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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Superscripts and subscripts block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superscripts_and_subscripts_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_superscript_and_subscript_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_superscript_and_subscript_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other superscript and subscript characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_superscript_and_subscript_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin,_Greek,_Cyrillic,_and_IPA_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin,_Greek,_Cyrillic,_and_IPA_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and IPA tables</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Vowel letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Length marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildcards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildcards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Wildcards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildcards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combining_marks_and_subscripts" 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#aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p> <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> has <a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">subscripted and superscripted</a> versions of a number of characters including a full set of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UnicodeData.txt_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnicodeData.txt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These characters allow any <a href="/wiki/Polynomial" title="Polynomial">polynomial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equation" title="Chemical equation">chemical</a> and certain other <a href="/wiki/Equation" title="Equation">equations</a> to be represented in plain text without using any form of <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup</a> like <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> or <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a> have made recommendations on the choice between using markup and using superscript and subscript characters: </p> <blockquote><p>When used in mathematical context (<a href="/wiki/MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>) it is recommended to consistently use style markup for superscripts and subscripts […] However, when super and sub-scripts are to reflect semantic distinctions, it is easier to work with these meanings encoded in text rather than markup, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_transcription" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemic transcription">phonemic transcription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-w3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub_super_num_dem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sub_super_num_dem.svg/220px-Sub_super_num_dem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sub_super_num_dem.svg/330px-Sub_super_num_dem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sub_super_num_dem.svg/440px-Sub_super_num_dem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The difference between superscript/subscript and numerator/denominator glyphs. In many popular <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer fonts</a> the Unicode "superscript" and "subscript" characters are actually numerator and denominator glyphs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>intended</i> use<sup id="cite_ref-w3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when these characters were added to Unicode was to produce true superscripts and subscripts so that chemical and algebraic formulas could be written without markup. Thus "H₂O" (using a subscript 2 character) is <i>supposed</i> to be identical to "H<sub>2</sub>O" (with subscript markup). </p><p>In reality, many fonts that include these characters ignore the Unicode definition, and instead design the digits for mathematical <a href="/wiki/Numerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerator">numerator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denominator" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominator">denominator</a> glyphs,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Cap_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap line">cap line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a>, respectively. When used with the <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)" title="Slash (punctuation)">solidus</a> or the Fraction Slash, they produce an almost typographically correct diagonal fraction, such as ³/₄ for the ¾ glyph. Super and subscript markup does not produce a correct fraction (compare markup <sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub> with precomposed ¾). The change also makes the superscript letters useful for <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicators</a>, more closely matching the ª and º characters. </p><p>Unicode intended that diagonal fractions be rendered by a different mechanism: the <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)#Fractions" title="Slash (punctuation)">fraction slash</a> U+2044 is visually similar to the solidus, but when used with the ordinary digits (not the superscripts and subscripts), it instructs the layout system that a fraction such as ¾ is to be rendered using automatic glyph substitution.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> User-end support was quite poor for a number of years, but fonts,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> browsers,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> word processors,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> desktop publishing software<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others increasingly support the intended Unicode behavior. This browser and your default font render it as 3⁄4. (See <a href="/wiki/Slash_(punctuation)#Fractions" title="Slash (punctuation)">Slash (punctuation)#Fractions</a> for rendering in various other fonts.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Superscripts_and_subscripts_block">Superscripts and subscripts block</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Superscripts_and_Subscripts_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscripts and Subscripts (Unicode block)">Superscripts and Subscripts (Unicode block)</a></div> <p>The most common superscript digits (1, 2, and 3) were included in <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a> and were therefore carried over into those code points in the Latin-1 range of Unicode. The remainder were placed along with basic arithmetical symbols, and later some Latin subscripts, in a dedicated block at <span title="⁰"><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Upluslink" title="Unicode">U+</a>2070</span> to U+209F. The table below shows these characters together. Each superscript or subscript character is preceded by a baseline <i>x</i> to show the height of subscripting/superscripting. </p><p>Six code points in the "Superscripts and Subscripts" block are unassigned, and remain available for future characters. As of November 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag ref" style="display:none;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html">[ref]</a></sup> three of these (209D, 209E, and 209F) were provisionally assigned to new subscript characters, namely Latin lowercase w, y, and z.<sup id="cite_ref-U18-draft_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UTC181_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTC181-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="Unicode"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0"> <caption>Unicode characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>A</th> <th>B</th> <th>C</th> <th>D</th> <th>E</th> <th>F </th></tr> <tr> <th>U+00Bx </th> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td>x²</td> <td>x³</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td>x¹</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>U+207x </th> <td>x⁰</td> <td>xⁱ </td> <td bgcolor="silver"></td> <td bgcolor="silver"> </td> <td>x⁴</td> <td>x⁵</td> <td>x⁶</td> <td>x⁷</td> <td>x⁸</td> <td>x⁹</td> <td>x⁺</td> <td>x⁻</td> <td>x⁼</td> <td>x⁽</td> <td>x⁾</td> <td>xⁿ </td></tr> <tr> <th>U+208x </th> <td>x₀</td> <td>x₁</td> <td>x₂</td> <td>x₃</td> <td>x₄</td> <td>x₅</td> <td>x₆</td> <td>x₇</td> <td>x₈</td> <td>x₉</td> <td>x₊</td> <td>x₋</td> <td>x₌</td> <td>x₍</td> <td>x₎ </td> <td bgcolor="silver"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>U+209x </th> <td>xₐ</td> <td>xₑ</td> <td>xₒ</td> <td>xₓ</td> <td>xₔ </td> <td>xₕ</td> <td>xₖ</td> <td>xₗ</td> <td>xₘ </td> <td>xₙ</td> <td>xₚ</td> <td>xₛ</td> <td>xₜ </td> <td bgcolor="silver"></td> <td bgcolor="silver"></td> <td bgcolor="silver"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaa;background-color:silver; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Not yet assigned.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #aaa;background-color:#ececec; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other characters from Latin-1 not related to super- or sub-scripts.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_superscript_and_subscript_characters">Other superscript and subscript characters</h2></div> <p>Unicode also includes codepoints for subscript and superscript characters that are intended for semantic usage, in the following blocks:<sup id="cite_ref-UnicodeData.txt_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnicodeData.txt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scripts.txt_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scripts.txt-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Superscript</dt></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)">Latin-1 Supplement</a> block contains the feminine and masculine <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">ordinal indicators</a> ª and º.