CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Aristotle - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )simplewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fe83af23-223e-41e2-b1b8-79631fc0a1a3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Aristotle","wgTitle":"Aristotle","wgCurRevisionId":9319521,"wgRevisionId":9319521,"wgArticleId":4494,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Greek-language text","Pages using Lang-xx templates","Articles with FAST identifiers","Articles with ISNI identifiers","Articles with VIAF identifiers","Articles with BIBSYS identifiers","Articles with BNC identifiers","Articles with BNE identifiers","Articles with BNF identifiers","Articles with BNFdata identifiers","Articles with BNMM identifiers","Articles with CANTICN identifiers","Articles with GND identifiers","Articles with ICCU identifiers","Articles with J9U identifiers","Articles with KANTO identifiers","Articles with KBR identifiers","Articles with LCCN identifiers","Articles with Libris identifiers","Articles with LNB identifiers","Articles with NCL identifiers","Articles with NDL identifiers","Articles with NKC identifiers","Articles with NLA identifiers","Articles with NLG identifiers","Articles with NLK identifiers","Articles with NSK identifiers","Articles with NTA identifiers","Articles with PLWABN identifiers","Articles with RSL identifiers","Articles with VcBA identifiers","Articles with CINII identifiers","Articles with MATHSN identifiers","Articles with ORCID identifiers","Articles with Scopus identifiers","Articles with ZBMATH identifiers","Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers","Articles with ULAN identifiers","Articles with DTBIO identifiers","Articles with Trove identifiers","Articles with RISM identifiers","Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers","Articles with SUDOC identifiers","Articles with TDVİA identifiers","384 BC births","322 BC deaths","Ancient Greek philosophers","Ancient Greek writers","Polymaths"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Aristotle","wgRelevantArticleId":4494,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q868","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/1200px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1601"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/800px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/640px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="854"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Aristotle - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="change this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.simple"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Aristotle rootpage-Aristotle skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Getting around </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_start" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Simple start</span></a></li><li id="n-Simple-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk"><span>Simple talk</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="The list of new changes in the wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>New changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Show any page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Show any page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to get help"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-simple.svg" width="101" height="18" style="width: 6.3125em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aristotle" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aristotle" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Aristotle" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Aristotle" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_of_Aristotle's_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_of_Aristotle's_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence of Aristotle's work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_of_Aristotle's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aristotle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 220 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-220" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">220 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A3%E1%8C%A3%E1%88%8A%E1%88%B5" title="አሪስጣጣሊስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሪስጣጣሊስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अरस्तू – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अरस्तू" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="أرسطو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرسطو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3til" title="Aristótil – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aristótil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A7%D5%AC" title="Արիստոտէլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արիստոտէլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%27%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2" title="এৰিষ্ট'টল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এৰিষ্ট'টল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अरस्तू – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अरस्तू" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot%C3%A9l%C3%A9s" title="Aristotélés – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aristotélés" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2" title="এরিস্টটল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এরিস্টটল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot%C3%A9l%C4%93s" title="Aristotélēs – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Aristotélēs" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арыстоцель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арыстоцель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арыстотэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Арыстотэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अरस्तू – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अरस्तू" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аристотел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аристотел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2til" title="Aristòtil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aristòtil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel%C3%A9s" title="Aristotelés – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aristotelés" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotile" title="Aristotile – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Aristotile" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="أرسطو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أرسطو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82" title="अरस्तू – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अरस्तू" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Αριστοτέλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριστοτέλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelo" title="Aristotelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aristotelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teli" title="Aristóteli – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Aristóteli" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arastatal" title="Arastatal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Arastatal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelis" title="Aristotelis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aristotelis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亞里斯多德 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="亞里斯多德" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B2" title="એરિસ્ટોટલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એરિસ્ટોટલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍂𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍉𐍄𐌴𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="아리스토텔레스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아리스토텔레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Արիստոտել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արիստոտել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अरस्तु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अरस्तु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-Aristotle" title="U-Aristotle – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="U-Aristotle" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotile" title="Aristotile – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Aristotile" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95" title="אריסטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אריסטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot%C3%A9l%C3%A8s" title="Aristotélès – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aristotélès" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="არისტოტელე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არისტოტელე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteli" title="Aristoteli – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aristoteli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2t" title="Aristòt – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aristòt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%AEstotel%C3%AAs" title="Arîstotelês – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Arîstotelês" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelis" title="Aristotelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aristotelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelis" title="Aristotelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aristotelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/aristoteles" title="aristoteles – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="aristoteles" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisztotel%C3%A9sz" title="Arisztotelész – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Arisztotelész" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अरस्तु – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अरस्तु" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аристотел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аристотел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B4ty" title="Aristôty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aristôty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="അരിസ്റ്റോട്ടിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അരിസ്റ്റോട്ടിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotli" title="Aristotli – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Aristotli" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irihtu" title="Irihtu – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Irihtu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="ॲरिस्टॉटल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲरिस्टॉटल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="არისტოტელე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არისტოტელე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="اريسطو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اريسطو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯁꯇꯣꯇꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯦꯔꯤꯁꯇꯣꯇꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотэль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Аристотэль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="အရစ္စတိုတယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရစ္စတိုတယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="अरस्तु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अरस्तु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2" title="एरिस्तोतल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एरिस्तोतल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="アリストテレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アリストテレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%9B%DF%91%DF%95%DF%90%DF%95" title="ߊߙߌߛߑߕߐߕ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߙߌߛߑߕߐߕ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C3%AEtote" title="Arîtote – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Arîtote" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot%C3%A9les" title="Aristotéles – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Aristotéles" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2tel" title="Aristòtel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Aristòtel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%B2" title="ଆରିଷ୍ଟୋଟଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆରିଷ୍ଟୋଟଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristootil" title="Aristootil – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aristootil" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arastu" title="Arastu – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arastu" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82" title="ਅਰਸਤੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਰਸਤੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88" title="ارستو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارستو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristakl" title="Aristakl – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aristakl" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B" title="អារីសស្ដូថូល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អារីសស្ដូថូល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2til" title="Aristòtil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aristòtil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arystoteles" title="Arystoteles – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arystoteles" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristutiris" title="Aristutiris – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aristutiris" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арістотель – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арістотель" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalisetute" title="Yalisetute – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yalisetute" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="अरिस्टाटल् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अरिस्टाटल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2tele" title="Aristòtele – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aristòtele" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteli" title="Aristoteli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aristoteli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B2tili" title="Aristòtili – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aristòtili" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇරිස්ටෝටල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇරිස්ටෝටල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%97%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%94%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C" title="Арїстотєл҄ь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Арїстотєл҄ь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arystoteles" title="Arystoteles – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Arystoteles" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="ئەرەستوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەرەستوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Аристотел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аристотел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அரிசுட்டாட்டில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரிசுட்டாட்டில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris%E1%B9%ADu" title="Arisṭu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Arisṭu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristot" title="Aristot – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aristot" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="అరిస్టాటిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరిస్టాటిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="อาริสโตเติล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาริสโตเติล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83" title="Арасту – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арасту" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A1%E1%8F%AB%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%9F" title="ᎡᏫᏍᏔᏟ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎡᏫᏍᏔᏟ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಅರಿಸ್ಟಾಟಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Аристотель – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Аристотель" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Арістотель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арістотель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88" title="ارسطو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارسطو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotele" title="Aristotele – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aristotele" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel%27" title="Aristotel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Aristotel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aristote" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亞里士多德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="亞里士多德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%C3%B3teles" title="Aristóteles – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aristóteles" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亞里士多德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亞里士多德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90" title="אריסטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אריסטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotulu" title="Aristotulu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Aristotulu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亞里士多德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞里士多德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Aristoteles" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristuotelis" title="Aristuotelis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aristuotelis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚里士多德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arist%E1%BB%8Dtulu" title="Aristọtulu – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Aristọtulu" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristo" title="Aristo – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Aristo" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotles" title="Aristotles – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Aristotles" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Aristotle" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotel" title="Aristotel – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Aristotel" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q868#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Aristotle" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aristotle"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Aristotle" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Aristotle" rel="nofollow" title="New changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&oldid=9319521" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Aristotle&id=9319521&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAristotle"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAristotle"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Aristotle"><span>Make a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Aristotle&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Page for printing</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aristotel%C4%93s" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aristotle" hreflang="en-simple"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q868" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/200px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/300px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/400px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2241" /></a><figcaption>Aristotle: <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a> copy of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/bust" class="extiw" title="wikt:bust">bust</a> by Lysippus, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> Museum.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Aristotle</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Stagira, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 384 <small>BC</small> – Chalicis, <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a>, Greece, 7 March 322 <small>BC</small>) was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>. He was one of the most important philosophers in the history of <a href="/wiki/Western_civilization" title="Western civilization">Western civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle wrote many books, and some of those books survive. Aristotle tutored <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> when Alexander was a child. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Life" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Life"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristotle's father was named Nicomachus. He was a soldier for King Amyntas of <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonia</a>. </p><p>At about the age of eighteen, Aristotle went to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> to become a student of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> at Plato's <a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a>. Aristotle stayed at the academy until he was 27.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left after Plato died in 347 BC. </p><p>He then traveled with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenocrates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenocrates (not yet started)">Xenocrates</a> to <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. While in Asia, Aristotle traveled with <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> to the island of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>. They looked at the <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> of the island. </p><p>In 343 B.C. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> invited Aristotle to tutor his son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle was put in charge of the royal academy of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a>. During that time, he not only taught Alexander; he also taught two other future kings: <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassander (not yet started)">Cassander</a>. </p><p>Aristotle believed Greek culture was better than all of the other cultures. He encouraged Alexander to conquer <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>, which was an empire to the east. One time, he advised Alexander to be 'a leader to the Greeks and a <a href="/wiki/Despot" class="mw-redirect" title="Despot">despot</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants'.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p58</sup> </p><p>By 335 <small>BC</small> Aristotle returned to Athens. He started his own school there. It was called the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a>. Aristotle taught courses at the school for twelve years. </p><p>It was probably then (335 to 323 B.C.) that Aristotle wrote most of his works.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aristotle wrote many dialogues. Only parts of his dialogues survive. The works that have survived are probably lecture notes for his students.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of Aristotle's works are like an <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> of everything the Greeks knew. Some people think Aristotle was probably the last person to know everything there was to know about in his own time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near the end of Alexander's life, he began to think people might be trying to kill him. He threatened Aristotle in letters he wrote to him. Aristotle often said that he disliked Alexander calling himself a god. The king executed Aristotle's grandnephew Callisthenes as a traitor. Alexander died in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> in 323 B.C. without ever going back to Greece. When Alexander died, Athenians started to dislike Macedonians again and Aristotle left the city. He died in <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> of natural causes that same year, 322<small>BC</small>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Philosophy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Philosophy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three greatest ancient Greek philosophers were Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>. Socrates taught Plato, then Plato taught Aristotle. These three thinkers turned early Greek philosophy into the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> as it is today.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plato's main ideas were that knowledge from the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" title="Sensory system">senses</a> was always confused and not pure. True knowledge can be got from the thinking <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> that turns away from the world. Only the soul can have knowledge of "Forms", the real way things are. The world is only a copy of these "Forms" and is not perfect. </p><p>Aristotle thought differently. He thought that knowledge from the senses was more important. These thoughts became roots of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> after hundreds of years.