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<span>Ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas_of_inquiry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_of_inquiry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Areas of inquiry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Areas_of_inquiry-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Famous philosophers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Famous_philosophers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Famous philosophers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Famous_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_ancient_Greek_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ancient_Greek_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The ancient Greek philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ancient_Greek_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_European/Western_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_European/Western_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Later European/Western philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_European/Western_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_European_and_American_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_European_and_American_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Modern European and American philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_European_and_American_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_and_Latina/o_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_and_Latina/o_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Latin American and Latina/o philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_and_Latina/o_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian/Eastern_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian/Eastern_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Asian/Eastern philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian/Eastern_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideas_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideas_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideas_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areas_of_inquiry_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areas_of_inquiry_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Areas of inquiry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Areas_of_inquiry_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Areas of inquiry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Areas_of_inquiry_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Categories_in_philosophy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories_in_philosophy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Categories in philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories_in_philosophy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Is_philosophy_good_or_bad?_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Is_philosophy_good_or_bad?_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Is philosophy good or bad?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Is_philosophy_good_or_bad?_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_philosophers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_philosophers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Famous philosophers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Famous_philosophers_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Famous philosophers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Famous_philosophers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_ancient_Greek_philosophers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ancient_Greek_philosophers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>The ancient Greek philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ancient_Greek_philosophers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_European/Western_philosophers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_European/Western_philosophers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Later European/Western philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_European/Western_philosophers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_European_and_American_philosophers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_European_and_American_philosophers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>Modern European and American philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_European_and_American_philosophers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_American_and_Latina/o_philosophers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_American_and_Latina/o_philosophers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4</span> <span>Latin American and Latina/o philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_American_and_Latina/o_philosophers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian/Eastern_philosophers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian/Eastern_philosophers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.5</span> <span>Asian/Eastern philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian/Eastern_philosophers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>General sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Philosophy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 236 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-236" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">236 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%8D%E1%8A%93" title="ፍልስፍና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍልስፍና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AA%C3%B0witegung" title="Ūðwitegung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ūðwitegung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="فلسفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փիլիսոփայութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փիլիսոփայութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="দৰ্শন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দৰ্শন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arandupykuaaty" title="Arandupykuaaty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arandupykuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lup%27intawi" title="Lup'intawi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lup'intawi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99" title="Fəlsəfə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəlsəfə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="দর্শন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiat-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tiat-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiat-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Фәлсәфә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фәлсәфә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філасофія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Філасофія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філязофія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Філязофія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pilosopiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="མཚན་ཉིད་རིག་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མཚན་ཉིད་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prederouriezh" title="Prederouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Prederouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гүн ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гүн ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Философи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pilosopiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofie" title="Filozofie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filozofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugondamano" title="Ugondamano – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ugondamano" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athroniaeth" title="Athroniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athroniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="لفلسفة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لفلسفة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiija" title="Filosofiija – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Filosofiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoofia" title="Filosoofia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φιλοσοφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλοσοφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%AE" title="Filosofî – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Filosofî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Philosophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Эрямо койтнень содамо – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Эрямо койтнень содамо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio" title="Filozofio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimspeki" title="Heimspeki – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Heimspeki" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofy" title="Filosofy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Filosofy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feals%C3%BAnacht" title="Fealsúnacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fealsúnacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallsoonys" title="Fallsoonys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fallsoonys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feallsanachd" title="Feallsanachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Feallsanachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa" title="Filosofía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filosofía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Философи" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="哲學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌰𐌻𐌿𐌱𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Chet-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chet-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="철학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Falsafa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փիլիսոփայություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दर्शनशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दर्शनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofio" title="Filozofio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Filozofio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81k%E1%BB%8D_na_Uche" title="Ákọ na Uche – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ákọ na Uche" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopia" title="Pilosopia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pilosopia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia" title="Philosophia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Philosophia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%93%B1%E1%92%AA%E1%93%95%E1%90%85%E1%95%90%E1%93%82%E1%96%85" title="ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᓱᒪᓕᐅᕐᓂᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifilosofi" title="Ifilosofi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ifilosofi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injulalwazi" title="Injulalwazi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Injulalwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimspeki" title="Heimspeki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פילוסופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofii" title="Filozofii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Filozofii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuunerup_isumalerineq" title="Inuunerup isumalerineq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Inuunerup isumalerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ತತ್ತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತತ್ತ್ವಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილოსოფია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილოსოფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofij%C3%B4" title="Filozofijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Filozofijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofieth" title="Filosofieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Filosofieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Filozofi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Falsafa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakopa" title="Trakopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Trakopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Filozofi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi" title="Filozofi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filozofi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Felsefe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2" title="ປັດຊະຍາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປັດຊະຍາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia" title="Philosophia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofija" title="Filosofija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozof%C3%AEa" title="Filozofîa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Filozofîa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoufii" title="Filosoufii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Filosoufii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/pijyske" title="pijyske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="pijyske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filusufia" title="Filusufia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Filusufia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoz%C3%B3fia" title="Filozófia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Filozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филозофија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филозофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil%C3%B4z%C3%B4fia" title="Filôzôfia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filôzôfia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തത്ത്വശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തത്ത്വശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofija" title="Filosofija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Filosofija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तत्त्वज्ञान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფილოსოფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფილოსოფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah" title="Falsafah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Falsafah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯋꯥꯡꯎꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯋꯥꯡꯎꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9k-h%C5%8Fk" title="Diék-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diék-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гүн ухаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гүн ухаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဒဿနိကဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒဿနိကဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filesefie" title="Filesefie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Filesefie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="दर्शन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दर्शन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="दर्शनशास्त्र – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दर्शनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A5%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%A5%DF%98%DF%8B%DF%AC%DF%9F%DF%8C" title="ߥߘߋ߬ߥߘߋ߬ߟߌ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߥߘߋ߬ߥߘߋ߬ߟߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Философи – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Философи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofii" title="Filosofii – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Filosofii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Философий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Философий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marraaga" title="Marraaga – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Marraaga" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa" title="Falsafa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Falsafa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਦਰਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਰਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Filosofiya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C" title="فلاسفی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلاسفی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%91%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="သဘာဝတ္ထဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သဘာဝတ္ထဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filasafi" title="Filasafi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Filasafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="ទស្សនវិជ្ជា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទស្សនវិជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ACa" title="Filosofìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Filosofìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopi" title="Pilosopi – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pilosopi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Φιλοσοφία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Φιλοσοφία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Filosofiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachay_wayllukuy" title="Yachay wayllukuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yachay wayllukuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філозофія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Філозофія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तत्त्वज्ञानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तत्त्वज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAnd%C3%A2ndar%C3%A4" title="Sêndândarä – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sêndândarä" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="فلسفہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Philosophy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filusuf%C3%ACa" title="Filusufìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Filusufìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="දර්ශනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දර්ශනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88" title="فلسفو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فلسفو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia" title="Filozofia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtimaal" title="Murtimaal – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Murtimaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95" title="فەلسەفە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلسەفە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_denki" title="Sabi fu denki – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu denki" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Филозофија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филозофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofija" title="Filozofija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filozofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat" title="Filsafat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Filsafat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi" title="Filosofi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filosofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilosopiya" title="Pilosopiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pilosopiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மெய்யியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெய்யியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taflsuft" title="Taflsuft – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taflsuft" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafelseft" title="Tafelseft – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tafelseft" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%81%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Фәлсәфә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фәлсәфә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="తత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filisofia" title="Filisofia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Filisofia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="ปรัชญา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปรัชญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Фалсафа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фалсафа" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AC%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%A8%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏬᎳᏨᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Felsefe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofi%C3%BDa" title="Filosofiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Filosofiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyenfilosofi" title="Lyenfilosofi – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Lyenfilosofi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Философия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Философия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Філософія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філософія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%81" title="فلسفہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلسفہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%95" title="پەلسەپە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پەلسەپە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwzyoz" title="Cwzyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwzyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%82ozofia" title="Fiłozofia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fiłozofia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofii" title="Filosofii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Filosofii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Triết học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triết học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosop" title="Filosop – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Filosop" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosoofia" title="Filosoofia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Filosoofia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofeye" title="Filozofeye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Filozofeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloosopia" title="Piloosopia – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Piloosopia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%B9%BE" title="通幾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="通幾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofiya" title="Filosofiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Filosofiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeltu" title="Xeltu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xeltu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哲學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-vuhleketi" title="Ntivo-vuhleketi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-vuhleketi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="פילאסאפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פילאסאפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cm%C3%B2ye" title="Ìmòye – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìmòye" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哲學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe" title="Felsefe – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Felsefe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Filosofie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosuop%C4%97j%C4%97" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bust_of_Socrates.JPG/220px-Bust_of_Socrates.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bust_of_Socrates.JPG/330px-Bust_of_Socrates.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bust_of_Socrates.JPG/440px-Bust_of_Socrates.