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-C" title="Latin Extended-C">Latin Extended-C</a> block contains one superscript, ⱽ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-D" title="Latin Extended-D">Latin Extended-D</a> block contains six superscripts: ꝰ ꟲ ꟳ ꟴ ꟸ ꟹ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-E" title="Latin Extended-E">Latin Extended-E</a> block contains five superscripts: ꭜ ꭝ ꭞ ꭟ ꭩ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-F" title="Latin Extended-F">Latin Extended-F</a> block is entirely <a href="/wiki/Superscript_IPA_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscript IPA letters">superscript IPA letters</a>: 𐞁 𐞂 𐞃 𐞄 𐞅 𐞇 𐞈 𐞉 𐞊 𐞋 𐞌 𐞍 𐞎 𐞏 𐞐 𐞑 𐞒 𐞓 𐞔 𐞕 𐞖 𐞗 𐞘 𐞙 𐞚 𐞛 𐞜 𐞝 𐞞 𐞟 𐞠 𐞡 𐞢 𐞣 𐞤 𐞥 𐞦 𐞧 𐞨 𐞩 𐞪 𐞫 𐞬 𐞭 𐞮 𐞯 𐞰 𐞲 𐞳 𐞴 𐞵 𐞶 𐞷 𐞸 𐞹 𐞺.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Spacing_Modifier_Letters" title="Spacing Modifier Letters">Spacing Modifier Letters</a> block has superscripted letters and symbols used for phonetic transcription: ʰ ʱ ʲ ʳ ʴ ʵ ʶ ʷ ʸ ˀ ˁ ˠ ˡ ˢ ˣ ˤ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_Extensions" title="Phonetic Extensions">Phonetic Extensions</a> block has several superscripted letters and symbols: Latin/IPA ᴬ ᴭ ᴮ ᴯ ᴰ ᴱ ᴲ ᴳ ᴴ ᴵ ᴶ ᴷ ᴸ ᴹ ᴺ ᴻ ᴼ ᴽ ᴾ ᴿ ᵀ ᵁ ᵂ ᵃ ᵄ ᵅ ᵆ ᵇ ᵈ ᵉ ᵊ ᵋ ᵌ ᵍ ᵏ ᵐ ᵑ ᵒ ᵓ ᵖ ᵗ ᵘ ᵚ ᵛ, Greek ᵝ ᵞ ᵟ ᵠ ᵡ, Cyrillic ᵸ, other ᵎ ᵔ ᵕ ᵙ ᵜ. These are intended to indicate <a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">secondary articulation</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_Extensions_Supplement" title="Phonetic Extensions Supplement">Phonetic Extensions Supplement</a> block has several more: Latin/IPA ᶛ ᶜ ᶝ ᶞ ᶟ ᶠ ᶡ ᶢ ᶣ ᶤ ᶥ ᶦ ᶧ ᶨ ᶩ ᶪ ᶫ ᶬ ᶭ ᶮ ᶯ ᶰ ᶱ ᶲ ᶳ ᶴ ᶵ ᶶ ᶷ ᶸ ᶹ ᶺ ᶻ ᶼ ᶽ ᶾ, Greek ᶿ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-B" title="Cyrillic Extended-B">Cyrillic Extended-B</a> block contains two <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> superscripts: ꚜ ꚝ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-D" title="Cyrillic Extended-D">Cyrillic Extended-D</a> block contains many Cyrillic superscripts: 𞀰 𞀱 𞀲 𞀳 𞀷 𞀵 𞀶 𞀷 𞀸 𞀹 𞀺 𞀻 𞀼 𞀽 𞀾 𞀿 𞁀 𞁁 𞁂 𞁃 𞁄 𞁅 𞁆 𞁇 𞁈 𞁉 𞁊 𞁋 𞁌 𞁍 𞁎 𞁏 𞁐 𞁫 𞁬 𞁭.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_(Unicode_block)" title="Georgian (Unicode block)">Georgian</a> block contains one superscripted <a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts#Mkhedruli" title="Georgian scripts">Mkhedruli</a> letter: ჼ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kanbun_(Unicode_block)" title="Kanbun (Unicode block)">Kanbun</a> block has superscripted annotation characters used in Japanese copies of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> texts: ㆒ ㆓ ㆔ ㆕ ㆖ ㆗ ㆘ ㆙ ㆚ ㆛ ㆜ ㆝ ㆞ ㆟.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh_(Unicode_block)" title="Tifinagh (Unicode block)">Tifinagh</a> block has one superscript letter : ⵯ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics (Unicode block)">Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended" title="Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended">Extended</a> blocks contain several mostly <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>-only letters to indicate <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable coda</a> called Finals, along with some characters that indicate <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable medial</a> known as Medials: Main block ᐜ ᐝ ᐞ ᐟ ᐠ ᐡ ᐢ ᐣ ᐤ ᐥ ᐦ ᐧ ᐨ ᐩ ᐪ ᑉ ᑊ ᑋ ᒃ ᒄ ᒡ ᒢ ᒻ ᒼ ᒽ ᒾ ᓐ ᓑ ᓒ ᓪ ᓫ ᔅ ᔆ ᔇ ᔈ ᔉ ᔊ ᔋ ᔥ ᔾ ᔿ ᕀ ᕁ ᕐ ᕑ ᕝ ᕪ ᕻ ᕯ ᕽ ᖅ ᖕ ᖖ ᖟ ᖦ ᖮ ᗮ ᘁ ᙆ ᙇ ᙚ ᙾ ᙿ; Extended block: ᣔ ᣕ ᣖ ᣗ ᣘ ᣙ ᣚ ᣛ ᣜ ᣝ ᣞ ᣟ ᣳ ᣴ ᣵ.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Combining superscript</dt></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks" title="Combining Diacritical Marks">Combining Diacritical Marks</a> block contains medieval superscript letter diacritics. These letters are written directly above other letters appearing in medieval Germanic manuscripts, and so these glyphs do not include spacing, for example uͤ. They are shown here over the <a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> placeholder ◌: ◌ͣ ◌ͤ ◌ͥ ◌ͦ ◌ͧ ◌ͨ ◌ͩ ◌ͪ ◌ͫ ◌ͬ ◌ͭ ◌ͮ ◌ͯ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended" title="Combining Diacritical Marks Extended">Combining Diacritical Marks Extended</a> block contains three combining <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">insular letters</a> for the Middle English <a href="/wiki/Ormulum" title="Ormulum">Ormulum</a>, ◌ᫌ ◌ᫍ ◌ᫎ.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement" title="Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement">Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement</a> block contains additional medieval superscript letter diacritics, enough to complete the basic lowercase Latin alphabet except for j, q and y, a few small capitals and ligatures (ae, ao, av), and additional letters: ◌᷒ ◌ᷓ ◌ᷔ ◌ᷕ ◌ᷖ ◌ᷗ ◌ᷘ ◌ᷙ ◌ᷚ ◌ᷛ ◌ᷜ ◌ᷝ ◌ᷞ ◌ᷟ ◌ᷠ ◌ᷡ ◌ᷢ ◌ᷣ ◌ᷤ ◌ᷥ ◌ᷦ ◌ᷧ ◌ᷨ ◌ᷪ ◌ᷫ ◌ᷬ ◌ᷭ ◌ᷮ ◌ᷯ ◌ᷰ ◌ᷱ ◌ᷲ ◌ᷳ ◌ᷴ, Greek ◌ᷩ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-A" title="Cyrillic Extended-A">Cyrillic Extended-A</a> and -B blocks contains multiple medieval superscript letter diacritics, enough to complete the basic lowercase Cyrillic alphabet used in Church Slavonic texts, also includes an additional ligature (ст): ◌ⷠ ◌ⷡ ◌ⷢ ◌ⷣ ◌ⷤ ◌ⷥ ◌ⷦ ◌ⷧ ◌ⷨ ◌ⷩ ◌ⷪ ◌ⷫ ◌ⷬ ◌ⷭ ◌ⷮ ◌ⷯ ◌ⷰ ◌ⷱ ◌ⷲ ◌ⷳ ◌ⷴ ◌ⷵ ◌ⷶ ◌ⷷ ◌ⷸ ◌ⷹ ◌ⷺ ◌ⷻ ◌ⷼ ◌ⷽ ◌ⷾ ◌ⷿ ◌ꙴ ◌ꙵ ◌ꙶ ◌ꙷ ◌ꙸ ◌ꙹ ◌ꙺ ◌ꙻ ◌ꚞ ◌ꚟ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-D" title="Cyrillic Extended-D">Cyrillic Extended-D</a> block has one additional combining character, that being і: ◌𞂏.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Subscript</dt></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-C" title="Latin Extended-C">Latin Extended-C</a> block contains one subscript, ⱼ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_Extensions" title="Phonetic Extensions">Phonetic Extensions</a> block has several subscripted letters and symbols: Latin/IPA ᵢ ᵣ ᵤ ᵥ and Greek ᵦ ᵧ ᵨ ᵩ ᵪ.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-D" title="Cyrillic Extended-D">Cyrillic Extended-D</a> block also contains many Cyrillic subscripts: 𞁑 𞁒 𞁓 𞁔 𞁕 𞁖 𞁗 𞁘 𞁙 𞁚 𞁛 𞁜 𞁝 𞁞 𞁟 𞁠 𞁡 𞁢 𞁣 𞁤 𞁥 𞁦 𞁧 𞁨 𞁩 𞁪.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Combining subscript</dt></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Supplement" title="Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement">Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement</a> block contains a combining subscript: ◌᷊.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Combining_Diacritical_Marks_Extended" title="Combining Diacritical Marks Extended">Combining Diacritical Marks Extended</a> block contains two combining letters for linguistic transcriptions of <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, ◌ᪿ ◌ᫀ.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin,_Greek,_Cyrillic,_and_IPA_tables"><span id="Latin.2C_Greek.2C_Cyrillic.2C_and_IPA_tables"></span>Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and IPA tables</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Superscript_small_cap_W.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Superscript_small_cap_W.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="46" /></a><figcaption>A superscript small-cap <i>W</i> may be distinct from a superscript lowercase <i>w</i> in italic typeface, as in this phonetic notation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Consolidated, the Unicode standard contains superscript and subscript versions of a subset of Latin, Greek and Cyrillic letters. Here they are arranged in alphabetical order for comparison (or for copy and paste convenience). Since these characters appear in different Unicode ranges, they may not appear to be the same size or position due to font substitution by the browser. Shaded cells mark petite capitals that are not very distinct from minuscules in roman typeface, but they may be distinct in italic typeface, as is used in some phonetic notation. </p><p>Little punctuation is encoded. Parentheses are shown in the basic superscript block above, and the exclamation mark ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜝ</span>⟩ is shown in the IPA table below. In a supporting font, a question mark may be created with a superscript gelded question mark and a combining dot below: ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˀ̣</span>⟩. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Latin_superscript_and_subscript_letters"></span> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Latin superscript and subscript letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>A</th> <th>B</th> <th>C</th> <th>D</th> <th>E</th> <th>F</th> <th>G</th> <th>H</th> <th style="min-width:1ch;">I</th> <th>J</th> <th>K</th> <th>L</th> <th>M</th> <th>N</th> <th>O</th> <th>P</th> <th>Q</th> <th>R</th> <th>S</th> <th>T</th> <th>U</th> <th>V</th> <th>W</th> <th>X</th> <th>Y</th> <th>Z </th></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript capital </td> <td>ᴬ</td> <td>ᴮ</td> <td>ꟲ</td> <td>ᴰ</td> <td>ᴱ</td> <td>ꟳ</td> <td>ᴳ</td> <td>ᴴ</td> <td>ᴵ</td> <td>ᴶ</td> <td>ᴷ</td> <td>ᴸ</td> <td>ᴹ</td> <td>ᴺ</td> <td>ᴼ</td> <td>ᴾ</td> <td>ꟴ</td> <td>ᴿ</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td>ᵀ</td> <td>ᵁ</td> <td>ⱽ</td> <td>ᵂ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript small capital </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td>𐞄 </td> <th> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>𐞒</td> <td>𐞖</td> <td>ᶦ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>ᶫ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>ᶰ </td> <th> </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>𐞪 </td> <th> </th> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>ᶸ </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th> <td>𐞲 </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript minuscule </td> <td>ᵃ</td> <td>ᵇ</td> <td>ᶜ</td> <td>ᵈ</td> <td>ᵉ</td> <td>ᶠ</td> <td>ᵍ</td> <td>ʰ</td> <td>ⁱ</td> <td>ʲ</td> <td>ᵏ</td> <td>ˡ</td> <td>ᵐ</td> <td>ⁿ</td> <td>ᵒ</td> <td>ᵖ</td> <td>𐞥</td> <td>ʳ</td> <td>ˢ</td> <td>ᵗ</td> <td>ᵘ</td> <td>ᵛ</td> <td>ʷ</td> <td>ˣ</td> <td>ʸ</td> <td>ᶻ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overscript small capital </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌ᷛ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌ᷞ</td> <td>◌ᷟ</td> <td>◌ᷡ </td> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌ᷢ </td> <th> </th> <td></td> <td> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th> <td> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Overscript minuscule </td> <td>◌ͣ</td> <td>◌ᷨ</td> <td>◌ͨ</td> <td>◌ͩ</td> <td>◌ͤ</td> <td>◌ᷫ</td> <td>◌ᷚ</td> <td>◌ͪ</td> <td>◌ͥ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>◌ᷜ</td> <td>◌ᷝ</td> <td>◌ͫ</td> <td>◌ᷠ</td> <td>◌ͦ</td> <td>◌ᷮ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>◌ͬ</td> <td>◌ᷤ</td> <td>◌ͭ</td> <td>◌ͧ</td> <td>◌ͮ</td> <td>◌ᷱ</td> <td>◌ͯ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>◌ᷦ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subscript minuscule </td> <td>ₐ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>ₑ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>ₕ</td> <td>ᵢ</td> <td>ⱼ</td> <td>ₖ</td> <td>ₗ</td> <td>ₘ</td> <td>ₙ</td> <td>ₒ</td> <td>ₚ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>ᵣ</td> <td>ₛ</td> <td>ₜ</td> <td>ᵤ</td> <td>ᵥ</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td>ₓ</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Underscript minuscule </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌᷊</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌ᪿ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*Superscript versions of S, of petite capital A, D, E and P, of ƀ, and subscript versions of w, y and z have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-U18-draft_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Additional Latin characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Æ</th> <th>Ƀ</th> <th>Ǝ</th> <th>Ə</th> <th>Ŋ </th></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript capital </td> <td>ᴭ</td> <td>ᴯ</td> <td>ᴲ</td> <td></td> <td>ᴻ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript minuscule </td> <td>𐞃</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td colspan="2">ᵊ</td> <td>ᵑ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overscript minuscule </td> <td>◌ᷔ</td> <td></td> <td colspan="2">◌ᷪ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subscript minuscule </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td colspan="2">ₔ</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some of these superscript capitals are small caps in the source documents in the Unicode proposals. </p><p>Shaded cells Greek letters that are indistinguishable from Latin, and so would not be expected to be supported by Unicode. </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Greek superscript and subscript letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Α</th> <th>Β</th> <th>Γ</th> <th>Δ</th> <th>Ε</th> <th>Ζ</th> <th>Η</th> <th>Θ</th> <th style="min-width:1ch;">Ι</th> <th>Κ</th> <th>Λ</th> <th>Μ</th> <th>Ν</th> <th>Ξ</th> <th>Ο</th> <th>Π</th> <th>Ρ</th> <th>Σ</th> <th>Τ</th> <th>Υ</th> <th>Φ</th> <th>Χ</th> <th>Ψ</th> <th>Ω </th></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript minuscule </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-somefonts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somefonts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ᵝ</td> <td>ᵞ</td> <td>ᵟ</td> <td>ᵋ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᶿ</td> <td>ᶥ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-somefonts_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somefonts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>ᵠ</td> <td>ᵡ</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">*</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">* </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overscript minuscule </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-somefonts_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-somefonts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>◌ᷩ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subscript minuscule </td> <td></td> <td>ᵦ</td> <td>ᵧ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ͺ<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <th> </th> <td></td> <td>ᵨ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ᵩ</td> <td>ᵪ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Underscript minuscule </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌ͅ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <th> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌̫<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-somefonts-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-somefonts_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-somefonts_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-somefonts_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In some fonts, Latin alpha ᵅ and upsilon ᶹ can be used as superscript Greek alpha and upsilon. ᵋ and ᶥ are also officially Latin letters, but display the same as Greek.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>*Superscript versions of Greek psi and omega have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-U18-draft_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Russian superscript and subscript letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">А</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Be_(Cyrillic)" title="Be (Cyrillic)">Б</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ve_(Cyrillic)" title="Ve (Cyrillic)">В</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ge_(Cyrillic)" title="Ge (Cyrillic)">Г</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/De_(Cyrillic)" title="De (Cyrillic)">Д</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ye_(Cyrillic)" title="Ye (Cyrillic)">Е</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zhe_(Cyrillic)" title="Zhe (Cyrillic)">Ж</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/I_(Cyrillic)" title="I (Cyrillic)">И</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ka_(Cyrillic)" title="Ka (Cyrillic)">К</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/El_(Cyrillic)" title="El (Cyrillic)">Л</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Em_(Cyrillic)" title="Em (Cyrillic)">М</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/En_(Cyrillic)" title="En (Cyrillic)">Н</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/O_(Cyrillic)" title="O (Cyrillic)">О</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Cyrillic)" title="Pe (Cyrillic)">П</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Er_(Cyrillic)" title="Er (Cyrillic)">Р</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Es_(Cyrillic)" title="Es (Cyrillic)">С</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Te_(Cyrillic)" title="Te (Cyrillic)">Т</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ef_(Cyrillic)" title="Ef (Cyrillic)">Ф</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kha_(Cyrillic)" title="Kha (Cyrillic)">Х</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tse_(Cyrillic)" title="Tse (Cyrillic)">Ц</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Che_(Cyrillic)" title="Che (Cyrillic)">Ч</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sha_(Cyrillic)" title="Sha (Cyrillic)">Ш</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shcha" title="Shcha">Щ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">Ъ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ы</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Soft_sign" title="Soft sign">Ь</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Э">Э</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yu_(Cyrillic)" title="Yu (Cyrillic)">Ю</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript</td> <td>𞀰</td> <td>𞀱</td> <td>𞀲</td> <td>𞀳</td> <td>𞀴</td> <td>𞀵</td> <td>𞀶</td> <td>𞀷</td> <td>𞀸</td> <td>𞀹</td> <td>𞀺</td> <td>𞀻</td> <td>ᵸ</td> <td>𞀼</td> <td>𞀽 </td> <td>𞀾</td> <td>𞀿</td> <td>𞁀</td> <td>𞁁</td> <td>𞁂</td> <td>𞁃</td> <td>𞁄</td> <td>𞁅</td> <td>𞁆</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>ꚜ</td> <td>𞁇</td> <td>ꚝ</td> <td>𞁈</td> <td>𞁉</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overscript</td> <td>◌ⷶ</td> <td>◌ⷠ</td> <td>◌ⷡ</td> <td>◌ⷢ</td> <td>◌ⷣ</td> <td>◌ⷷ</td> <td>◌ⷤ</td> <td>◌ⷥ</td> <td>◌ꙵ</td> <td>◌ⷦ</td> <td>◌ⷧ</td> <td>◌ⷨ</td> <td>◌ⷩ</td> <td>◌ⷪ</td> <td>◌ⷫ </td> <td>◌ⷬ</td> <td>◌ⷭ</td> <td>◌ⷮ</td> <td>◌ꙷ</td> <td>◌ꚞ</td> <td>◌ⷯ</td> <td>◌ⷰ</td> <td>◌ⷱ</td> <td>◌ⷲ</td> <td>◌ⷳ</td> <td>◌ꙸ</td> <td>◌ꙹ</td> <td>◌ꙺ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>◌ⷻ</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subscript</td> <td>𞁑</td> <td>𞁒</td> <td>𞁓</td> <td>𞁔</td> <td>𞁕</td> <td>𞁖</td> <td>𞁗</td> <td>𞁘</td> <td>𞁙</td> <td>𞁚</td> <td>𞁛</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>𞁜</td> <td>𞁝 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>𞁞</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>𞁟</td> <td>𞁠</td> <td>𞁡</td> <td>𞁢</td> <td>𞁣</td> <td>𞁤</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td>𞁥</td> <td>𞁦</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">–</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">– </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Additional modern Cyrillic characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D3%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Ә">Ә</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D2%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ґ">Ґ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Є">Є</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dze_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dze (Cyrillic)">Ѕ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dzze" title="Dzze">Ꚉ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dotted_I_(Cyrillic)" title="Dotted I (Cyrillic)">І</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">Ї</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Je_(Cyrillic)" title="Je (Cyrillic)">Ј</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ө">Ө</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/The_(Cyrillic)" title="The (Cyrillic)">Ҫ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D2%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ү">Ү</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Short_U" title="Kazakh Short U">Ұ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D0%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Џ">Џ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palochka" title="Palochka">Ӏ</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript</td> <td>𞁋</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>𞁊</td> <td>𞁌</td> <td>𞁌̈</td> <td>𞁍</td> <td>𞁎</td> <td>𞁫</td> <td>𞁏</td> <td>𞁭</td> <td></td> <td>𞁐 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overscript</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌ꙴ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌𞂏</td> <td>◌ꙶ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subscript</td> <td></td> <td>𞁧</td> <td></td> <td>𞁩</td> <td></td> <td>𞁨</td> <td>𞁨̈</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>𞁪</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Additional medieval Cyrillic characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uk_(Cyrillic)" title="Uk (Cyrillic)">Ꙋ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%D1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ѡ">Ѡ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">Ѣ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iotated_A_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iotated A (Cyrillic)">Ꙗ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iotated_E_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iotated E (Cyrillic)">Ѥ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѧ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѫ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yus" title="Yus">Ѭ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fita" title="Fita">Ѳ</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yery" title="Yery">Ꙑ</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Overscript</td> <td>◌ⷹ</td> <td>◌ꙻ</td> <td>◌ⷺ</td> <td>◌ⷼ</td> <td>◌ꚟ</td> <td>◌ⷽ</td> <td>◌ⷾ</td> <td>◌ⷿ</td> <td>◌ⷴ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superscript </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>𞁬 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Superscript and subscript <i>ё</i>, <i>ї</i>, <i>й</i>, <i>ў</i> etc. are handled with diacritics, <span class="nowrap">⟨𞀵̈ 𞁌̈ 𞀸̆ 𞁁̆⟩</span> <i>etc.</i> Many of the Cyrillic characters were added to the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Extended-D" title="Cyrillic Extended-D">Cyrillic Extended-D</a> block, which was added to the free <a href="/wiki/Gentium" title="Gentium">Gentium</a> Plus and <a href="/wiki/Andika_(typeface)" title="Andika (typeface)">Andika</a> fonts with version 6.2 in February 2023. </p><p>See also <a href="/wiki/Small_caps#Unicode" title="Small caps">small caps in Unicode</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superscript_IPA"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Superscript_IPA"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Superscript IPA</span></span></h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-F" title="Latin Extended-F">Latin Extended-F</a> block was created for the remaining <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Superscript_IPA" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">superscript IPA letters</a>. They are supported by the free <a href="/wiki/Gentium" title="Gentium">Gentium</a> Plus and <a href="/wiki/Andika_(typeface)" title="Andika (typeface)">Andika</a> fonts. Additional superscript characters for historical and para-IPA letters have been accepted for future versions of the Unicode Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-U18-draft_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonant_letters">Consonant letters</h4></div> <p>The Unicode characters for superscript (modifier) IPA and <a href="/wiki/ExtIPA" class="mw-redirect" title="ExtIPA">extIPA</a> consonant letters are as follows. The entire <a href="/wiki/Latin_Extended-F" title="Latin Extended-F">Latin Extended-F</a> block is dedicated to superscript IPA. Characters for sounds with secondary articulation are set off in parentheses and placed below the base letters. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>IPA and extIPA consonants, along with superscript variants and their Unicode code points </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Bilabial </th> <th colspan="2">Labiodental </th> <th colspan="2">Dental </th> <th colspan="2">Alveolar </th> <th colspan="2">Postalveolar </th> <th colspan="2">Retroflex </th> <th colspan="2">Palatal </th> <th colspan="2">Velar </th> <th colspan="2">Uvular </th> <th colspan="2">Pharyngeal </th> <th colspan="2">Glottal </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nasal </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m ᵐ</span><br /><small>1D50</small> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɱ ᶬ</span><br /><small>1DAC</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n ⁿ</span><br /><small>207F</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶇ</span>)</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> <br /> <br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȵ</span>)</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɳ ᶯ</span><br /><small>1DAF</small> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɲ ᶮ</span><br /><small>1DAE</small> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ ᵑ</span><br /><small>1D51</small> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɴ ᶰ</span><br /><small>1DB0</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Plosive </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p ᵖ</span><br /><small>1D56</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b ᵇ</span><br /><small>1D47</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t ᵗ</span><br /><small>1D57</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƫ ᶵ</span>)</span><br /><small>1DB5</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d ᵈ</span><br /><small>1D48</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶁ</span>)</span> </td> <td> <br /> <br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȶ</span>)</span> </td> <td> <br /> <br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȡ</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʈ 𐞯</span><br /><small>107AF</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɖ 𐞋</span><br /><small>1078B</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c ᶜ</span><br /><small>1D9C</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɟ ᶡ</span><br /><small>1DA1</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k ᵏ</span><br /><small>1D4F</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ ᶢ</span>/<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">g ᵍ</span><br /><small>1DA2/1D4D</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">q 𐞥</span><br /><small>107A5</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɢ 𐞒</span><br /><small>10792</small> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʡ 𐞳</span><br /><small>107B3</small> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʔ ˀ</span><br /><small>02C0</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Affricate </th> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʦ 𐞬</span><br /><small>107AC</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʣ 𐞇</span><br /><small>10787</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʧ 𐞮</span><br /><small>107AE</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʨ<span class="wrap"> </span>𐞫</span>)</span><br /><small>107AB</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʤ 𐞊</span><br /><small>1078A</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʥ<span class="wrap"> </span>𐞉</span>)</span><br /><small>10789</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꭧ 𐞭</span><br /><small>107AD</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼜</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꭦ 𐞈</span><br /><small>10788</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼙</span>)</span> </td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɸ ᶲ</span><br /><small>1DB2</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β ᵝ</span><br /><small>1D5D</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f ᶠ</span><br /><small>1DA0</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v ᵛ</span><br /><small>1D5B</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θ ᶿ</span><br /><small>1DBF</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ð ᶞ</span><br /><small>1D9E</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s ˢ</span><br /><small>02E2</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶊ</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z ᶻ</span><br /><small>1DBB</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶎ</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃ ᶴ</span><br /><small>1DB4</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɕ ᶝ</span>)</span><br /><small>1D9D</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʒ ᶾ</span><br /><small>1DBE</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʑ ᶽ</span>)</span><br /><small>1DBD</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʂ ᶳ</span><br /><small>1DB3</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶘ</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʐ ᶼ</span><br /><small>1DBC</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶚ</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ç ᶜ̧</span><br /><small>1D9C + 0327</small><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʝ ᶨ</span><br /><small>1DA8</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x ˣ</span><br /><small>02E3</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɧ 𐞗</span>)<br /><small>10797</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ ˠ</span><br /><small>02E0</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χ ᵡ</span><br /><small>1D61</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʁ ʶ</span><br /><small>02B6</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ħ 𐞕</span><br /><small>10795</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʩ 𐞐</span>)<br /><small>10790</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʕ ˤ</span><br /><span class="nowrap"><small>02E4</small></span><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h ʰ</span><br /><small>02B0</small><br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꞕ</span>)</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɦ ʱ</span><br /><small>02B1</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Approximant </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʋ ᶹ</span><br /><small>1DB9</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɹ ʴ</span><br /><small>02B4</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɻ ʵ</span><br /><small>02B5</small> </td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j ʲ</span><br /><small>02B2</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɥ ᶣ</span>)<br /><small>1DA3</small> </td> <td> <br /> <br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʍ ꭩ</span>)<br /><small>AB69</small></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɰ ᶭ</span><br /><small>1DAD</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w ʷ</span>)<br /><small>02B7</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tap/flap </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⱱ 𐞰</span><br /><small>107B0</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɾ 𐞩</span><br /><small>107A9</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɽ 𐞨</span><br /><small>107A8</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Trill </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʙ 𐞄</span><br /><small>10784</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r ʳ</span><br /><small>02B3</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʀ 𐞪</span><br /><small>107AA</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʜ 𐞖</span><br /><small>10796</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʢ 𐞴</span><br /><small>107B4</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lateral fricative </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬ 𐞛</span><br /><small>1079B</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʪ 𐞙</span>)<br /><small>10799</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɮ 𐞞</span><br /><small>1079E</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʫ 𐞚</span>)<br /><small>1079A</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꞎ 𐞝</span><br /><small>1079D</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼅 𐞟</span><br /><small>1079F</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼆 𐞡</span><br /><small>107A1</small> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼄 𐞜</span><br /><small>1079C</small> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lateral approximant </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l ˡ</span><br /><small>02E1</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶅ ᶪ</span>)<br /><small>1DAA</small> </td> <td> </td> <td> <br /> <br /><span class="nowrap">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȴ</span>)</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɭ ᶩ</span><br /><small>1DA9</small> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʎ 𐞠</span><br /><small>107A0</small> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʟ ᶫ</span><br /><small>1DAB</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɫ ꭞ</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>AB5E</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lateral tap/flap </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɺ 𐞦</span><br /><small>107A6</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼈 𐞧</span><br /><small>107A7</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Implosive </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƥ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɓ 𐞅</span><br /><small>10785</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƭ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɗ 𐞌</span><br /><small>1078C</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼉</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶑ 𐞍</span><br /><small>1078D</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƈ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʄ 𐞘</span><br /><small>10798</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƙ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɠ 𐞓</span><br /><small>10793</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʠ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʛ 𐞔</span><br /><small>10794</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Click release </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ 𐞵</span><br /><small>107B5</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ 𐞶</span><br /><small>107B6</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʇ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ ꜝ</span><br /><small>A71D</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʗ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼊 𐞹</span><br /><small>107B9</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ψ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ 𐞸</span><br /><small>107B8</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼋</span> </td> <td colspan="2">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʞ</span>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lateral click<br />release </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ 𐞷</span><br /><small>107B7</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʖ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Percussive </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">¡ ꜞ</span><br /><small>A71E</small><sup id="cite_ref-click_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-click-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The spacing diacritic for ejective consonants, U+2BC, works with superscript letters despite not being superscript itself: ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵖʼ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵗʼ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶜʼ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵏˣʼ</span>⟩. If a distinction needs to be made, the combining apostrophe U+315 may be used: ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵖ̕<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵗ̕<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶜ̕<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵏˣ̕</span>⟩. The spacing diacritic should be used for a baseline letter with a superscript release, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˢʼ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kˣʼ]</span>, where the scope of the apostrophe includes the non-superscript letter, but the combining apostrophe U+315 might be used to indicate a weakly articulated ejective consonant like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵗ̕]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵏ̕]</span>, where the whole consonant is written as a superscript, or together with U+2BC when separate apostrophes have scope over the base and modifier letters, as in ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʼᵏˣ̕</span>⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-non-pulmonic_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-non-pulmonic-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spacing diacritics, as in ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʲ</span>⟩, cannot be secondarily superscripted in plain text: ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵗʲ</span>⟩. (In this instance, the old IPA letter for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲ]</span>, ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƫ</span>⟩, has a superscript variant in Unicode, U+1DB5 ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶵ</span>⟩, but that is not generally the case.) </p><p>Among older letters, the most common letters with <a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a> are supported; they are displayed in the table above. IPA once had an idiosyncratic curl on some of the palatalized letters: these are the fricative letters ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʆ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʓ</span>⟩. Their superscript forms have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard. Old-style click letters and the retired letters ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ƞ</span>⟩ and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɼ</span>⟩ have also been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-U18-draft_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Teuthonista letter ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜧ</span>⟩ (U+A727) approximates an old graphic variant of ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɮ</span>⟩. Its superscript is supported at ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꭜ</span>⟩ (U+AB5C). </p><p>Among para-IPA letters, superscript variants of Sinological ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ȴ<span class="wrap"> </span>ȵ<span class="wrap"> </span>ȶ</span>⟩, of the Bantuist labio-dental plosives ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȹ</span>⟩ and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ȸ</span>⟩, and of central semivowels ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɉ</span>⟩, ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɥ̶</span>⟩, and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w̶</span>⟩ have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-U18-draft_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowel_letters">Vowel letters</h4></div> <p>The Unicode characters for superscript (modifier) IPA vowel letters, plus a pair of extended letters ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵻ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵿ</span>⟩ found in English dictionaries, are as follows. Recently retired alternative letters such as ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɩ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɷ</span>⟩ are also supported; they are set off in parentheses and placed below the standard IPA letters: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>IPA vowels and superscript variants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Front </th> <th colspan="2">Central </th> <th colspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i ⁱ</span><br /><small>2071</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y ʸ</span><br /><small>02B8</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ ᶤ</span><br /><small>1DA4</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʉ ᶶ</span><br /><small>1DB6</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɯ ᵚ</span><br /><small>1D5A</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u ᵘ</span><br /><small>1D58</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near-close </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ ᶦ</span><br /><small>1DA6</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɩ ᶥ</span>)<br /><small>1DA5</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʏ 𐞲</span><br /><small>107B2</small><br /><br /><br /> </td> <td><br /><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵻ ᶧ</span>)<br /><small>1DA7</small> </td> <td><br /><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵿ</span>)<br /><br /> </td> <td><br /><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ω</span>)<br /><br /> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ ᶷ</span><br /><small>1DB7</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɷ 𐞤</span>)<br /><small>107A4</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Close-mid </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e ᵉ</span><br /><small>1D49</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ø 𐞢</span><br /><small>107A2</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɘ 𐞎</span><br /><small>1078E</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɵ ᶱ</span><br /><small>1DB1</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɤ 𐞑</span><br /><small>10791</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o ᵒ</span><br /><small>1D52</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə ᵊ</span><br /><small>1D4A</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open-mid </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ ᵋ</span><br /><small>1D4B</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">œ ꟹ</span><br /><small>A7F9</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɜ ᶟ</span><br /><small>1D9F</small><br />(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴈ ᵌ</span>)<br /><small>1D4C</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɞ 𐞏</span><br /><small>1078F</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ ᶺ</span><br /><small>1DBA</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ ᵓ</span><br /><small>1D53</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Near-open </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">æ 𐞃</span><br /><small>10783</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɶ 𐞣</span><br /><small>107A3</small> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɐ ᵄ</span><br /><small>1D44</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ ᵅ</span><br /><small>1D45</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɒ ᶛ</span><br /><small>1D9B</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td colspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a ᵃ</span><br /><small>1D43</small> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The precomposed Unicode rhotic vowel letters ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɚ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɝ</span>⟩ are not directly supported. The rhotic diacritic U+02DE <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌˞</span> should be used instead: ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵊ˞ ᶟ˞</span>⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-pulmonic_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pulmonic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɜ</span>⟩ and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶟ</span>⟩ are <a href="/wiki/Reversed_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversed letter">reversed</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>. The older IPA <a href="/wiki/Turned_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Turned letter">turned</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span>, ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴈ</span>⟩, is also supported, at U+1D4C ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵌ</span>⟩. However, the briefly resurrected vowel letter ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʚ</span>⟩ (U+029A) is not supported, only its reversed replacement ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɞ</span>⟩ is. </p><p>Among older letters, ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴜ</span>⟩ (U+1D1C), a graphic variant of ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span>⟩, is supported at ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶸ</span>⟩ (U+1DB8).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among para-IPA letters, Sinological superscript ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɿ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʅ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʮ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʯ </span>⟩ have been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard.<sup id="cite_ref-U18-draft_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Length_marks">Length marks</h4></div> <p>The two length marks are also supported: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Length marks </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Long </th> <th>Half-long </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ː 𐞁</span><br /><small>10781</small> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˑ 𐞂</span><br /><small>10782</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These are used to add length to another superscript, such as ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Cʰ𐞁</span>⟩ or ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Cʰ𐞂</span>⟩ for long aspiration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wildcards">Wildcards</h4></div> <p>Superscript wildcards (full caps) are largely supported: e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᴺC</span> (prenasalized consonant), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꟲN</span> (prestopped nasal), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Pꟳ</span> (fricative release), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">NᴾF</span> (epenthetic plosive), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">CVNᵀ</span> (tone-bearing syllable), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Cᴸ</span> (liquid or lateral release), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Cᴿ</span> (rhotic or resonant release), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Vᴳ</span> (off-glide/diphthong), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Cⱽ</span> (fleeting vowel). Superscript <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">S</span> for sibilant release has been accepted for a future version of the Unicode Standard;<sup id="cite_ref-U18-draft_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> superscript <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">Ʞ</span> for fleeting/epenthetic click has not. Other basic Latin superscript wildcards for tone and weak indeterminate sounds, as described in the article on the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>, are mostly supported. (See table in previous section.