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the things Aristotle wrote that we still have today are notes from his speaking and teaching. Some of his important writings are <i><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></i>, <i>(Nicomachean) Ethics</i>, <i>Politics</i>, <i>De Anima (On the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a>)</i>, and <i>Poetics</i>. </p><p>He also had problems with the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>. He did not believe in Democritus' theories about the atomic theory. He believed that all matter was continuous whereas <a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a> stated that all matter was made up of tiny indivisible things called "atoms". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logic">Logic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Logic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Logic"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristotle created a form of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>. His logic is called <i>sentential logic</i> because it uses <a href="/wiki/Sentence" title="Sentence">sentences</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogism</a>. </p><p>Aristotle's logic influenced the history of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> thought. It was his logic which was copied and used in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediaeval" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval">mediaeval</a> traditions. It was dominant for two and a half thousand years, until the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then modern logic was started by <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Gottlob Frege</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Sanders Peirce</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Biology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Biology"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octopus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Octopus3.jpg/220px-Octopus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Octopus3.jpg/330px-Octopus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Octopus3.jpg/440px-Octopus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2538" /></a><figcaption>Octopus swimming</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torpedo_fuscomaculata2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Torpedo_fuscomaculata2.jpg/250px-Torpedo_fuscomaculata2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Torpedo_fuscomaculata2.jpg/330px-Torpedo_fuscomaculata2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Torpedo_fuscomaculata2.jpg/500px-Torpedo_fuscomaculata2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Torpedo fuscomaculata</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triakis_semifasciata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Triakis_semifasciata.jpg/250px-Triakis_semifasciata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Triakis_semifasciata.jpg/330px-Triakis_semifasciata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Triakis_semifasciata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="139" /></a><figcaption>Leopard shark</figcaption></figure> <p>Aristotle is the earliest natural historian whose work has survived in some detail. He certainly did research on the <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, and the surrounding seas and neighbouring areas. The works <i>History of Animals</i>, <i>Generation of Animals</i> and <i>Parts of Animals</i> have observations and interpretations, along with some <a href="/wiki/Myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Myths">myths</a> and mistakes. </p><p>The most striking passages are about the sea-life round Lesbos. As well as live observation, he got specimens from the catches of fishermen. His observations on <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_ray" title="Electric ray">electric fish</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torpedo_(genus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torpedo (genus) (not yet started)">Torpedo</a></i>) and angler-fish are detailed. His writing on <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></i>, <i>Sepia</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>) and the paper nautilus (<i><a href="/wiki/Argonauta" title="Argonauta">Argonauta</a> argo</i>) are accurate. His description of the <a href="/wiki/Hectocotylus" title="Hectocotylus">hectocotyl arm</a>, used in sexual reproduction, was widely disbelieved until its rediscovery in the 19th century. He separated the aquatic mammals from fish, and knew that sharks and rays were part of the group he called Selachē (<a href="/wiki/Selachimorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Selachimorpha">Selachimorpha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Singer,_Charles_1931_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singer,_Charles_1931-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another good example of his methods comes from the <i>Generation of Animals</i> in which Aristotle describes breaking open fertilized chicken eggs at intervals to observe when visible organs were generated. </p><p>He gave accurate descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>' four-chambered fore-stomachs, and of the <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparous</a> egg development of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Houndshark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houndshark (not yet started)">houndshark</a> <i>Mustelus mustelus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_works">The works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: The works" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: The works"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The works are traditionally listed in this sequence: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li></ul> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Categories" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Categories">Categories</a></i> (terms)</li> <li><i>On Interpretation</i> (propositions, truth)</li> <li><i>Prior Analytics</i> (<a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogistic</a> logic)</li> <li><i>Posterior Analytics</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>)</li> <li>Topics (rules for argument and debate)</li> <li><i>On Sophistical Refutations</i> (fallacies)</li></ol> <ul><li>Science and nature</li></ul> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></i> (change, motion, void, time)</li> <li><i>On the Heavens</i> (<i>not</i> the religious concept: refers to <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>)</li> <li><i>On Generation and Corruption</i> (on the process of life)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></i> (origin of comets, weather, disasters)</li></ol> <ul><li>The Parva Naturalia (psychological works)</li></ul> <ol><li><i>Sense and sensibilia</i> (faculties, senses, mind, <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a>)</li> <li><i>On <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></i>,</li> <li><i>Sleep, Dreams, and Prophesy</i></li> <li><i>Length of life</i></li></ol> <ul><li>Works on <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a></li></ul> <ol><li><i>History of Animals</i></li> <li><i>On the parts of Animals</i></li> <li><i>On the Movement of Animals</i></li> <li><i>On the Progression of Animals</i></li> <li><i>On the Generation of Animals</i></li> <li><i>Problems</i></li></ol> <ul><li>Philosophical works</li></ul> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></i> (substance, cause, form, potentiality)</li> <li><i>Nicomachean Ethics</i> (soul, happiness, virtue, friendship)</li> <li><i>Eudemian Ethics</i>, virtues & vices</li> <li><i>Politics</i> (best states, utopias)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_Triangle" title="Rhetorical Triangle">Rhetoric</a></i> (debate)</li> <li><i>Poetics</i> (tragedy, epic poetry)</li></ol> <ul><li>The Constitution of the Athenians</li> <li>Fragments</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_of_Aristotle's_work"><span id="Influence_of_Aristotle.27s_work"></span>Influence of Aristotle's work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Influence of Aristotle's work" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Influence of Aristotle's work"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aristotle is still one of the most influential people who ever lived. He contributed to almost every kind of knowledge in his day, and he started many new fields. </p> <dl><dd>"It is doubtful whether any human being has ever known as much as he did".