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. Roman copy of an <i><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/original" class="extiw" title="wikt:original">original</a></i> thought to be <i><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/carve" class="extiw" title="wikt:carve">carved</a></i> by Lysippos.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Philosophy</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Study_(field)" class="mw-redirect" title="Study (field)">study</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>. In fact, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">Philosophia</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word for the "love of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person who works in the field of philosophy is called a <b>philosopher</b>. A philosopher is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">thinker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">researcher</a>. A "philosophy" can also mean a group of ideas or way of living suggested by philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-MerriamWebster_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerriamWebster-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophy is a way of thinking about the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. In the past, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">natural sciences</a> were a part of philosophy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas">Ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Ideas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ideas"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideas in philosophy are often general and <i><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract" class="extiw" title="wikt:abstract">abstract</a></i>. However, this does not mean that philosophy is not about the real world. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> talks about how to be <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">good</a> in our day-to-day lives. <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> questions how the world works and what it is made of. Sometimes, people talk about how they have a ‘personal philosophy’, which means the way a person thinks about the world. This article is <i>not</i> about people's ’personal philosophies’. This article is about the ideas that have been discussed by <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Questions">Questions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Questions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Questions"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions related to philosophy are called philosophical questions. Most philosophical questions can never be answered with certainty. They focus on important topics, such as the meaning of life, death, and morality. An example of a philosophical question is this: "Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?".<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_1912_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_1912-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other questions asked by <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a> are: </p> <ul><li>What should we do in our lives?</li> <li>Why are we born?</li> <li>Why are there so many difficulties in life?</li> <li>How do we overcome <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>?</li> <li>What is the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">material</a> life?</li> <li>Will the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> exist forever?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>?</li> <li>Do we have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>?</li> <li>Does <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> exist?</li> <li>Does the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> around us <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">exist</a>?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>?</li> <li>What is the <a href="/wiki/Relationship" class="mw-disambig" title="Relationship">relationship</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body" title="Body">body</a>?</li> <li>What is the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a>?</li> <li>If I discover the meaning of life and gain knowledge of the truth about the way everything in this universe works will it enhance any of the sensory ways in which we experience this physical existence or would my limited time here be better spent simply enjoying the here and now?</li> <li>What is consciousness?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word 'Philosophy' directly <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translates</a> to 'love of wisdom'. It comes from the Greek word <i>'Philosophia'</i>, with <i>'Philo'</i> meaning <i>'lover'</i> and <i>'Sophia</i>' meaning <i>'wisdom'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology_of_Philosophy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology_of_Philosophy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different types of philosophy from different times and places. Some philosophers came from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. Others came from Asia, such as <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, Adi <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/laozi/">Laozi</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a> were from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Aquinas">Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Influence" title="Influence">Influential</a> philosophers from the 1600s and 1700s include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. Some <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/major" class="extiw" title="wikt:major">major</a> philosophers from the 1800s are <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/whereas" class="extiw" title="wikt:whereas">whereas</a> the 1900s gave us <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_inquiry">Areas of inquiry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Areas of inquiry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Areas of inquiry"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Philosophy</b> seeks to understand <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truths</a> about the world and how we view it. It tries to answer important questions by making <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/conclusion" class="extiw" title="wikt:conclusion">conclusions</a> based on observations of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> and the real world. </p><p>Sometimes, philosophy tries to answer the same questions as <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>. Philosophers give different answers to the same question. Many types of philosophy criticize or even attack the beliefs of religion. </p><p>In his work <i>Critique of Pure Reason</i>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> asks the following questions:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>What can I say?</li> <li>What shall I do?</li> <li>What dare I hope?</li> <li>What is man?</li></ol> <p>The answers to these questions give the different categories of philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories_in_philosophy">Categories in philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Categories in philosophy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Categories in philosophy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophy can be divided into different groups based on the types of questions asked. Below is a list of the questions split into groups. One possible list of answers to these questions can be called a 'philosophy'. There are many different philosophies, because all of these questions have different answers according to different people. Not all philosophies ask the same questions. These are the questions that are usually asked by philosophers from the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>: </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></b>: </p><p>Metaphysics is sometimes split up into <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> (the philosophy of real life and living things), the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a>; but these sub-branches are very close together. </p><p><i>Ontology</i>: </p> <ul><li>What is the world that we see around us? (What is <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>?) <ul><li>Is there more to the world than what we see and hear?</li> <li>If nobody sees something happen, does that mean that it did not happen?</li> <li>What does it mean to say that something is possible? Do other worlds exist?</li></ul></li> <li>Is there anything very special about being a <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human being</a>, or being <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">alive</a> at all? <ul><li>If not, why do some people think that there is?</li></ul></li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Space_(physics)" title="Space (physics)">space</a>? What is <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>?</li></ul> <p><i>The philosophy of mind</i>: </p> <ul><li>What is a <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>?</li> <li>What is a <a href="/wiki/Body" title="Body">body</a>?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>?</li> <li>Do people make choices, or can they only choose to do one thing? (Do people have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>?)</li> <li>What makes words or ideas meaningful? (What is the relation between meaningful words or ideas and the things that they mean?)</li></ul> <p><i>The philosophy of religion</i>: </p> <ul><li>Do people have <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a>?</li> <li>Is there a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> who created the Universe?</li></ul> <p><b>In <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a></b>: </p> <ul><li>What is <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>?</li> <li>How can we know anything?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>?</li></ul> <p><b>In <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a></b>: </p> <ul><li>What are right and wrong, good and bad?</li> <li>Should people do some things and not others?</li> <li>What is <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/justice" class="extiw" title="wikt:justice">justice</a>?</li></ul> <p><b>In <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a></b>: </p> <ul><li>What is <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>? What if one person thinks a painting is beautiful, but another person thinks the painting is ugly? Can the painting be beautiful and ugly at the same time?</li> <li>Are <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">true</a> things beautiful?</li> <li>Are <a href="/wiki/Goodness" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness">good</a> things beautiful?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>? We commonly think that a <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> is art. If a sculptor sculpts a sculpture of a rock from clay, and puts it in a museum, many would call it art. But what if a person picks up a rock from the ground - is the rock a piece of art?</li></ul> <p><b>In <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></b>: </p> <ul><li>What do the words we use mean?</li> <li>How can we say things (especially <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>) in a way that only has one meaning?</li> <li>Can all ideas be expressed using <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>?</li> <li>How does the <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">argument</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Premise" title="Premise">premise</a> affect the truth of its conclusion?</li> <li>How can we reason correctly?</li></ul> <p><b>In axiology</b> </p> <ul><li>What has value?</li> <li>Is time really money? or have we made it so?</li> <li>Does love, beauty, or justice hold any value?