attempted to comprehend its relationship to our contemporary situation."<sup id="cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 226">: 226 </span></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COMPANY_E_OF_THE_167TH_INFANTRY_OF_THE_ALABAMA_NATIONAL_GUARD_ARMORY;_MARSHALL_COUNTY,.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alabama National Guard Armory, Guntersville, Alabama (1936)"><img alt="Alabama National Guard Armory, Guntersville, Alabama (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/COMPANY_E_OF_THE_167TH_INFANTRY_OF_THE_ALABAMA_NATIONAL_GUARD_ARMORY%3B_MARSHALL_COUNTY%2C.jpg/317px-COMPANY_E_OF_THE_167TH_INFANTRY_OF_THE_ALABAMA_NATIONAL_GUARD_ARMORY%3B_MARSHALL_COUNTY%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/COMPANY_E_OF_THE_167TH_INFANTRY_OF_THE_ALABAMA_NATIONAL_GUARD_ARMORY%3B_MARSHALL_COUNTY%2C.jpg/475px-COMPANY_E_OF_THE_167TH_INFANTRY_OF_THE_ALABAMA_NATIONAL_GUARD_ARMORY%3B_MARSHALL_COUNTY%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/COMPANY_E_OF_THE_167TH_INFANTRY_OF_THE_ALABAMA_NATIONAL_GUARD_ARMORY%3B_MARSHALL_COUNTY%2C.jpg/633px-COMPANY_E_OF_THE_167TH_INFANTRY_OF_THE_ALABAMA_NATIONAL_GUARD_ARMORY%3B_MARSHALL_COUNTY%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1991" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Company_E_of_the_167th_Infantry_of_the_Alabama_National_Guard_Armory" title="Company E of the 167th Infantry of the Alabama National Guard Armory">Alabama National Guard Armory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guntersville,_Alabama" title="Guntersville, Alabama">Guntersville, Alabama</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prairie_County_Courthouse,_De_Valls_Bluff,_AR_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prairie County Courthouse, DeValls Bluff, Arkansas (1939)"><img alt="Prairie County Courthouse, DeValls Bluff, Arkansas (1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prairie_County_Courthouse%2C_De_Valls_Bluff%2C_AR_001.jpg/316px-Prairie_County_Courthouse%2C_De_Valls_Bluff%2C_AR_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prairie_County_Courthouse%2C_De_Valls_Bluff%2C_AR_001.jpg/473px-Prairie_County_Courthouse%2C_De_Valls_Bluff%2C_AR_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Prairie_County_Courthouse%2C_De_Valls_Bluff%2C_AR_001.jpg/631px-Prairie_County_Courthouse%2C_De_Valls_Bluff%2C_AR_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3135" data-file-height="2088" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prairie County Courthouse, <a href="/wiki/DeValls_Bluff,_Arkansas" title="DeValls Bluff, Arkansas">DeValls Bluff, Arkansas</a> (1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 290.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 288.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Griffith_observatory_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California (1933)"><img alt="Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, California (1933)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Griffith_observatory_2006.jpg/433px-Griffith_observatory_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="289" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Griffith_observatory_2006.jpg/650px-Griffith_observatory_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Griffith_observatory_2006.jpg/866px-Griffith_observatory_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Griffith_Observatory" title="Griffith Observatory">Griffith Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (1933)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Ana_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa Ana City Hall, Santa Ana, California (1935)"><img alt="Santa Ana City Hall, Santa Ana, California (1935)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Santa_Ana_City_Hall.jpg/314px-Santa_Ana_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Santa_Ana_City_Hall.jpg/471px-Santa_Ana_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Santa_Ana_City_Hall.jpg/628px-Santa_Ana_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4018" data-file-height="2688" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Santa Ana City Hall, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California" title="Santa Ana, California">Santa Ana, California</a> (1935)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:08-06-18LeonHighSchl1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leon High School, Tallahassee, Florida (1936–37)"><img alt="Leon High School, Tallahassee, Florida (1936–37)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/08-06-18LeonHighSchl1.JPG/336px-08-06-18LeonHighSchl1.JPG" decoding="async" width="224" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/08-06-18LeonHighSchl1.JPG/504px-08-06-18LeonHighSchl1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/08-06-18LeonHighSchl1.JPG/672px-08-06-18LeonHighSchl1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leon_High_School" title="Leon High School">Leon High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a> (1936–37)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Aug_Govt_House_Museum01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Government House, St. Augustine, Florida (1937)"><img alt="Government House, St. Augustine, Florida (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/St_Aug_Govt_House_Museum01.jpg/280px-St_Aug_Govt_House_Museum01.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/St_Aug_Govt_House_Museum01.jpg/420px-St_Aug_Govt_House_Museum01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/St_Aug_Govt_House_Museum01.jpg/560px-St_Aug_Govt_House_Museum01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Government_House_(St._Augustine)" title="Government House (St. Augustine)">Government House</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a> (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Hawkins_Macon,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Hawkins, Macon, Georgia (1936–1938)"><img alt="Fort Hawkins, Macon, Georgia (1936–1938)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_Hawkins_Macon%2C_Georgia.jpg/153px-Fort_Hawkins_Macon%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_Hawkins_Macon%2C_Georgia.jpg/229px-Fort_Hawkins_Macon%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Fort_Hawkins_Macon%2C_Georgia.jpg/306px-Fort_Hawkins_Macon%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Benjamin_Hawkins" title="Fort Benjamin Hawkins">Fort Hawkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macon,_Georgia" title="Macon, Georgia">Macon, Georgia</a> (1936–1938)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boise_High_School_Gymnasium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boise High School Gymnasium, Boise, Idaho (1936)"><img alt="Boise High School Gymnasium, Boise, Idaho (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Boise_High_School_Gymnasium.jpg/140px-Boise_High_School_Gymnasium.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Boise_High_School_Gymnasium.jpg/210px-Boise_High_School_Gymnasium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Boise_High_School_Gymnasium.jpg/280px-Boise_High_School_Gymnasium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Boise_High_School" title="Boise High School">Boise High School</a> Gymnasium, <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise, Idaho</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 244px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 242px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Midway_Airport_Airfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Midway International Airport, Chicago, Illinois (1935–1939)"><img alt="Midway International Airport, Chicago, Illinois (1935–1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Midway_Airport_Airfield.jpg/363px-Midway_Airport_Airfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Midway_Airport_Airfield.jpg/544px-Midway_Airport_Airfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Midway_Airport_Airfield.jpg/725px-Midway_Airport_Airfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Midway_International_Airport" title="Midway International Airport">Midway International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> (1935–1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandshell_in_Gregg_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gregg Park Bandshell, Vincennes, Indiana (1939)"><img alt="Gregg Park Bandshell, Vincennes, Indiana (1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bandshell_in_Gregg_Park.jpg/280px-Bandshell_in_Gregg_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bandshell_in_Gregg_Park.jpg/420px-Bandshell_in_Gregg_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bandshell_in_Gregg_Park.jpg/560px-Bandshell_in_Gregg_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gregg Park Bandshell, <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes, Indiana</a> (1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_canoe_house_iowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canoe house, University of Iowa (1937)"><img alt="Canoe house, University of Iowa (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/WPA_canoe_house_iowa.jpg/336px-WPA_canoe_house_iowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/WPA_canoe_house_iowa.jpg/504px-WPA_canoe_house_iowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/WPA_canoe_house_iowa.jpg/672px-WPA_canoe_house_iowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Canoe house, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iowa" title="University of Iowa">University of Iowa</a> (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jenkins_culvert_(Gove_Co)_from_NE_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jenkins Culvert, Gove County, Kansas (1938)"><img alt="Jenkins Culvert, Gove County, Kansas (1938)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jenkins_culvert_%28Gove_Co%29_from_NE_1.JPG/352px-Jenkins_culvert_%28Gove_Co%29_from_NE_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="235" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jenkins_culvert_%28Gove_Co%29_from_NE_1.JPG/528px-Jenkins_culvert_%28Gove_Co%29_from_NE_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jenkins_culvert_%28Gove_Co%29_from_NE_1.JPG/704px-Jenkins_culvert_%28Gove_Co%29_from_NE_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="1281" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jenkins Culvert, <a href="/wiki/Gove_County,_Kansas" title="Gove County, Kansas">Gove County, Kansas</a> (1938)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisville_Fire_Department_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louisville Fire Department Headquarters, Louisville, Kentucky (1936)"><img alt="Louisville Fire Department Headquarters, Louisville, Kentucky (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Louisville_Fire_Department_Headquarters.jpg/374px-Louisville_Fire_Department_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Louisville_Fire_Department_Headquarters.jpg/560px-Louisville_Fire_Department_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Louisville_Fire_Department_Headquarters.jpg/747px-Louisville_Fire_Department_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Historic_Firehouses_of_Louisville" title="Historic Firehouses of Louisville">Louisville Fire Department Headquarters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 253.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 251.