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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princely_state_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princely_state_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princely_state_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_state_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_state_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_state_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ladakh_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ladakh_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Ladakh Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ladakh_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_territory_of_Ladakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_territory_of_Ladakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Union territory of Ladakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_territory_of_Ladakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Autonomous_District_Councils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_District_Councils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Autonomous District Councils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_District_Councils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Law enforcement and justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ladakh_in_the_Parliament_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ladakh_in_the_Parliament_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ladakh in the Parliament of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ladakh_in_the_Parliament_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_status_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_status_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Social status of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_status_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Traditional medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ladakh</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="لداخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لداخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96" title="লাডাখ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লাডাখ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="लद्दाख – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लद्दाख" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96" title="লাদাখ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাদাখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Ладакх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ладакх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="लद्दाख – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लद्दाख" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85_(%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Ладакх (хребет) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ладакх (хребет)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%AD%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6" title="ལ་དྭགས – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལ་དྭགས" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladak" title="Ladak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ladak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%AD%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ལ་དྭགས། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ལ་དྭགས།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%87" title="Λαντάχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λαντάχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladaj" title="Ladaj – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ladaj" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladako" title="Ladako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ladako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="لداخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لداخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%96" title="લદ્દાખ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લદ્દાખ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%A4%ED%81%AC" title="라다크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라다크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC" title="लद्दाख़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लद्दाख़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ладак – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ладак" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A7" title="לדאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לדאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%96%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಡಾಖ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಡಾಖ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ლადაქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლადაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8E%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="لَداخ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="لَداخ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lad%C4%81kha" title="Ladākha – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ladākha" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakas" title="Ladakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ladakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladak" title="Ladak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ladak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="लदाख – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लदाख" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ലഡാക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലഡാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="लडाख – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लडाख" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ლადაქი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლადაქი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="لاداخ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لاداخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A3_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯇꯁꯣ ꯃꯣꯔꯤꯔꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯁꯣ ꯃꯣꯔꯤꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Ладакх – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ладакх" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="लद्दाख – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लद्दाख" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%80%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="ラダック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラダック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96" title="ଲଦାଖ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲଦାଖ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC" title="ਲੱਦਾਖ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੱਦਾਖ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="لداخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لداخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladaque" title="Ladaque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ladaque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Ладакх – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ладакх" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96" title="लदाख – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लदाख" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7" title="ᱞᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱫᱟᱠᱷ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="لداخ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لداخ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladak" title="Ladak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ladak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ладак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ладак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="இலடாக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலடாக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%96%E0%B1%8D" title="లడఖ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లడఖ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ลาดัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลาดัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladah" title="Ladah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ladah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Ладакх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ладакх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE" title="لداخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لداخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ladakh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B" title="拉达克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉达克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E5%85%8B" title="拉達克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="拉達克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ladakh&params=34_09_51_N_77_35_05_E_type:city(274289)_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°09′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°35′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.16417°N 77.58472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.16417; 77.58472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region administered by India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region administered by India as a union territory</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ladakh</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Region administered by India as a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a><sup id="cite_ref-ladakh-britannica-current_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladakh-britannica-current-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:250px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Road_Padum_Zanskar_Range_Jun24_A7CR_00818.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Road_Padum_Zanskar_Range_Jun24_A7CR_00818.jpg/250px-Road_Padum_Zanskar_Range_Jun24_A7CR_00818.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Road_Padum_Zanskar_Range_Jun24_A7CR_00818.jpg/375px-Road_Padum_Zanskar_Range_Jun24_A7CR_00818.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Road_Padum_Zanskar_Range_Jun24_A7CR_00818.jpg/500px-Road_Padum_Zanskar_Range_Jun24_A7CR_00818.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9069" data-file-height="6046" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Changthangi_Goats_in_Ladakh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Changthangi_Goats_in_Ladakh.jpg/250px-Changthangi_Goats_in_Ladakh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Changthangi_Goats_in_Ladakh.jpg/375px-Changthangi_Goats_in_Ladakh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Changthangi_Goats_in_Ladakh.jpg/500px-Changthangi_Goats_in_Ladakh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div style="font-size:95%"><i>From top to bottom:</i> View of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> near <a href="/wiki/Padum" title="Padum">Padum</a>, Zanskar; <a href="/wiki/Changthangi" title="Changthangi">Changthangi</a> goats near <a href="/wiki/Pangong_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangong lake">Pangong lake</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of the disputed Kashmir region with the two Indian-administered areas shaded in tan[2]"><img alt="Map of the disputed Kashmir region showing areas of control by India, Pakistan, and China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/250px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/375px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg/500px-Kashmir_region._LOC_2003626427_-_showing_sub-regions_administered_by_different_countries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4597" data-file-height="4920" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">A map of the disputed <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region with the two Indian-administered areas shaded in <a href="/wiki/Tan_(color)" title="Tan (color)">tan</a><sup id="cite_ref-tertiary-kashmir_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tertiary-kashmir-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 170px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="170" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_5332ec90bb39a1cf5fb98de4af9cccf583540495"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x170.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ladakh&revid=1259759044&groups=_5332ec90bb39a1cf5fb98de4af9cccf583540495" width="300" height="170" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,300x170@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Ladakh&revid=1259759044&groups=_5332ec90bb39a1cf5fb98de4af9cccf583540495 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Ladakh</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ladakh&params=34_09_51_N_77_35_05_E_type:city(274289)_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°09′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°35′05″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.16417°N 77.58472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.16417; 77.58472</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Administering state</a></th><td class="infobox-data">India</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 2019<sup id="cite_ref-egazette.nic.in_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egazette.nic.in-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Ladakh" title="List of districts of Ladakh">7</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Ladakh" title="Administration of Ladakh">Administration of Ladakh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ladakh" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh">Lieutenant Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B._D._Mishra" title="B. D. Mishra">B. D. Mishra</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Lok_Sabha_constituency" title="Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency">Member of Parliament</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohmad_Haneefa" title="Mohmad Haneefa">Mohmad Haneefa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">High Court</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh" title="High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh">High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Autonomous Hill Development Councils</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Leh" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh">LAHDC Leh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Kargil" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil">LAHDC Kargil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">59,146 km<sup>2</sup> (22,836 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Kangri" title="Saltoro Kangri">Saltoro Kangri</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,742 m (25,400 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,550 m (8,370 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2011)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">274,289</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4.6/km<sup>2</sup> (12/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ladakhis" title="Ladakhis">Ladakhi</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Languages<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-officiallanguage_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officiallanguage-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Regional</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:30" title="UTC+05:30">UTC+05:30</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">IN-LA</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_India" title="Vehicle registration plates of India">LA</a><sup id="cite_ref-vehicleregistrationinladakh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vehicleregistrationinladakh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ladakh.nic.in/">ladakh<wbr />.nic<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ladakh</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-OED-Ladakhi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-Ladakhi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a region administered by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a><sup id="cite_ref-ladakh-britannica-current_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladakh-britannica-current-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and constitutes an eastern portion of the larger <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> region that has been the subject of a <a href="/wiki/Kashmir#Kashmir_dispute" title="Kashmir">dispute</a> between India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> since 1947 and India and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> since 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-tertiary-kashmir_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tertiary-kashmir-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladakh is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> to the east, the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> to the south, both the Indian-administered union territory of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> and the Pakistan-administered <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> to the west, and the southwest corner of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Pass" title="Karakoram Pass">Karakoram Pass</a> in the far north. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> range to the north to the main Great <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalayas</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern end, consisting of the uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> plains, is claimed by the Indian Government as part of Ladakh, but has been under Chinese control.<sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_Gazetteer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_Gazetteer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookings_2022_f218_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookings_2022_f218-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the past, Ladakh gained importance from its strategic location at the crossroads of important trade routes,<sup id="cite_ref-TransHimalayan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TransHimalayan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as Chinese authorities closed the borders between Tibet Autonomous Region and Ladakh in the 1960s, international trade dwindled. Since 1974, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> has successfully encouraged <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ladakh" title="Tourism in Ladakh">tourism in Ladakh</a>. As Ladakh is strategically important, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian military">Indian military</a> maintains a strong presence in the region. </p><p>The largest town in Ladakh is <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a>, each of which headquarters a district.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh district</a> contains the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyok_River" title="Shyok River">Shyok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubra_River" title="Nubra River">Nubra</a> river valleys. The <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil district</a> contains the <a href="/wiki/Suru_River_(Indus)" title="Suru River (Indus)">Suru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dras_River" title="Dras River">Dras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zanskar_River" title="Zanskar River">Zanskar</a> river valleys. The main populated regions are the river valleys, but the mountain slopes also support pastoral <a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a> nomads. The main religious groups in the region are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>) (46%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhists</a>) (40%), and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> (12%) with the remaining 2% made of other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladakh is one of the most sparsely populated regions in India. Its culture and history are closely related to those of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ladakh was established as a union territory of India on 31 October 2019, following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Act,_2019" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019">Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act</a>. Prior to that, it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> state. Ladakh is both the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_area" title="List of states and union territories of India by area">largest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_and_union_territories_of_India_by_population" title="List of states and union territories of India by population">second least populous</a> union territory of India.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_their_etymology">Names and their etymology</h2></div> <p>The classical name in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལ་དྭགས</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>La dwags</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>la dak</i> means the "land of high passes". <i>Ladak</i> is its pronunciation in several Tibetan dialects. The English spelling <i>Ladakh</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <i lang="fa-Latn">ladāx</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Francke1992_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francke1992-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region was previously known as <a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">Maryul</a> (see page for etymology). </p><p>Medieval Islamic scholars called Ladakh the "Great Tibet" (derived from Turko-Arabic <i>Ti-bat</i>, meaning "highland"); <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> and other trans-Himalayan states in Kashmir's vicinity were referred to as "Little Tibets".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has also been called Ma-Lo-Pho (by Hiuen Tsang) or Lal Bhumi. Names in the local language include Kanchapa (<i>Land of snow</i>) and Ripul (<i>Country of mountains</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_2002_p._15_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann_2002_p._15-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ladakh" title="History of Ladakh">History of Ladakh</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushanshas-Hepthalites_565ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kushanshas-Hepthalites_565ad.jpg/220px-Kushanshas-Hepthalites_565ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kushanshas-Hepthalites_565ad.jpg/330px-Kushanshas-Hepthalites_565ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Kushanshas-Hepthalites_565ad.jpg/440px-Kushanshas-Hepthalites_565ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>South Asia in 565 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Rock carvings found in many parts of Ladakh indicate that the area has been inhabited from <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoramCharlie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ladakh's earliest inhabitants consisted of nomads known as Kampa.<sup id="cite_ref-Zutshi_126_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zutshi_126-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later settlements were established by Mons from <a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kullu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brokpa" title="Brokpa">Brokpas</a> who originated from <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zutshi_126_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zutshi_126-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the 1st century, Ladakh was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> spread into western Ladakh from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> in the 2nd century. The 7th-century Buddhist traveller <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> describes the region in his accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xuanzang's term of Ladakh is <i>Mo-lo-so</i>, which has been reconstructed by academics as <i>*Malasa</i>, <i>*Marāsa</i>, or <i>*Mrāsa</i>, which is believed to have been the original name of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetech,_The_Kingdom_of_Ladakh19777–8_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetech,_The_Kingdom_of_Ladakh19777–8-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward_&_Howard,_Historic_Ruins_in_the_Gya_Valley201486_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward_&_Howard,_Historic_Ruins_in_the_Gya_Valley201486-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of the first millennium, western Tibet comprised <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a> kingdom(s), which practised the <a href="/wiki/Bon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bon religion">Bon religion</a>. Sandwiched between Kashmir and Zhangzhung, Ladakh is believed to have been alternatively under the control of one or other of these powers. Academics find strong influences of Zhangzhung language and culture in "upper Ladakh" (from the middle section of the Indus valley to the southeast).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penultimate king of Zhangzhung is said to have been from Ladakh.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From around 660 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> started contesting the "four garrisons" of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (present day <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>), a struggle that lasted three centuries. Zhangzhung fell victim to Tibet's ambitions in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 634</span> and disappeared. <a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karkota Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> too joined the contest for Xinjiang soon afterwards. Baltistan and Ladakh were at the centre of these struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academics infer from the slant of Ladakhi chronicles that Ladakh may have owed its primary allegiance to Tibet during this time, but that it was more political than cultural. Ladakh remained Buddhist and its culture was not yet Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground196315–16_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground196315–16-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_medieval_history">Early medieval history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">Maryul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Empire_of_King_Nyimagon_with_three_divisions_about_975_A._D.-_1000_A.D..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Empire_of_King_Nyimagon_with_three_divisions_about_975_A._D.-_1000_A.D..jpg/220px-The_Empire_of_King_Nyimagon_with_three_divisions_about_975_A._D.-_1000_A.D..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Empire_of_King_Nyimagon_with_three_divisions_about_975_A._D.-_1000_A.D..jpg/330px-The_Empire_of_King_Nyimagon_with_three_divisions_about_975_A._D.-_1000_A.D..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Empire_of_King_Nyimagon_with_three_divisions_about_975_A._D.-_1000_A.D..jpg/440px-The_Empire_of_King_Nyimagon_with_three_divisions_about_975_A._D.-_1000_A.D..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>The empire of <a href="/wiki/Kyide_Nyimagon" title="Kyide Nyimagon">Kyide Nyimagon</a> divided among his three sons, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 930 CE</span>. The border between Ladakh/Maryul and Guge-Purang is shown in a thin dotted line, north of <a href="/wiki/Gartok" title="Gartok">Gartok</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetischer_Kulturraum_Karte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tibetischer_Kulturraum_Karte.png/270px-Tibetischer_Kulturraum_Karte.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tibetischer_Kulturraum_Karte.png/405px-Tibetischer_Kulturraum_Karte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tibetischer_Kulturraum_Karte.png/540px-Tibetischer_Kulturraum_Karte.