</li></ul> <p>Other divisions include <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. In past centuries, natural <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> were included in philosophy, and called "natural philosophy". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Is_philosophy_good_or_bad?"><span id="Is_philosophy_good_or_bad.3F"></span>Is philosophy good or bad?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Is philosophy good or bad?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Is philosophy good or bad?"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is easy to argue that philosophy is a good thing because it helps people understand the world better. Philosophy helps people learn how to act and think. Philosophers believe that asking philosophical questions is useful because it helps people learn about themselves, the world, and others. It can be argued that "Is philosophy good or bad?" is a philosophical question itself. </p><p>However, some people think philosophy is harmful because it encourages free-thinking and questions the beliefs that others hold. Some philosophies also clash with religion, and oppose religious beliefs. For example, philosophies such as some <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialist</a> views say that there is no meaning to life or human existence, except the meaning that we make up or invent. Most religions disagree with this belief. </p><p>Many major sciences, including <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, were once considered a part of philosophy. As facts about nature became more understood, these subjects separated into their own fields. In modern times, subjects such as consciousness, decision theory, and applied ethics have found independence from philosophy. It can be argued that philosophy helped promote the development of these sciences, and that it has historically been an important field of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Purpose" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Purpose"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophers ask questions about ideas, and tries to find answers to those questions. A philosopher also analyzes concepts, arguments, and problems in philosophy. </p><p>Some are academics that work for universities or colleges. These philosophers may write books and articles about philosophy and teach classes about the subject to university or college students. </p><p>Some are also <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>. They also think about philosophical ideas and questions. </p><p>Philosophers often use both real and imaginary examples to make a point. For example, they may write about a real or fictional person in order to show what they think a good person or a bad person is like. </p><p>Some philosophers look for the simplest way to answer a question and say that is probably the right answer. This is a process called <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a>. Others believe that complicated answers to questions can also be right. For an example of a philosophical problem, see the <a href="/wiki/God_paradox" title="God paradox">God paradox</a>. </p><p>Philosophers use <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> to solve problems and answer questions. Logical <a href="/wiki/Consistency" class="mw-disambig" title="Consistency">consistency</a> is a cornerstone of any acceptable theory. Philosophers who disagree with a theory will often try to find a logical <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradiction</a> in a theory. If they find a contradiction, this gives them a reason to reject that theory. If they do not find an inconsistency, the philosopher might show that the theory leads to a conclusion which is either unacceptable or ridiculous. This second approach is called <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_philosophers">Famous philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Famous philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Famous philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People listed here should be genuine philosophers, rather than social or <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> campaigners. The lists are not meant to be complete. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9467161">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_ancient_Greek_philosophers">The ancient Greek philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: The ancient Greek philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: The ancient Greek philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_European/Western_philosophers"><span id="Later_European.2FWestern_philosophers"></span>Later European/Western philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Later European/Western philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Later European/Western philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li>Duns Scotus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Frederich_Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_European_and_American_philosophers">Modern European and American philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Modern European and American philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Modern European and American philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li>G. E. M. Anscombe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_DeQuincey" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian DeQuincey">Christian DeQuincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_American_and_Latina/o_philosophers"><span id="Latin_American_and_Latina.2Fo_philosophers"></span>Latin American and Latina/o philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Latin American and Latina/o philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Latin American and Latina/o philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lugones" title="Maria Lugones">Maria Lugones</a></li> <li>Ofelia Schutte</li> <li>Eugenio María de Hostos</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian/Eastern_philosophers"><span id="Asian.2FEastern_philosophers"></span>Asian/Eastern philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Asian/Eastern philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Asian/Eastern philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osho" class="mw-redirect" title="Osho">Osho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhārta Gautama</a> (the Gautama Buddha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyám">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak">Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Tzu" title="Chuang Tzu">Chuang Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrevardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sohrevardi">Sohrevardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Allama Iqbal">Allama Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Sankarachrya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adi Sankarachrya (not yet started)">Adi Sankarachrya</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: General sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: General sources"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7449634">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Blumenau, Ralph. <i>Philosophy and living</i>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-33-1">978-0-907845-33-1</a></li> <li>Craig, Edward. <i>Philosophy: a very short introduction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285421-6">978-0-19-285421-6</a></li> <li>Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. <i>Mastering philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69343-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69343-8">978-0-333-69343-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040807090338/http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/phil/russell/">The problems of philosophy</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511552-9">978-0-19-511552-9</a></li> <li>Sinclair, Alistair J. 2008. <i>What is philosophy? An introduction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-94-4">978-1-903765-94-4</a></li> <li>Sober, Elliott 2001. <i>Core questions in philosophy: a text with readings</i>. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-189869-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-189869-1">978-0-13-189869-1</a></li> <li>Solomon, Robert C. <i>Big questions: a short introduction to philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-16708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-16708-0">978-0-534-16708-0</a></li> <li>Warburton, Nigel. <i>Philosophy: the basics</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14694-4">978-0-415-14694-4</a></li> <li>Nagel, Thomas. <i>What does it all mean? A very short introduction to philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505292-3">978-0-19-505292-3</a></li> <li>Pojman, Louis P. <i>Classics of Philosophy (vols. 1, 2, & 3)</i></li> <li>Arthur, Edwin <i>The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill</i></li> <li>Beardsley, Monroe <i>European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche</i></li> <li>Cottingham, John 2008. <i>Western philosophy: an anthology</i>. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., .</li> <li>Tarnas, Richard. <i>The passion of the Western mind: understanding the ideas that have shaped our world view</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-36809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-36809-6">978-0-345-36809-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Philosophy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophy">"Philosophy"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. August 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MerriamWebster-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MerriamWebster_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philosophy">"Philosophy"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell_1912-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_1912_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a> 1912. <i>The problems of philosophy</i>. Home University Library.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology_of_Philosophy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_of_Philosophy_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201104850/http://english-ingles.com/etymology-of-philosophy/">"Etymology of Philosophy"</a>. <i>english-ingles.