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BywaterAlvarNOPL2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alvar Street Branch, New Orleans Public Library (1940)"><img alt="Alvar Street Branch, New Orleans Public Library (1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BywaterAlvarNOPL2.jpg/377px-BywaterAlvarNOPL2.jpg" decoding="async" width="252" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BywaterAlvarNOPL2.jpg/565px-BywaterAlvarNOPL2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/BywaterAlvarNOPL2.jpg/753px-BywaterAlvarNOPL2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alvar Street Branch, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Public_Library" title="New Orleans Public Library">New Orleans Public Library</a> (1940)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 207.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_Field_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="WPA Field House and Pump Station, Scituate, Massachusetts (1938)"><img alt="WPA Field House and Pump Station, Scituate, Massachusetts (1938)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WPA_Field_House.jpg/308px-WPA_Field_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WPA_Field_House.jpg/461px-WPA_Field_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WPA_Field_House.jpg/615px-WPA_Field_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/WPA_Field_House_and_Pump_Station" title="WPA Field House and Pump Station">WPA Field House and Pump Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Massachusetts" title="Scituate, Massachusetts">Scituate, Massachusetts</a> (1938)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Naval_Armory.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detroit Naval Armory, Detroit, Michigan (1936–1939)"><img alt="Detroit Naval Armory, Detroit, Michigan (1936–1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Detroit_Naval_Armory.jpg/379px-Detroit_Naval_Armory.jpg" decoding="async" width="253" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Detroit_Naval_Armory.jpg/568px-Detroit_Naval_Armory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Detroit_Naval_Armory.jpg/757px-Detroit_Naval_Armory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2253" data-file-height="1251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Naval_Armory" title="Detroit Naval Armory">Detroit Naval Armory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> (1936–1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandon_Auditorium_%26_Fire_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall, Brandon, Minnesota (1936)"><img alt="Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall, Brandon, Minnesota (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brandon_Auditorium_%26_Fire_Hall.jpg/331px-Brandon_Auditorium_%26_Fire_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brandon_Auditorium_%26_Fire_Hall.jpg/497px-Brandon_Auditorium_%26_Fire_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Brandon_Auditorium_%26_Fire_Hall.jpg/662px-Brandon_Auditorium_%26_Fire_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Auditorium_and_Fire_Hall" title="Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall">Brandon Auditorium and Fire Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Minnesota" title="Brandon, Minnesota">Brandon, Minnesota</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 234.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 232.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milaca_City_Hall_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milaca Municipal Hall, Milaca, Minnesota (1936)"><img alt="Milaca Municipal Hall, Milaca, Minnesota (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Milaca_City_Hall_2.jpg/349px-Milaca_City_Hall_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Milaca_City_Hall_2.jpg/524px-Milaca_City_Hall_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Milaca_City_Hall_2.jpg/698px-Milaca_City_Hall_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Milaca_Municipal_Hall" title="Milaca Municipal Hall">Milaca Municipal Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milaca,_Minnesota" title="Milaca, Minnesota">Milaca, Minnesota</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upland,_Nebraska_Prairie_Ave_5_auditorium.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Upland Auditorium, Upland, Nebraska (1936)"><img alt="Upland Auditorium, Upland, Nebraska (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Upland%2C_Nebraska_Prairie_Ave_5_auditorium.JPG/344px-Upland%2C_Nebraska_Prairie_Ave_5_auditorium.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Upland%2C_Nebraska_Prairie_Ave_5_auditorium.JPG/515px-Upland%2C_Nebraska_Prairie_Ave_5_auditorium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Upland%2C_Nebraska_Prairie_Ave_5_auditorium.JPG/687px-Upland%2C_Nebraska_Prairie_Ave_5_auditorium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="1362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Upland Auditorium, <a href="/wiki/Upland,_Nebraska" title="Upland, Nebraska">Upland, Nebraska</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackie_Robinson_Play_Center_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jackie Robinson Play Center, Harlem, New York (1936)"><img alt="Jackie Robinson Play Center, Harlem, New York (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jackie_Robinson_Play_Center_entrance.jpg/314px-Jackie_Robinson_Play_Center_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jackie_Robinson_Play_Center_entrance.jpg/471px-Jackie_Robinson_Play_Center_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jackie_Robinson_Play_Center_entrance.jpg/628px-Jackie_Robinson_Play_Center_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="1913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jackie Robinson Play Center, <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LaGuardia_Airport.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="LaGuardia Airport, Queens, New York (1937–1939)"><img alt="LaGuardia Airport, Queens, New York (1937–1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaGuardia_Airport.JPG/280px-LaGuardia_Airport.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaGuardia_Airport.JPG/420px-LaGuardia_Airport.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LaGuardia_Airport.JPG/560px-LaGuardia_Airport.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, New York (1937–1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinebeck,_NY,_post_office.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. Post Office, Rhinebeck, New York (1940)"><img alt="U.S. Post Office, Rhinebeck, New York (1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rhinebeck%2C_NY%2C_post_office.jpg/336px-Rhinebeck%2C_NY%2C_post_office.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rhinebeck%2C_NY%2C_post_office.jpg/505px-Rhinebeck%2C_NY%2C_post_office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rhinebeck%2C_NY%2C_post_office.jpg/673px-Rhinebeck%2C_NY%2C_post_office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="1503" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_(Rhinebeck,_New_York)" title="United States Post Office (Rhinebeck, New York)">U.S. Post Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinebeck_(village),_New_York" title="Rhinebeck (village), New York">Rhinebeck, New York</a> (1940)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robeson_County_Ag_Bldg_from_SE_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Robeson County Agricultural Building, Lumberton, North Carolina (1937)"><img alt="Robeson County Agricultural Building, Lumberton, North Carolina (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Robeson_County_Ag_Bldg_from_SE_2.JPG/306px-Robeson_County_Ag_Bldg_from_SE_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="204" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Robeson_County_Ag_Bldg_from_SE_2.JPG/458px-Robeson_County_Ag_Bldg_from_SE_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Robeson_County_Ag_Bldg_from_SE_2.JPG/611px-Robeson_County_Ag_Bldg_from_SE_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robeson_County_Agricultural_Building" title="Robeson County Agricultural Building">Robeson County Agricultural Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumberton,_North_Carolina" title="Lumberton, North Carolina">Lumberton, North Carolina</a> (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmons_County_Courthouse_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emmons County Courthouse, Linton, North Dakota (1934)"><img alt="Emmons County Courthouse, Linton, North Dakota (1934)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emmons_County_Courthouse_2009.jpg/315px-Emmons_County_Courthouse_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emmons_County_Courthouse_2009.jpg/473px-Emmons_County_Courthouse_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Emmons_County_Courthouse_2009.jpg/630px-Emmons_County_Courthouse_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emmons_County_Courthouse" title="Emmons County Courthouse">Emmons County Courthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linton,_North_Dakota" title="Linton, North Dakota">Linton, North Dakota</a> (1934)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubber_Bowl_-_Akron_Ohio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rubber Bowl Stadium, Akron, Ohio (1940)"><img alt="Rubber Bowl Stadium, Akron, Ohio (1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rubber_Bowl_-_Akron_Ohio.jpg/189px-Rubber_Bowl_-_Akron_Ohio.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Rubber_Bowl_-_Akron_Ohio.jpg/284px-Rubber_Bowl_-_Akron_Ohio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Rubber_Bowl_-_Akron_Ohio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rubber_Bowl" title="Rubber Bowl">Rubber Bowl</a> Stadium, <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, Ohio</a> (1940)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Timberline-Lodge-Interior-13025.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Timberline Lodge, Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon (1936–1938)"><img alt="Timberline Lodge, Mt. Hood National Forest, Oregon (1936–1938)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Timberline-Lodge-Interior-13025.jpg/156px-Timberline-Lodge-Interior-13025.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Timberline-Lodge-Interior-13025.jpg/234px-Timberline-Lodge-Interior-13025.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Timberline-Lodge-Interior-13025.jpg/311px-Timberline-Lodge-Interior-13025.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Timberline_Lodge" title="Timberline Lodge">Timberline Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mt._Hood_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Hood National Forest">Mt. Hood National Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (1936–1938)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OSLinside.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oregon State Library, Salem, Oregon (1939)"><img alt="Oregon State Library, Salem, Oregon (1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OSLinside.JPG/291px-OSLinside.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OSLinside.JPG/436px-OSLinside.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/OSLinside.JPG/582px-OSLinside.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="1995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon State Library">Oregon State Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem, Oregon</a> (1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SchenleyPark_Bridge_Pittsburgh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1938–39)"><img alt="Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (1938–39)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SchenleyPark_Bridge_Pittsburgh.jpg/284px-SchenleyPark_Bridge_Pittsburgh.