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>Ladakh as one of the many provinces of Tibet</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 9th century, Tibet's ruler <a href="/wiki/Langdarma" title="Langdarma">Langdarma</a> was assassinated and Tibet <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">fragmented</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyide_Nyimagon" title="Kyide Nyimagon">Kyide Nyimagon</a>, Langdarma's great-grandson, fled to West Tibet <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900 CE</span>, and founded a new West Tibetan kingdom at the heart of the old <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a>, now called <a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a> in the Tibetan language. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_drinking_scene_in_the_Dukhang_at_Alchi_Monastery,_circa_1200_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Royal_drinking_scene_in_the_Dukhang_at_Alchi_Monastery%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/220px-Royal_drinking_scene_in_the_Dukhang_at_Alchi_Monastery%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Royal_drinking_scene_in_the_Dukhang_at_Alchi_Monastery%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/330px-Royal_drinking_scene_in_the_Dukhang_at_Alchi_Monastery%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Royal_drinking_scene_in_the_Dukhang_at_Alchi_Monastery%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg/440px-Royal_drinking_scene_in_the_Dukhang_at_Alchi_Monastery%2C_circa_1200_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>Royal drinking scene at <a href="/wiki/Alchi_Monastery" title="Alchi Monastery">Alchi Monastery</a>, Ladakh, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 CE</span>. The king wears a decorated <a href="/wiki/Qaba" title="Qaba">Qabā'</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persian</a> style. It is similar to <a href="/wiki/File:Royal_drinking_scene_at_the_entrance_of_the_western_monastery_at_Manguy,_11th_to_13th_century_CE.jpg" title="File:Royal drinking scene at the entrance of the western monastery at Manguy, 11th to 13th century CE.jpg">another royal scene</a> at nearby <a href="/wiki/Mangyu_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangyu Monastery">Mangyu Monastery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Nyimagon's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Lhachen_Palgyigon" title="Lhachen Palgyigon">Lhachen Palgyigon</a>, is believed to have conquered the regions to the north, including Ladakh and <a href="/wiki/Rutog_County" title="Rutog County">Rutog</a>. After the death of Nyimagon, his kingdom was divided among his three sons, Palgyigon receiving Ladakh, Rutog, <a href="/wiki/Thok_Jalung" title="Thok Jalung">Thok Jalung</a> and an area referred to as <a href="/wiki/Demchok_Karpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Demchok Karpo">Demchok Karpo</a> (a holy mountain near the present-day <a href="/wiki/Demchok,_Ladakh" title="Demchok, Ladakh">Demchok</a> village). The second son received <a href="/wiki/Guge-Purang_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Guge-Purang Kingdom">Guge–Purang</a> (called "Ngari Korsum") and the third son received <a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiti" title="Spiti">Spiti</a> (to the southwest of Ladakh). This three-way division of Nyimagon's empire was recognised as historic and remembered in the chronicles of all the three regions as a founding narrative. </p> <blockquote><p>He gave to each of his sons a separate kingdom, viz., to the eldest <i>Dpal-gyi-gon</i>, <i>Maryul</i> of <i>Mngah-ris</i>, the inhabitants using black bows; <i>ru-thogs</i> [Rutog] of the east and the Gold-mine of <i>Hgog</i> [possibly Thok Jalung]; nearer this way <i>Lde-mchog-dkar-po</i> [Demchok Karpo]; ...</p></blockquote><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first West Tibetan dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">Maryul</a> founded by Palgyigon lasted five centuries, being weakened towards its end by the conquests of the Mongol/Mughal noble <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Haidar_Dughlat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Haidar Dughlat">Mirza Haidar Dughlat</a>. Throughout this period the region was called "Maryul", possibly from the original proper name <i>*Mrasa</i> (Xuangzhang's, <i>Mo-lo-so</i>), but in the Tibetan language it was interpreted to mean "lowland" (the lowland of Ngari). Maryul remained staunchly Buddhist during this period, having participated in the second diffusion of Buddhism from India to Tibet via Kashmir and Zanskar. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alchi_Rajputs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ladakh horsemen, depicted in Alchi Monastery, circa 13th century CE"><img alt="Ladakh horsemen, depicted in Alchi Monastery, circa 13th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alchi_Rajputs.jpg/270px-Alchi_Rajputs.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alchi_Rajputs.jpg/406px-Alchi_Rajputs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Alchi_Rajputs.jpg/541px-Alchi_Rajputs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ladakh horsemen, depicted in <a href="/wiki/Alchi_Monastery" title="Alchi Monastery">Alchi Monastery</a>, circa 13th century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_9_Stupas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The nine"><img alt="The nine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_9_Stupas.jpg/270px-The_9_Stupas.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_9_Stupas.jpg/405px-The_9_Stupas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_9_Stupas.jpg/540px-The_9_Stupas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The nine </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Likir_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Maitreya at Likir Monastery, Leh district"><img alt="Statue of Maitreya at Likir Monastery, Leh district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Likir_Buddha.jpg/159px-Likir_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Likir_Buddha.jpg/239px-Likir_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Likir_Buddha.jpg/319px-Likir_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Likir_Monastery" title="Likir Monastery">Likir Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh district</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leh_Palace_and_Jama_Masjid_minarets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leh_Palace_and_Jama_Masjid_minarets.jpg/220px-Leh_Palace_and_Jama_Masjid_minarets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leh_Palace_and_Jama_Masjid_minarets.jpg/330px-Leh_Palace_and_Jama_Masjid_minarets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Leh_Palace_and_Jama_Masjid_minarets.jpg/440px-Leh_Palace_and_Jama_Masjid_minarets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Jama Masjid of Leh next to the Leh Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the 1380s and early 1510s, many Islamic missionaries propagated <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and proselytised the Ladakhi people. <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Syed_Muhammad_Nurbakhsh_Qahistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Syed Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani">Sayyid Muhammad Nur Baksh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mir_Shamsuddin_Iraqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Shamsuddin Iraqi">Mir Shamsuddin Iraqi</a> were three important Sufi missionaries who propagated Islam to the locals. Mir Sayyid Ali was the first one to make Muslim converts in Ladakh and is often described as the founder of Islam in Ladakh. Several mosques were built in Ladakh during this period, including in Mulbhe, <a href="/wiki/Padum" title="Padum">Padum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shey" title="Shey">Shey</a>, the capital of Ladakh.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His principal disciple, Sayyid Muhammad Nur Baksh also propagated Islam to Ladakhis and the <a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti people</a> rapidly converted to Islam. <a href="/wiki/Noorbakshia_Islam" title="Noorbakshia Islam">Noorbakshia Islam</a> is named after him and his followers are only found in Baltistan and Ladakh. During his youth, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_(sultan_of_Kashmir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)">Zain-ul-Abidin</a> expelled the mystic <a href="/wiki/Nund_Rishi" title="Nund Rishi">Sheikh Zain Shahwalli</a> for showing disrespect to him. The sheikh then went to Ladakh and proselytised many people to Islam. In 1505, Shamsuddin Iraqi, a noted Shia scholar, visited Kashmir and Baltistan. He helped in spreading Shia Islam in Kashmir and converted the overwhelming majority of Muslims in Baltistan to his school of thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladakh_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ladakh_Monastery.jpg/220px-Ladakh_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ladakh_Monastery.jpg/330px-Ladakh_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ladakh_Monastery.jpg/440px-Ladakh_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7571" data-file-height="5024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thikse_Monastery" title="Thikse Monastery">Thikse Monastery</a>, Ladakh</figcaption></figure> <p>It is unclear what happened to Islam after this period and it seems to have received a setback. <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Haidar_Dughlat" title="Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat">Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat</a> who invaded and briefly conquered Ladakh in 1532, 1545 and 1548, does not record any presence of Islam in <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a> during his invasion although Shia Islam and Noorbakshia Islam continued to flourish in other regions of Ladakh.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sheikh_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheikh-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Bhagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagan">Bhagan</a> reunited and strengthened Ladakh and founded the <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a> (<i>Namgyal</i> means "victorious" in several Tibetan languages). The Namgyals repelled most Central Asian raiders and temporarily extended the kingdom as far as Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoramCharlie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Balti invasion led by <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sher_Khan_Anchan" title="Ali Sher Khan Anchan">Ali Sher Khan Anchan</a>, many Buddhist temples and artefacts were damaged. Ali Sher Khan took the king and his soldiers as captives. Jamyang Namgyal was later restored to the throne by Ali Sher Khan and given the hand of a Muslim princess in marriage. Her name was Gyal Khatun or Argyal Khatoom. She was to be the first queen and her son was to become the next ruler. Historical accounts differ upon who her father was. Some identify Ali's ally and Raja of <a href="/wiki/Khaplu" title="Khaplu">Khaplu</a> Yabgo Shey Gilazi as her father, while others identify Ali himself as the father.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 17th century efforts were made to restore the destroyed artefacts and <i>gonpas</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sengge_Namgyal" title="Sengge Namgyal">Sengge Namgyal</a>, the son of Jamyang and Gyal. He expanded the kingdom into <a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zangskar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiti" title="Spiti">Spiti</a>. Despite a defeat of Ladakh by the <a href="/wiki/Mughals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughals">Mughals</a>, who had already annexed Kashmir and Baltistan, Ladakh retained its independence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_empire_of_King_Tsewang_Rnam_Rgyal_1.,_and_that_of_King_Jamyang_Rnam_Rgyal.,_about_1560_and_1600_A.D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_empire_of_King_Tsewang_Rnam_Rgyal_1.%2C_and_that_of_King_Jamyang_Rnam_Rgyal.%2C_about_1560_and_1600_A.D.jpg/220px-The_empire_of_King_Tsewang_Rnam_Rgyal_1.%2C_and_that_of_King_Jamyang_Rnam_Rgyal.%2C_about_1560_and_1600_A.D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_empire_of_King_Tsewang_Rnam_Rgyal_1.%2C_and_that_of_King_Jamyang_Rnam_Rgyal.%2C_about_1560_and_1600_A.D.jpg/330px-The_empire_of_King_Tsewang_Rnam_Rgyal_1.%2C_and_that_of_King_Jamyang_Rnam_Rgyal.%2C_about_1560_and_1600_A.D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_empire_of_King_Tsewang_Rnam_Rgyal_1.%2C_and_that_of_King_Jamyang_Rnam_Rgyal.%2C_about_1560_and_1600_A.D.jpg/440px-The_empire_of_King_Tsewang_Rnam_Rgyal_1.%2C_and_that_of_King_Jamyang_Rnam_Rgyal.%2C_about_1560_and_1600_A.D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>The empire of kings Tsewang Namgyal and Jamyang Namgyal, about 1560–1600 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cham_dance_during_Dosmoche_festival_in_Leh_Palace_DSCN5692_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cham_dance_during_Dosmoche_festival_in_Leh_Palace_DSCN5692_1.jpg/220px-Cham_dance_during_Dosmoche_festival_in_Leh_Palace_DSCN5692_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cham_dance_during_Dosmoche_festival_in_Leh_Palace_DSCN5692_1.jpg/330px-Cham_dance_during_Dosmoche_festival_in_Leh_Palace_DSCN5692_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cham_dance_during_Dosmoche_festival_in_Leh_Palace_DSCN5692_1.jpg/440px-Cham_dance_during_Dosmoche_festival_in_Leh_Palace_DSCN5692_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3306" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cham_dance" title="Cham dance">Cham dance</a> during <a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Leh_Palace" title="Leh Palace">Leh Palace</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Islam begins to take root in the Leh area in the beginning of the 17th century after the Balti invasion and the marriage of Gyal to Jamyang. A large group of Muslim servants and musicians were sent along with Gyal to Ladakh and private mosques were built where they could pray. The Muslim musicians later settled in Leh. Several hundred Baltis migrated to the kingdom and according to oral tradition many Muslim traders were granted land to settle. Many other Muslims were invited over the following years for various purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 17th century, Ladakh sided with <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> in its dispute with Tibet which, among other reasons, resulted in its invasion by the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Tibetan Central Government</a>. This event is known as the <a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a> of 1679–1684.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kashmiri historians assert that the king converted to Islam in return for the assistance by Mughal Empire after this, however, Ladakhi chronicles do not mention such a thing. The king agreed to pay tribute to the Mughals in return for defending the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mughals, however, withdrew after being paid off by the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Zungar Empire</a>, the Tibetans attacked again in 1684. The Tibetans were victorious and concluded a treaty with Ladakh then they retreated back to <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> in December 1684. The Treaty of Tingmosgang in 1684 settled the dispute between Tibet and Ladakh but severely restricted Ladakh's independence. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Likir Monastery, Ladakh"><img alt="Likir Monastery, Ladakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG/270px-View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG/405px-View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG/540px-View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Likir_Monastery" title="Likir Monastery">Likir Monastery</a>, Ladakh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 232px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyang_Monastery_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phyang Gompa, Ladakh"><img alt="Phyang Gompa, Ladakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Phyang_Monastery_01.jpg/345px-Phyang_Monastery_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Phyang_Monastery_01.jpg/517px-Phyang_Monastery_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Phyang_Monastery_01.jpg/689px-Phyang_Monastery_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3391" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Phyang_Monastery" title="Phyang Monastery">Phyang Gompa</a>, Ladakh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemis_Monastery_Ladakh_1876.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hemis Monastery in the 1870s"><img alt="Hemis Monastery in the 1870s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hemis_Monastery_Ladakh_1876.jpg/270px-Hemis_Monastery_Ladakh_1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hemis_Monastery_Ladakh_1876.jpg/405px-Hemis_Monastery_Ladakh_1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hemis_Monastery_Ladakh_1876.jpg/539px-Hemis_Monastery_Ladakh_1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="1116" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hemis_Monastery" title="Hemis Monastery">Hemis Monastery</a> in the 1870s</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Princely_state_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir">Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/220px-Kashmir_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/330px-Kashmir_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/440px-Kashmir_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>The disputed territory of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir: divided between <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-administered Kashmir">Pakistan</a> (green), <a href="/wiki/India-administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="India-administered Kashmir">India</a> (blue) and <a href="/wiki/China_administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="China administered Kashmir">China</a> (yellow)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1834, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Zorawar_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="General Zorawar Singh">Zorawar Singh</a>, a general of <a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu</a>, invaded and annexed Ladakh to Jammu under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>. After the defeat of the Sikhs in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a>, the state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> was established as a separate <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> under British <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">suzerainty</a>. The Namgyal family was given the <i><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Stok" title="Stok">Stok</a>, which it nominally retains to this day. European influence began in Ladakh in the 1850s and increased. Geologists, sportsmen, and tourists began exploring Ladakh. In 1885, Leh became the headquarters of a mission of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>. </p><p>Ladakh was administered as a <i>wazarat</i> under <a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogra</a> rule, with a governor termed <i>wazir-e-wazarat</i>. It had three tehsils, based at Leh, <a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a>. The headquarters of the <i>wazarat</i> was at Leh for six months of the year and at <a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a> for six months. When the legislative assembly, called <i>Praja Sabha</i>, was established in 1934, Ladakh was given two nominated seats in the assembly. </p><p>Ladakh was claimed as part of Tibet by <a href="/wiki/Phuntsok_Wangyal" title="Phuntsok Wangyal">Phuntsok Wangyal</a>, a Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> leader.<sup id="cite_ref-TuttleSchaeffer2013_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TuttleSchaeffer2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_state_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir">Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir (state)</a></div> <p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a> in 1947, the Dogra ruler <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a> <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a> chose to remain independent of India or Pakistan. Pakistani soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Agency" title="Gilgit Agency">Gilgit</a> invaded in October and had reached Ladakh. To get defence assistance from India, Singh was told by Nehru to sign the <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Instrument of Accession</a> to India, and military operations were initiated to counter the invasion. The wartime conversion of the pony trail from <a href="/wiki/Sonamarg" title="Sonamarg">Sonamarg</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zoji_La" title="Zoji La">Zoji La</a> by army engineers permitted tanks to move up and successfully capture the pass. The advance continued. <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a>, Kargil and Leh were liberated and Ladakh cleared of the infiltrators.<sup id="cite_ref-Madras_Sappers_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madras_Sappers-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, China closed the border between <a href="/wiki/Nubra_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubra Valley">Nubra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, blocking old trade routes. In 1955 China began to build roads connecting Xinjiang and Tibet through the <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> area. The Indian effort to gain control of Aksai Chin led to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> of 1962, which India lost. China also built the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakoram highway">Karakoram highway</a> jointly with Pakistan. India built the <a href="/wiki/Srinagar-Leh_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Srinagar-Leh Highway">Srinagar-Leh Highway</a> during this period, cutting the journey time between Srinagar and Leh from 16 days to two. The route, however, remains closed during the winter months due to heavy snowfall. Construction of a 6.5 km (4.0 mi) tunnel across Zoji La pass is under consideration to make the route functional throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoramCharlie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srinagar_Leh_National_Highway_No_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Srinagar_Leh_National_Highway_No_1.jpg/220px-Srinagar_Leh_National_Highway_No_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Srinagar_Leh_National_Highway_No_1.jpg/330px-Srinagar_Leh_National_Highway_No_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Srinagar_Leh_National_Highway_No_1.jpg/440px-Srinagar_Leh_National_Highway_No_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5041" data-file-height="3781" /></a><figcaption>National Highway No 1</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a> of 1999, codenamed "Operation Vijay" by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, saw infiltration by Pakistani troops into parts of Western Ladakh, namely Kargil, Dras, <a href="/wiki/Mushkoh_Valley" title="Mushkoh Valley">Mushkoh</a>, Batalik and Chorbatla, overlooking key locations on the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)" title="National Highway 1 (India)">Srinagar-Leh highway</a>. Extensive operations were launched in high altitudes by the Indian Army with considerable artillery and air force support. Pakistani troops were evicted from the Indian side of the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> which the Indian government ordered was to be respected and which was not crossed by Indian troops. The Indian government was criticised by the Indian public because India respected geographical co-ordinates more than India's opponents: Pakistan and China.<sup id="cite_ref-Bammi_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bammi-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Ladakh region was divided into the Kargil and Leh districts in 1979. In 1989, there were violent riots between Buddhists and Muslims. Following demands for autonomy from the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a>-dominated state government, the <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Kargil" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil">Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council</a> was created in the 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a> districts now each have their own locally elected Hill Councils with some control over local policy and development funds. In 1991, a <a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda" title="Peace Pagoda">Peace Pagoda</a> was erected in Leh by <a href="/wiki/Nipponzan_Myohoji" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipponzan Myohoji">Nipponzan Myohoji</a>. </p><p>There was a heavy presence of Indian Army and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Tibetan_Border_Police" title="Indo-Tibetan Border Police">Indo-Tibetan Border Police</a> forces in Ladakh. These forces and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> forces from China have, since the 1962 Sino-Indian War, had frequent stand-offs along the Ladakh portion of the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Line of Actual Control</a>. Out of the 857-kilometre-long (533 mi) border in Ladakh, only 368 km (229 mi) is the International Border, and the remaining 489 km (304 mi) is the Line of Actual Control.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stand-off involving the most troops was in September 2014 in the disputed <a href="/wiki/Chumar" title="Chumar">Chumar</a> region when 800 to 1,000 Indian troops and 1,500 Chinese troops came into close proximity to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ladakh_Division">Ladakh Division</h4></div> <p>On 8 February 2019, Ladakh became a separate <a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of India">Revenue and Administrative Division</a> within Jammu and Kashmir, having previously been part of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir Division">Kashmir Division</a>. As a division, Ladakh was granted its own <a href="/wiki/Divisional_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Commissioner">Divisional Commissioner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General of Police">Inspector General of Police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leh was initially chosen to be the headquarters of the new division however, following protests, it was announced that Leh and Kargil will jointly serve as the divisional headquarters, each hosting an Additional Divisional Commissioner to assist the Divisional Commissioner and Inspector General of Police who will spend half their time in each town.<sup id="cite_ref-kln_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kln-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_territory_of_Ladakh">Union territory of Ladakh</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Union_Territory_Front" title="Ladakh Union Territory Front">Ladakh Union Territory Front</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J,K_and_L_-_Indian_Union_Territories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/J%2CK_and_L_-_Indian_Union_Territories.jpg/220px-J%2CK_and_L_-_Indian_Union_Territories.