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english-ingles.com/etymology-of-philosophy/">the original</a> on 2020-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english-ingles.com&rft.atitle=Etymology+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish-ingles.com%2Fetymology-of-philosophy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, II 2 2</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_philosophies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of philosophies (not yet started)">Schools of thought</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese philosophy (not yet started)">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculturalism (not yet started)">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Names (not yet started)">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohism (not yet started)">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Naturalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Naturalists (not yet started)">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangism (not yet started)">Yangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Roman philosophy (not yet started)">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_School_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian School (philosophy) (not yet started)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrhonism (not yet started)">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_Skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic Skepticism (not yet started)">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrenaics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrenaics (not yet started)">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynicism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynicism (philosophy) (not yet started)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eretrian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eretrian school (not yet started)">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megarian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megarian school (not yet started)">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platonic_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platonic Academy (not yet started)">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripatetic_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripatetic school (not yet started)">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Platonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Platonism (not yet started)">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_the_Sextii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of the Sextii (not yet started)">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopythagoreanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopythagoreanism (not yet started)">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sophistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sophistic (not yet started)">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (not yet started)">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaya (not yet started)">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (not yet started)">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (not yet started)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mīmāṃsā (not yet started)">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80j%C4%ABvika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ājīvika (not yet started)">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aj%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajñana (not yet started)">Ajñana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jain_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jain philosophy (not yet started)">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anekantavada (not yet started)">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syādvāda (not yet started)">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhist philosophy (not yet started)">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śūnyatā (not yet started)">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhyamaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyamaka (not yet started)">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogachara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogachara (not yet started)">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sautr%C4%81ntika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sautrāntika (not yet started)">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction (not yet started)">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian philosophy (not yet started)">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithraism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mithraism (not yet started)">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (not yet started)">Zurvanism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></b> <ul><li>East Asian <ul><li>Neo-<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanxue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanxue (not yet started)">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Buddhism (not yet started)">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Confucianism (not yet started)">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian philosophy (not yet started)">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustinianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustinianism (not yet started)">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scotism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scotism (not yet started)">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occamism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occamism (not yet started)">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance humanism (not yet started)">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>South Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achintya_Bheda_Abheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda (not yet started)">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhedabheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhedabheda (not yet started)">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaita Vedanta (not yet started)">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimbarka_Sampradaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya (not yet started)">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuddhadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuddhadvaita (not yet started)">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishishtadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishishtadvaita (not yet started)">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navya-Ny%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navya-Nyāya (not yet started)">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotelianism (not yet started)">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Averroism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Averroism (not yet started)">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avicennism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avicennism (not yet started)">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illuminationism (not yet started)">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufi_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufi philosophy (not yet started)">Sufi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish philosophy (not yet started)">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400) (not yet started)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern philosophy (not yet started)">Modern philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihumanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihumanism (not yet started)">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute idealism (not yet started)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British idealism (not yet started)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objective idealism (not yet started)">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjective idealism (not yet started)">Subjective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology" title="Phenomenology">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Realism (not yet started)">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social organization (not yet started)">Collectivism</a> (related page: <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_neo-Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo neo-Confucianism (not yet started)">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (not yet started)">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokugaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokugaku (not yet started)">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Confucianism (not yet started)">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-scholasticism (not yet started)">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendentalism (not yet started)">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li>Named after <b>people</b>:</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesianism (not yet started)">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantianism (not yet started)">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Kantianism (not yet started)">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard (not yet started)">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krausism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krausism (not yet started)">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegelianism (not yet started)">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxist philosophy (not yet started)">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newtonianism (not yet started)">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (not yet started)">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinozism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinozism (not yet started)">Spinozism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li>Logical <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal positivism (not yet started)">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary 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class="new" title="Naturalized epistemology (not yet started)">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postanalytic_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postanalytic philosophy (not yet started)">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quietism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quietism (philosophy) (not yet started)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_epistemology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformed epistemology (not yet started)">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Systemics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Systemics (not yet started)">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientism (not yet started)">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific realism (not yet started)">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scientific_skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scientific skepticism (not yet started)">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transactionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transactionalism (not yet started)">Transactionalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_outlines_&#91;en&#93;328" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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title="en:Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">en</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines (not yet started)">Natural and physical sciences</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Natural_and_physical_sciences" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">en</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines (not yet started)">People and self</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#People_and_self" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">en</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines (not yet started)">Philosophy and thinking</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Philosophy_and_thinking" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">en</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines (not yet started)">Religion and belief systems</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines#Religion_and_belief_systems" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines">en</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Outlines (not yet started)">Society and social sciences</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a 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</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><big><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Outlines" title="Category:Outlines">outlines</a></b></big></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651" /><style 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Socrates.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bust_of_Socrates.JPG/220px-Bust_of_Socrates.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bust_of_Socrates.JPG/330px-Bust_of_Socrates.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bust_of_Socrates.JPG/440px-Bust_of_Socrates.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2744" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. Roman copy of an <i><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/original" class="extiw" title="wikt:original">original</a></i> thought to be <i><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/carve" class="extiw" title="wikt:carve">carved</a></i> by Lysippos.