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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Katharevousa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafarevusa" title="Kafarevusa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kafarevusa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Катаревуса – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катаревуса" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Katharevousa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathar%C3%A9vussa" title="Katharévussa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Katharévussa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathareusa" title="Kathareusa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kathareusa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katharevousa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathar%C3%A9vousa" title="Katharévousa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katharévousa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Καθαρεύουσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθαρεύουσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathar%C3%A9vousa" title="Katharévousa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Katharévousa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarevuso" title="Katarevuso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katarevuso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="یونانی کاتارووسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونانی کاتارووسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathar%C3%A9vousa" title="Katharévousa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Katharévousa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Katharevousa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%ED%83%80%EB%A0%88%EB%B6%80%EC%82%AC_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="카타레부사 그리스어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카타레부사 그리스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Կաթարևուսա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթարևուսա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarevusa" title="Katarevusa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katarevusa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katharevousa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Katharevousa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94" title="קאתארבוסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאתארבוסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Ellas_Katarewusah" title="Basa Ellas Katarewusah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Ellas Katarewusah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharevusa" title="Catharevusa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Catharevusa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathar%C3%A9vusza" title="Katharévusza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Katharévusza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Катаревуса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Катаревуса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Katharevousa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%B5" title="カサレヴサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カサレヴサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katharevousa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharewusa" title="Katharewusa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katharewusa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catar%C3%A9vussa" title="Catarévussa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catarévussa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Кафаревуса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кафаревуса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathar%C3%A9vousa" title="Katharévousa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katharévousa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katarevusa" title="Katarevusa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katarevusa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Катаревуса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Катаревуса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%AF%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="纯正希腊语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纯正希腊语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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lang="el">Καθαρεύουσα</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[kaθaˈrevusa]</a></span>, literally "purifying [language]") is a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (language)">conservative</a> form of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek language</a> conceived in the late 18th century as both a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> and a compromise between <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> and the contemporary vernacular, <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>. Originally, it was widely used for both literary and official purposes, though sparingly in daily language. In the 20th century, it was increasingly adopted for official and formal purposes, until minister of education <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Rallis" title="Georgios Rallis">Georgios Rallis</a> made Demotic Greek the official language of Greece in 1976, and in 1982 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a> abolished the <a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">polytonic</a> system of writing for both Demotic and Katharevousa. </p><p>Katharevousa was conceived by the intellectual and revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a> (1748–1833).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montpellier" title="University of Montpellier">University of Montpellier</a>, Korais spent most of his life as an <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> in Paris. As a <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical scholar</a> credited with both laying the foundations of Modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a> and a major figure in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Enlightenment">Greek Enlightenment</a>, he was repelled by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> and subsequent influence on Greek society, and was a fierce critic of the clergy and their alleged subservience to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held that education was a prerequisite to <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek liberation</a>. </p><p>Part of Katharevousa's purpose was to serve as a compromise solution for the struggle between the "archaists" demanding full reversion to archaic Greek, and the "modernists". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharevousa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></div> <p>Although Katharevousa was introduced relatively recently, the concept of a conservative literary version of Greek had been present since the times of <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine Greek</a>. There had always existed a tendency towards a state of <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a> literary language and the constantly developing spoken Koine, which eventually evolved into <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>. <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> texts and documents of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> were almost always written in conservative literary Greek. Examples of texts written in vernacular Greek prior to the 13th century are very rare.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be argued that the establishment of Katharevousa was an official declaration and standardization of the conservative form of Greek, which had already existed in one way or another. The first known use of the term <i>Katharevousa</i> is in a work by the Greek polymath <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Theotokis" title="Nikephoros Theotokis">Nikephoros Theotokis</a>, in 1796.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Katharevousa was widely used in public documents and whatever was conceived as work of formal activity by Greek scholars. The name <i>Katharevousa</i> implies a pure form of Greek as it might hypothetically have evolved from ancient Greek without external influences, while in its modern connotation the word has come to mean "formal language". In later years, Katharevousa was used for official and formal purposes (such as politics, letters, official documents, and newscasting), while Demotic Greek (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">δημοτική</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">dimotikí</i></span>), or popular Greek, was the daily language. This created a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic situation</a> whereby most of the Greek population was excluded from the public sphere and advancement in education unless they conformed to Katharevousa. </p><p>In 1976, Demotic was made the official language, and in 1982 <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Andreas Papandreou</a> abolished the polytonic system of writing; by the end of the 20th century full Katharevousa in its earlier form had become obsolete. Much of the vocabulary of Katharevousa and its grammatical and syntactical rules have influenced the Demotic language, so that the project's emphasis has made an observable contribution to the language as it is used today. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> might be argued to be a combination of the original Demotic and the traditional Katharevousa as stressed in the 19th century, also with institutional input from Koine Greek. Among Katharevousa's later contributions are the promotion of classically based compounds to describe items and concepts that did not exist in earlier times, such as "newspaper", "police", "automobile", "aeroplane" and "television", rather than borrowing new words directly from other languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharevousa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Katharevousa (Greek: <span lang="el">Καθαρεύουσα</span>) means 'cleansing, purifying', the feminine present participle of the verb <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">katharévo</i></span> (Greek: <span lang="el">καθαρεύω</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[kaθaˈrevo]</a></span>). (The term is thus cognate with English <i>catharsis</i>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present-day_use">Present-day use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharevousa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Present-day use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> and other churches of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> tradition still use Katharevousa in official communications.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_sample">Text sample</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharevousa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Text sample"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a text sample of Katharevousa from the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Greek_Encyclopedia" title="Great Greek Encyclopedia">Great Greek Encyclopedia</a></i>, published in 1930. The text relates to <a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Adamantios Korais</a>'s relations with the Greek Church. It is rendered in Demotic and translated into English. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Katharevousa</th> <th>Standard Modern Greek </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-polyton">Ἡ δ' ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἀποδημία του ἐγένετο πρόξενος πολλῶν ἀδίκων κρίσεων περὶ προσώπων καὶ πραγμάτων καὶ πρῶτα πρῶτα τῆς περὶ ἧς ἀνωτέρω ἔγινε λόγος πρὸς τὸν κλῆρον συμπεριφορᾶς του. Ἂν ἔζη ἐν Ἑλλάδι καὶ ἤρχετο εἰς ἐπικοινωνίαν πρὸς τὸν κλῆρον καὶ ἐγνώριζεν ἐκ τοῦ πλησίον ὄχι μόνον τὰς κακίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἀρετὰς αὐτοῦ, ὄχι μόνον πολὺ θὰ συνετέλει εἰς διόρθωσίν τινων ἐκ τῶν κακῶς ἐν τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ ἐχόντων, ἀλλὰ καὶ δὲν θὰ ἤκουεν ὅσα ἤκουσεν ἐκ τῶν ὑπερβολικῶν κατὰ τοῦ κλήρου ἐκφράσεών του.</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Η αποδημία του από την Ελλάδα έγινε πρόξενος πολλών άδικων κρίσεων για πρόσωπα και πράγματα και πρώτα πρώτα, για την οποία έγινε λόγος παραπάνω, της συμπεριφοράς του προς τον κλήρο. Αν ζούσε στην Ελλάδα και ερχόταν σε επικοινωνία με τον κλήρο και γνώριζε από κοντά όχι μόνο τις κακίες, αλλά και τις αρετές αυτού, όχι μόνο θα συντελούσε πολύ στη διόρθωση μερικών από τα κακά που υπάρχουν στην Εκκλησία, αλλά και δεν θα άκουγε όσα άκουσε εξαιτίας των υπερβολικών εκφράσεών του εναντίον του κλήρου.</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Transliteration</b>: <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Hē d' apò tē̂s Helládos apodēmía tou egéneto próxenos pollō̂n adíkōn kríseōn perì prosṓpōn kaì pragmátōn kaì prō̂ta prō̂ta tē̂s perì hē̂s anōtérō égine lógos pròs tòn klē̂ron symperiphorâs tou. Àn ézē en Helládi kaì ḗrcheto eis epikoinōnían pròs tòn klē̂ron kaì egnṓrizen ek toû plēsíon óchi mónon tàs kakías, allà kaì tàs aretàs autoû, óchi mónon polỳ thà synetélei eis diórthōsín tinōn ek tō̂n kakō̂s en tē̂i Ekklēsíāi echóntōn, allà kaì dèn thà ḗkouen hósa ḗkousen ek tō̂n hyperbolikō̂n katà toû klḗrou ekphráseṓn tou.