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/J%2CK_and_L_-_Indian_Union_Territories.jpg/330px-J%2CK_and_L_-_Indian_Union_Territories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/J%2CK_and_L_-_Indian_Union_Territories.jpg/440px-J%2CK_and_L_-_Indian_Union_Territories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Ladakh (L) shown in the wider Kashmir region</figcaption></figure> <p>The people of Ladakh had been demanding Ladakh to be constituted as a separate territory since 1930s, because of perceived unfair treatment by Kashmir and Ladakh's cultural differences with predominantly Muslim <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>, while some people in Kargil opposed union territory status for Ladakh.<sup id="cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoramCharlie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Statesman_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statesman-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first organised agitation was launched against Kashmir's "dominance" in the year 1964. In late 1980s, a much larger mass agitation was launched to press their demand for <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2019, a <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Bill,_2019" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019">reorganisation act</a> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> which contained provisions to reconstitute Ladakh as a union territory, separate from the rest of Jammu and Kashmir on 31 October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-egazette.nic.in_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egazette.nic.in-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of the act, the union territory is administered by a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh">Lieutenant Governor</a> acting on behalf of the Central Government of India and does not have an elected legislative assembly or chief minister. Each district within the union territory continues to elect an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_district_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous district council">autonomous district council</a> as done previously.<sup id="cite_ref-dailyexcelsior.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailyexcelsior.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The demand for Ladakh as separate union territory was first raised by the parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Kushok_Bakula_Rinpoche" title="Kushok Bakula Rinpoche">Kushok Bakula Rinpoche</a> around 1955, which was later carried forward by another parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Thupstan_Chhewang" title="Thupstan Chhewang">Thupstan Chhewang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-happy1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-happy1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir state</a> use to obtain large allocation of annual funds from the union government based on the fact that the large geographical area of the Ladakh (comprising 65% of total area), but Ladakh was allocated only 2% of the state budget based on its relative population.<sup id="cite_ref-happy1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-happy1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the first year of the formation of Ladakh as separate union territory, its annual budget allocation has increased 4 times from <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>57 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> to <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>232 crore.<sup id="cite_ref-happy1_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-happy1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ladakh" title="Geography of Ladakh">Geography of Ladakh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladakh2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ladakh2.svg/390px-Ladakh2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ladakh2.svg/585px-Ladakh2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ladakh2.svg/780px-Ladakh2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Map of the central Ladakh region</figcaption></figure> <p>Ladakh is the highest plateau in India with most of it being over 3,000 m (9,800 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranges and includes the upper <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> valley. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg/220px-Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg/330px-Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg/440px-Confluence_of_Indus_and_Zanskar_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The confluence of the Indus (flowing left-to-right) and Zanskar (coming in from top) rivers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kashmir_top.jpg/290px-Kashmir_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kashmir_top.jpg/435px-Kashmir_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Kashmir_top.jpg/580px-Kashmir_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>The Ladakh region has high altitude</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viewofleh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Viewofleh.jpg/220px-Viewofleh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Viewofleh.jpg/330px-Viewofleh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Viewofleh.jpg/440px-Viewofleh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5737" data-file-height="3705" /></a><figcaption>View of Leh Town Along with <a href="/wiki/Stok_Kangri" title="Stok Kangri">Stok Kangri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the region included the <a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltiyul" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltiyul">Baltiyul</a>) valleys (now mostly in Pakistani-administered <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>), the entire upper <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>, the remote <a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahaul_and_Spiti_district" title="Lahaul and Spiti district">Lahaul and Spiti</a> districts to the south, much of <a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Rudok" title="Rudok">Rudok</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge</a> in the east), <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> in the northeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Nubra_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubra Valley">Nubra Valley</a> to the north, over <a href="/wiki/Khardung_La" title="Khardung La">Khardong La</a> in the Ladakh Range. Contemporary Ladakh borders <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to the east, the Lahaul and Spiti regions to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Vale of Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> and Baltiyul regions to the west, and the southwest corner of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China across the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Pass" title="Karakoram Pass">Karakoram Pass</a> in the far north. The historically vague divide between Ladakh and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> commences to the north in an intricate maze of ridges to the east of <a href="/wiki/Rudok" title="Rudok">Rudok</a>, including Aling Kangri and Mavang Kangri, continuing southeastward toward northwestern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>. Before partition, Baltistan, now part of Pakistan, had been a district of Ladakh; <a href="/wiki/Skardu" title="Skardu">Skardu</a> was the winter capital of Ladakh, with Leh being the summer capital. </p><p>The mountain ranges in this region were formed over 45 million years by the folding of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a> into the more stationary <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>. The drift continues, causing frequent earthquakes in the Himalayan region.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peaks in the Ladakh Range are at a medium altitude close to the <a href="/wiki/Zoji-la" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoji-la">Zoji-la</a> (5,000–5,500 m or 16,400–18,000 ft) and increase toward southeast, culminating in the twin summits of <a href="/wiki/Nun-Kun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nun-Kun">Nun-Kun</a> (7,000 m or 23,000 ft). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Suru_Valley" title="Suru Valley">Suru</a> and Zanskar Valleys form a great trough, enclosed by the Himalayas and the <a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar Range</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rangdum" title="Rangdum">Rangdum</a> is the highest inhabited region in the Suru valley, after which the valley rises to 4,400 m (14,400 ft) at <a href="/wiki/Pensi-la" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensi-la">Pensi-la</a>, the gateway to Zanskar. <a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a>, the only town in the Suru Valley, is the second-most important town in Ladakh. It was an important staging post on the routes of trade <a href="/wiki/Caravan_(travellers)" title="Caravan (travellers)">caravans</a> prior to 1947, being more-or-less equidistant (at about 230 kilometres) from <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a>, Leh, Skardu and <a href="/wiki/Padum" title="Padum">Padum</a>. The Zanskar Valley lies in the troughs of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Stod_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Stod River">Stod</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lungnak_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lungnak River (page does not exist)">Lungnak</a>. The region experiences heavy snowfall; the Pensi-la is open only between June and mid-October. <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mushkoh_Valley" title="Mushkoh Valley">Mushkoh Valley</a> form the western extremity of Ladakh. </p><p>The Indus River is the backbone of Ladakh. Most major historical and current towns – <a href="/wiki/Shey" title="Shey">Shey</a>, Leh, <a href="/wiki/Basgo" title="Basgo">Basgo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tingmosgang" title="Tingmosgang">Tingmosgang</a> (but not Kargil), are close to the Indus River. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, the stretch of the Indus flowing through Ladakh became the only part of this river, which is greatly venerated in the Hindu religion and culture, that still flows through India. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a> is in the eastern Karakoram Range in the Himalaya Mountains along the disputed India-Pakistan border. The Karakoram Range forms a great watershed that separates China from the Indian subcontinent and is sometimes called the "Third Pole." The glacier lies between the Saltoro Ridge immediately to the west and the main Karakoram Range to the east. At 76 km (47 mi) long, it is the longest glacier in the Karakoram and second-longest in the world's non-polar areas. It falls from an altitude of 5,753 m (18,875 ft) above sea level at its source at <a href="/wiki/Indira_Col" title="Indira Col">Indira Col</a> on the China border down to 3,620 m (11,880 ft) at its snout. <a href="/wiki/Saser_Kangri" title="Saser Kangri">Saser Kangri</a> is the highest peak in the Saser Muztagh, the easternmost subrange of the Karakoram Range in India, Saser Kangri I having an altitude of 7,672 m (25,171 ft). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Range" title="Ladakh Range">Ladakh Range</a> has no major peaks; its average height is a little less than 6,000 m (20,000 ft), and few of its passes are less than 5,000 m (16,000 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Pangong_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangong range">Pangong range</a> runs parallel to the Ladakh Range for about 100 km (62 mi) northwest from <a href="/wiki/Chushul" title="Chushul">Chushul</a> along the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Pangong_Tso" title="Pangong Tso">Pangong Lake</a>. Its highest point is about 6,700 m (22,000 ft) and the northern slopes are heavily glaciated. The region comprising the valley of the Shayok and Nubra rivers is known as Nubra. The Karakoram Range in Ladakh is not as mighty as in Baltistan. The massifs to the north and east of the Nubra–Siachen line include the <a href="/wiki/Apsarasas_Kangri" title="Apsarasas Kangri">Apsarasas Group</a> (highest point at 7,245 m or 23,770 ft) the <a href="/wiki/Rimo_Muztagh" title="Rimo Muztagh">Rimo Muztagh</a> (highest point at 7,385 m or 24,229 ft) and the <a href="/wiki/Teram_Kangri" title="Teram Kangri">Teram Kangri</a> Group (highest point at 7,464 m or 24,488 ft) together with <a href="/wiki/Mamostong_Kangri" title="Mamostong Kangri">Mamostong Kangri</a> (7,526 m or 24,692 ft) and <a href="/wiki/Singhi_Kangri" title="Singhi Kangri">Singhi Kangri</a> (7,202 m or 23,629 ft). North of the Karakoram lies the Kunlun. Thus, between Leh and eastern Central Asia there is a triple barrier – the Ladakh Range, Karakoram Range, and Kunlun. Nevertheless, a major trade route was established between Leh and <a href="/wiki/Yarkent_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarkent County">Yarkand</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladakhtemp2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ladakhtemp2.svg/220px-Ladakhtemp2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ladakhtemp2.svg/330px-Ladakhtemp2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ladakhtemp2.svg/440px-Ladakhtemp2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Monthly average temperature in Leh</figcaption></figure> <p>Ladakh is a high-altitude desert; the Himalayas create a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> which generally denies passage of any monsoon clouds. The main source of water is the winter snowfall on the mountains. Recent flooding in the region (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/2010_Leh_floods" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Leh floods">2010 floods</a>) has been attributed to abnormal rain patterns and retreating glaciers, both of which have been found to be linked to global climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Leh Nutrition Project, headed by <a href="/wiki/Chewang_Norphel" title="Chewang Norphel">Chewang Norphel</a>—also known as the "Glacier Man"—creates artificial glaciers as one solution for retreating glaciers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regions on the north flank of the Himalayas – Dras, the Suru valley and Zangskar – experience heavy snowfall and remain cut-off from the rest of the region for several months during the year, just as the entire region remains isolated by road from the rest of the country. Summers are short, though they are long enough to grow crops; summer weather is dry and pleasant. Peak temperatures range from 3 to 35 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (37 to 95 °F) in the summer and minimums range from −20 to −35 °C (−4 to −31 °F) in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zanskar (along with its tributaries) is the primary waterway of the region. The Zanskar freezes solid during the winter, and the famous <a href="/wiki/Chadar_trek" title="Chadar trek">Chadar trek</a> takes place on the magnificent frozen river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ladakh" title="Wildlife of Ladakh">Wildlife of Ladakh</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-necked_Crane_Tso_Kar_Ladakh_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_Asia_12.08.2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Black-necked_Crane_Tso_Kar_Ladakh_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_Asia_12.08.2013.png/225px-Black-necked_Crane_Tso_Kar_Ladakh_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_Asia_12.08.2013.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Black-necked_Crane_Tso_Kar_Ladakh_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_Asia_12.08.2013.png/338px-Black-necked_Crane_Tso_Kar_Ladakh_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_Asia_12.08.2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Black-necked_Crane_Tso_Kar_Ladakh_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_Asia_12.08.2013.png/450px-Black-necked_Crane_Tso_Kar_Ladakh_Jammu_and_Kashmir_India_Asia_12.08.2013.png 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black-necked_crane" title="Black-necked crane">black-necked crane</a> comes to India every year for breeding. Photograph taken at <a href="/wiki/Tso_Kar" title="Tso Kar">Tso Kar</a>, Ladakh.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vegetation is extremely sparse in Ladakh except along streambeds and wetlands, on high slopes, and irrigated places. About 1250 plant species, including crops, were reported from Ladakh.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant <i>Ladakiella klimesii</i>, growing up to 6,150 metres (20,180 ft) above sea level, was first described here and named after this region.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first European to study the wildlife of this region was <a href="/wiki/William_Moorcroft_(explorer)" title="William Moorcroft (explorer)">William Moorcroft</a> in 1820, followed by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Stoliczka" title="Ferdinand Stoliczka">Ferdinand Stoliczka</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Austrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian people">Austrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">Czech</a> <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologist">palaeontologist</a>, who carried out a massive expedition there in the 1870s. There are many lakes in Ladakh such as <a href="/wiki/Kyago_Tso" title="Kyago Tso">Kyago Tso</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">bharal</a> (or blue sheep) is the most abundant mountain <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulate</a> in the Ladakh region, although it is not found in some parts of Zangskar and Sham areas. The bharal is one of the preferred choices of prey of the rare <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_ibex" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic ibex">Asiatic ibex</a> is a mountain goat that is distributed in the western part of Ladakh. It is the second-most abundant mountain ungulate in the region, with a population of about 6,000 individuals. It is adapted to rugged areas where it easily climbs near-vertical rock faces when threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ladakhi <a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">urial</a> is another unique mountain sheep that inhabits the mountains of Ladakh. The population is declining, however, and there are not more than 3,000 individuals left in Ladakh.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urial is endemic to Ladakh, where it is distributed only along two major river valleys, namely the Indus and Shayok. The animal is often persecuted by farmers, whose crops are allegedly damaged by flocks of urial. Its population declined dramatically in the late twentieth century, due to indiscriminate shooting by hunters along the Leh-Srinagar Highway. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Tibetan argali</a> (or <i>nyan</i>) is the largest wild sheep species in the world, standing 1.1 to 1.2 metres (3.5 to 4 ft) at the shoulder, possessing very large, curled horns measuring 900–1,000 mm (35–39 in). It is distributed on the Tibetan Plateau and its marginal ranges, encompassing a total home range of 2.5 million km<sup>2</sup> (0.97 million sq mi); however, there is only a small population, of about 400 animals, in Ladakh. Unlike other mountain sheep and goat species, the argali prefers open, grassy fields and rolling hills as it prefers to run, rather than climb into steep terrain, to flee from danger.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The endangered <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope</a>, or <i>chiru</i> in Indian English (or Ladakhi <i>tsos</i>), has traditionally been hunted for its wool (<i><a href="/wiki/Shahtoosh" title="Shahtoosh">shahtoosh</a></i>), a natural fibre of some of the finest quality. The wool of the Tibetan antelope is prized for its lightweight feel and as a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a>. The wool must be pulled out by hand, a process done after the animal is killed. The fibre is smuggled into Kashmir and woven into exquisite shawls by Kashmiri workers. Ladakh is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan gazelle">Tibetan gazelle</a>, which inhabits the vast rangelands in eastern Ladakh bordering Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibex_m_f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ibex_m_f.jpg/220px-Ibex_m_f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ibex_m_f.jpg/330px-Ibex_m_f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ibex_m_f.jpg/440px-Ibex_m_f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Ibexes in Ladakh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaks_in_ladakh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yaks_in_ladakh.JPG/220px-Yaks_in_ladakh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yaks_in_ladakh.JPG/330px-Yaks_in_ladakh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yaks_in_ladakh.JPG/440px-Yaks_in_ladakh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yaks</a> in Ladakh</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kiang" title="Kiang">kiang</a>, or Tibetan wild ass, is common in the grasslands of Changthang, numbering about 2,500 individuals. These animals are in conflict with the nomadic people of Changthang who hold the Kiang responsible for pasture degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 200 <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">snow leopards</a> in Ladakh of an estimated 7,000 worldwide. The <a href="/wiki/Hemis_High_Altitude_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemis High Altitude National Park">Hemis High Altitude National Park</a> in central Ladakh is an especially good habitat for this predator as it has abundant prey populations. The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, is another rare cat that preys on smaller herbivores in Ladakh. It is mostly found in Nubra, Changthang and Zangskar.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pallas%27s_cat" title="Pallas's cat">Pallas's cat</a>, which looks somewhat like a house cat, is very rare in Ladakh and not much is known about the species. The <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan wolf">Tibetan wolf</a>, which sometimes preys on the livestock of the Ladakhis, is the most persecuted amongst the predators.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also a few <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Suru_Valley" title="Suru Valley">Suru Valley</a> and the area around Dras. The <a href="/wiki/Vulpes_ferrilata" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulpes ferrilata">Tibetan sand fox</a> has been discovered in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among smaller animals, <a href="/wiki/Marmot" title="Marmot">marmots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hares</a>, and several types of <a href="/wiki/Pika" title="Pika">pika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">vole</a> are common.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flora">Flora</h4></div> <p>Scant precipitation makes Ladakh a high-altitude desert with extremely scarce vegetation over most of its area. Natural vegetation mainly occurs along water courses and on high altitude areas that receive more snow and cooler summer temperatures. Human settlements, however, are richly vegetated due to irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural vegetation commonly seen along watercourses includes <a href="/wiki/Seabuckthorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabuckthorn">seabuckthorn</a> (<i>Hippophae</i> spp.), wild roses of pink or yellow varieties, tamarisk (<i>Myricaria</i> spp.), <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">stinging nettles</a>, mint, <i><a href="/wiki/Physochlaina" title="Physochlaina">Physochlaina</a> praealta</i>, and various grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ladakh,_India.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg/190px-Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg/285px-Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg/380px-Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Ladakh">Banner of the Administration of Ladakh</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Ladakh" title="Administration of Ladakh">Administration of Ladakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ladakh" title="Politics of Ladakh">Politics of Ladakh</a></div> <p>Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Act,_2019" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019">Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act</a>, Ladakh is administered as a union territory without a <a href="/wiki/State_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Legislative Assembly (India)">legislative assembly</a> or elected government. The head of government is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ladakh" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh">Lieutenant Governor</a> appointed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> who is assisted by civil servants of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Ladakh" title="List of districts of Ladakh">List of districts of Ladakh</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>Headquarters</th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Population<br />(2011 Census) </th> <th>Established </th> <th>Predecessor</th> <th>Autonomous District Council</th> <th>URL </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a></td> <td>14,086</td> <td>140,802 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Kargil" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil">Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://kargil.nic.in/">http://kargil.nic.in/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a></td> <td>45,110<sup>*</sup></td> <td>133,487 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>Ladakh</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Leh" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh">Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh</a></td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://leh.nic.in/">http://leh.nic.in/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Changthang_district" title="Changthang district">Changthang</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2024<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drass_district" title="Drass district">Drass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2024<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nubra_district" title="Nubra district">Nubra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nubra" title="Nubra">Nubra</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2024<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sham_district" title="Sham district">Sham</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sham_Valley" title="Sham Valley">Sham Valley</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2024<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zanskar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanskar district">Zanskar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2024<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total</td> <td></td> <td>59,146<sup>*</sup></td> <td>274,289 </td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autonomous_District_Councils">Autonomous District Councils</h4></div> <p>Ladakh is administered by 2 <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_district_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous district council">autonomous district councils</a>, they are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Kargil" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil">Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Leh" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh">Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh</a></li></ul> <p>The two autonomous district councils work with village <a href="/wiki/Panchayati_raj" title="Panchayati raj">panchayats</a> to take decisions on economic development, healthcare, education, land use, taxation, and local governance which are further reviewed at the block headquarters in the presence of the chief executive councillor and executive councillors.