<sup id="cite_ref-Magee_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magee-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Aristotle was the founder of formal <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pioneered the study of <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and helped to develop <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durant_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durant-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these achievements, Aristotle's <a href="/wiki/Error" title="Error">errors</a> are thought by some, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to have held back science considerably. <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> notes that "almost every serious intellectual advance has had to begin with an attack on some Aristotelian doctrine". Russell also refers to Aristotle's <i>Ethics</i> as "repulsive", and calls his logic "as definitely antiquated as Ptolemaic astronomy". Russell says these errors make it difficult to do historical justice to Aristotle, until one remembers what an advance he made on his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-Russell_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immediate influence of Aristotle's work was felt as the Lyceum grew into the <b>Peripatetic</b> school of philosophers. Aristotle's influence over <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> is seen in the latter's bringing with him, on his expedition, biologists and researchers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biologists" title="List of biologists">List of biologists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Αριστοτέλης Aristotelēs</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stagira was a Greek colony (city) which was perhaps in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> at the time of his birth, or in Macedonia. In any event, Thrace was later conquered by the Macedonians. The site is now in the area of Greece known as <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/#H1">[1]</a> The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guthrie-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Guthrie_3-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Guthrie W.K.C. 1981. <i>A history of Greek philosophy</i>. vol VII: <i>Aristotle: an encounter</i>. Cambridge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackrill J.L. (ed) 1981. <i>Aristotle the philosopher</i>. Oxford.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_5-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertrand Russell 1972. <i>A history of western philosophy</i>. Simon & Schuster, N.Y.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Green P. 1991. <i>Alexander of Macedon</i>. University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd G.E.R. 1968. <i>Aristotle: the growth and structure of his thought</i>. Cambridge. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09456-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09456-9">0-521-09456-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFNeillAaron_Ridley1995" class="citation book cs1">Neill, Alex; Aaron Ridley (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofartr0000neil"><i>The philosophy of art: readings ancient and modern</i></a>. McGraw Hill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofartr0000neil/page/488">488</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0070461929" title="Special:BookSources/0070461929"><bdi>0070461929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+philosophy+of+art%3A+readings+ancient+and+modern&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0070461929&rft.aulast=Neill&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Aaron+Ridley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophyofartr0000neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAristotle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes J. 1995. <i>The Cambridge companion to Aristotle</i>, Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705125420/http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aris.htm">"Aristotle"</a>. <i>www.philosophypages.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philosophypages.com/ph/aris.htm">the original</a> on 2023-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.philosophypages.com&rft.atitle=Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophypages.com%2Fph%2Faris.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAristotle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Robin 2012. Aristotle's logic, in <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Their logic is called first-order logic, <a href="/wiki/Symbolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic">symbolic</a> logic or mathematical logic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singer,_Charles_1931-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Singer,_Charles_1931_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Singer, Charles. <i>A short history of biology</i>. Oxford 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kearns, Emily 1996. Animals, knowledge about, in <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>, 3rd ed., 1996, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magee-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Magee_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Magee, Bryan 2010. <i>The story of philosophy</i>. Dorling Kindersley, London, p34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34560/Aristotle">"Aristotle (Greek philosopher) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aristotle+%28Greek+philosopher%29+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F34560%2FAristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAristotle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durant-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Durant_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFDurant1926" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofphilosoph0000unse"><i>The story of philosophy</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73916-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73916-4"><bdi>978-0-671-73916-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1926&rft.isbn=978-0-671-73916-4&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofphilosoph0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAristotle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Medawar P.B. & J.S. 1984. <i>Aristotle to Zoos: a philosophical dictionary of biology</i>. Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192830432" title="Special:BookSources/9780192830432">9780192830432</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Other websites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Other websites"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/q:Aristotle" class="extiw" title="en:q:Aristotle">Aristotle</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Aristotle.html">Works by Aristotle</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122542">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098651">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_and_political_philosophy167" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098456">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_and_political_philosophy" title="Template:Social and political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Social_and_political_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Social and political philosophy (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Social_and_political_philosophy&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_and_political_philosophy167" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactantius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lactantius (not yet started)">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozi (not yet started)">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philo (not yet started)">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polybius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polybius (not yet started)">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shang_Yang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shang Yang (not yet started)">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xun_Kuang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xun