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SchenleyPark_Bridge_Pittsburgh.jpg/425px-SchenleyPark_Bridge_Pittsburgh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/SchenleyPark_Bridge_Pittsburgh.jpg/567px-SchenleyPark_Bridge_Pittsburgh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="1167" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Schenley_Park" title="Schenley Park">Schenley Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1938–39)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:McCoy_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="McCoy Stadium, Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1942)"><img alt="McCoy Stadium, Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1942)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/McCoy_Stadium.jpg/316px-McCoy_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/McCoy_Stadium.jpg/474px-McCoy_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/McCoy_Stadium.jpg/632px-McCoy_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/McCoy_Stadium" title="McCoy Stadium">McCoy Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island" title="Pawtucket, Rhode Island">Pawtucket, Rhode Island</a> (1942)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dock-street-threatre-interior-sc2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dock Street Theatre, Charleston, South Carolina (1937)"><img alt="Dock Street Theatre, Charleston, South Carolina (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dock-street-threatre-interior-sc2.jpg/265px-Dock-street-threatre-interior-sc2.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dock-street-threatre-interior-sc2.jpg/397px-Dock-street-threatre-interior-sc2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dock-street-threatre-interior-sc2.jpg/529px-Dock-street-threatre-interior-sc2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dock_Street_Theatre" title="Dock Street Theatre">Dock Street Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 262.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberty_Colored_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Liberty Colored High School, Liberty, South Carolina (1937)"><img alt="Liberty Colored High School, Liberty, South Carolina (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Liberty_Colored_High_School.jpg/391px-Liberty_Colored_High_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="261" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Liberty_Colored_High_School.jpg/586px-Liberty_Colored_High_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Liberty_Colored_High_School.jpg/781px-Liberty_Colored_High_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2443" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Colored_High_School" title="Liberty Colored High School">Liberty Colored High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty,_South_Carolina" title="Liberty, South Carolina">Liberty, South Carolina</a> (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinosaur_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dinosaur Park, Rapid City, South Dakota (1936)"><img alt="Dinosaur Park, Rapid City, South Dakota (1936)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dinosaur_Park.jpg/138px-Dinosaur_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dinosaur_Park.jpg/207px-Dinosaur_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Dinosaur_Park.jpg/276px-Dinosaur_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Park" title="Dinosaur Park">Dinosaur Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City, South Dakota</a> (1936)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BristolMunicipalStadium_1061.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bristol Municipal Stadium, Bristol, Tennessee (1934)"><img alt="Bristol Municipal Stadium, Bristol, Tennessee (1934)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BristolMunicipalStadium_1061.jpg/315px-BristolMunicipalStadium_1061.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BristolMunicipalStadium_1061.jpg/473px-BristolMunicipalStadium_1061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/BristolMunicipalStadium_1061.jpg/630px-BristolMunicipalStadium_1061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3653" data-file-height="2435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Municipal_Stadium" title="Bristol Municipal Stadium">Bristol Municipal Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Tennessee" title="Bristol, Tennessee">Bristol, Tennessee</a> (1934)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 209.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 207.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dealey_Plaza_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas (1940)"><img alt="Dealey Plaza, Dallas, Texas (1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dealey_Plaza_2003.jpg/311px-Dealey_Plaza_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dealey_Plaza_2003.jpg/467px-Dealey_Plaza_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Dealey_Plaza_2003.jpg/622px-Dealey_Plaza_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dealey_Plaza" title="Dealey Plaza">Dealey Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (1940)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lometa_Texas_Schoolhouse_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schoolhouse, Lometa, Texas (1938–1940)"><img alt="Schoolhouse, Lometa, Texas (1938–1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lometa_Texas_Schoolhouse_2015.jpg/374px-Lometa_Texas_Schoolhouse_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lometa_Texas_Schoolhouse_2015.jpg/561px-Lometa_Texas_Schoolhouse_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lometa_Texas_Schoolhouse_2015.jpg/748px-Lometa_Texas_Schoolhouse_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="1342" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lometa_Independent_School_District" title="Lometa Independent School District">Schoolhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lometa,_Texas" title="Lometa, Texas">Lometa, Texas</a> (1938–1940)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 250.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 248.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Antonio_Texas_-_Riverwalk_seen_from_street_level_-_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="River Walk, San Antonio, Texas (1939)"><img alt="River Walk, San Antonio, Texas (1939)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/San_Antonio_Texas_-_Riverwalk_seen_from_street_level_-_2012.jpg/373px-San_Antonio_Texas_-_Riverwalk_seen_from_street_level_-_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="249" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/San_Antonio_Texas_-_Riverwalk_seen_from_street_level_-_2012.jpg/559px-San_Antonio_Texas_-_Riverwalk_seen_from_street_level_-_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/San_Antonio_Texas_-_Riverwalk_seen_from_street_level_-_2012.jpg/745px-San_Antonio_Texas_-_Riverwalk_seen_from_street_level_-_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Riverwalk" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio Riverwalk">River Walk</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas (1939)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monroe_City_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="City Library, Monroe, Utah (1934)"><img alt="City Library, Monroe, Utah (1934)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Monroe_City_Library.jpg/280px-Monroe_City_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Monroe_City_Library.jpg/420px-Monroe_City_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Monroe_City_Library.jpg/560px-Monroe_City_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">City Library, <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Utah" title="Monroe, Utah">Monroe, Utah</a> (1934)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremerton,_WA_public_library_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bremerton Public Library, Bremerton, Washington (1938)"><img alt="Bremerton Public Library, Bremerton, Washington (1938)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bremerton%2C_WA_public_library_interior.jpg/280px-Bremerton%2C_WA_public_library_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bremerton%2C_WA_public_library_interior.jpg/420px-Bremerton%2C_WA_public_library_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bremerton%2C_WA_public_library_interior.jpg/560px-Bremerton%2C_WA_public_library_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kitsap_Regional_Library" title="Kitsap Regional Library">Bremerton Public Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremerton,_Washington" title="Bremerton, Washington">Bremerton, Washington</a> (1938)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Center_(WA)_Community_Center_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White Center Fieldhouse, White Center, Washington (1938–1940)"><img alt="White Center Fieldhouse, White Center, Washington (1938–1940)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/White_Center_%28WA%29_Community_Center_03.jpg/280px-White_Center_%28WA%29_Community_Center_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/White_Center_%28WA%29_Community_Center_03.jpg/420px-White_Center_%28WA%29_Community_Center_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/White_Center_%28WA%29_Community_Center_03.jpg/560px-White_Center_%28WA%29_Community_Center_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White Center Fieldhouse, <a href="/wiki/White_Center,_Washington" title="White Center, Washington">White Center, Washington</a> (1938–1940)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 196.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 194.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raleigh_County_Courthouse_Beckley.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raleigh County Courthouse, Beckley, West Virginia (1936–37)"><img alt="Raleigh County Courthouse, Beckley, West Virginia (1936–37)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Raleigh_County_Courthouse_Beckley.jpg/292px-Raleigh_County_Courthouse_Beckley.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Raleigh_County_Courthouse_Beckley.jpg/438px-Raleigh_County_Courthouse_Beckley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Raleigh_County_Courthouse_Beckley.jpg/584px-Raleigh_County_Courthouse_Beckley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2798" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beckley_Courthouse_Square_Historic_District" title="Beckley Courthouse Square Historic District">Raleigh County Courthouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beckley,_West_Virginia" title="Beckley, West Virginia">Beckley, West Virginia</a> (1936–37)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carson_Park_Exterior_Eau_Claire_Wisconsin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carson Park Baseball Stadium, Eau Claire, Wisconsin (1937)"><img alt="Carson Park Baseball Stadium, Eau Claire, Wisconsin (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Carson_Park_Exterior_Eau_Claire_Wisconsin.jpg/280px-Carson_Park_Exterior_Eau_Claire_Wisconsin.