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Philosophy</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Study_(field)" class="mw-redirect" title="Study (field)">study</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>. In fact, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">Philosophia</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word for the "love of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A person who works in the field of philosophy is called a <b>philosopher</b>. A philosopher is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">thinker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Researcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Researcher">researcher</a>. A "philosophy" can also mean a group of ideas or way of living suggested by philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-MerriamWebster_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerriamWebster-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophy is a way of thinking about the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. In the past, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">natural sciences</a> were a part of philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas_2">Ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: Ideas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Ideas"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideas in philosophy are often general and <i><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract" class="extiw" title="wikt:abstract">abstract</a></i>. However, this does not mean that philosophy is not about the real world. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> talks about how to be <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">good</a> in our day-to-day lives. <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> questions how the world works and what it is made of. Sometimes, people talk about how they have a ‘personal philosophy’, which means the way a person thinks about the world. This article is <i>not</i> about people's ’personal philosophies’. This article is about the ideas that have been discussed by <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosophers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Questions_2">Questions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Questions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Questions"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions related to philosophy are called philosophical questions. Most philosophical questions can never be answered with certainty. They focus on important topics, such as the meaning of life, death, and morality. An example of a philosophical question is this: "Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?".<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_1912_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell_1912-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other questions asked by <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a> are: </p> <ul><li>What should we do in our lives?</li> <li>Why are we born?</li> <li>Why are there so many difficulties in life?</li> <li>How do we overcome <a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">suffering</a>?</li> <li>What is the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">material</a> life?</li> <li>Will the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> exist forever?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>?</li> <li>Do we have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>?</li> <li>Does <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> exist?</li> <li>Does the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> around us <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">exist</a>?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>?</li> <li>What is the <a href="/wiki/Relationship" class="mw-disambig" title="Relationship">relationship</a> between <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body" title="Body">body</a>?</li> <li>What is the <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a>?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_2">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: History"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word 'Philosophy' directly <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translates</a> to 'love of wisdom'. It comes from the Greek word <i>'Philosophia'</i>, with <i>'Philo'</i> meaning <i>'lover'</i> and <i>'Sophia</i>' meaning <i>'wisdom'</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Etymology_of_Philosophy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymology_of_Philosophy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different types of philosophy from different times and places. Some philosophers came from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>. Others came from Asia, such as <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, Adi <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Shankara</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/laozi/">Laozi</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a> were from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Aquinas">Saint Thomas Aquinas</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Influence" title="Influence">Influential</a> philosophers from the 1600s and 1700s include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. Some <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/major" class="extiw" title="wikt:major">major</a> philosophers from the 1800s are <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Hegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/whereas" class="extiw" title="wikt:whereas">whereas</a> the 1900s gave us <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_inquiry_2">Areas of inquiry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change section: Areas of inquiry" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Areas of inquiry"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Philosophy</b> seeks to understand <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truths</a> about the world and how we view it. It tries to answer important questions by making <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/conclusion" class="extiw" title="wikt:conclusion">conclusions</a> based on observations of <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a> and the real world. </p><p>Sometimes, philosophy tries to answer the same questions as <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>. Philosophers give different answers to the same question. Many types of philosophy criticize or even attack the beliefs of religion. </p><p>In his work <i>Critique of Pure Reason</i>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> asks the following questions:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>What can I say?</li> <li>What shall I do?</li> <li>What dare I hope?</li> <li>What is man?</li></ol> <p>The answers to these questions give the different categories of philosophy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories_in_philosophy_2">Categories in philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Change section: Categories in philosophy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Categories in philosophy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophy can be divided into different groups based on the types of questions asked. Below is a list of the questions split into groups. One possible list of answers to these questions can be called a 'philosophy'. There are many different philosophies, because all of these questions have different answers according to different people. Not all philosophies ask the same questions. These are the questions that are usually asked by philosophers from the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>: </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></b>: </p><p>Metaphysics is sometimes split up into <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a> (the philosophy of real life and living things), the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">philosophy of mind</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a>; but these sub-branches are very close together. </p><p><i>Ontology</i>: </p> <ul><li>What is the world that we see around us? (What is <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>?) <ul><li>Is there more to the world than what we see and hear?</li> <li>If nobody sees something happen, does that mean that it did not happen?</li> <li>What does it mean to say that something is possible? Do other worlds exist?</li></ul></li> <li>Is there anything very special about being a <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human being</a>, or being <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">alive</a> at all? <ul><li>If not, why do some people think that there is?</li></ul></li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Space_(physics)" title="Space (physics)">space</a>? What is <a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">time</a>?</li></ul> <p><i>The philosophy of mind</i>: </p> <ul><li>What is a <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>?</li> <li>What is a <a href="/wiki/Body" title="Body">body</a>?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>?</li> <li>Do people make choices, or can they only choose to do one thing? (Do people have <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>?)</li> <li>What makes words or ideas meaningful? (What is the relation between meaningful words or ideas and the things that they mean?)</li></ul> <p><i>The philosophy of religion</i>: </p> <ul><li>Do people have <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a>?</li> <li>Is there a <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> who created the Universe?</li></ul> <p><b>In <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a></b>: </p> <ul><li>What is <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>?</li> <li>How can we know anything?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>?</li></ul> <p><b>In <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a></b>: </p> <ul><li>What are right and wrong, good and bad?</li> <li>Should people do some things and not others?</li> <li>What is <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/justice" class="extiw" title="wikt:justice">justice</a>?</li></ul> <p><b>In <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a></b>: </p> <ul><li>What is <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>? What if one person thinks a painting is beautiful, but another person thinks the painting is ugly? Can the painting be beautiful and ugly at the same time?</li> <li>Are <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">true</a> things beautiful?</li> <li>Are <a href="/wiki/Goodness" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodness">good</a> things beautiful?</li> <li>What is <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>? We commonly think that a <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> is art. If a sculptor sculpts a sculpture of a rock from clay, and puts it in a museum, many would call it art. But what if a person picks up a rock from the ground - is the rock a piece of art?</li></ul> <p><b>In <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a></b>: </p> <ul><li>What do the words we use mean?</li> <li>How can we say things (especially <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>) in a way that only has one meaning?</li> <li>Can all ideas be expressed using <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>?</li> <li>How does the <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">argument</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Premise" title="Premise">premise</a> affect the truth of its conclusion?</li> <li>How can we reason correctly?</li></ul> <p><b>In axiology</b> </p> <ul><li>What has value?</li> <li>Is time really money? or have we made it so?</li> <li>Does love, beauty, or justice hold any value?