Kuang (not yet started)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avempace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avempace (not yet started)">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldus_de_Ubaldis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldus de Ubaldis (not yet started)">Baldus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartolus_de_Saxoferrato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartolus de Saxoferrato (not yet started)">Bartolus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Bruni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonardo Bruni (not yet started)">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giles_of_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giles of Rome (not yet started)">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decretum_Gratiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decretum Gratiani (not yet started)">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Salisbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Salisbury (not yet started)">John of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brunetto_Latini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brunetto Latini (not yet started)">Latini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsilius_of_Padua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsilius of Padua (not yet started)">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizam_al-Mulk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizam al-Mulk (not yet started)">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Tufail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Tufail (not yet started)">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Anshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Anshi (not yet started)">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Beza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodore Beza (not yet started)">Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Bodin (not yet started)">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (not yet started)">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buchanan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Buchanan (not yet started)">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_de_Mornay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe de Mornay (not yet started)">Duplessis-Mornay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Filmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Filmer (not yet started)">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wawrzyniec_Go%C5%9Blicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wawrzyniec Goślicki (not yet started)">Goslicius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Grotius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Grotius (not yet started)">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Harrington_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Harrington (author) (not yet started)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayashi_Razan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayashi Razan (not yet started)">Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Hotman (not yet started)">Hotman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Malebranche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Malebranche (not yet started)">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_von_Pufendorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel von Pufendorf (not yet started)">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algernon_Sidney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algernon Sidney (not yet started)">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Bastiat (not yet started)">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cesare_Beccaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cesare Beccaria (not yet started)">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke (not yet started)">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Bonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Bonald (not yet started)">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquis_de_Condorcet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquis de Condorcet (not yet started)">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Constant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Constant (not yet started)">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Fourier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Fourier (not yet started)">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller (not yet started)">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Hamann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Georg Hamann (not yet started)">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius (not yet started)">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Gottfried_Herder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Gottfried Herder (not yet started)">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant (not yet started)">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Le_Bon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustave Le Bon (not yet started)">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play (not yet started)">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph de Maistre (not yet started)">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Renan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Renan (not yet started)">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Royce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Royce (not yet started)">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri_de_Saint-Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri de Saint-Simon (not yet started)">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysander_Spooner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysander Spooner (not yet started)">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaine de Staël (not yet started)">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Stirner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Stirner (not yet started)">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hippolyte_Taine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hippolyte Taine (not yet started)">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giambattista_Vico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giambattista Vico (not yet started)">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Warren (not yet started)">Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–21st-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Agamben&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Agamben (not yet started)">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Aron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Aron (not yet started)">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Badiou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Badiou (not yet started)">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Bernstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Bernstein (not yet started)">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Burnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Burnham (not yet started)">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Debord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Debord (not yet started)">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnold_Gehlen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnold Gehlen (not yet started)">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Guénon (not yet started)">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Hermann_Hoppe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe (not yet started)">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luce_Irigaray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luce Irigaray (not yet started)">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertrand_de_Jouvenel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertrand de Jouvenel (not yet started)">Jouvenel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Kautsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Kautsky (not yet started)">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Kirk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Kirk (not yet started)">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nick_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nick