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Carson_Park_Exterior_Eau_Claire_Wisconsin.jpg/420px-Carson_Park_Exterior_Eau_Claire_Wisconsin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Carson_Park_Exterior_Eau_Claire_Wisconsin.jpg/560px-Carson_Park_Exterior_Eau_Claire_Wisconsin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carson_Park_(baseball_stadium)" title="Carson Park (baseball stadium)">Carson Park Baseball Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">Eau Claire, Wisconsin</a> (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mondeaux_Lodge_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mondeaux Lodge House, Westboro, Wisconsin (1936–1938)"><img alt="Mondeaux Lodge House, Westboro, Wisconsin (1936–1938)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mondeaux_Lodge_interior.jpg/280px-Mondeaux_Lodge_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mondeaux_Lodge_interior.jpg/420px-Mondeaux_Lodge_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mondeaux_Lodge_interior.jpg/560px-Mondeaux_Lodge_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mondeaux_Dam_Recreation_Area" title="Mondeaux Dam Recreation Area">Mondeaux Lodge House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westboro,_Wisconsin" title="Westboro, Wisconsin">Westboro, Wisconsin</a> (1936–1938)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natrona_County_High_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""WPA" mark as can be found in many small town sidewalks. Natrona County High School, Casper, Wyoming (1941)"><img alt=""WPA" mark as can be found in many small town sidewalks. Natrona County High School, Casper, Wyoming (1941)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Natrona_County_High_School.jpg/281px-Natrona_County_High_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Natrona_County_High_School.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPA_Logo_In_Sidewalk_Healdsburg_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/WPA_Logo_In_Sidewalk_Healdsburg_California.jpg/220px-WPA_Logo_In_Sidewalk_Healdsburg_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/WPA_Logo_In_Sidewalk_Healdsburg_California.jpg/330px-WPA_Logo_In_Sidewalk_Healdsburg_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/WPA_Logo_In_Sidewalk_Healdsburg_California.jpg/440px-WPA_Logo_In_Sidewalk_Healdsburg_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1383" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>"WPA" mark as can be found in many small town sidewalks.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Natrona_County_High_School" title="Natrona County High School">Natrona County High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casper,_Wyoming" title="Casper, Wyoming">Casper, Wyoming</a> (1941)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Guide_Series" title="American Guide Series">American Guide Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Art_Project" title="Federal Art Project">Federal Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act of 1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Federal_Art_Project_artists" title="List of Federal Art Project artists">List of Federal Art Project artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_of_Painting_and_Sculpture" title="Section of Painting and Sculpture">Section of Painting and Sculpture</a>, in Treasury department</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_artwork" title="New Deal artwork">New Deal artwork</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-arnesen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arnesen_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arnesen_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArnesen2007" class="citation book cs1">Arnesen, Eric (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. p. 1540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415968263" title="Special:BookSources/9780415968263"><bdi>9780415968263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+U.S.+Labor+and+Working-Class+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1540&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780415968263&rft.aulast=Arnesen&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jason Scott (2006). <i>Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521828055" title="Special:BookSources/9780521828055"><bdi>9780521828055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+New+Deal+Liberalism%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Public+Works%2C+1933%E2%80%931956&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521828055&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jason+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800E2D6123CEE3BBC4953DFB1668388659EDE">"WPA Pays Up and Quits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. July 1, 1943<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WPA+Pays+Up+and+Quits&rft.date=1943-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9800E2D6123CEE3BBC4953DFB1668388659EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neumann_et_al._2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neumann_et_al._2010_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neumann_et_al._2010_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann2010" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann, Todd C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w13692.pdf">"The Dynamics of Relief Spending and the Private Urban Labor Market During the New Deal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Economic_History" title="The Journal of Economic History">The Journal of Economic History</a></i>. <b>70</b> (1): 195–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050710000100">10.1017/S0022050710000100</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154809769">154809769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=The+Dynamics+of+Relief+Spending+and+the+Private+Urban+Labor+Market+During+the+New+Deal&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195-220&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050710000100&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154809769%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Todd+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw13692.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leighninger_Long_Range-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Long_Range_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighninger2007" class="citation book cs1">Leighninger, Robert D. (2007). <i>Long-Range Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal</i>. Columbia, S.C.: <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina_Press" title="University of South Carolina Press">University of South Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570036637" title="Special:BookSources/9781570036637"><bdi>9781570036637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long-Range+Public+Investment%3A+The+Forgotten+Legacy+of+the+New+Deal&rft.place=Columbia%2C+S.C.&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781570036637&rft.aulast=Leighninger&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leighninger_Cultural_Infrastructure_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighninger1996" class="citation journal cs1">Leighninger, Robert D. (May 1996). "Cultural Infrastructure: The Legacy of New Deal Public Space". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Architectural_Education" title="Journal of Architectural Education">Journal of Architectural Education</a></i>. <b>49</b> (4): 226–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10464883.1996.10734689">10.1080/10464883.1996.10734689</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1425295">1425295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Architectural+Education&rft.atitle=Cultural+Infrastructure%3A+The+Legacy+of+New+Deal+Public+Space&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=226-236&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10464883.1996.10734689&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1425295%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leighninger&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4">"Records of the Work Projects Administration and Its Predecessors"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+and+Its+Predecessors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDR_Creating_WPA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDR_Creating_WPA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1935" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. (May 6, 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306025340/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15053">"Executive Order 7034 – Creating Machinery for the Works Progress Administration"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15053">the original</a> on 2016-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Executive+Order+7034+%E2%80%93+Creating+Machinery+for+the+Works+Progress+Administration&rft.date=1935-05-06&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2F%3Fpid%3D15053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeben2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Deeben, John P. (Fall 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2012/fall/fera.html">"Family Experiences and New Deal Relief: The Correspondence Files of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933–1936"</a>. <i>Prologue Magazine</i>. Vol. 44, no. 2. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue+Magazine&rft.atitle=Family+Experiences+and+New+Deal+Relief%3A+The+Correspondence+Files+of+the+Federal+Emergency+Relief+Administration%2C+1933%E2%80%931936&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Deeben&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fpublications%2Fprologue%2F2012%2Ffall%2Ffera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arena-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arena_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hallie_Flanagan" title="Hallie Flanagan">Flanagan, Hallie</a> (1965). <i>Arena: The History of the Federal Theatre</i>. New York: Benjamin Blom, reprint edition [1940]. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855945294">855945294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arena%3A+The+History+of+the+Federal+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Benjamin+Blom%2C+reprint+edition+%5B1940%5D&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855945294&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Hallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4.4">"Records of the Division of Engineering and Construction"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Division+of+Engineering+and+Construction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4.5">"Records of the Division of Professional and Service Projects"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Division+of+Professional+and+Service+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4.7">"Records of the Division of Finance"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Division+of+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4.7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4.3">"Records of the Division of Information"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Division+of+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4.6">"Records of the Division of Investigation"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Division+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4.8">"Records of the Division of Statistics"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Division+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4.9">"Records of the Project Control Divisions"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Project+Control+Divisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.4.10">"Records of Other WPA Divisions"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+Other+WPA+Divisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.4.10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Nick (2008). <i>American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA, When FDR Put the Nation to