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Jammu and Kashmir looks after law and order, the judicial system, communications and the higher education in the region. </p><p>The two autonomous district councils continue to exist following the formation of the union territory of Ladakh on 31 October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-dailyexcelsior.com_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailyexcelsior.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> announced the formation of 5 new districts, namely Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra, and Changthang in Ladakh to ease administration and increase representation by the year 2028. With this move, the total number of districts in Ladakh will increase from two to seven.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_justice">Law enforcement and justice</h3></div> <p>Ladakh is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh" title="High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh">High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union territory of Ladakh has its own <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Police" title="Ladakh Police">police force</a> headed by a <a href="/wiki/Director_general_of_police" title="Director general of police">director general of police</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ladakh_in_the_Parliament_of_India">Ladakh in the Parliament of India</h3></div> <p>Ladakh sends one member (MP) to the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian parliament">Indian parliament</a> the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>. The MP for the <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)">Ladakh constituency</a> in the current Lok Sabha is <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Tsering_Namgyal" title="Jamyang Tsering Namgyal">Jamyang Tsering Namgyal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_vendors_in_Leh,_Ladakh,_India_(2001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Street_vendors_in_Leh%2C_Ladakh%2C_India_%282001%29.jpg/170px-Street_vendors_in_Leh%2C_Ladakh%2C_India_%282001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Street_vendors_in_Leh%2C_Ladakh%2C_India_%282001%29.jpg/255px-Street_vendors_in_Leh%2C_Ladakh%2C_India_%282001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Street_vendors_in_Leh%2C_Ladakh%2C_India_%282001%29.jpg/340px-Street_vendors_in_Leh%2C_Ladakh%2C_India_%282001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Street market in <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preparing_apricots._Alchi_Monastery,_Ladakh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Preparing_apricots._Alchi_Monastery%2C_Ladakh.jpg/220px-Preparing_apricots._Alchi_Monastery%2C_Ladakh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Preparing_apricots._Alchi_Monastery%2C_Ladakh.jpg/330px-Preparing_apricots._Alchi_Monastery%2C_Ladakh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Preparing_apricots._Alchi_Monastery%2C_Ladakh.jpg/440px-Preparing_apricots._Alchi_Monastery%2C_Ladakh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Preparing apricots. <a href="/wiki/Alchi_Monastery" title="Alchi Monastery">Alchi Monastery</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The land is irrigated by a system of channels which funnel water from the ice and snow of the mountains. The principal crops are <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and wheat. Rice was previously a luxury in the Ladakhi diet, but, subsidised by the government, has now become a cheap staple.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naked barley (Ladakhi: <i>nas</i>, Urdu: <i>grim</i>) was traditionally a staple crop all over Ladakh. Growing times vary considerably with altitude. The extreme limit of cultivation is at <a href="/wiki/Korzok" class="mw-redirect" title="Korzok">Korzok</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Tso-moriri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tso-moriri">Tso-moriri</a> lake, at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), which has what are widely considered to be the highest fields in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A minority of Ladakhi people were also employed as merchants and caravan traders, facilitating trade in textiles, carpets, <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyestuffs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotics">narcotics</a> between Punjab and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. However, since the Chinese Government closed the borders between Tibet Autonomous Region and Ladakh, this international trade has completely dried up.<sup id="cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoramCharlie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LP_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indus river flowing in the Ladakh region is endowed with vast hydropower potential. Solar and wind power potentials are also substantial. Though the region is a remote hilly area without all-weather roads, the area is also rich in limestone deposits to manufacture cement from the locally available cheap electricity for various construction needs.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1974, the Indian Government has encouraged a shift in trekking and other tourist activities from the troubled Kashmir region to the relatively unaffected areas of Ladakh. Although tourism employs only 4% of Ladakh's working population, it now accounts for 50% of the region's <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross National Product">GNP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoramCharlie-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This era is recorded in Arthur Neves <i>The Tourist's Guide to Kashmir, Ladakh, and Skardo</i>, first published in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-LP_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladakh_Highway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ladakh_Highway.jpg/220px-Ladakh_Highway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ladakh_Highway.jpg/330px-Ladakh_Highway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Ladakh_Highway.jpg/440px-Ladakh_Highway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A vehicle on the Himalaya Highway 3</figcaption></figure> <p>There are about 1,800 km (1,100 mi) of roads in Ladakh of which 800 km (500 mi) are surfaced.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanningCommision2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlanningCommision2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of roads in Ladakh are looked after by the <a href="/wiki/Border_Roads_Organisation" title="Border Roads Organisation">Border Roads Organisation</a>. There are two main roads that connect Ladakh with the rest of the country, <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)" title="National Highway 1 (India)">NH1</a> connecting Srinagar to Kargil and Leh, and <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_3_(India)" title="National Highway 3 (India)">NH3</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Manali, Himachal Pradesh">Manali</a> to Leh. A third road to Ladakh is the <a href="/wiki/Nimmu%E2%80%93Padam%E2%80%93Darcha_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimmu–Padam–Darcha road">Nimmu–Padam–Darcha road</a>, which is under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IXL_Front_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IXL_Front_2010.jpg/220px-IXL_Front_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IXL_Front_2010.jpg/330px-IXL_Front_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/IXL_Front_2010.jpg/440px-IXL_Front_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kushok_Bakula_Rimpochee_Airport" title="Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport">Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is an airport in Leh, <a href="/wiki/Kushok_Bakula_Rimpochee_Airport" title="Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport">Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport</a>, from which there are daily flights to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and weekly flights to Srinagar and Jammu. There are two airstrips at <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Beg_Oldie" class="mw-redirect" title="Daulat Beg Oldie">Daulat Beg Oldie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fukche" title="Fukche">Fukche</a> for military transport.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airport at Kargil, <a href="/wiki/Kargil_Airport" title="Kargil Airport">Kargil Airport</a>, was intended for civilian flights but is currently used by the Indian Army. The airport is a political issue for the locals who argue that the airport should serve its original purpose, i.e., should open up for civilian flights. Since past few years the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> has been operating AN-32 air courier service to transport the locals during the winter seasons to <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A private aeroplane company <a href="/wiki/Air_Mantra" title="Air Mantra">Air Mantra</a> landed a 17-seater aircraft at the airport, in presence of dignitaries like the Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdullah" title="Omar Abdullah">Omar Abdullah</a>, marking the first ever landing by a civilian airline company at Kargil Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Population of Leh and Kargil districts </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Leh_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Leh District">Leh District</a></th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kargil_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargil District">Kargil District</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Population</th> <th>Percentage change</th> <th>Females per 1000 males</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Percentage change</th> <th>Females per 1000 males </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1951</td> <td>40,484</td> <td>—</td> <td>1011</td> <td>41,856</td> <td>—</td> <td>970 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1961</td> <td>43,587</td> <td>0.74</td> <td>1010</td> <td>45,064</td> <td>0.74</td> <td>935 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1971</td> <td>51,891</td> <td>1.76</td> <td>1002</td> <td>53,400</td> <td>1.71</td> <td>949 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>1981</td> <td>68,380</td> <td>2.80</td> <td>886</td> <td>65,992</td> <td>2.14</td> <td>853 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2001</td> <td>117,637</td> <td>2.75</td> <td>805</td> <td>115,287</td> <td>2.83</td> <td>901 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <td>2011</td> <td>133,487</td> <td></td> <td>690</td> <td>140,802</td> <td></td> <td>810 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The sex ratio for Leh district declined from 1011 females per 1000 males in 1951 to 805 in 2001, while for Kargil district it declined from 970 to 901.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanningCommision1_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlanningCommision1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban sex ratio in both the districts is about 640. The adult sex ratio reflects large numbers of mostly male seasonal and migrant labourers and merchants. About 84% of Ladakh's population lives in villages.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average annual population growth rate from 1981 to 2001 was 2.75% in Leh District and 2.83% in Kargil district.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanningCommision1_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlanningCommision1-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3385.2909620015px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3247.0337446431px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2946.1827007984px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 865.86301712096px; border-left-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkorange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 83.364180083189px; border-left-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 435.7840255281px 100px 0; border-right-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religions in Ladakh (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-C01_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-C01-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a> (46.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (39.65%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkorange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (12.11%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> (0.83%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> (0.05%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Grey; color:black;"> </span> Other (0.02%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;"> </span> Religion not stated (0.47%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dah_Hanu" title="Dah Hanu">Dha-Hanu</a> regions are habitated by <a href="/wiki/Brokpa,_Drokpa,_Dard_and_Shin" title="Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin">Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shinu tribes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shina_people" title="Shina people">Shina people</a> respectively who are predominately followers of Islam while small minorities follow <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region's population is split roughly in half between the districts of <a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a>. 76.87% population of Kargil is Muslim (mostly <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-census2011-C01_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-C01-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a total population of 140,802, while that of Leh is 66.40% Buddhist, with a total population of 133,487, as per the 2011 census.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-C01_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-C01-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, 5 new districts were created. Currently Buddhism is the majority faith in five of the districts-<a href="/wiki/Leh_district" title="Leh district">Leh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changthang_district" title="Changthang district">Changthang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zanskar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanskar district">Zanskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sham_district" title="Sham district">Sham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nubra_district" title="Nubra district">Nubra</a>; and Islam is the majority faith in <a href="/wiki/Kargil_district" title="Kargil district">Kargil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drass_district" title="Drass district">Drass</a> district.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majority <a href="/wiki/Ladakhis" title="Ladakhis">Ladakhis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brokpa" title="Brokpa">Brokpa</a> follow <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 190.6012377946px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 164.34184888722px; border-left-color:royalblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:royalblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:royalblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 120.41636784305px; border-left-color:lightseagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lightseagreen"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:lightseagreen"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 76.466835922734px; border-left-color:deeppink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:deeppink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:deeppink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 34.800202313398px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:97.438576695696px 22.488302993267px 0 0; border-top-color:teal"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:teal"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 103.58197065154px 100px 0; border-right-color:purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Languages of Ladakh (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-C16_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-C16-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:purple; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a> (37.78%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:teal; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a> (33.61%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (8.94%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:deeppink; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a> (5.06%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightseagreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a> (3.58%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:royalblue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> (2.33%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> (1.01%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Others (7.69%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>The predominant mother-tongue in Leh district is <a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a> (also called Bauti), a <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-C16_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-C16-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a>, sometimes considered a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a>, is the predominant mother-tongue of Kargil district.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011-C16_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-C16-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Ladakh, there is a range of dialects, so that the language of the <a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Chang-pa</a> people may differ markedly from that of the <a href="/wiki/Purigpa" title="Purigpa">Purig-pa</a> in Kargil, or the Zangskaris, but they are all mutually comprehensible. Most Ladakhi people (especially the younger generations) speak fluently in English and Hindi languages at school.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administrative work and education are carried out in English.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ladakh" title="Culture of Ladakh">Culture of Ladakh</a></div> <p>Ladakhi culture is similar to <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_culture" title="Tibetan culture">Tibetan culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thukpa,_Manali,_Himachal_Pradesh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thukpa%2C_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh.JPG/220px-Thukpa%2C_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thukpa%2C_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh.JPG/330px-Thukpa%2C_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Thukpa%2C_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh.JPG/440px-Thukpa%2C_Manali%2C_Himachal_Pradesh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thukpa" title="Thukpa">Thukpa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ladakhi food has much in common with <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan food">Tibetan food</a>, the most prominent foods being <i><a href="/wiki/Thukpa" title="Thukpa">thukpa</a></i> (noodle soup) and <i><a href="/wiki/Tsampa" title="Tsampa">tsampa</a></i>, known in Ladakhi as <i>ngampe</i> (roasted barley flour). Edible without cooking, <i>tsampa</i> makes useful trekking food. Strictly Ladakhi dishes include <i>skyu</i> and <i>chutagi</i>, both heavy and rich soup pasta dishes, <i>skyu</i> being made with root vegetables and meat, and <i>chutagi</i> with leafy greens and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ladakh moves toward a cash-based economy, foods from the plains of India are becoming more common.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other parts of Central Asia, tea in Ladakh is traditionally made with strong green tea, butter, and salt. It is mixed in a large churn and known as <i><a href="/wiki/Butter_tea" title="Butter tea">gurgur cha</a></i>, after the sound it makes when mixed. Sweet tea (<i>cha ngarmo</i>) is common now, made in the Indian style with milk and sugar. Most of the surplus barley that is produced is fermented into <i>chang</i>, an alcoholic beverage drunk especially on festive occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-WomensAlliance_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WomensAlliance-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ladakh" title="Music of Ladakh">Music of Ladakh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhist_deity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Buddhist_deity.jpg/220px-Buddhist_deity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Buddhist_deity.jpg/330px-Buddhist_deity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Buddhist_deity.jpg/440px-Buddhist_deity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Dancer in masked dance festival</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabro_Dance_Ladakh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jabro_Dance_Ladakh.jpg/220px-Jabro_Dance_Ladakh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jabro_Dance_Ladakh.jpg/330px-Jabro_Dance_Ladakh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jabro_Dance_Ladakh.jpg/440px-Jabro_Dance_Ladakh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Jabro Dance</figcaption></figure> <p>The music of Ladakhi Buddhist monastic festivals, like <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tibet" title="Music of Tibet">Tibetan music</a>, often involves religious <a href="/wiki/Chanting" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanting">chanting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> as an integral part of the religion. These chants are complex, often recitations of sacred texts or in celebration of various festivals. <i>Yang</i> chanting, performed without metrical timing, is accompanied by resonant drums and low, sustained syllables. Religious mask dances are an important part of Ladakh's cultural life. <a href="/wiki/Hemis_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemis monastery">Hemis monastery</a>, a leading centre of the <a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Lineage" class="mw-redirect" title="Drukpa Lineage">Drukpa</a> tradition of Buddhism, holds an annual masked dance festival, as do all major Ladakhi monasteries. The dances typically narrate a story of the fight between good and evil, ending with the eventual victory of the former.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weaving is an important part of traditional life in eastern Ladakh. Both women and men weave, on different looms.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sul-ma,_woman%E2%80%99s_woollen_dress_(detail),_Ladakh,_late_19th-early_20th_century.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sul-ma%2C_woman%E2%80%99s_woollen_dress_%28detail%29%2C_Ladakh%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.JPG/220px-Sul-ma%2C_woman%E2%80%99s_woollen_dress_%28detail%29%2C_Ladakh%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sul-ma%2C_woman%E2%80%99s_woollen_dress_%28detail%29%2C_Ladakh%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.JPG/330px-Sul-ma%2C_woman%E2%80%99s_woollen_dress_%28detail%29%2C_Ladakh%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sul-ma%2C_woman%E2%80%99s_woollen_dress_%28detail%29%2C_Ladakh%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.JPG/440px-Sul-ma%2C_woman%E2%80%99s_woollen_dress_%28detail%29%2C_Ladakh%2C_late_19th-early_20th_century.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sul-ma, woman's woollen dress (detail), Ladakh, late 19th-early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular sport in Ladakh is <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey_in_India" title="Ice hockey in India">ice hockey</a>, which is played only on natural ice generally mid-December through mid-February.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cricket is also very popular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Archery is a traditional sport in Ladakh, and many villages hold archery festivals, which are as much about traditional dancing, drinking and gambling, as they are about the sport. The sport is conducted with strict etiquette, to the accompaniment of the music of <i>surna</i> and <i>daman</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">shehnai</a> and drum). Polo, the other traditional sport of Ladakh, is indigenous to Baltistan and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit" title="Gilgit">Gilgit</a>, and was probably introduced into Ladakh in the mid-17th century by King <a href="/wiki/Sengge_Namgyal" title="Sengge Namgyal">Singge Namgyal</a>, whose mother was a Balti princess.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polo, popular among the Baltis, is an annual affair in the Dras region of Kargil district.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Marathon" title="Ladakh Marathon">Ladakh Marathon</a> is a high-altitude <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a> held in Leh every year since 2012. Held at a height of 11,500 to 17,618 feet (3,505 to 5,370 m), it is one of the world's highest marathons.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_ever_Khelo_India_Winter_Games.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/First_ever_Khelo_India_Winter_Games.jpg/250px-First_ever_Khelo_India_Winter_Games.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/First_ever_Khelo_India_Winter_Games.jpg/375px-First_ever_Khelo_India_Winter_Games.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/First_ever_Khelo_India_Winter_Games.jpg/500px-First_ever_Khelo_India_Winter_Games.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption> First ever <a href="/wiki/Khelo_India_Youth_Games" title="Khelo India Youth Games">Khelo India</a> Winter Games in Ladakh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_status_of_women">Social status of women</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_wearing_traditional_Ladakhi_hat_(2014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Woman_wearing_traditional_Ladakhi_hat_%282014%29.jpg/220px-Woman_wearing_traditional_Ladakhi_hat_%282014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Woman_wearing_traditional_Ladakhi_hat_%282014%29.jpg/330px-Woman_wearing_traditional_Ladakhi_hat_%282014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Woman_wearing_traditional_Ladakhi_hat_%282014%29.jpg/440px-Woman_wearing_traditional_Ladakhi_hat_%282014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>Woman wearing traditional Ladakhi hat</figcaption></figure><p> A feature of Ladakhi society that distinguishes it from the rest of the state is the high status and relative emancipation enjoyed by women compared to other rural parts of India. Fraternal <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a> and inheritance by <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> were common in Ladakh until the early 1940s when these were made illegal by the government of Jammu and Kashmir. However, the practice remained in existence into the 1990s especially among the elderly and the more isolated rural populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Gielen,_U._P._1993_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gielen,_U._P._1993-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another custom is known as <i>khang-bu</i>, or 'little house', in which the elders of a family, as soon as the eldest son has sufficiently matured, retire from participation in affairs, yielding the headship of the family to him and taking only enough of the property for their own sustenance.