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combining_marks_and_subscripts">Combining marks and subscripts</h4></div> <p>In addition, a very few IPA letters beyond the basic Latin alphabet have combining forms or are supported as subscripts: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Additional IPA characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>ä</th> <th>ɑ</th> <th>æ </th> <th>β</th> <th>ç</th> <th>ð</th> <th>ə</th> <th>ʃ</th> <th>ʍ </th> <th>χ</th> <th>ʔ</th> <th>ʼ </th></tr> <tr> <td>Overscript </td> <td>◌ᷲ</td> <td>◌ᷧ</td> <td>◌ᷔ </td> <td>◌ᷩ</td> <td>◌ᷗ</td> <td>◌ᷙ</td> <td>◌ᷪ</td> <td>◌ᷯ</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>◌̉<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>◌̓ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subscript </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>ᵦ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ₔ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>ᵪ</td> <td> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Underscript </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌ᫀ </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>◌̦ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composite_characters">Composite characters</h2></div> <p>Primarily for compatibility with earlier character sets, Unicode contains a number of characters that compose super- and subscripts with other symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-UnicodeData.txt_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnicodeData.txt-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most fonts these render much better than attempts to construct these symbols from the above characters or by using markup. </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Latin-1_Supplement_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-1 Supplement (Unicode block)">Latin-1 Supplement</a> block contains the precomposed fractions ½, ¼, and ¾. The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright</a> © and <a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark_symbol" title="Registered trademark symbol">registered trademark signs</a> ® are also in this block.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/General_Punctuation" title="General Punctuation">General Punctuation</a> block contains the <a href="/wiki/Per_mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Per mil">permille sign</a> ‰ and the <a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">per-ten-thousand sign</a> ‱, and <a href="/wiki/Basic_Latin_(Unicode_block)" title="Basic Latin (Unicode block)">Basic Latin</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Percent_sign" title="Percent sign">percent sign</a> %.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Number_Forms" title="Number Forms">Number Forms</a> block contains several precomposed fractions: ⅐ ⅑ ⅒ ⅓ ⅔ ⅕ ⅖ ⅗ ⅘ ⅙ ⅚ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ ⅟ ↉.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Letterlike_Symbols" title="Letterlike Symbols">Letterlike Symbols</a> block contains a few symbols composed of subscript and superscript characters: ℀ ℁ ℅ ℆ № ℠ ™ ⅍.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Alphanumeric_Supplement" title="Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement">Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement</a> block contains three superscript abbreviations 🅪 🅫 🅬: MC for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">marque de commerce</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>), MD for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">marque déposée</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered trademark">registered trademark</a>), both used in Canada; MR for <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">marca registrada</i></span> (registered trademark) in Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Technical" title="Miscellaneous Technical">Miscellaneous Technical</a> block has one additional subscript, a subscript 10 (⏨), for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">scientific notation</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics (Unicode block)">Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended" title="Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended">Extended</a> blocks contain several letters composed with superscripted letters to indicate extended sound values: Main block ᐂ ᐫ ᐬ ᐭ ᐮ ᐰ ᑍ ᑧ ᑨ ᑩ ᑪ ᑬ ᒅ ᒆ ᒇ ᒈ ᒊ ᒤ ᓁ ᓔ ᓮ ᔌ ᔍ ᔎ ᔏ ᔧ ᕅ ᕔ ᕿ ᖀ ᖁ ᖂ ᖃ ᖄ ᖎ ᖏ ᖐ ᖑ ᖒ ᖓ ᖔ ᙯ ᙰ ᙱ ᙲ ᙳ ᙴ ᙵ ᙶ, Extended block ᢰ ᢱ ᢲ ᢳ ᢴ ᢵ ᢶ ᢷ ᢸ ᢹ ᢺ ᢻ ᢼ ᢽ ᢾ ᢿ ᣀ ᣁ ᣂ ᣃ ᣄ ᣅ.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a general overview and technical information on glyph substitution (though not specifically for fractions), see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/gsub.htm">GSUB — Glyph Substitution Table</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/default.htm">OpenType specification</a> on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/typography/default.mspx">Microsoft Typography site</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="/wiki/Andika_(typeface)" title="Andika (typeface)">Andika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno Pro">Arno Pro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brioso_Pro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brioso Pro (page does not exist)">Brioso Pro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calibri" title="Calibri">Calibri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candara" title="Candara">Candara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlito_(typeface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlito (typeface)">Carlito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantarell_(typeface)" title="Cantarell (typeface)">Cantarell</a>, <a href="/wiki/FiraGO" class="mw-redirect" title="FiraGO">FiraGO</a>, <a href="/wiki/EB_Garamond" title="EB Garamond">EB Garamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentium_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentium Book">Gentium Book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lato_(typeface)" title="Lato (typeface)">Lato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Libertine" title="Linux Libertine">Linux Libertine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noto_Sans" class="mw-redirect" title="Noto Sans">Noto Sans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noto_Serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Noto Serif">Noto Serif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_Sans" title="Open Sans">Open Sans</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yrsa_(typeface)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yrsa (typeface) (page does not exist)">Yrsa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="/wiki/Chrome_(browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrome (browser)">Chrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falkon" title="Falkon">Falkon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Writer" title="LibreOffice Writer">LibreOffice Writer</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ͺ</span>⟩ is set lower than a normal subscript. It is equivalent to underscript ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌ͅ</span>⟩ on a space.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̫</span>⟩ is traditionally typeset as an omega.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Superscript ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ç</span>⟩ is composed of superscript <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span> and a <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining</a> <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a>, which should display properly in a good font. Superscript c was specifically requested for this purpose in Unicode proposal L2/03-180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+02E4</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ˤ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER SMALL REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP</span> is the superscript variant of <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+0295</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʕ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LATIN LETTER PHARYNGEAL VOICED FRICATIVE</span> and is defined for IPA use. The similar character <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+02C1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ˁ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER REVERSED GLOTTAL STOP</span> is a reversed <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">U+02C0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ˀ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">MODIFIER LETTER GLOTTAL STOP</span>, perhaps a gelded reversed question mark. Fonts are inconsistent in whether they look different and what the difference is.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Microsoft fonts, superscript ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɫ</span>⟩ was erroneously designed as a superscript ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꬸ</span>⟩.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-click-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-click_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U+A71D ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜝ</span>⟩ and A71E ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜞ</span>⟩ were adopted as the Africanist equivalents of the IPA characters ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜜ</span>⟩ <a href="/wiki/Downstep" title="Downstep">downstep</a> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜛ</span>⟩ <a href="/wiki/Upstep" title="Upstep">upstep</a>. The correspondence of U+A71D ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜝ</span>⟩ to the IPA click letter ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>⟩ is thus accidental. Coincidentally, U+A71E ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ꜞ</span>⟩ serves as the superscript variant of the extIPA <a href="/wiki/Percussive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussive consonant">percussive consonant</a> ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">¡</span>⟩; the other percussive letters, ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʬ</span>⟩ and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʭ</span>⟩, do not have superscript support in Unicode.