Land (not yet started)">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Latifiyan" title="Ali Latifiyan">Latifiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Maritain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Maritain (not yet started)">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Michels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Michels (not yet started)">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaetano_Mosca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaetano Mosca (not yet started)">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chantal_Mouffe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chantal Mouffe (not yet started)">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Negri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Negri (not yet started)">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhold_Niebuhr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhold Niebuhr (not yet started)">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_Nurs%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said Nursî (not yet started)">Nursî</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Oakeshott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Oakeshott (not yet started)">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ortega y Gasset (not yet started)">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Polanyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Polanyi (not yet started)">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Röpke (not yet started)">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (not yet started)">Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Simmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Simmel (not yet started)">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Sorel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Sorel (not yet started)">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Othmar_Spann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Othmar Spann (not yet started)">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher) (not yet started)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Voegelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Voegelin (not yet started)">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curtis_Yarvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curtis Yarvin (not yet started)">Yarvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Social_theories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Social theories (not yet started)">Social theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_aspects_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political aspects of Islam (not yet started)">Islamic theories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohism (not yet started)">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_liberalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National liberalism (not yet started)">National liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_constructionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social constructionism (not yet started)">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_constructivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social constructivism (not yet started)">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_determinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social determinism (not yet started)">Social determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Social organization (not yet started)">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_and_politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity and politics (not yet started)">Christian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communitarianism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communitarianism (not yet started)">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conflict_theories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conflict theories (not yet started)">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consensus_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consensus theory (not yet started)">Consensus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmopolitanism (not yet started)">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culturalism (not yet started)">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elite_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elite theory (not yet started)">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_political_theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feminist political theory (not yet started)">Feminist theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098651" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671803" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata7316" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata7316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29885/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123748095">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7524651">VIAF</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/605144647705519704282">2</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72206945">3</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/108159371">4</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4306168049039238410003">5</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052251">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000047297">Chile</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span title="Aristóteles" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4874856">Spain</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13091331s">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13091331s">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026087">Argentina</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523403606706">Catalonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span title="Aristoteles" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118650130">Germany</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span title="Aristoteles" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV009389">Italy</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257964005171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000040628">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14348619">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span title="Aristotle" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79004182">United States</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx00l940489lqb">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000035536&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=003961514&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00431694">Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00763463">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000140&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36246937">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record15137">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199632647">Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000100644&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068519435">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9810578006105606">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000078930&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/54341">Vatican</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00161622?