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladakh_Perak_Headdress_from_the_WOVENSOULS_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ladakh_Perak_Headdress_from_the_WOVENSOULS_collection.jpg/220px-Ladakh_Perak_Headdress_from_the_WOVENSOULS_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ladakh_Perak_Headdress_from_the_WOVENSOULS_collection.jpg/330px-Ladakh_Perak_Headdress_from_the_WOVENSOULS_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Ladakh_Perak_Headdress_from_the_WOVENSOULS_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ladakhi Perak Headdress courtesy the Wovenosuls collection</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_medicine">Traditional medicine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional Tibetan medicine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan medicine">Tibetan medicine</a> has been the traditional health system of Ladakh for over a thousand years. This school of traditional healing contains elements of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a>, combined with the philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> of Tibetan Buddhism. For centuries, the only medical system accessible to the people have been the <i><a href="/wiki/Sowa_Rigpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowa Rigpa">amchi</a></i>, traditional doctors following the Tibetan medical tradition. <i><a href="/wiki/Sowa_Rigpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowa Rigpa">Amchi</a></i> medicine remains a component of public health, especially in remote areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Plantlife_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantlife-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Programmes by the government, local and international organisations are working to develop and rejuvenate this traditional system of healing.<sup id="cite_ref-Plantlife_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantlife-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts are underway to preserve the intellectual property rights of <a href="/wiki/Sowa_Rigpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sowa Rigpa"><i>amchi</i> medicine</a> for the people of Ladakh. The government has also been trying to promote the <a href="/wiki/Hippophae" title="Hippophae">sea buckthorn</a> in the form of juice and jam, as some claim it possess medicinal properties. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Institute_for_Sowa-Rigpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Institute for Sowa-Rigpa (page does not exist)">National Research Institute for Sowa-Rigpa</a> in Leh is an institute for research into traditional medicine and a hospital providing traditional treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <p>According to the 2001 census, the overall literacy rate in Leh District is 62% (72% for males and 50% for females), and in Kargil District 58% (74% for males and 41% for females).<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally there was little or nothing by way of formal education except in the monasteries. Usually, one son from every family was obliged to master the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> in order to read the holy books.<sup id="cite_ref-Crossroads_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crossroads-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Mission</a> opened a school in Leh in October 1889, and the <i>Wazir-i Wazarat</i> (<i>ex officio</i> Joint Commissioner with a British officer) of Baltistan and Ladakh ordered that every family with more than one child should send one of them to school. This order met with great resistance from the local people who feared that the children would be forced to convert to Christianity. The school taught Tibetan, Urdu, English, Geography, Sciences, Nature study, Arithmetic, Geometry and Bible study.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still in existence today. The first local school to provide western education was opened by a local Society called "Lamdon Social Welfare Society" in 1973. Later, with support from <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and some international organisations, the school, now known as Lamdon Model Senior Secondary School, has grown to accommodate approximately two thousand pupils in several branches. It prides itself on preserving Ladakhi tradition and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamdon_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamdon-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schools are well distributed throughout Ladakh but 75% of them provide only primary education. 65% of children attend school, but absenteeism of both students and teachers remains high. In both districts the failure rate at school-leaving level (<a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">class X</a>) had for many years been around 85%–95%, while of those managing to scrape through, barely half succeeded in qualifying for college entrance (class XII). Before 1993, students were taught in Urdu until they were 14, after which the medium of instruction shifted to English. </p><p>As of January 2022, there were 904 Government run schools in Ladakh and 113 publicly run private schools in Ladakh <sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994 the <a href="/wiki/Students%27_Educational_and_Cultural_Movement_of_Ladakh" title="Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh">Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh</a> (SECMOL) launched Operation New Hope (ONH), a campaign to provide "culturally appropriate and locally relevant education" and make government schools more functional and effective.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Buddhist_Studies" title="Central Institute of Buddhist Studies">Central Institute of Buddhist Studies</a> a <a href="/wiki/Deemed_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Deemed University">Deemed University</a> in Leh is the oldest institution in this reason which mainly focuses on Buddhist philosophy but also offer degrees in different fields.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanle_observatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hanle_observatory.jpg/220px-Hanle_observatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hanle_observatory.jpg/330px-Hanle_observatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hanle_observatory.jpg/440px-Hanle_observatory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Indian Astronomical Observatory">Indian Astronomical Observatory</a> near Leh</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ladakh" title="University of Ladakh">University of Ladakh</a> with its two campuses (One each in Kargil & Leh) and its constituent colleges enables students to pursue higher education without having to leave Ladakh.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A central University has also been approved to be set up in Ladakh by the Union Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Indian Astronomical Observatory">Indian Astronomical Observatory</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Hanle_(village)" title="Hanle (village)">Hanle</a> and is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Astrophysics" title="Indian Institute of Astrophysics">Indian Institute of Astrophysics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2019, the union minister of state for home affairs Mr <a href="/wiki/G._Kishan_Reddy" title="G. Kishan Reddy">G Kishan Reddy</a>, in a written response has stated in Parliament that the Government of India has approved to establish a Medical College and <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Research_Institute_for_Sowa-Rigpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Research Institute for Sowa-Rigpa (page does not exist)">National Research Institute for Sowa-Rigpa</a> in the district of Leh.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> amended the <a href="/wiki/Central_university_(India)" title="Central university (India)">Central Universities Act</a> to establish a central university in Ladakh named "<a href="/wiki/Sindhu_Central_University" title="Sindhu Central University">Sindhu Central University</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_International_Film_Festival" title="Ladakh International Film Festival">Ladakh International Film Festival</a></div> <p>The government radio broadcaster <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> (AIR)<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and government television station <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have stations in Leh that broadcast local content for a few hours a day. Beyond that, Ladakhis produce feature films that are screened in auditoriums and community halls. They are often made on fairly modest budgets.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 December 2021, the first FM radio station in Ladakh was established in <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a handful of private news outlets. </p> <ul><li><i>Reach Ladakh Bulletin</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a biweekly newspaper in English, is the only print media published by and for Ladakhis.</li> <li><i>Rangyul</i> or <i>Kargil Number</i> is a newspaper published from Kashmir covering Ladakh in English and Urdu.</li> <li><i>Ladags Melong</i>, an initiative of SECMOL, was published from 1992 to 2005 in English and Ladakhi.</li> <li><i>Sintic Magazine</i>, a lifestyle and tourist magazine of Ladakh, was started in 2018 in English.</li></ul> <p>Some publications that cover Jammu and Kashmir as a whole provide some coverage of Ladakh. </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Excelsior" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Excelsior">The Daily Excelsior</a></i> claims to be "The largest circulated daily of Jammu and Kashmir".<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Epilogue</i>, a monthly magazine covering Jammu and Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Times" title="Kashmir Times">Kashmir Times</a></i>, a daily newspaper covering Jammu and Kashmir.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khardung_La_(pass),_Ladakh_Range,_North_India,_Himalaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khardung La"><img alt="Khardung La" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Khardung_La_%28pass%29%2C_Ladakh_Range%2C_North_India%2C_Himalaya.jpg/302px-Khardung_La_%28pass%29%2C_Ladakh_Range%2C_North_India%2C_Himalaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Khardung_La_%28pass%29%2C_Ladakh_Range%2C_North_India%2C_Himalaya.jpg/453px-Khardung_La_%28pass%29%2C_Ladakh_Range%2C_North_India%2C_Himalaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Khardung_La_%28pass%29%2C_Ladakh_Range%2C_North_India%2C_Himalaya.jpg/603px-Khardung_La_%28pass%29%2C_Ladakh_Range%2C_North_India%2C_Himalaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khardung La</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake-on-shingo-la.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shingo La"><img alt="Shingo La" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Lake-on-shingo-la.jpg/302px-Lake-on-shingo-la.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Lake-on-shingo-la.jpg/454px-Lake-on-shingo-la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Lake-on-shingo-la.jpg/604px-Lake-on-shingo-la.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="1448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shingo La</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shanti_Stupa,_Leh,_20180814.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shanti Stupa, Leh"><img alt="Shanti Stupa, Leh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh%2C_20180814.jpg/254px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh%2C_20180814.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh%2C_20180814.jpg/382px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh%2C_20180814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh%2C_20180814.jpg/509px-Shanti_Stupa%2C_Leh%2C_20180814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3644" data-file-height="2880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shanti Stupa, Leh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thikse_Monastery2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thiksey Monastery"><img alt="Thiksey Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thikse_Monastery2.jpg/304px-Thikse_Monastery2.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thikse_Monastery2.jpg/457px-Thikse_Monastery2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Thikse_Monastery2.jpg/609px-Thikse_Monastery2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7640" data-file-height="5048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thiksey Monastery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Likir_(224).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Likir Monastery"><img alt="Likir Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Likir_%28224%29.jpg/151px-Likir_%28224%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Likir_%28224%29.jpg/226px-Likir_%28224%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Likir_%28224%29.jpg/301px-Likir_%28224%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Likir Monastery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leh,_Trees,_Ladakh,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trees in the Indus Valley near Leh"><img alt="Trees in the Indus Valley near Leh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Leh%2C_Trees%2C_Ladakh%2C_India.jpg/302px-Leh%2C_Trees%2C_Ladakh%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Leh%2C_Trees%2C_Ladakh%2C_India.jpg/453px-Leh%2C_Trees%2C_Ladakh%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Leh%2C_Trees%2C_Ladakh%2C_India.jpg/603px-Leh%2C_Trees%2C_Ladakh%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trees in the Indus Valley near Leh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 266.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 264.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nubra_Valley_view_with_Reflection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nubra Valley view with reflection"><img alt="Nubra Valley view with reflection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nubra_Valley_view_with_Reflection.jpg/397px-Nubra_Valley_view_with_Reflection.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nubra_Valley_view_with_Reflection.jpg/597px-Nubra_Valley_view_with_Reflection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nubra_Valley_view_with_Reflection.jpg/794px-Nubra_Valley_view_with_Reflection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="2497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nubra Valley view with reflection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 203.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 201.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mune_wall_col.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved stone tablets, each with the inscription "Om Mani Padme Hum" along the paths of Zanskar"><img alt="Carved stone tablets, each with the inscription "Om Mani Padme Hum" along the paths of Zanskar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mune_wall_col.jpg/302px-Mune_wall_col.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mune_wall_col.jpg/453px-Mune_wall_col.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Mune_wall_col.jpg/603px-Mune_wall_col.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved stone tablets, each with the inscription "<a href="/wiki/Om_Mani_Padme_Hum" class="mw-redirect" title="Om Mani Padme Hum">Om Mani Padme Hum</a>" along the paths of Zanskar</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Buddhist_Association" title="Ladakh Buddhist Association">Ladakh Buddhist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Scouts" title="Ladakh Scouts">Ladakh Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Union_Territory_Front" title="Ladakh Union Territory Front">Ladakh Union Territory Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Ladakh">Emblem of Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ladakh is a <a href="/wiki/Disputed_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territory">disputed territory</a> between India, Pakistan and China. Ladakh has 59,146 km<sup>2</sup> (22,836 sq mi) of area controlled by India and 72,971 km<sup>2</sup> (28,174 sq mi) of area controlled by Pakistan under <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a>, which is claimed by India as part of Ladakh. Additionally, it has 5,180 km<sup>2</sup> (2,000 sq mi) of area controlled by China under <a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a> and 37,555 km<sup>2</sup> (14,500 sq mi) of area controlled by China under <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a>, both of which are claimed by India as part of Ladakh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The extension of the term "Tibet" to the modern day <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> is due to the Europeans in India in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All of Indian Ladakh is placed in high risk Zone VIII, while areas from Kargil and Zanskar southwestward are in lower risk zones on the <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_zones_of_India" title="Earthquake zones of India">earthquake hazard scale</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Census was not carried out in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991 due to militancy</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ladakh-britannica-current-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ladakh-britannica-current_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ladakh-britannica-current_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh">"Ladakh"</a>, <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1 March 2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407153837/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ladakh">archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2022</span>, <q>Ladakh, large area of the northern and eastern Kashmir region, northwestern Indian subcontinent. Administratively, Ladakh is divided between Pakistan (northwest), as part of Gilgit-Baltistan, and India (southeast), as part of Ladakh union territory (until October 31, 2019, part of Jammu and Kashmir state); in addition, China administers portions of northeastern Ladakh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ladakh&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FLadakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tertiary-kashmir-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tertiary-kashmir_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tertiary-kashmir_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TERTIARY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TERTIARY">tertiary sources</a> (a) through (e), reflecting <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">due weight</a> in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (h) through (i) below, "held" is also considered politicised usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (j) below). <br /> (a) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent"><i>Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent</i></a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617074549/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent">archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%2C+region+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FKashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";<br /> (b) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher" class="citation cs2">Pletcher, Kenneth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin"><i>Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia</i></a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402090308/https://www.britannica.com/place/Aksai-Chin">archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aksai+Chin%2C+Plateau+Region%2C+Asia&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAksai-Chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state."; <br /> (c) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Kashmir", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328"><i>Encyclopedia Americana</i></a>, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-0139-6"><bdi>978-0-7172-0139-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117135716/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328">archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Scholastic+Library+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_cWAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947"; <br /> (d) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmańczyk2003" class="citation cs2">Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191"><i>Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M</i></a>, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93922-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93922-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93922-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117140437/https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191">archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+United+Nations+and+International+Agreements%3A+G+to+M&rft.pages=1191-&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93922-5&rft.aulast=Osma%C5%84czyk&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSIMXHMdfkkC%26pg%3DPA1191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China." <br />(e) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2016" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNg_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas</i></a>, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8"><bdi>978-0-300-19694-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+South+Asia%3A+Politics%2C+States%2C+Diasporas&rft.pages=28-29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19694-8&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNg_CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir."; <br /> (f) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutsch2015" class="citation cs2">Skutsch, Carl (2015) [2007], "China: Border War with India, 1962", in Ciment, James (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II</i> (2nd ed.), London and New York: Routledge, p. 573, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8005-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8005-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-8005-1</bdi></a>, <q>The situation between the two nations was complicated by the 1957–1959 uprising by Tibetans against Chinese rule. Refugees poured across the Indian border, and the Indian public was outraged. Any compromise with China on the border issue became impossible. Similarly, China was offended that India had given political asylum to the Dalai Lama when he fled across the border in March 1959. In late 1959, there were shots fired between border patrols operating along both the ill-defined McMahon Line and in the Aksai Chin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%3A+Border+War+with+India%2C+1962&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Conflicts+Since+World+War+II&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=573&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-8005-1&rft.aulast=Skutsch&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span><br /> (g) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClary2022" class="citation cs2">Clary, Christopher (2022), <i>The Difficult Politics of Peace: Rivalry in Modern South Asia</i>, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, p. 109, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197638408" title="Special:BookSources/9780197638408"><bdi>9780197638408</bdi></a>, <q>Territorial Dispute: The situation along the Sino-Indian frontier continued to worsen. In late July (1959), an Indian reconnaissance patrol was blocked, "apprehended," and eventually expelled after three weeks in custody at the hands of a larger Chinese force near Khurnak Fort in Aksai Chin. ... Circumstances worsened further in October 1959, when a major class at Kongka Pass in eastern Ladakh led to nine dead and ten captured Indian border personnel, making it by far the most serious Sino-Indian class since India's independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Difficult+Politics+of+Peace%3A+Rivalry+in+Modern+South+Asia&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780197638408&rft.aulast=Clary&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> <br /> (h) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2009" class="citation cs2">Bose, Sumantra (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ACMe9WBdNAC&pg=PA294"><i>Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace</i></a>, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02855-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02855-5"><bdi>978-0-674-02855-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+Roots+of+Conflict%2C+Paths+to+Peace&rft.pages=294%2C+291%2C+293&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02855-5&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ACMe9WBdNAC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million.), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control." <br /> (i) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2018" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Michael H. (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166"><i>An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11162-2"><bdi>978-1-107-11162-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Environmental+History+of+India%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11162-2&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZVuDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Kashmir's identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised "Line of Control" still separating Pakistani-held Azad ("Free") Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir."; <br /> (j) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnedden2015" class="citation cs2">Snedden, Christopher (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5amKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris</i></a>, Oxford University Press, p. 10, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-621-3"><bdi>978-1-84904-621-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Kashmir+and+Kashmiris&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-621-3&rft.aulast=Snedden&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5amKCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-egazette.nic.in-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-egazette.nic.in_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-egazette.nic.in_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf">"The Gazette of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>egazette.nic.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153916/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=egazette.nic.in&rft.atitle=The+Gazette+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegazette.nic.in%2FWriteReadData%2F2019%2F210412.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/10/17/ladakh-gets-civil-secretariat/">"Ladakh Gets Civil Secretariat"</a>. 17 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191019123828/https://kashmirobserver.net/2019/10/17/ladakh-gets-civil-secretariat/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Excelsior&rft.atitle=LG%2C+UT+Hqrs%2C+Head+of+Police+to+have+Sectts+at+both+Leh%2C+Kargil%3A+Mathur&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexcelsior.com%2Flg-ut-hqrs-head-of-police-to-have-sectts-at-both-leh-kargil-mathur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306">"MHA.nic.in"</a>. MHA.nic.in. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook+India&rft.atitle=Urdu+No+More+Official+Language+Of+Ladakh&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft.aulast=Ganai&rft.aufirst=Naseer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Fnational%2Furdu-is-dogra-legacy-to-j-k-and-ladakh-not-kashmiri-imposition-news-38816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vehicleregistrationinladakh-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vehicleregistrationinladakh_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214357.pdf">"Part II—Section 3—Sub-section (ii)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Gazette of India, Extraordinary</i>, Controller of Publications, Delhi-110054, p. 2, 25 November 2019, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130021437/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/214357.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazette+of+India%2C+Extraordinary&rft.atitle=Part+II%E2%80%94Section+3%E2%80%94Sub-section+%28ii%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fegazette.nic.in%2FWriteReadData%2F2019%2F214357.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-Ladakhi-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED-Ladakhi_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED_Online2020" class="citation cs2">OED Online (December 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/104974"><i>Ladakhi, n.</i></a>, Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2021</span>, <q>/ləˈdɑːki/ A native or inhabitant of Ladakh, a district of eastern Kashmir. Attested use: 1911 <i>Encycl. Brit. XVI.</i> 59/1 It [sc. Ladakh] was, however, conquered and annexed in 1834–1841 by Gulab Singh of Jammu—the unwarlike Ladakhis, even with nature fighting on their side, and against indifferent generalship, being no match for the Dogra troops.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakhi%2C+n.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12&rft.au=OED+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F104974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJina,_Ladakh1996">Jina, Ladakh (1996)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/default.stm">"Kashmir options. Maps showing the options and pitfalls of possible solutions. The Future of Kashmir?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2002/kashmir_flashpoint/default.stm"><i>In Depth – Kashmir Flashpoint</i></a>. 19 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190211/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/south_asia/2002/kashmir_flashpoint/default.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir+options.+Maps+showing+the+options+and+pitfalls+of+possible+solutions.+The+Future+of+Kashmir%3F&rft.btitle=In+Depth+%E2%80%93+Kashmir+Flashpoint&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F03%2Fkashmir_future%2Fhtml%2Fdefault.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_Gazetteer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_Gazetteer_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaul_B._Cohen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saul_B._Cohen" title="Saul B. Cohen">Saul B. Cohen</a>, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiagazettee0000unse_l7h3/page/52">"Aksai Chin"</a>. <i>The Columbia Gazetteer of the World</i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14554-1"><bdi>978-0-231-14554-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009181">2008009181</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/212893637">212893637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aksai+Chin&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Gazetteer+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F212893637&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009181&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14554-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiagazettee0000unse_l7h3%2Fpage%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> "divided between India and CHINA"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlastair_Lamb2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Lamb" title="Alastair Lamb">Alastair Lamb</a> (25 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3270"><i>The China-India Border--the Origins Of Disputed Boundaries</i></a>. London. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China-India+Border--the+Origins+Of+Disputed+Boundaries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft.au=Alastair+Lamb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.pahar.3270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookings_2022_f218-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brookings_2022_f218_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/as-india-and-china-clash-jfks-forgotten-crisis-is-back/#:~:text=In%201962%2C%20India%20was%20badly,has%20kept%20it%20ever%20since.">"As India and China clash, JFK's 'forgotten crisis' is back"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. 9 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=As+India+and+China+clash%2C+JFK%27s+%27forgotten+crisis%27+is+back&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fas-india-and-china-clash-jfks-forgotten-crisis-is-back%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25201962%252C%2520India%2520was%2520badly%2Chas%2520kept%2520it%2520ever%2520since.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/05/indian_pakistani_and_chinese_border_disputes">"Fantasy frontiers"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 8 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801043451/http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/05/indian_pakistani_and_chinese_border_disputes">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Fantasy+frontiers&rft.date=2012-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Fdailychart%2F2011%2F05%2Findian_pakistani_and_chinese_border_disputes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TransHimalayan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TransHimalayan_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2001" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, Janet (2001). <i>Trans-Himalayan Caravans – Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh</i>. Oxford India Paperbacks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trans-Himalayan+Caravans+%E2%80%93+Merchant+Princes+and+Peasant+Traders+in+Ladakh&rft.pub=Oxford+India+Paperbacks&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osada et al. (2000), p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhu2019" class="citation web cs1">Sandhu, Kamaljit Kaur (4 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-toys-with-delimitation-commission-in-j-k-1542446-2019-06-04">"Government planning to redraw Jammu and Kashmir assembly constituency borders: Sources"</a>. <i>India Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604185245/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-toys-with-delimitation-commission-in-j-k-1542446-2019-06-04">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Government+planning+to+redraw+Jammu+and+Kashmir+assembly+constituency+borders%3A+Sources&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=Kamaljit+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fgovernment-toys-with-delimitation-commission-in-j-k-1542446-2019-06-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crossroads-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crossroads_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi1996" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, Janet (1996). <i>Ladakh – Crossroads of High Asia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh+%E2%80%93+Crossroads+of+High+Asia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPile2019" class="citation news cs1">Pile, Tim (1 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3020805/ladakh-good-bad-and-ugly-sides-indias-little-tibet">"Ladakh: the good, bad and ugly sides to India's 'Little Tibet', high in the Himalayas"</a>. <i>South Chinan Morning Post</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2267352786">2267352786</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618131904/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/travel/article/3020805/ladakh-good-bad-and-ugly-sides-indias-little-tibet">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Chinan+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Ladakh%3A+the+good%2C+bad+and+ugly+sides+to+India%27s+%27Little+Tibet%27%2C+high+in+the+Himalayas&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.aulast=Pile&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F3020805%2Fladakh-good-bad-and-ugly-sides-indias-little-tibet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibef.org/states/ladakh">"Ladakh"</a>. <i>IBEF</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173715/https://www.ibef.org/states/ladakh">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IBEF&rft.atitle=Ladakh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibef.org%2Fstates%2Fladakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francke1992-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francke1992_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancke1926" class="citation cs2">Francke, August Hermann (1926), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.96793/page/n353/mode/2up"><i>Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Volume II</i></a>, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing Press, pp. 93–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0769-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0769-9"><bdi>978-81-206-0769-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+Indian+Tibet%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=93-&rft.pub=Superintendent+Government+Printing+Press&rft.date=1926&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0769-9&rft.aulast=Francke&rft.aufirst=August+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.96793%2Fpage%2Fn353%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: Ladakh, the Persian transliteration of the Tibetan La-dvags, is warranted by the pronunciation of the word in several Tibetan districts. The terminal <i>gs</i> has the sound of the guttural <i>gh</i> or even <i>kh</i> in various Tibetan dialects. (Volume II, page 93)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram</i></a>, BRILL, 2014, pp. 3–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27180-7"><bdi>978-90-04-27180-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Architecture+in+Ladakh%3A+Cross-cultural+Transmissions+in+the+Himalayas+and+Karakoram&rft.pages=3-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27180-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJCfAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: The single most important source [of Ladakhi history] is the <i>La dvags rgyal rabs</i>, the royal chronicle of Ladakh, which dates back to the 17th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Petech" title="Luciano Petech">Petech, Luciano</a> (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf"><i>The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D.</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, p. 22 – via academia.edu</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Ladakh%2C+c.+950%E2%80%931842+A.D.&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Instituto+Italiano+Per+il+Medio+ed+Estremo+Oriente&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F48901732%2F1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirumshoevDani2003" class="citation cs2">Pirumshoev, H. S.; <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani" title="Ahmad Hasan Dani">Dani, Ahmad Hasan</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001302/130205e.pdf">"The Pamirs, Badakhshan and the Trans-Pamir States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Chahryar Adle; Irfan Habib (eds.), <i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. V — Development in contrast: From the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century</i>, UNESCO, pp. 238–239, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103876-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103876-1</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130810224733/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001302/130205e.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Pamirs%2C+Badakhshan+and+the+Trans-Pamir+States&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Vol.+V+%E2%80%94+Development+in+contrast%3A+From+the+sixteenth+to+the+mid-nineteenth+century&rft.pages=238-239&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103876-1&rft.aulast=Pirumshoev&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rft.au=Dani%2C+Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0013%2F001302%2F130205e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span>: "Under Aurangzeb (1659–1707), Mughal suzerainty was also acknowledged by Ladakh ('Great Tibet') in 1665, though it was contested in 1681–3 by the Oirat or Kalmuk (Qalmaq) rulers of Tibet."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogleManning2010" class="citation cs2">Bogle, George; Manning, Thomas (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Y7slbgVL4AC&pg=PR26"><i>Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet: And of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 26, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02255-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-02255-2"><bdi>978-1-108-02255-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+the+Mission+of+George+Bogle+to+Tibet%3A+And+of+the+Journey+of+Thomas+Manning+to+Lhasa&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-02255-2&rft.aulast=Bogle&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Manning%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Y7slbgVL4AC%26pg%3DPR26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann_2002_p._15-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann_2002_p._15_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2002" class="citation book cs1">Mann, R.S. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aFezoGn__4kC&pg=PA15"><i>Ladakh Then and Now: Cultural, Ecological, and Political</i></a>. Mittal Publications. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-838-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-838-9"><bdi>978-81-7099-838-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh+Then+and+Now%3A+Cultural%2C+Ecological%2C+and+Political&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-838-9&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFezoGn__4kC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoramCharlie-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoramCharlie_31-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoram2004" class="citation book cs1">Loram, Charlie (2004) [2000]. <i>Trekking in Ladakh</i> (2nd ed.). Trailblazer Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trekking+in+Ladakh&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Trailblazer+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Loram&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zutshi_126-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zutshi_126_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zutshi_126_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZutshi2016" class="citation book cs1">Zutshi, Rattan (13 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1GlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT126"><i>My Journey of Discovery</i></a>. Partridge Publishing. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-4140-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-4140-4"><bdi>978-1-4828-4140-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Journey+of+Discovery&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-4140-4&rft.aulast=Zutshi&rft.aufirst=Rattan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1GlCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetech,_The_Kingdom_of_Ladakh1977">Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)</a>, p. 7: <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> describes a journey from <i>Ch'u-lu-to</i> (Kuluta, <a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kullu</a>) to <i>Lo-hu-lo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lahul" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahul">Lahul</a>), then goes on saying that "from there to the north, for over 2000 <i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">li</a></i>, the road is very difficult, with cold wind and flying snow; thus one arrives in the kingdom of <i>Mo-lo-so</i>". Petech states, "geographically speaking, the region thus indicated is unmistakably Ladakh."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetech,_The_Kingdom_of_Ladakh19777–8-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetech,_The_Kingdom_of_Ladakh19777–8_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetech,_The_Kingdom_of_Ladakh1977">Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh (1977)</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward_&_Howard,_Historic_Ruins_in_the_Gya_Valley201486-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoward_&_Howard,_Historic_Ruins_in_the_Gya_Valley201486_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoward_&_Howard,_Historic_Ruins_in_the_Gya_Valley2014">Howard & Howard, Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley (2014)</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeisler2011" class="citation cs2">Zeisler, Bettina (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V-R5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293">"Kenhat, The Dialects of Upper Ladakh and Zanskari"</a>, <i>Himalayan Languages and Linguistics: Studies in Phonology, Semantics, Morphology and Syntax</i>, BRILL, p. 293, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21653-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21653-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21653-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kenhat%2C+The+Dialects+of+Upper+Ladakh+and+Zanskari&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Languages+and+Linguistics%3A+Studies+in+Phonology%2C+Semantics%2C+Morphology+and+Syntax&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21653-2&rft.aulast=Zeisler&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV-R5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span>: "While the whole of Ladakh and adjacent regions were originally populated by speakers of Eastern Iranian (Scythian), Lower Ladakh (as well as Baltistan) was also subject to several immigration waves of Indoaryan (Dardic) speakers and other groups from Central Asia. Upper Ladakh and the neighbouring regions to the east, by contrast, seem to have been populated additionally by speakers of a non-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman language, namely West Himalayan (Old Zhangzhung;...)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellezza2014" class="citation cs2">Bellezza, John Vincent (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bZFuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101"><i>The Dawn of Tibet: The Ancient Civilization on the Roof of the World</i></a>, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, p. 101, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3462-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3462-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-3462-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Tibet%3A+The+Ancient+Civilization+on+the+Roof+of+the+World&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3462-8&rft.aulast=Bellezza&rft.aufirst=John+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbZFuBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground1963">Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)</a>, pp. 12–15: "Ladakh's geographical position leaves no room for doubt that its ancient caravan routes must have often served as a path first for conquest and then for retreat of the opposing armies as they alternated between victory and defeat."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground196315–16-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground196315–16_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground1963">Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground (1963)</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2017" class="citation journal cs1">Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35061254">"A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus"</a>. <i>Interaction in the Himalayas and Central Asia</i>. Austrian Academy of Science Press: 231–243. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220505021531/https://www.academia.edu/35061254">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interaction+in+the+Himalayas+and+Central+Asia&rft.atitle=A+Turk+in+the+Dukhang%3F+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Elite+Dress+in+Medieval+Ladakh+and+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=231-243&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Finbarr+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35061254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1997" class="citation cs2">Howard, Neil (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jX552GiSmYC&pg=PA122">"History of Ladakh"</a>, <i>Recent Research on Ladakh 6</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 122, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120814325" title="Special:BookSources/9788120814325"><bdi>9788120814325</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Ladakh&rft.btitle=Recent+Research+on+Ladakh+6&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788120814325&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jX552GiSmYC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheikh-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheikh_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheikh_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheikh_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh1995" class="citation cs2">Sheikh, Abdul Ghani (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&pg=PA189">"A Brief History of Muslims in Ladakh"</a>, <i>Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 189, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120814042" title="Special:BookSources/9788120814042"><bdi>9788120814042</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Muslims+in+Ladakh&rft.btitle=Recent+Research+on+Ladakh+4+%26+5&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120814042&rft.aulast=Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Ghani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmCy2mBVNqSoC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&q=ali%20sher%20khan%20daughter&pg=PA140"><i>Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history</i></a>. Indus Publishing. 1 January 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173871245" title="Special:BookSources/9788173871245"><bdi>9788173871245</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Western+Himalaya%3A+A+politico-religious+history&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=9788173871245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4VuovXa5YUC%26q%3Dali%2520sher%2520khan%2520daughter%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaulKaul1992" class="citation book cs1">Kaul, Shridhar; Kaul, H. N. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8J3YdskW00sC&q=ali+sher+khan+daughter&pg=PA49"><i>Ladakh Through the Ages, Towards a New Identity</i></a>. Indus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185182759" title="Special:BookSources/9788185182759"><bdi>9788185182759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh+Through+the+Ages%2C+Towards+a+New+Identity&rft.pub=Indus&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788185182759&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=Shridhar&rft.au=Kaul%2C+H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8J3YdskW00sC%26q%3Dali%2Bsher%2Bkhan%2Bdaughter%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJina1996" class="citation book cs1">Jina, Prem Singh (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC&q=gyal+khatun&pg=PA149"><i>Ladakh</i></a>. Indus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173870576" title="Special:BookSources/9788173870576"><bdi>9788173870576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh&rft.pub=Indus&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788173870576&rft.aulast=Jina&rft.aufirst=Prem+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjhcZgDy-WMC%26q%3Dgyal%2Bkhatun%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmastonDenwood1995" class="citation book cs1">Osmaston, Henry; Denwood, Philip (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&q=gyal+khatun&pg=PA190"><i>Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120814042" title="Special:BookSources/9788120814042"><bdi>9788120814042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Research+on+Ladakh+4+%26+5&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120814042&rft.aulast=Osmaston&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Denwood%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmCy2mBVNqSoC%26q%3Dgyal%2Bkhatun%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBora2004" class="citation book cs1">Bora, Nirmala (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8eReFv7cVZ0C&q=gyal+khatun&pg=PA46"><i>Ladakh</i></a>. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179750124" title="Special:BookSources/9788179750124"><bdi>9788179750124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh&rft.pub=Anamika+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788179750124&rft.aulast=Bora&rft.aufirst=Nirmala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8eReFv7cVZ0C%26q%3Dgyal%2Bkhatun%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaul1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaul, H. N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&pg=PA60"><i>Rediscovery of Ladakh</i></a>. Indus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173870866" title="Special:BookSources/9788173870866"><bdi>9788173870866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovery+of+Ladakh&rft.pub=Indus&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788173870866&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmg8My6WaWRcC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmastonDenwood1995" class="citation book cs1">Osmaston, Henry; Denwood, Philip (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCy2mBVNqSoC&q=17th+century+islam+leh&pg=PA190"><i>Recent Research on Ladakh 4 & 5</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120814042" title="Special:BookSources/9788120814042"><bdi>9788120814042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Research+on+Ladakh+4+%26+5&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120814042&rft.aulast=Osmaston&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.au=Denwood%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmCy2mBVNqSoC%26q%3D17th%2Bcentury%2Bislam%2Bleh%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the following studies (1) Halkias, T. Georgios(2009) "Until the Feathers of the Winged Black Raven Turn White: Sources for the Tibet-Bashahr Treaty of 1679–1684," in <i>Mountains, Monasteries and Mosques</i>, ed. John Bray. Supplement to Rivista Orientali, pp. 59–79; (2) Emmer, Gerhard(2007) "Dga' ldan tshe dbang dpal bzang po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679–84," in <i>The Mongolia-Tibet Interface. Opening new Research Terrains in Inner Asia</i>, eds. Uradyn Bulag, Hildegard Diemberger, Leiden, Brill, pp. 81–107; (3) Ahmad, Zahiruddin (1968) "New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679–84." <i>East and West</i>, XVIII, 3, pp. 340–361; (4) Petech, Luciano(1947) "The Tibet-Ladakhi Moghul War of 1681–83." <i>The Indian Historical Quarterly</i>, XXIII, 3, pp. 169–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSali1998" class="citation book cs1">Sali, M. L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6y2E9gw5oIC&q=deldan+namgyal&pg=PA34"><i>India-China Border Dispute</i></a>. APH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170249641" title="Special:BookSources/9788170249641"><bdi>9788170249641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-China+Border+Dispute&rft.pub=APH&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788170249641&rft.aulast=Sali&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6y2E9gw5oIC%26q%3Ddeldan%2Bnamgyal%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaul1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaul, H. N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC&q=delek+namgyal&pg=PA63"><i>Rediscovery of Ladakh</i></a>. Indus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173870866" title="Special:BookSources/9788173870866"><bdi>9788173870866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovery+of+Ladakh&rft.pub=Indus&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788173870866&rft.aulast=Kaul&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmg8My6WaWRcC%26q%3Ddelek%2Bnamgyal%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohan_Elverskog2011" class="citation book cs1">Johan Elverskog (6 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA223"><i>Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 223–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0531-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-0531-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215051700/https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Islam+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=223-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-06-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0531-2&rft.au=Johan+Elverskog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7_4Gr9Q438C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TuttleSchaeffer2013-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TuttleSchaeffer2013_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray_TuttleKurtis_R._Schaeffer2013" class="citation book cs1">Gray Tuttle; Kurtis R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Excelsior&rft.atitle=LAHDC+Act+would+continue+and+the+Amendments+of+2018+to+be+protected%3A+Governor&rft.date=2019-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexcelsior.com%2Flahdc-act-would-continue-and-the-amendments-of-2018-to-be-protected-governor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-happy1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-happy1_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-happy1_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-happy1_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/one-year-of-union-territory-status-ladakh-brims-with-hope/articleshow/77326052.cms">One year of union territory status: Ladakh brims with hope</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803142055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/one-year-of-union-territory-status-ladakh-brims-with-hope/articleshow/77326052.cms">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Times of India, 3 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">Gazetteer</a> of Kashmir and Ladák published in 1890 Compiled under the direction of the Quarter Master General in India in the Intelligence Branch in fact unequivocally states inter alia in pages 520 and 364 that Khotán is "a province in the Chinese Empire lying to the north of the Eastern Kuenlun (Kun Lun) range, which here forms the <i>boundary</i> of Ladák" and "The eastern range forms the southern boundary of Khotán, and is crossed by two passes, the Yangi or Elchi Díwan, crossed in 1865 by Johnson and the Hindútak Díwan, crossed by Robert Schlagentweit in 1857".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031170144/http://www.drrgateway.net/sites/default/files/india_disaster_response_plan_2007.pdf">"Multi-hazard Map of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Development Program">United Nations Development Program</a>. 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-hazard+Map+of+India&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Program&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drrgateway.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Findia_disaster_response_plan_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzepekJoel_B._Smith1995" class="citation book cs1">Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Joel B. Smith (1995). <i>As Climate Changes: International Impacts and Implications</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46796-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46796-4"><bdi>978-0-521-46796-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+Climate+Changes%3A+International+Impacts+and+Implications&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46796-4&rft.aulast=Strzepek&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft.au=Joel+B.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702182937/http://southasia.oneworld.net/article/view/136661/1/?PrintableVersion=enabled">"OneWorld South Asia – Glacier man Chewang Norphel brings water to Ladakh"</a>. 2 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasia.oneworld.net/article/view/136661/1/?PrintableVersion=enabled">the original</a> on 2 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OneWorld+South+Asia+%E2%80%93+Glacier+man+Chewang+Norphel+brings+water+to+Ladakh&rft.date=2007-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthasia.oneworld.net%2Farticle%2Fview%2F136661%2F1%2F%3FPrintableVersion%3Denabled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edugreen.teri.res.in/misc/path/path.htm#norphel">"Edugreen.teri.res.in"</a>. Edugreen.teri.res.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110830185041/http://edugreen.teri.res.in/misc/path/path.htm#norphel">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edugreen.teri.res.in&rft.pub=Edugreen.teri.res.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedugreen.teri.res.in%2Fmisc%2Fpath%2Fpath.htm%23norphel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehladakhindia.com/climate-in-ladakh.html">"Climate in Ladakh"</a>. LehLadakhIndia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080222141348/http://www.lehladakhindia.com/climate-in-ladakh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+in+Ladakh&rft.pub=LehLadakhIndia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lehladakhindia.com%2Fclimate-in-ladakh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorský2018" class="citation book cs1">Dvorský, Miroslav (2018). <i>A field guide to the flora of Ladakh</i>. Prague: Academia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-200-2826-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-200-2826-6"><bdi>978-80-200-2826-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+field+guide+to+the+flora+of+Ladakh&rft.place=Prague&rft.pub=Academia&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-80-200-2826-6&rft.aulast=Dvorsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGermanAl-Shehbaz2010" class="citation journal cs1">German, Dmitry A.; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (1 December 2010). "Nomenclatural novelties in miscellaneous Asian Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)". <i>Nordic Journal of Botany</i>. <b>28</b> (6): 646–651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-1051.2010.00983.x">10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.00983.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-1051">1756-1051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Nomenclatural+novelties+in+miscellaneous+Asian+Brassicaceae+%28Cruciferae%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=646-651&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1756-1051.2010.00983.x&rft.issn=1756-1051&rft.aulast=German&rft.aufirst=Dmitry+A.&rft.au=Al-Shehbaz%2C+Ihsan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamgailFoxBhatnagar2004" class="citation book cs1">Namgail, T.; Fox, J.L.; Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69530/NamgailetalJZool.pdf">"262"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Habitat segregation between sympatric Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni and blue sheep Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya</i>. London: reg.wur.nl. pp. 57–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304210939/http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69530/NamgailetalJZool.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=262&rft.btitle=Habitat+segregation+between+sympatric+Tibetan+argali+Ovis+ammon+hodgsoni+and+blue+sheep+Pseudois+nayaur+in+the+Indian+Trans-Himalaya&rft.place=London&rft.pages=57-63&rft.pub=reg.wur.nl&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Namgail&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Fox%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Bhatnagar%2C+Y.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reg.wur.nl%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FCF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336%2F69530%2FNamgailetalJZool.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamgail2006" class="citation journal cs1">Namgail, T (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69532/NamgailIbexBlusSheep.pdf">"Winter Habitat Partitioning between Asiatic Ibex and Blue Sheep in Ladakh, Northern India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Mountain Ecology</i>. <b>8</b>: 7–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326085000/http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69532/NamgailIbexBlusSheep.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mountain+Ecology&rft.atitle=Winter+Habitat+Partitioning+between+Asiatic+Ibex+and+Blue+Sheep+in+Ladakh%2C+Northern+India&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=7-13&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Namgail&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reg.wur.nl%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FCF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336%2F69532%2FNamgailIbexBlusSheep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namgail, T. (2006). Trans-Himalayan large herbivores: status, conservation, and niche relationships. Report submitted to the Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx Zoo, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamgailFoxBhatnagar2007" class="citation journal cs1">Namgail, T.; Fox, J.L.; Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69531/NamgailetalHabitatShift.pdf">"Habitat shift and time budget of the Tibetan argali: the influence of livestock grazing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ecological Research</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 25–31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EcoR...22...25N">2007EcoR...22...25N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11284-006-0015-y">10.1007/s11284-006-0015-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12451184">12451184</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326085011/http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69531/NamgailetalHabitatShift.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Research&rft.atitle=Habitat+shift+and+time+budget+of+the+Tibetan+argali%3A+the+influence+of+livestock+grazing&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-31&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12451184%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11284-006-0015-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EcoR...22...25N&rft.aulast=Namgail&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Fox%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Bhatnagar%2C+Y.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reg.wur.nl%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FCF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336%2F69531%2FNamgailetalHabitatShift.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamgailBagchiMishraBhatnagar2008" class="citation journal cs1">Namgail, T.; Bagchi, S.; Mishra, C.; Bhatnagar, Y.V. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69527/NamgailetalOryx2008Gazelle.pdf">"Distributional correlates of the Tibetan gazelle in northern India: Towards a recovery programme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oryx</i>. <b>42</b>: 107–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0030605308000768">10.1017/s0030605308000768</a></span> (inactive 5 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326085007/http://www.reg.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/CF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336/69527/NamgailetalOryx2008Gazelle.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oryx&rft.atitle=Distributional+correlates+of+the+Tibetan+gazelle+in+northern+India%3A+Towards+a+recovery+programme&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=107-112&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0030605308000768&rft.aulast=Namgail&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Bagchi%2C+S.&rft.au=Mishra%2C+C.&rft.au=Bhatnagar%2C+Y.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reg.wur.nl%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FCF6DD450-51CA-46E7-950A-5655E5E00336%2F69527%2FNamgailetalOryx2008Gazelle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatnagarWangchukPrinsvan_Wieren2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bhatnagar, Y. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NDTV.com&rft.pub=NDTV.com&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft.au=IAF+craft+makes+successful+landing+near+China+border&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fconvergence%2Fndtv%2Fstory.aspx%3Fid%3DNEWEN20080071230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517161012/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=783401">"Air Courier Service From Kargil Begins Operation"</a>. news.outlookindia.com. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAF+to+start+air+services+to+Kargil+during+winter+from+December+6&rft.pub=NDTV.com&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fiaf-to-start-air-services-to-kargil-during-winter-from-December%25206-70300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFayyaz2013" class="citation news cs1">Fayyaz, Ahmed Ali (7 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kargil-gets-first-civil-air-connectivity/article4283179.ece">"Kargil gets first civil air connectivity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215235708/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kargil-gets-first-civil-air-connectivity/article4283179.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epilogue%27s+website&rft.pub=Epilogue.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epilogue.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kashmirtimes.com/">"The Kashmir Times"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620234302/http://www.kashmirtimes.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kashmir+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kashmirtimes.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmer,_the_Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal_War2007" class="citation cs2">Emmer, Gerhard (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GPKvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA95">"Dga' Ldan Tshe Dbang Dpal Bzang Po and the Tibet-Ladakh-Mugha1 War of 1679–84"</a>, <i>Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 9: The Mongolia-Tibet Interface: Opening New Research Terrains in Inner Asia</i>, BRILL, pp. 81–108, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2171-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2171-9"><bdi>978-90-474-2171-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dga%27+Ldan+Tshe+Dbang+Dpal+Bzang+Po+and+the+Tibet-Ladakh-Mugha1+War+of+1679%E2%80%9384&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Tenth+Seminar+of+the+IATS%2C+2003.+Volume+9%3A+The+Mongolia-Tibet+Interface%3A+Opening+New+Research+Terrains+in+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=81-108&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2171-9&rft.aulast=Emmer&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGPKvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher,_Rose_&_Huttenback,_Himalayan_Battleground1963" class="citation cs2">Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827222824/https://www.questia.com/read/10466588/himalayan-battleground-sino-indian-rivalry-in-ladakh"><i>Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh</i></a>, Praeger, <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007DVVG2">B0007DVVG2</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/read/10466588/himalayan-battleground-sino-indian-rivalry-in-ladakh">the original</a> on 27 August 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Battleground%3A+Sino-Indian+Rivalry+in+Ladakh&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007DVVG2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Margaret+W.&rft.au=Rose%2C+Leo+E.&rft.au=Huttenback%2C+Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F10466588%2Fhimalayan-battleground-sino-indian-rivalry-in-ladakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancke,_A_History_of_Western_Tibet1907" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke_(Tibetologist)" title="August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist)">Francke, August Hermann</a> (1907), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern00ahfr/page/n6"><i>A History of Western Tibet</i></a>, S. W. Partridge & Co, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120610439" title="Special:BookSources/9788120610439"><bdi>9788120610439</bdi></a> – via archive.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Western+Tibet&rft.pub=S.+W.+Partridge+%26+Co&rft.date=1907&rft.isbn=9788120610439&rft.aulast=Francke&rft.aufirst=August+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwestern00ahfr%2Fpage%2Fn6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancke,_Antiquities_of_Indian_Tibet1992" class="citation book cs1">Francke, August Hermann (1992) [first published 1926]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WG4J4IKd014C"><i>Antiquities of Indian Tibet</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Educational_Services" title="Asian Educational Services">Asian Educational Services</a>. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0769-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0769-4"><bdi>81-206-0769-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+Indian+Tibet&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=81-206-0769-4&rft.aulast=Francke&rft.aufirst=August+Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWG4J4IKd014C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanda,_Buddhist_Western_Himalaya2001" class="citation cs2">Handa, O. C. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R4VuovXa5YUC&pg=PA130"><i>Buddhist Western Himalaya: A politico-religious history</i></a>, Indus Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-124-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-124-5"><bdi>978-81-7387-124-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Western+Himalaya%3A+A+politico-religious+history&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-124-5&rft.aulast=Handa&rft.aufirst=O.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR4VuovXa5YUC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJina,_Ladakh1996" class="citation cs2">Jina, Prem Singh (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjhcZgDy-WMC"><i>Ladakh: The Land and the People</i></a>, Indus Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-057-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-057-6"><bdi>978-81-7387-057-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladakh%3A+The+Land+and+the+People&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-057-6&rft.aulast=Jina&rft.aufirst=Prem+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjhcZgDy-WMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLo_Bue_&_Bray,_Art_and_Architecture_in_Ladakh2014" class="citation cs2">Lo Bue, Erberto; Bray, John, eds. (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">"Introduction"</a>, <i>Art and Architecture in Ladakh: Cross-cultural Transmissions in the Himalayas and Karakoram</i>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27180-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27180-7"><bdi>978-90-04-27180-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Art+and+Architecture+in+Ladakh%3A+Cross-cultural+Transmissions+in+the+Himalayas+and+Karakoram&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27180-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJCfAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorjay,_Embedded_in_Stone2014" class="citation cs2">Dorjay, Phuntsog (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">"Embedded in Stone—Early Buddhist Rock Art of Ladakh"</a>, <i>Ibid</i>, BRILL, pp. 35–67, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004271807" title="Special:BookSources/9789004271807"><bdi>9789004271807</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Embedded+in+Stone%E2%80%94Early+Buddhist+Rock+Art+of+Ladakh&rft.btitle=Ibid&rft.pages=35-67&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004271807&rft.aulast=Dorjay&rft.aufirst=Phuntsog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJCfAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_&_Howard,_Historic_Ruins_in_the_Gya_Valley2014" class="citation cs2">Howard, Neil; Howard, Kath (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">"Historic Ruins in the Gya Valley, Eastern Ladakh, and a Consideration of Their Relationship to the History of Ladakh and Maryul"</a>, <i>Ibid</i>, BRILL, pp. 68–99, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004271807" title="Special:BookSources/9789004271807"><bdi>9789004271807</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historic+Ruins+in+the+Gya+Valley%2C+Eastern+Ladakh%2C+and+a+Consideration+of+Their+Relationship+to+the+History+of+Ladakh+and+Maryul&rft.btitle=Ibid&rft.pages=68-99&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004271807&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Howard%2C+Kath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJCfAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetech,_The_Kingdom_of_Ladakh1977" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Petech" title="Luciano Petech">Petech, Luciano</a> (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf"><i>The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D.</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente – via academia.edu</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Ladakh%2C+c.+950%E2%80%931842+A.D.&rft.pub=Instituto+Italiano+Per+il+Medio+ed+Estremo+Oriente&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Petech&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F48901732%2F1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJina1995" class="citation book cs1">Jina, Prem Singh (1 January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QTJbvggV6EC&q=turki+woman+married+to&pg=PA123"><i>Famous Western Expolorers to Ladakh</i></a>. Indus Publishing. pp. 123–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-031-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7387-031-6"><bdi>978-81-7387-031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Western+Expolorers+to+Ladakh&rft.pages=123-&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=1995-01-01&rft.isbn=978-81-7387-031-6&rft.aulast=Jina&rft.aufirst=Prem+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QTJbvggV6EC%26q%3Dturki%2Bwoman%2Bmarried%2Bto%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALadakh" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Allan, Nigel J. R. 1995 <i>Karakorum Himalaya: Sourcebook for a Protected Area</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110121202/http://www.iucn.org/places/pakistan/pdf/Karakoram-sourcebook.pdf">IUCN</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8141-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/969-8141-13-8">969-8141-13-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cunningham" title="Alexander Cunningham">Cunningham, Alexander</a>. 1854. <i>Ladak: Physical, Statistical, and Historical; with notices of the surrounding countries</i>. Reprint: Sagar Publications, New Delhi. 1977.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ippolito_Desideri" title="Ippolito Desideri">Desideri, Ippolito</a> (1932). <i>An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri 1712–1727</i>. Ippolito Desideri. Edited by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_De_Filippi_(explorer)" title="Filippo De Filippi (explorer)">Filippo De Filippi</a>. Introduction by C. Wessels. Reproduced by Rupa & Co, New Delhi. 2005</li> <li>Drew, Federic. 1877. <i>The Northern Barrier of India: a popular account of the Jammoo and Kashmir Territories with Illustrations.</i> 1st edition: Edward Stanford, London. Reprint: Light & Life Publishers, Jammu. 1971.</li> <li>Francke, A. H. (1914), 1920, 1926. <i>Antiquities of Indian Tibet. Vol. 1: Personal Narrative; Vol. 2: The Chronicles of Ladak and Minor Chronicles, texts and translations, with Notes and Maps</i>. Reprint: 1972. S. Chand & Co., New Delhi. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WG4J4IKd014C&q=Antiquities+of+indian+Tibet">Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405083041/https://books.google.com/books?id=WG4J4IKd014C&q=Antiquities+of+indian+Tibet">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li>Gielen, U. P. 1998. "Gender roles in traditional Tibetan cultures". In L. L. Adler (Ed.), <i>International handbook on gender roles</i> (pp. 413–437). Westport, CT: Greenwood.</li> <li>Gillespie, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lse.academia.edu/AlexGillespie/Papers/1347720/Time_self_and_the_other_the_striving_tourist">Time, Self and the Other: The striving tourist in Ladakh, north India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028053215/https://www.academia.edu/1308590/Time_self_and_the_other_the_striving_tourist">Archived</a> 28 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Livia Simao and Jaan Valsiner (eds) <i>Otherness in question: Development of the self</i>. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, Inc.</li> <li>Gillespie, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lse.academia.edu/AlexGillespie/Papers/97290/In_the_other_we_trust_Buying_souvenirs_in_Ladakh_North_India">In the other we trust: Buying souvenirs in Ladakh, north India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723124815/http://lse.academia.edu/AlexGillespie/Papers/97290/In_the_other_we_trust_Buying_souvenirs_in_Ladakh_North_India">Archived</a> 23 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ivana_Markova" title="Ivana Markova">Ivana Markova</a> and Alex Gillespie (Eds.), <i>Trust and distrust: Sociocultural perspectives</i>. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, Inc.</li> <li><i>The Road to Lamaland</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gompertz" title="Louis Gompertz">Martin Louis Alan Gompertz</a></li> <li><i>Magic Ladakh</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gompertz" title="Louis Gompertz">Martin Louis Alan Gompertz</a></li> <li>Gordon, T. E. 1876. <i>The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir.</i> Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company. Tapei. 1971.</li> <li>Ham, Peter Van. 2015. <i> Indian Tibet Tibetan India: The Cultural Legacy of the Western Himalayas</i>. <a href="/wiki/Niyogi_Books" title="Niyogi Books">Niyogi Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789383098934" title="Special:BookSources/9789383098934">9789383098934</a>.</li> <li>Halkias, Georgios (2009) "Until the Feathers of the Winged Black Raven Turn White: Sources for the Tibet-Bashahr Treaty of 1679–1684", in <i>Mountains, Monasteries and Mosques</i>, ed. John Bray. Supplement to Rivista Orientali, pp. 59–79.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/601756/Until_the_Feathers_of_the_Winged_Black_Raven_Turn_White_Sources_for_the_Tibet-Bashahr_Treaty_of_1679-1684">Until the Feathers of the Winged Black Raven Turn White: Sources for the Tibet-Bashahr Treaty of 1679–1684</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105184102/http://www.academia.edu/601756/Until_the_Feathers_of_the_Winged_Black_Raven_Turn_White_Sources_for_the_Tibet-Bashahr_Treaty_of_1679-1684">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Halkias, Georgios (2010). <i>The Muslim Queens of the Himalayas: Princess Exchange in Ladakh and Baltistan.