Work</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780553802351" title="Special:BookSources/9780553802351"><bdi>9780553802351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American-Made%3A+The+Enduring+Legacy+of+the+WPA%2C+When+FDR+Put+the+Nation+to+Work&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780553802351&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_21-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1973" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Donald S. (1973) [1943]. <i>The WPA and Federal Relief Policy</i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255072517">255072517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+WPA+and+Federal+Relief+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255072517&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"WPA Employment." Gjenvick Archives: The Future of Our Past, Social and Cultural History. (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most frequent claim is that Kentucky Democrats purchased WPA votes in the 1935 gubernatorial campaign. For a refutation see Robert J. Leupold, "The Kentucky WPA: Relief and Politics, May–November 1935," <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i> (1975) 49#2 pp 152–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald S. Howard, <i>The WPA and Federal Relief Policy</i> (Russell Sage Foundation, 1943) pp.301–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Si Sheppard, " 'If it wasn't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York," <i>New York History</i> 95#1 (2014), pp. 41–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/069.html#69.5">"Records of WPA Projects"</a>. <i>Records of the Work Projects Administration (WPA)</i>. National Archives and Records Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Work+Projects+Administration+%28WPA%29&rft.atitle=Records+of+WPA+Projects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F069.html%2369.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(historian)" title="David M. Kennedy (historian)">Kennedy, David M.</a> (1999). <a href="/wiki/Freedom_from_Fear:_The_American_People_in_Depression_and_War,_1929%E2%80%931945" title="Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945"><i>Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195038347" title="Special:BookSources/9780195038347"><bdi>9780195038347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+from+Fear%3A+The+American+People+in+Depression+and+War%2C+1929%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780195038347&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.past-inc.org/historic-bridges/merrittpkwybridges.html">"Website on Merritt Parkway Bridges"</a>. Past-inc.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+on+Merritt+Parkway+Bridges&rft.pub=Past-inc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.past-inc.org%2Fhistoric-bridges%2Fmerrittpkwybridges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991002160702/http://newdeal.feri.org/ala/al38703.htm">"WPA and Rural Libraries"</a>. Newdeal.feri.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newdeal.feri.org/ala/al38703.htm">the original</a> on 1999-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WPA+and+Rural+Libraries&rft.pub=Newdeal.feri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewdeal.feri.org%2Fala%2Fal38703.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415002011/http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~landc/fulltext/LandC_32_4_Gorman.pdf">"Blazing the Way: The WPA Library Service Demonstration Project in South Carolina by Robert M. Gorman"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/~landc/fulltext/LandC_32_4_Gorman.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blazing+the+Way%3A+The+WPA+Library+Service+Demonstration+Project+in+South+Carolina+by+Robert+M.+Gorman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gslis.utexas.edu%2F~landc%2Ffulltext%2FLandC_32_4_Gorman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_1995-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1995_31-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsGoldbard1995" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Don; Goldbard, Arlene (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwcd.org/policy/US/newdeal.html">"New Deal Cultural Programs: Experiments in Cultural Democracy"</a>. <i>Webster's World of Cultural Democracy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Webster%27s+World+of+Cultural+Democracy&rft.atitle=New+Deal+Cultural+Programs%3A+Experiments+in+Cultural+Democracy&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Goldbard%2C+Arlene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwcd.org%2Fpolicy%2FUS%2Fnewdeal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larson,_Cedric_1939-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larson,_Cedric_1939_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1939" class="citation journal cs1">Larson, Cedric (July 1939). "The Cultural Projects of the WPA". <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Opinion_Quarterly" title="Public Opinion Quarterly">Public Opinion Quarterly</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): 491–496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F265324">10.1086/265324</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744973">2744973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Opinion+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Projects+of+the+WPA&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=491-496&rft.date=1939-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F265324&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2744973%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Cedric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Quinn, <i>The Furious Improvisation: How the WPA and a Cast of Thousands Made High Art out of Desperate Times</i> (2008) pp. 62, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fs0883769400045929">"Library"</a>. <i>MRS Bulletin</i>. <b>20</b> (12): 52–53. December 1995. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fs0883769400045929">10.1557/s0883769400045929</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-7694">0883-7694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MRS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Library&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=52-53&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1557%2Fs0883769400045929&rft.issn=0883-7694&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1557%252Fs0883769400045929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Martha H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943"</a>. <i>Libraries & Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8631">0894-8631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">25542771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+in+Libraries%3A+Federal+Relief+Work+and+Library+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0894-8631&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Martha H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943"</a>. <i>Libraries & Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8631">0894-8631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">25542771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+in+Libraries%3A+Federal+Relief+Work+and+Library+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0894-8631&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Martha H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943"</a>. <i>Libraries & Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8631">0894-8631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">25542771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+in+Libraries%3A+Federal+Relief+Work+and+Library+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0894-8631&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Martha H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943"</a>. <i>Libraries & Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8631">0894-8631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">25542771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+in+Libraries%3A+Federal+Relief+Work+and+Library+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0894-8631&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Martha H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943"</a>. <i>Libraries & Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8631">0894-8631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">25542771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+in+Libraries%3A+Federal+Relief+Work+and+Library+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0894-8631&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Martha H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943"</a>. <i>Libraries & Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8631">0894-8631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">25542771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+in+Libraries%3A+Federal+Relief+Work+and+Library+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0894-8631&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Martha H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943"</a>. <i>Libraries & Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8631">0894-8631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">25542771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+in+Libraries%3A+Federal+Relief+Work+and+Library+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0894-8631&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain1995" class="citation journal cs1">Swain, Martha H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">"A New Deal in Libraries: Federal Relief Work and Library Service, 1933–1943"</a>. <i>Libraries & Culture</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0894-8631">0894-8631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25542771">25542771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=A+New+Deal+in+Libraries%3A+Federal+Relief+Work+and+Library+Service%2C+1933%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0894-8631&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Martha+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25542771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beito, p. 182-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beito, p. 181-183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salmond-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salmond_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmond_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Salmond, "The New Deal and the Negro" in John Braeman et al., eds. <i>The New Deal: The National Level</i> (1975). pp 188–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_L._Lumpkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Charles L. Lumpkins (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q8_ZBcXXRAYC&pg=PA179"><i>American Pogrom: The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics</i></a>. Ohio University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821418031" title="Special:BookSources/9780821418031"><bdi>9780821418031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Pogrom%3A+The+East+St.+Louis+Race+Riot+and+Black+Politics&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780821418031&rft.au=Charles+L.+Lumpkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8_ZBcXXRAYC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheryl_Lynn_Greenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Cheryl Lynn Greenberg (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rcdl9nafM2oC&pg=PA60"><i>To Ask for an Equal Chance: African Americans in the Great Depression</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442200517" title="Special:BookSources/9781442200517"><bdi>9781442200517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Ask+for+an+Equal+Chance%3A+African+Americans+in+the+Great+Depression&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781442200517&rft.au=Cheryl+Lynn+Greenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRcdl9nafM2oC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_J._Badger2011" class="citation book cs1">Anthony J. Badger (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VmXIZEtMYyQC&pg=PA38"><i>New Deal / New South: An Anthony J. Badger Reader</i></a>. U. of Arkansas Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610752770" title="Special:BookSources/9781610752770"><bdi>9781610752770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Deal+%2F+New+South%3A+An+Anthony+J.+Badger+Reader&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=U.+of+Arkansas+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781610752770&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Badger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVmXIZEtMYyQC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-longmore-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-longmore_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmoreGoldberger2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Longmore" title="Paul K. Longmore">Longmore, PK</a>; Goldberger, David (December 2000). "The League of the Physically Handicapped and the Great Depression: A Case Study in the New Disability History". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>87</b> (3): 888–922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2675276">10.2307/2675276</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2675276">2675276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17639642">17639642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+League+of+the+Physically+Handicapped+and+the+Great+Depression%3A+A+Case+Study+in+the+New+Disability+History&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=888-922&rft.date=2000-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17639642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2675276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2675276&rft.aulast=Longmore&rft.aufirst=PK&rft.au=Goldberger%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isr-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isr_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isr_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal" class="citation web cs1">Rosenthal, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isreview.org/issue/90/pioneers-fight-disability-rights">"Pioneers in the fight for disability rights The League of the Physically Handicapped"</a>. <i>International Socialist Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Socialist+Review&rft.atitle=Pioneers+in+the+fight+for+disability+rights+The+League+of+the+Physically+Handicapped&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisreview.org%2Fissue%2F90%2Fpioneers-fight-disability-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1937/08/17/archives/plea-by-disabled-put-to-wpa-chief-new-york-group-camping-in.html">"PLEA BY DISABLED PUT TO WPA CHIEF; New York Group, Camping in Washington, Will Consult Williams Again Today"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 17, 1937<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=PLEA+BY+DISABLED+PUT+TO+WPA+CHIEF%3B+New+York+Group%2C+Camping+in+Washington%2C+Will+Consult+Williams+Again+Today&rft.date=1937-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1937%2F08%2F17%2Farchives%2Fplea-by-disabled-put-to-wpa-chief-new-york-group-camping-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zames-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zames_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleischerZames2001" class="citation book cs1">Fleischer, Doris Zames; Zames, Frieda (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disabilityrights0000flei"><i>The Disability Rights Movement: From Charity to Confrontation</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 906. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1439907447" title="Special:BookSources/1439907447"><bdi>1439907447</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disability+Rights+Movement%3A+From+Charity+to+Confrontation&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=906&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1439907447&rft.aulast=Fleischer&rft.aufirst=Doris+Zames&rft.au=Zames%2C+Frieda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisabilityrights0000flei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220065328/http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm">"Disability History Timeline"</a>. <i>Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management</i>. Temple University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isc.temple.edu/neighbor/ds/disabilityrightstimeline.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rehabilitation+Research+%26+Training+Center+on+Independent+Living+Management.&rft.atitle=Disability+History+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisc.temple.edu%2Fneighbor%2Fds%2Fdisabilityrightstimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-consumer-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-consumer_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongmore2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Longmore" title="Paul K. Longmore">Longmore, PK</a> (January 2000). "Disability Policy and Politics: Considering Consumer Influence". <i>Journal of Disability Policy Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 36–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F104420730001100111">10.1177/104420730001100111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145123577">145123577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Disability+Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=Disability+Policy+and+Politics%3A+Considering+Consumer+Influence&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-44&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F104420730001100111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145123577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Longmore&rft.aufirst=PK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dickens, Bethany (November 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/33/">"Episode 32 Tapestries"</a>. <i>A History of Central Florida Podcast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+History+of+Central+Florida+Podcast&rft.atitle=Episode+32+Tapestries&rft.date=2014-11-18&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Fahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast%2F33%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.horse-canada.com/horses-and-history/the-pack-horse-librarians-of-eastern-kentucky/">"The Pack Horse Librarians of Eastern Kentucky"</a>. <i>Horse Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horse+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Pack+Horse+Librarians+of+Eastern+Kentucky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.horse-canada.com%2Fhorses-and-history%2Fthe-pack-horse-librarians-of-eastern-kentucky%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2007" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, Donald C. (2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/216892">"The Book Women of Kentucky: The WPA Pack Horse Library Project, 1936–1943"</a></span>. <i>Libraries & the Cultural Record</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 120 – via Project MUSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libraries+%26+the+Cultural+Record&rft.atitle=The+Book+Women+of+Kentucky%3A+The+WPA+Pack+Horse+Library+Project%2C+1936%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=120&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F216892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1943" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, Donald S. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30014174">"The WPA and Federal Relief Policy"</a>. <i>The University of Chicago Press</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 509–510. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30014174">30014174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.atitle=The+WPA+and+Federal+Relief+Policy&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=509-510&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30014174%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30014174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Keyssar, <i>The right to vote: the contested history of democracy in the United States</i> (2000) p 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGina_Misiroglu2015" class="citation book cs1">Gina Misiroglu, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4KsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA334"><i>American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317477297" title="Special:BookSources/9781317477297"><bdi>9781317477297</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Countercultures%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Nonconformists%2C+Alternative+Lifestyles%2C+and+Radical+Ideas+in+U.S.+History&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317477297&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4KsBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradford_A._Lee_1982-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradford_A._Lee_1982_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1982" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Bradford A. (Spring 1982). "The New Deal Reconsidered". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wilson_Quarterly" title="The Wilson Quarterly">The Wilson Quarterly</a></i>. <b>6</b> (2): 62–76. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40256265">40256265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+New+Deal+Reconsidered&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62-76&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40256265%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Bradford+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinzberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Ginzberg, Eli (2004) [1943]. <i>The Unemployed</i>. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765805744" title="Special:BookSources/9780765805744"><bdi>9780765805744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unemployed&rft.place=New+Brunswick&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780765805744&rft.aulast=Ginzberg&rft.aufirst=Eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1953" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Margaret Mary (1953). <i>Paths of Loneliness: The Individual Isolated in Modern Society</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/620533">620533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Loneliness%3A+The+Individual+Isolated+in+Modern+Society&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F620533&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWjKAAAAMAAJ&q=wpa++%22poor+work+habits%22"><i>Report of investigation of public relief in the District of Columbia (U.S. Senate)</i></a>, (1938)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David A. Taylor, <i>Soul of a people: the WPA Writer's Project uncovers Depression America</i> (2009) p 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman, Paul</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Liberal" title="The Conscience of a Liberal"><i>The Conscience of a Liberal</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conscienceoflibe00krug/page/62">62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393060690" title="Special:BookSources/9780393060690"><bdi>9780393060690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conscience+of+a+Liberal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780393060690&rft.aulast=Krugman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDR_on_FWA-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDR_on_FWA_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1939" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. (April 15, 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15748">"Message to Congress on the Reorganization Act"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Message+to+Congress+on+the+Reorganization+Act&rft.date=1939-04-15&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D15748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt" class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Franklin D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3316">"Fireside Chat 15: On National Defense (May 26, 1940)"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fireside+Chat+15%3A+On+National+Defense+%28May+26%2C+1940%29&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ffdroosevelt%2Fspeeches%2Fspeech-3316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociated_Press1940" class="citation news cs1">Associated Press (October 1, 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1940/10/01/page/16/article/f-c-harrington-wpa-head-dies-in-connecticut">"WPA Head Dies in Connecticut"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=WPA+Head+Dies+in+Connecticut&rft.date=1940-10-01&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1940%2F10%2F01%2Fpage%2F16%2Farticle%2Ff-c-harrington-wpa-head-dies-in-connecticut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDR_Letter_Terminating_WPA-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FDR_Letter_Terminating_WPA_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FDR_Letter_Terminating_WPA_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1942" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Franklin D.</a> (December 4, 1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/letter-the-federal-works-administrator-discontinuing-the-wpa">"Letter to the Federal Works Administrator Discontinuing the W.P.A."</a> <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Federal+Works+Administrator+Discontinuing+the+W.P.A.&rft.date=1942-12-04&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Franklin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fletter-the-federal-works-administrator-discontinuing-the-wpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Don; Goldbard, Arlene. "New Deal Cultural Programs: Experiments in Cultural Democracy." <i>Webster's World of Cultural Democracy</i> 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeito2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_T._Beito" title="David T. Beito">Beito, David T.</a> (2023). <i>The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance</i> (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 4–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598133561" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598133561"><bdi>978-1598133561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Deal%27s+War+on+the+Bill+of+Rights%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+FDR%27s+Concentration+Camps%2C+Censorship%2C+and+Mass+Surveillance&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pages=4-7&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Independent+Institute&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1598133561&rft.aulast=Beito&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorks+Progress+Administration" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Halfmann, Drew, and Edwin Amenta. "Who voted with Hopkins? Institutional politics and the WPA." <i>Journal of Policy History</i> 13#2 (2001): 251–287. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Drew_Halfmann/publication/236744790_Who_Voted_with_Hopkins_Institutional_Politics_and_the_WPA/links/0deec5279358ed9b5a000000.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Hopkins, June. "The Road Not Taken: Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief" <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 29#2 (1999): 306–16 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1741-5705.00035/abstract">online</a></li> <li>Howard, Donald S. <i>WPA and federal relief policy</i> (1943), 880pp; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wpafederalrelief0000howa">online</a></li> <li>Kelly, Andrew, <i>Kentucky by Design: The Decorative Arts, American Culture and the Arts Programs of the WPA.</i> Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2015.</li> <li>Larson, Cedric. "The Cultural Projects of the WPA." <i>The Public Opinion Quarterly</i> 3#3 (1939): 491–196. Accessed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2744973">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Leighninger, Robert D. "Cultural Infrastructure: The Legacy of New Deal Public Space." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Architectural_Education" title="Journal of Architectural Education">Journal of Architectural Education</a></i> 49, no. 4 (1996): 226–236.</li> <li>Leighninger, Robert D. Jr. <i>Long-Range Public Investment: the Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal</i>. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press (2007).</li> <li>Lindley, Betty Grimes & Lindley, Ernest K. <i>A New Deal for Youth: the Story of the National Youth Administration</i> (1938)</li> <li>McJimsey George T. <i>Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harryhopkinsally0000mcji">online</a></li> <li>Mathews, Jane DeHart. <i>Federal Theatre, 1935–1939: Plays, Relief, and Politics</i> (Princeton UP 1967) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x1bqq">online</a></li> <li>Meriam; Lewis. <i>Relief and Social Security</i>. (The Brookings Institution, 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reliefsocialsecu0000lewi">online</a> 900pp</li> <li>Millett; John D. & Gladys Ogden. <i>Administration of Federal Work Relief</i> 1941.</li> <li>Musher, Sharon Ann. <i>Democratic Art: The New Deal's Influence on American Culture.</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2015_.</li> <li>Rose, Nancy. <i>Put to Work: The WPA and Public Employment in the Great Depression</i> (2009), brief introduction</li> <li>Sargent, James E. "Woodrum's Economy Bloc: The Attack on Roosevelt's WPA, 1937–1939." <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1985): 175–207. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4248805">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Sheppard, Si. " 'If it wasn't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York." New York History 95.1 (2014): 41–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/713139">excerpt</a></li> <li>Singleton, Jeff. <i>The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression</i> (2000)</li> <li>Smith, Jason Scott. <i>Building New Deal Liberalism: the Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956</i> (2005)</li> <li>Taylor, David A. <i>Soul of a People: The WPA Writers' Project Uncovers Depression America</i>. (2009)</li> <li>Taylor, Nick. <i>American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA: When FDR Put the Nation to Work</i> (2008) comprehensive history; 640pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/American-Made-Enduring-Legacy-When-Nation/dp/0553802356/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Williams, Edward Ainsworth. <i>Federal aid for relief</i> (Columbia University Press, 1939) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36560">online</a></li> <li>Young, William H., & Nancy K. <i>The Great Depression in America: a Cultural Encyclopedia</i>. 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33520-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33520-6">0-313-33520-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scrc.gmu.edu/finding_aids/wpaoh.html">WPA Oral Histories</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Works_Progress_Administration" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a></span>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_7034" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Executive Order 7034">Executive Order 7034</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xa9Mjfr5foY">Footage of the Federal Theatre Project's 1936 "Voodoo Macbeth"</a> – with informative annotations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_Washington_State_Project" title="Great Depression in Washington State Project">The Great Depression in Washington State Project</a>, including an illustrated map of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/depress/map_WPA.shtml">major WPA projects</a> and a multimedia history of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/depress/theater_arts_ftp.shtml">Federal Theater Project</a> in the State.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527153040/http://www.nga.gov/collection/iad/index.shtm">The Index of American Design</a> at the National Gallery of Art</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3906">Works by Works Progress Administration</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Work+Projects+Administration%22+OR+%22WPA+Project%22+OR+%22WPA+public%22%29">Works by or about Works Progress Administration</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9443">Works by Works Progress Administration</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv96452">Guide to the WPA Oregon Federal Art Project collection at the University of Oregon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solvingpoverty.com/">WPA inspired Gulf Coast Civic Works Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingnewdeal.org/">Living New Deal Project</a> – The Living New Deal Project documents the living legacy of New Deal agencies, including the WPA. The Living New Deal website includes an extensive digital map featuring detailed information about specific WPA projects by location.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/essay/war/dep/cou/us/nda-wpa.html">New Deal Agencies: The Works Progress Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090906070417/http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/site/smithsonian/show_soul_people.do">Soul of a People documentary</a> on <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Networks">Smithsonian Networks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u29.138-w27-ead">Works Progress Administration Tampa Office Records</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.usf.edu">University of South Florida</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azarchivesonline.org/xtf/view?docId=ead/asm/MS2.xml;query=wpa;brand=default">Arizona Archives Online Finding Aid</a> – The Arizona State Museum Library & Archives holds the records of the WPA Statewide Archaeological Project (1938–1940) and are found on AAO.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wpa.cslib.org/">WPA Art Inventory Project</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Library" title="Connecticut State Library">Connecticut State Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unomaha.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15301coll1">WPA Omaha, Nebraska City Guide Project</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Omaha" title="University of Nebraska Omaha">University of Nebraska Omaha</a> <a href="/wiki/Dr._C.C._and_Mabel_L._Criss_Library" title="Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library">Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library</a>.