</li></ul> <p>Other divisions include <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>. In past centuries, natural <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> were included in philosophy, and called "natural philosophy". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Is_philosophy_good_or_bad?_2"><span id="Is_philosophy_good_or_bad.3F_2"></span>Is philosophy good or bad?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Change section: Is philosophy good or bad?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Is philosophy good or bad?"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is easy to argue that philosophy is a good thing because it helps people understand the world better. Philosophy helps people learn how to act and think. Philosophers believe that asking philosophical questions is useful because it helps people learn about themselves, the world, and others. It can be argued that "Is philosophy good or bad?" is a philosophical question itself. </p><p>However, some people think philosophy is harmful because it encourages free-thinking and questions the beliefs that others hold. Some philosophies also clash with religion, and oppose religious beliefs. For example, philosophies such as some <a href="/wiki/Existentialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialist">existentialist</a> views say that there is no meaning to life or human existence, except the meaning that we make up or invent. Most religions disagree with this belief. </p><p>Many major sciences, including <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, were once considered a part of philosophy. As facts about nature became more understood, these subjects separated into their own fields. In modern times, subjects such as consciousness, decision theory, and applied ethics have found independence from philosophy. It can be argued that philosophy helped promote the development of these sciences, and that it has historically been an important field of study. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_2">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Change section: Purpose" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Purpose"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophers ask questions about ideas, and tries to find answers to those questions. A philosopher also analyzes concepts, arguments, and problems in philosophy. </p><p>Some are academics that work for universities or colleges. These philosophers may write books and articles about philosophy and teach classes about the subject to university or college students. </p><p>Some are also <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">artists</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>. They also think about philosophical ideas and questions. </p><p>Philosophers often use both real and imaginary examples to make a point. For example, they may write about a real or fictional person in order to show what they think a good person or a bad person is like. </p><p>Some philosophers look for the simplest way to answer a question and say that is probably the right answer. This is a process called <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a>. Others believe that complicated answers to questions can also be right. For an example of a philosophical problem, see the <a href="/wiki/God_paradox" title="God paradox">God paradox</a>. </p><p>Philosophers use <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> to solve problems and answer questions. Logical <a href="/wiki/Consistency" class="mw-disambig" title="Consistency">consistency</a> is a cornerstone of any acceptable theory. Philosophers who disagree with a theory will often try to find a logical <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradiction</a> in a theory. If they find a contradiction, this gives them a reason to reject that theory. If they do not find an inconsistency, the philosopher might show that the theory leads to a conclusion which is either unacceptable or ridiculous. This second approach is called <a href="/wiki/Reductio_ad_absurdum" title="Reductio ad absurdum">reductio ad absurdum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_philosophers_2">Famous philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Change section: Famous philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Famous philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People listed here should be genuine philosophers, rather than social or <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> campaigners. The lists are not meant to be complete. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9467161" /><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_ancient_Greek_philosophers_2">The ancient Greek philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Change section: The ancient Greek philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: The ancient Greek philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_of_Sinope" title="Diogenes of Sinope">Diogenes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_European/Western_philosophers_2"><span id="Later_European.2FWestern_philosophers_2"></span>Later European/Western philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Change section: Later European/Western philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Later European/Western philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Augustine">Saint Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li>Duns Scotus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Frederich_Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Frederich Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_European_and_American_philosophers_2">Modern European and American philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Change section: Modern European and American philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Modern European and American philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a></li> <li>G. E. M. Anscombe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Simone de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_DeQuincey" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian DeQuincey">Christian DeQuincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_American_and_Latina/o_philosophers_2"><span id="Latin_American_and_Latina.2Fo_philosophers_2"></span>Latin American and Latina/o philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Change section: Latin American and Latina/o philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Latin American and Latina/o philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_E._Anzald%C3%BAa" title="Gloria E. Anzaldúa">Gloria E. Anzaldúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giannina_Braschi" title="Giannina Braschi">Giannina Braschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lugones" title="Maria Lugones">Maria Lugones</a></li> <li>Ofelia Schutte</li> <li>Eugenio María de Hostos</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian/Eastern_philosophers_2"><span id="Asian.2FEastern_philosophers_2"></span>Asian/Eastern philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Change section: Asian/Eastern philosophers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Asian/Eastern philosophers"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osho" class="mw-redirect" title="Osho">Osho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha">Siddhārta Gautama</a> (the Gautama Buddha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayy%C3%A1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar Khayyám">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak">Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Tzu" title="Chuang Tzu">Chuang Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Tzu">Lao Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohrevardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sohrevardi">Sohrevardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Allama Iqbal">Allama Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adi_Sankarachrya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adi Sankarachrya (not yet started)">Adi Sankarachrya</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages_2">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_sources_2">General sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Change section: General sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section's source code: General sources"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7449634" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Blumenau, Ralph. <i>Philosophy and living</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-907845-33-1">978-0-907845-33-1</a></li> <li>Craig, Edward. <i>Philosophy: a very short introduction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285421-6">978-0-19-285421-6</a></li> <li>Harrison-Barbet, Anthony. <i>Mastering philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69343-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69343-8">978-0-333-69343-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell, Bertrand</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040807090338/http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/phil/russell/">The problems of philosophy</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511552-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511552-9">978-0-19-511552-9</a></li> <li>Sinclair, Alistair J. 2008. <i>What is philosophy? An introduction</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903765-94-4">978-1-903765-94-4</a></li> <li>Sober, Elliott 2001. <i>Core questions in philosophy: a text with readings</i>. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-189869-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-189869-1">978-0-13-189869-1</a></li> <li>Solomon, Robert C. <i>Big questions: a short introduction to philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-534-16708-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-534-16708-0">978-0-534-16708-0</a></li> <li>Warburton, Nigel. <i>Philosophy: the basics</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14694-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14694-4">978-0-415-14694-4</a></li> <li>Nagel, Thomas. <i>What does it all mean? A very short introduction to philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505292-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505292-3">978-0-19-505292-3</a></li> <li>Pojman, Louis P. <i>Classics of Philosophy (vols. 1, 2, & 3)</i></li> <li>Arthur, Edwin <i>The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill</i></li> <li>Beardsley, Monroe <i>European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche</i></li> <li>Cottingham, John 2008. <i>Western philosophy: an anthology</i>. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., .