</i> In Islam-Tibet: Interactions along the Musk Routes, eds. Anna Akasoy et al. Ashgate Publications, 231–252. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/601746/The_Muslim_Queens_of_the_Himalayas_Princess_Exchanges_in_Baltistan_and_Ladakh">The Muslim Queens of the Himalayas: Princess Exchanges in Baltistan and Ladakh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105184102/http://www.academia.edu/601746/The_Muslim_Queens_of_the_Himalayas_Princess_Exchanges_in_Baltistan_and_Ladakh">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Harvey_(religious_writer)" title="Andrew Harvey (religious writer)">Harvey, Andrew</a>. 1983. <i>A Journey in Ladakh</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company, New York.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="K. N. Pandit">Pandit, K. N.</a> (1986). <i>Ladakh, life & culture.</i> Srinagar, Kashmir, India: Centre of Central Asian Studies, Kashmir University.</li> <li>Knight, E. F. 1893. <i>Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in: Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining countries</i>. Longmans, Green, and Co., London. Reprint: Ch'eng Wen Publishing Company, Taipei. 1971.</li> <li>Knight, William, Henry. 1863. <i>Diary of a Pedestrian in Cashmere and Thibet</i>. Richard Bentley, London. Reprint 1998: Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moorcroft_(explorer)" title="William Moorcroft (explorer)">Moorcroft, William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trebeck,_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebeck, George">Trebeck, George</a>. 1841. <i>Travels in the Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab; in Ladakh and Kashmir, in Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, and Bokhara ... from 1819 to 1825</i>, Vol. II. Reprint: New Delhi, Sagar Publications, 1971.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberg-Hodge,_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Norberg-Hodge, Helena">Norberg-Hodge, Helena</a>. 2000. <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Futures:_Learning_from_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh">Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh</a></i>. Rider Books, London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peissel,_Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Peissel, Michel">Peissel, Michel</a>. 1984. <i>The Ants' Gold: The Discovery of the Greek El Dorado in the Himalayas</i>. Harvill Press, London.</li> <li>Rizvi, Janet. 1998. <i>Ladakh, Crossroads of High Asia</i>. Oxford University Press. 1st edition 1963. 2nd revised edition 1996. 3rd impression 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-564546-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-564546-4">0-19-564546-4</a>.</li> <li>Sen, Sohini. 2015. <i>Ladakh: A Photo Travelogue</i>. Niyogi Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789385285028" title="Special:BookSources/9789385285028">9789385285028</a>.</li> <li><i>Trekking in Zanskar & Ladakh: Nubra Valley, Tso Moriri & Pangong Lake, Step By step Details of Every Trek: a Most Authentic & Colourful Trekkers' guide with maps 2001–2002</i></li> <li>Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "East of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Ancient India and South of Khotan." In: <i>The Tibet Journal</i>, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371–463.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Emblem_of_Ladakh_Union_Territory_of_Ladakh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ladakh,_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Ladakh"><img alt="Emblem of Ladakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ladakh%2C_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union Territory</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ladakh</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <b><a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a></b>; <b><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Black-necked_crane" title="Black-necked crane">Black-necked crane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ladakh" title="History of Ladakh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Independent India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">Maryul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tingmosgang" title="Treaty of Tingmosgang">Treaty of Tingmosgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Independent India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947%E2%80%931948" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948">1947–1948 India-Pakistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_Ladakh_(1948)" title="Military operations in Ladakh (1948)">1948 military operations in Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turtuk" title="Battle of Turtuk">1971 battle of Turtuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Ladakh_floods" title="2010 Ladakh floods">2010 Ladakh floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Act,_2019" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019">2019 Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh reorganisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demchok_sector" title="Demchok sector">Demchok conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">India–China conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">India–Pakistan conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Ladakh" title="Administration of Ladakh">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Ladakh" title="List of districts of Ladakh">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ladakh" title="Politics of Ladakh">Politics of Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Kargil" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil">Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Autonomous_Hill_Development_Council,_Leh" title="Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh">Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Leh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Police" title="Ladakh Police">Ladakh Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Renewable_Energy_Development_Agency" title="Ladakh Renewable Energy Development Agency">Ladakh Renewable Energy Development Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir High Court">Jammu and Kashmir High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ladakh" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ladakh">Lieutenant Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)">Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ladakh" title="Geography of Ladakh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya#Major_tectonic_subdivisions_of_the_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Himalaya">Four types of Himalayan ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Himalaya">Geology of the Himalaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ranges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltoro_Muztagh" title="Baltoro Muztagh">Baltoro Muztagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Range" title="Ladakh Range">Ladakh Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar_Range" title="Zanskar Range">Zanskar Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailash_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailash Range">Kailash Range</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plateau</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depsang_Plains" title="Depsang Plains">Depsang Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_plains" title="More plains">More plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirijap" title="Sirijap">Sirijap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teram_Shehr_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teram Shehr Plateau (page does not exist)">Teram Shehr Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Valleys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupshu" title="Rupshu">Rupshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Valley" title="Salt Valley">Salt Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushkoh_Valley" title="Mushkoh Valley">Mushkoh Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padum" title="Padum">Padum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyok_River" title="Shyok River">Shyok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru_Valley" title="Suru Valley">Suru Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubra_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubra Valley">Nubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryan valley">Aryan valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glaciers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumik_Glacier" title="Chumik Glacier">Chumik Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang-Drung_Glacier" title="Drang-Drung Glacier">Drang-Drung Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machoi_Glacier" title="Machoi Glacier">Machoi Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkachik_Glacier" title="Parkachik Glacier">Parkachik Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafat_Glacier" title="Shafat Glacier">Shafat Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Moriri" title="Tso Moriri">Tso Moriri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangong_Tso" title="Pangong Tso">Pangong Tso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_River" title="Ravi River">Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyok_River" title="Shyok River">Shyok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dras_River" title="Dras River">Drass River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar_River" title="Zanskar River">Zanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarap_River" title="Tsarap River">Tsarap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doda_River" title="Doda River">Doda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapola_River" title="Yapola River">Yapola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru_River_(Indus)" title="Suru River (Indus)">Suru River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markha_River_(India)" title="Markha River (India)">Markha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwan_River" title="Galwan River">Galwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_Chap_River" title="Chip Chap River">Chip Chap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilafond_La" title="Bilafond La">Bilafond La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_La" title="Chang La">Chang la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotu_La" title="Fotu La">Fotu La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyong_La" title="Gyong La">Gyong La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Col" title="Indira Col">Indira Col</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Pass" title="Karakoram Pass">Karakoram Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khardung_La" title="Khardung La">Khardung La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongka_Pass" title="Kongka Pass">Kongka Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungalacha_La" title="Lungalacha La">Lachulung La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taglang_La" title="Taglang La">Taglang La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsimik_La" title="Marsimik La">Marsimik La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namika_La" title="Namika La">Namika La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensi_La" title="Pensi La">Pensi La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezang_La" title="Rezang La">Rezang La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimo_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimo I">Rimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasser_Pass" title="Sasser Pass">Sasser Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sia_La" title="Sia La">Sia La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingo_La" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingo La">Shingo La</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanggur_Gap" title="Spanggur Gap">Spanggur Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoji_La" title="Zoji La">Zoji La</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mountain peaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bana_Top" class="mw-redirect" title="Bana Top">Bana Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumik_Kangri" title="Chumik Kangri">Chumik Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent_Kangri" title="Ghent Kangri">Ghent Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Hill" title="Gurung Hill">Gurung Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Col" title="Indira Col">India Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K12_(mountain)" title="K12 (mountain)">K12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Kangri" title="Saltoro Kangri">Saltoro Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpi_Kangri" title="Sherpi Kangri">Sherpi Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Saddle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiger Saddle (page does not exist)">Tiger Saddle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human<br />settlements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meenamarg" title="Meenamarg">Meenamarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burtse" class="mw-redirect" title="Burtse">Burtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalunka" title="Chalunka">Chalunka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemrey" title="Chemrey">Chemrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chushul" title="Chushul">Chushul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulat_Beg_Oldi" title="Daulat Beg Oldi">Daulat Beg Oldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demchok,_Ladakh" title="Demchok, Ladakh">Demchok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskit_Monastery" title="Diskit Monastery">Diskit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dras" title="Dras">Dras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzingrulma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzingrulma (page does not exist)">Dzingrulma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukche" title="Fukche">Fukche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemis" title="Hemis">Hemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanle_(village)" title="Hanle (village)">Hanle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil" title="Kargil">Kargil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalatse" title="Khalatse">Khalatse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likir" title="Likir">Likir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murgo" title="Murgo">Murgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimo,_Leh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimo, Leh">Nimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoma" title="Nyoma">Nyoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padum" title="Padum">Padum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamik" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamik">Panamik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purne" title="Purne">Purne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangdum" title="Rangdum">Rangdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankoo" title="Sankoo">Sankoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasoma" title="Sasoma">Sasoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shey" title="Shey">Shey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyok_(village)" title="Shyok (village)">Shyok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thikse_Monastery" title="Thikse Monastery">Thiksey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoise" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoise">Thoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtuk" title="Turtuk">Turtuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukdungle" title="Ukdungle">Ukdungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upshi" title="Upshi">Upshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangla" title="Zangla">Zangla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh">Music of Ladakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangskari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangskari dialect">Zangskari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changthang_language" title="Changthang language">Changthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bono-na" class="mw-redirect" title="Bono-na">Bono-na festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tourism and<br />wildlife</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ladakh" title="Wildlife of Ladakh">Wildlife</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changthang_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary">Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemis_National_Park" title="Hemis National Park">Hemis National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary">Karakoram Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ladakh" title="Tourism in Ladakh">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurnak_Fort" title="Khurnak Fort">Khurnak Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Marathon" title="Ladakh Marathon">Ladakh Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanti_Stupa,_Ladakh" title="Shanti Stupa, Ladakh">Shanti Stupa, Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Base_Camp_(India)" title="Siachen Base Camp (India)">Siachen Base Camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Indo-Tibetan<br />Buddhist monasteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchi_Monastery" title="Alchi Monastery">Alchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardan_Monastery" title="Bardan Monastery">Bardan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basgo_Monastery" title="Basgo Monastery">Basgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemrey_Monastery" title="Chemrey Monastery">Chemrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskit_Monastery" title="Diskit Monastery">Diskit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanle_Monastery" title="Hanle Monastery">Hanle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemis_Monastery" title="Hemis Monastery">Hemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundur_Monastery" title="Hundur Monastery">Hundur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korzok_Monastery" title="Korzok Monastery">Korzok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursha_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kursha Monastery">Karsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamayuru_Monastery" title="Lamayuru Monastery">Lamayuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likir_Monastery" title="Likir Monastery">Likir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingshed_Monastery" title="Lingshed Monastery">Lingshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matho_Monastery" title="Matho Monastery">Mashro/Matho Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulbekh_Monastery" title="Mulbekh Monastery">Mulbekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Tsemo_Monastery" title="Namgyal Tsemo Monastery">Namgyal Tsemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phugtal_Monastery" title="Phugtal Monastery">Phugtal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyang_Monastery" title="Phyang Monastery">Phyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangdum_Monastery" title="Rangdum Monastery">Rangdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizong_Monastery" title="Rizong Monastery">Rizong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_Monastery" title="Sani Monastery">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankar_Monastery" title="Sankar Monastery">Sankar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saspul_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saspul Monastery (page does not exist)">Saspul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shey_Monastery" title="Shey Monastery">Shey Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spituk_Monastery" title="Spituk Monastery">Spituk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stakna_Monastery" title="Stakna Monastery">Stakna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stok_Monastery" title="Stok Monastery">Stok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stongdey_Monastery" title="Stongdey Monastery">Stongdey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takthok_Monastery" title="Takthok Monastery">Takthok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thikse_Monastery" title="Thikse Monastery">Thikse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tserkarmo_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tserkarmo Monastery (page does not exist)">Tserkarmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stongdey_Monastery" title="Stongdey Monastery">Tonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanla_Monastery" title="Wanla Monastery">Wanla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangla_Monastery" title="Zangla Monastery">Zangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkhul_Monastery" title="Dzongkhul Monastery">Zongkul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ladakh#Transport" title="Tourism in Ladakh">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_Airport" title="Kargil Airport">Kargil Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushok_Bakula_Rimpochee_Airport" title="Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport">Kushok Bakula Rimpochee Airport (Leh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-China_Border_Roads#AGL" class="mw-redirect" title="India-China Border Roads">Military AGLs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darbuk%E2%80%93Shyok%E2%80%93DBO_Road" title="Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road">Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-China_Border_Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="India-China Border Roads">India-China Border Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh%E2%80%93Manali_Highway" title="Leh–Manali Highway">Leh–Manali Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1_(India)" title="National Highway 1 (India)"> NH1 Leh–Kargil–Srinagar Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimmu%E2%80%93Padum%E2%80%93Darcha_road" title="Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road">Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road</a> (under construction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasoma%E2%80%93Saser_La_Road" title="Sasoma–Saser La Road">Sasoma–Saser La Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhanupli%E2%80%93Leh_line" title="Bhanupli–Leh line">Bhanupli–Leh line</a> (Planned)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Srinagar%E2%80%93Leh_line&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srinagar–Leh line (page does not exist)">Srinagar–Leh line</a> (Planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Indian Astronomical Observatory">Indian Astronomical Observatory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dams<br />and hydroelectric project</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chutak_Hydroelectric_Plant" title="Chutak Hydroelectric Plant">Chutak</a></li> <li>Dumkhar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salal_Dam" title="Salal Dam">Salal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Buddhist_Studies" title="Central Institute of Buddhist Studies">Central Institute of Buddhist Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Institute_of_High_Altitude_Research" title="Defence Institute of High Altitude Research">Defence Institute of High Altitude Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druk_White_Lotus_School" title="Druk White Lotus School">Druk White Lotus School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Joldan_Memorial_College_Leh,_Ladakh" title="Eliezer Joldan Memorial College Leh, Ladakh">Eliezer Joldan Memorial College Leh, Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Degree_College,_Kargil" title="Government Degree College, Kargil">Government Degree College, Kargil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuktal_Monastic_School" title="Phuktal Monastic School">Phuktal Monastic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students%27_Educational_and_Cultural_Movement_of_Ladakh" title="Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh">Students' Educational and Cultural Movement of Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ladakh" title="University of Ladakh">University of Ladakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Borders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Line of Actual Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actual_Ground_Position_Line" title="Actual Ground Position Line">Actual Ground Position Line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himank" class="mw-redirect" title="Himank">Curious BRO roadsigns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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id="States_and_union_territories_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capitals in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_Indian_regions" title="Category:Historical Indian regions">Historical Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_British_India" title="Category:Presidencies of British India">British Provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_and_administrative_territories_of_Kashmir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_and_administrative_territories_of_Kashmir" title="Template:Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_and_administrative_territories_of_Kashmir" title="Template talk:Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_and_administrative_territories_of_Kashmir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_and_administrative_territories_of_Kashmir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regions and administrative territories of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardistan" title="Dardistan">Dardistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current administrative territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotan_County" title="Hotan County">Hotan County</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rutog_County" title="Rutog County">Rutog County</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ladakh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Division" title="Mirpur Division">Mirpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarabad_Division" title="Muzaffarabad Division">Muzaffarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch_Division" title="Poonch Division">Poonch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former administrative territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Agency" title="Gilgit Agency">Gilgit Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (princely state)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> (Indian state)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed administrative territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Province" title="Karakoram Province">Karakoram Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200667#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200667#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200667#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132456712">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1218510/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRhDrQTKprbDgfYvBByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4073939-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82026672">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ladakh (Indie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129755&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX461241">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557469205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027350053">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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