</li> <li>WPA publications from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/?commit=search&f%5bsource_s%5d%5b%5d=Alabama+Works+Progress+Administration+Publications&q=worosk+progress+administration+publications&search_field=all_fields">Alabama</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/?commit=search&f%5bsource_s%5d%5b%5d=Florida+Works+Progress+Administration+Publications&q=worosk+progress+administration+publications&search_field=all_fields">Florida</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/?commit=search&f%5bsource_s%5d%5b%5d=Georgia+Works+Progress+Administration+Publications&q=worosk+progress+administration+publications&search_field=all_fields">Georgia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/?commit=search&f%5bsource_s%5d%5b%5d=Kentucky+Works+Progress+Administration+Publications&q=worosk+progress+administration+publications&search_field=all_fields">Kentucky</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/?commit=search&f%5bsource_s%5d%5b%5d=Louisiana+Works+Progress+Administration+Publications&q=worosk+progress+administration+publications&search_field=all_fields">Louisiana</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/?commit=search&f%5bsource_s%5d%5b%5d=Maryland+Works+Progress+Administration+Publications&q=worosk+progress+administration+publications&search_field=all_fields">Maryland</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/?commit=search&f%5bsource_s%5d%5b%5d=North+Carolina+Works+Progress+Administration+Publications&q=worosk+progress+administration+publications&search_field=all_fields">North Carolina</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/?commit=search&f%5bsource_s%5d%5b%5d=Tennessee+Works+Progress+Administration+Publications&q=worosk+progress+administration+publications&search_field=all_fields">Tennessee</a> housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections Research Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/33/">Tapestries</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.library.ucf.edu/ahistoryofcentralfloridapodcast/">A History of Central Florida Podcast</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/works-progress-administration-wpa-art#/?tab=about">WPA digital collection</a> at the New York Public Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wayne.edu/digitalcollections/item?id=wayne:collectionWPAscores">WPA Music Manuscripts</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a> Library is a digitization project that contains 174 images of WPA music copies from 1935 to 1943.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1127">United States Work Projects Administration Polar Bibliography</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1436">Work Projects Administration in Maryland records</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/23630">Collection: "Art of the Works Progress Administration WPA"</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li></ul> <p><b>WPA posters:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/wpaposters/wpahome.html">Posters from the WPA at the Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <p><b>Libraries and the WPA:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libsci.sc.edu/histories/WPA/WPAfirstpage.htm">The WPA Library Project in South Carolina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100519213529/http://www.statelibrary.sc.gov/south-carolina-public-library-history-1930-1945">South Carolina Public Library History, 1930–1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digilab.browardlibrary.org/WPAChildren/">WPA Children's Books (1935–1943)</a> <a href="/wiki/Broward_County_Library" title="Broward County Library">Broward County Library</a>'s Bienes Museum of the Modern Book</li></ul> <p><b>WPA murals:</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpamurals.com/">Database of WPA murals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205075827/http://www.wpamurals.com/">Archived</a> 2012-12-05 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204031948/http://www.americanabstractartists.org/history/wpamurals/">WPA-FAP Mural Division in NYC, and restoration of murals at the Williamsburg Houses and Hospital for Chronic Diseases on Welfare Island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muralist.org/">WPA mural projects</a> by noted muralist Sr. <a href="/wiki/Lucia_Wiley" title="Lucia Wiley">Lucia Wiley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.LouisSchanker.info">WPA Artist Louis Schanker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bobolinkbooks.com/BALLAST/WPA.html">WPA Artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Byron_Tabor" title="Robert Byron Tabor">Robert Tabor</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Works_Progress_Administration" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_One" title="Template:Federal One"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_One" title="Template talk:Federal One"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_One" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal One"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_Progress_Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Works Progress Administration</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Art_Project" title="Federal Art Project">Federal Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Music_Project" title="Federal Music Project">Federal Music Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers' Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_Survey" title="Historical Records Survey">Historical Records Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Deal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Deal" title="Template talk:New Deal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Deal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Deal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Deal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Executive Order 6102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeowners_Refinancing_Act" title="Homeowners Refinancing Act">Homeowners Refinancing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration (PWA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Act">Railroad Retirement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Works Progress Administration (WPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal" title="Category:New Deal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Deal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Deal">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200079#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200079#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States Works Progress Administration eeeee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121718685">ISNI</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/141803196">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/558757/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116650-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. Works Progress Administration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81081809">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36557716">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2028083">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/17620">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13948893?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Works Progress Administration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500227524">ULAN</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/2341">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1291273">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/144213737">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="United States. Works Progress Administration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67b4x1k">SNAC</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Works Progress Administration"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kt1qpd">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/institutions/85964">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&oldid=1248641705">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&oldid=1248641705</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_Progress_Administration" title="Category:Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal_agencies" title="Category:New Deal agencies">New Deal agencies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Category:Defunct agencies of the United States government">Defunct agencies of the United States government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_government_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the government of the United States">History of the government of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_United_States_Federal_assistance_programs" title="Category:Former United States Federal assistance programs">Former United States Federal assistance programs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1935_establishments_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:1935 establishments in Washington, D.C.">1935 establishments in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_established_in_1935" title="Category:Government agencies established in 1935">Government agencies established in 1935</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_disestablished_in_1943" title="Category:Government agencies disestablished in 1943">Government agencies disestablished in 1943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1943_disestablishments_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Category:1943 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.">1943 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Work_relief_programs" title="Category:Work relief programs">Work relief programs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 September 2024, at 17:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Works_Progress_Administration&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nb8ts","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.303","walltime":"1.861","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22631,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":212550,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9749,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":372937,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1601.292 1 -total"," 17.01% 272.357 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.54% 232.833 26 Template:Cite_book"," 14.27% 228.472 39 Template:Rp"," 13.31% 213.168 5 Template:Inflation-fn"," 13.15% 210.515 39 Template:R/superscript"," 7.75% 124.021 1 Template:Federal_One"," 6.28% 100.503 5 Template:Format_price"," 6.18% 98.905 117 Template:R/where"," 5.58% 89.398 5 Template:Inflation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.654","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7797252,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-k4xtt","timestamp":"20241122140356","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Works_Progress_Administration","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1200079","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1200079","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-09T17:59:19Z","dateModified":"2024-09-30T17:32:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ac\/WPA-USA-sign.svg","headline":"United States government New Deal agency (1935\u20131939) employing millions of unemployed people to carry out public works projects"}</script> </body> </html>