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is actually the Vietnamese diacritic <i><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">dấu hỏi</a></i>, not specifically IPA, but graphically both are gelded question marks.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UnicodeData.txt-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnicodeData.txt_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnicodeData.txt_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnicodeData.txt_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/UnicodeData.txt">"UCD: UnicodeData.txt"</a>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=UCD%3A+UnicodeData.txt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FUCD%2Flatest%2Fucd%2FUnicodeData.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+subscripts+and+superscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Dürst,_Asmus_Freytag2007" class="citation web cs1">Martin Dürst, Asmus Freytag (May 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/unicode-xml/#Superscripts">"Unicode in XML and other Markup Languages"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fraction+Slash&rft.pub=W3C&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft.au=Martin+D%C3%BCrst%2C+Asmus+Freytag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2Funicode-xml%2F%23Fraction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+subscripts+and+superscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U18-draft-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U18-draft_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U18-draft_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U18-draft_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U18-draft_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U18-draft_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U18-draft_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U18-draft_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U18-draft_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24268-n5291-post-17-chart.pdf">"Additional draft repertoire for provisionally assigned code points for Unicode"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. November 26, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Additional+draft+repertoire+for+provisionally+assigned+code+points+for+Unicode&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2024-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2024%2F24268-n5291-post-17-chart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+subscripts+and+superscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UTC181-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UTC181_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24221.htm#181-C35">"Approved Minutes of UTC Meeting 181"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. January 27, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=UCD%3A+Scripts.txt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FUCD%2Flatest%2Fucd%2FScripts.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+subscripts+and+superscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEversonWest2020" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael; West, Andrew (October 5, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf">"L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F20-268%3A+Revised+proposal+to+add+ten+characters+for+Middle+English+to+the+UCS&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft.aulast=Everson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=West%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2020%2F20268-n5145-ormulum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+subscripts+and+superscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-non-pulmonic-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-non-pulmonic_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk Miller & Michael Ashby, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20253r-mod-ipa-b.pdf">L2/20-253R</a> Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pulmonic-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pulmonic_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk Miller & Michael Ashby, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf">L2/20-252R</a> Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKirk_Miller2024" class="citation web cs1">Kirk Miller (January 30, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24081-phonetic-middle-tilde.pdf">"L2/24-081: Latin Phonetic The for Middle Tilde"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L2%2F24-081%3A+Latin+Phonetic+The+for+Middle+Tilde&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft.au=Kirk+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2024%2F24081-phonetic-middle-tilde.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnicode+subscripts+and+superscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilva2017" class="citation web cs1">Silva, Eduardo Marín (March 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17066r-marca-registrada.pdf">"L2/17-066R: Proposal to encode the Marca Registrada sign"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span 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navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Special-purpose_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Special purpose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">BOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_grapheme_joiner" title="Combining grapheme joiner">Combining grapheme joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-to-right_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-to-right mark">Left-to-right mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">Soft hyphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variant form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">Word joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">Zero-width non-joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbol" title="Unicode symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Halfwidth and fullwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Alias names and abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#Unicode" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text" title="Bidirectional text">Bidirectional text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">Collation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">ISO/IEC 14651</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of encodings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16/UCS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32/UCS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On pairs of<br />code points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">Compatibility characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">Homoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">Precomposed character</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-variant" title="Z-variant">Z-variant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_indicator_symbol" title="Regional indicator symbol">Regional indicator symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji#Skin_color" title="Emoji">Emoji skin color</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">Domain names (IDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_font" title="Unicode font">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric references</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Input</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode anomaly">Anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConScript_Unicode_Registry" title="ConScript Unicode Registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_involved_with_Unicode" title="Category:People involved with Unicode">People involved with Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scripts_and_symbols_in_Unicode476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a> and symbols in Unicode</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)#Common_and_inherited_scripts" title="Script (Unicode)">Common and <br />inherited scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Punctuation_marks_in_Unicode" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode" title="Cyrillic script in Unicode">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_script_in_Unicode" title="Greek script in Unicode">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunuoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Lisu (Fraser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing#Munshi_Mangal_Singh_Masaram_Script" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Mende Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao (Pollard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Alphabet" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Mundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Mundari">Nag Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit (Newa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language#Writing_system" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_language#Writing_system" title="Toto language">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_script" title="Wancho script">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient and<br />historic scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_alphabet" title="Bassa Vah alphabet">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Written_Parthian" title="Parthian language">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> (Chorasmian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language#Writing_systems" title="Makassarese language">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meetei Mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Old Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Psalter Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian 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