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/195089">MathSciNet</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2052-1391">ORCID</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57854350000">Scopus</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:aristotle.">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2f96bf3c-ca56-4c20-a374-4b846056c5e6">MusicBrainz artist</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500259120">ULAN</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118650130.html?language=en">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1236182">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/330575">RISM</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60k6ff5">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026690276">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/aristo">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&oldid=9319521">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&oldid=9319521</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:384_BC_births" title="Category:384 BC births">384 BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:322_BC_deaths" title="Category:322 BC deaths">322 BC deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="Category:Ancient Greek philosophers">Ancient Greek philosophers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_writers" title="Category:Ancient Greek writers">Ancient Greek writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polymaths" title="Category:Polymaths">Polymaths</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Lang-xx_templates" title="Category:Pages using Lang-xx templates">Pages using Lang-xx templates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with FAST identifiers">Articles with FAST identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ISNI_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ISNI identifiers">Articles with ISNI identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VIAF_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with VIAF identifiers">Articles with VIAF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BIBSYS_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BIBSYS identifiers">Articles with BIBSYS identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNC identifiers">Articles with BNC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNE identifiers">Articles with BNE identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNF identifiers">Articles with BNF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNFdata_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNFdata identifiers">Articles with BNFdata identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNMM_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNMM identifiers">Articles with BNMM identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CANTICN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with CANTICN identifiers">Articles with CANTICN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with GND identifiers">Articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ICCU_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ICCU identifiers">Articles with ICCU identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with J9U identifiers">Articles with J9U identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_KANTO_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with KANTO identifiers">Articles with KANTO identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_KBR_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with KBR identifiers">Articles with KBR identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LCCN identifiers">Articles with LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Libris_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with Libris identifiers">Articles with Libris identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LNB_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LNB identifiers">Articles with LNB identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NCL_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NCL identifiers">Articles with NCL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NDL identifiers">Articles with NDL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NKC identifiers">Articles with NKC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLA_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NLA identifiers">Articles with NLA identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLG_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NLG identifiers">Articles with NLG identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NLK_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NLK identifiers">Articles with NLK identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NSK_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NSK identifiers">Articles with NSK identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NTA_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NTA identifiers">Articles with NTA identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_PLWABN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with PLWABN identifiers">Articles with PLWABN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_RSL_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with RSL identifiers">Articles with RSL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_VcBA_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with VcBA identifiers">Articles with VcBA identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_CINII_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with CINII identifiers">Articles with CINII identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MATHSN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with MATHSN identifiers">Articles with MATHSN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ORCID_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ORCID identifiers">Articles with ORCID identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Scopus_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with Scopus identifiers">Articles with Scopus identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ZBMATH_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ZBMATH identifiers">Articles with ZBMATH identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_MusicBrainz_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers">Articles with MusicBrainz identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_ULAN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with ULAN identifiers">Articles with ULAN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_DTBIO_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with DTBIO identifiers">Articles with DTBIO identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Trove_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with Trove identifiers">Articles with Trove identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_RISM_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with RISM identifiers">Articles with RISM identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SNAC-ID_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers">Articles with SNAC-ID identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with SUDOC identifiers">Articles with SUDOC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_TDV%C4%B0A_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with TDVİA identifiers">Articles with TDVİA identifiers</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 23 January 2024, at 22:36.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/simple.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aristotle&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aristotle</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>220 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-697bc6cbd6-tt247","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.445","walltime":"0.568","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1720,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":60962,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2148,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":43,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":38442,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 462.785 1 -total"," 52.37% 242.380 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.35% 112.697 1 Template:Lang-el"," 23.70% 109.692 1 Template:Authority_control"," 17.42% 80.634 1 Template:Social_and_political_philosophy"," 16.83% 77.885 1 Template:Navbox"," 11.85% 54.834 2 Template:ISBN"," 10.94% 50.645 2 Template:Cite_book"," 7.16% 33.142 2 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 6.44% 29.795 1 Template:Wikiquote"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.273","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20303537,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-db878dd57-tk9jz","timestamp":"20250326233406","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Aristotle","url":"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aristotle","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q868","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q868","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-02T12:11:55Z","dateModified":"2024-01-23T22:36:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a4\/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg","headline":"4th-century BCE Classical Greek philosopher and polymath"}</script> </body> </html>