</li> <li>Tarnas, Richard. <i>The passion of the Western mind: understanding the ideas that have shaped our world view</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-36809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-36809-6">978-0-345-36809-6</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724317" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Philosophy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Philosophy_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Philosophy</code> was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>). </span></li> <li id="cite_note-MerriamWebster-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MerriamWebster_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/philosophy">"Philosophy"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Philosophy&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3APhilosophy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell_1912-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_1912_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Russell 1912</code> was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>). </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Etymology_of_Philosophy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Etymology_of_Philosophy_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>Etymology of Philosophy</code> was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>). </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>ReferenceA</code> was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>). </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites_2">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy&veaction=edit&section=34" 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:110%;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of philosophy (not yet started)">Branches</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_philosophies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of philosophies (not yet started)">Schools of thought</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chinese philosophy (not yet started)">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriculturalism (not yet started)">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Names (not yet started)">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohism (not yet started)">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Naturalists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Naturalists (not yet started)">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangism (not yet started)">Yangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Roman philosophy (not yet started)">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionian_School_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionian School (philosophy) (not yet started)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyrrhonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyrrhonism (not yet started)">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_Skepticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academic Skepticism (not yet started)">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyrenaics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyrenaics (not yet started)">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cynicism_(philosophy)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cynicism (philosophy) (not yet started)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eretrian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eretrian school (not yet started)">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megarian_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megarian school (not yet started)">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platonic_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platonic Academy (not yet started)">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peripatetic_school&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peripatetic school (not yet started)">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Platonism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Platonism (not yet started)">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_the_Sextii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of the Sextii (not yet started)">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopythagoreanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopythagoreanism (not yet started)">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Sophistic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Sophistic (not yet started)">Second Sophistic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samkhya (not yet started)">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyaya (not yet started)">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaisheshika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaisheshika (not yet started)">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (not yet started)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mīmāṃsā (not yet started)">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80j%C4%ABvika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ājīvika (not yet started)">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aj%C3%B1ana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajñana (not yet started)">Ajñana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jain_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jain philosophy (not yet started)">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anekantavada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anekantavada (not yet started)">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syādvāda (not yet started)">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhist philosophy (not yet started)">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Śūnyatā (not yet started)">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhyamaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhyamaka (not yet started)">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yogachara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yogachara (not yet started)">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sautr%C4%81ntika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sautrāntika (not yet started)">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction (not yet started)">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iranian philosophy (not yet started)">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mithraism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mithraism (not yet started)">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurvanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurvanism (not yet started)">Zurvanism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval philosophy</a></b> <ul><li>East Asian <ul><li>Neo-<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanxue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanxue (not yet started)">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chan_Buddhism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chan Buddhism (not yet started)">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Confucianism (not yet started)">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian philosophy (not yet started)">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augustinianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augustinianism (not yet started)">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scotism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scotism (not yet started)">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occamism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occamism (not yet started)">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renaissance_humanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renaissance humanism (not yet started)">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>South Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Achintya_Bheda_Abheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda (not yet started)">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhedabheda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhedabheda (not yet started)">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Vedanta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvaita Vedanta (not yet started)">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nimbarka_Sampradaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya (not yet started)">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuddhadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuddhadvaita (not yet started)">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vishishtadvaita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vishishtadvaita (not yet started)">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navya-Ny%C4%81ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navya-Nyāya (not yet started)">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristotelianism (not yet started)">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Averroism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Averroism (not yet started)">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avicennism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avicennism (not yet started)">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Illuminationism (not yet started)">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufi_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufi philosophy (not yet started)">Sufi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish philosophy (not yet started)">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400) (not yet started)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern philosophy (not yet started)">Modern philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antihumanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antihumanism (not yet started)">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolute_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolute idealism (not yet started)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British idealism (not yet started)">British</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Objective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Objective idealism (not yet started)">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subjective_idealism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subjective idealism (not yet started)">Subjective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology" title="Phenomenology">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classical_Realism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classical Realism (not yet started)">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social organization (not yet started)">Collectivism</a> (related page: <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" title="Collectivism">Collectivism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edo_neo-Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edo neo-Confucianism (not yet started)">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundationalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundationalism (not yet started)">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kokugaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kokugaku (not yet started)">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Confucianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Confucianism (not yet started)">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-scholasticism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-scholasticism (not yet started)">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendentalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcendentalism (not yet started)">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li>Named after <b>people</b>:</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cartesianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cartesianism (not yet started)">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kantianism (not yet started)">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neo-Kantianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neo-Kantianism (not yet started)">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard (not yet started)">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krausism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krausism (not yet started)">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegelianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hegelianism (not yet started)">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marxist_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marxist philosophy (not yet started)">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Newtonianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Newtonianism (not yet started)">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche (not yet started)">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spinozism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spinozism (not yet started)">Spinozism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li>Logical <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal positivism (not yet started)">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Applied_ethics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Applied 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