</i></span> </td> <td><b>Transliteration</b>: <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">I apodimía tou apó tín Elláda égine próxenos pollón ádikon kríseon gia prósopa kai prágmata kai próta próta, gia tín opía égine lógos parapáno, tís siberiphorás tou pros ton klíro. An zoúse stin Elláda kai erchótan se epikinonía me ton klíro kai gnórize apó kondá óchi móno tis kakíes, allá kai tis aretés aftoú, óchi móno tha syndeloúse polý sti diórthosi merikón apó ta kaká pou ypárchoun stin Ekklisía, allá kai den tha ákouge ósa ákouse exetías tōn yperbolikón ekphráseón tou enandíon tou klírou.</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>English translation:</b> His expatriation from Greece was a cause for many unjust judgments as regards situations and people, and mainly for his behaviour towards the clergy, which was discussed above. If he had lived in Greece and been in contact with the clergy and known closely not only its turpitude but also its virtues, not only would he have contributed greatly to correcting some of the problems within the Church, but also would not have listened to all that he listened to due to his exaggerated sentiments against the clergy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharevousa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">Diglossia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Similar movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsmål">Landsmål</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l" title="Riksmål">Riksmål</a> (Norwegian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language#Language_reform_and_modern_Turkish" title="Turkish language">Language reform and modern Turkish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Katharevousa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkendi1975" class="citation journal cs1">Skendi, Stavro (1975). "Language as a Factor of National Identity in the Balkans of the Nineteenth Century". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>119</b> (2): 186–189. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/986634">986634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Language+as+a+Factor+of+National+Identity+in+the+Balkans+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-189&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F986634%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatharevousa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorais" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korais, Adamantios, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/56228/files/arc-2006-23343.pdf"><i>Adelfikí Didaskalía</i> <bdi lang="zh">Αδελφική Διδασκαλία</bdi></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Greek), p. 3sq</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adelfik%C3%AD+Didaskal%C3%ADa+%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.pages=3sq&rft.aulast=Korais&rft.aufirst=Adamantios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finvenio.lib.auth.gr%2Frecord%2F56228%2Ffiles%2Farc-2006-23343.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatharevousa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToufexis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Toufexis, Notis (2008). "Diglossia and Register Variation in Medieval Greek". <i>Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 203–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174962508X322687">10.1179/174962508X322687</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162128578">162128578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+and+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=Diglossia+and+Register+Variation+in+Medieval+Greek&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=203-217&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174962508X322687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162128578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Toufexis&rft.aufirst=Notis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatharevousa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackridge" class="citation interview cs1">Mackridge, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onassis.gr/enim_deltio/foreign/01/story_05.php">"The Phenomenon of Diglossia: Language and National Identity"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Leda Bouzali. ΑΩ International online magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Phenomenon+of+Diglossia%3A+Language+and+National+Identity&rft.pub=%CE%91%CE%A9+International+online+magazine&rft.aulast=Mackridge&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onassis.gr%2Fenim_deltio%2Fforeign%2F01%2Fstory_05.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatharevousa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgyropoulou2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Argyropoulou, Christina (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erkyna.gr/e_docs/periodiko/dimosieyseis/filologia/t07-04.pdf">"Glóssa kai exousía mésa apó poikíla keímena stin katharévousa kai ti dimotikí morfí tis ellinikís glóssas" <bdi lang="el">Γλώσσα και εξουσία μέσα από ποικίλα κείμενα στην καθαρεύουσα και τη δημοτική μορφή της ελληνικής γλώσσας</bdi></a> [Language and power through various texts in the purifying and the vernacular form of the Greek language] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Erkyna: Epitheórisi Ekpaideftikón</i> <bdi lang="zh">Ερκυνα: Επιθεώρηση Εκπαιδευτικών</bdi> (in Greek). <b>7</b>: 52–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erkyna%3A+Epithe%C3%B3risi+Ekpaideftik%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Gl%C3%B3ssa+kai+exous%C3%ADa+m%C3%A9sa+ap%C3%B3+poik%C3%ADla+ke%C3%ADmena+stin+kathar%C3%A9vousa+kai+ti+dimotik%C3%AD+morf%C3%AD+tis+ellinik%C3%ADs+gl%C3%B3ssas+%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1+%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1+%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C+%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%84%CE%B7+%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%AE+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82+%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=52-69&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Argyropoulou&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferkyna.gr%2Fe_docs%2Fperiodiko%2Fdimosieyseis%2Ffilologia%2Ft07-04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatharevousa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Great Greek Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. XIV. 1930. p. 864.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Greek+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=864&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKatharevousa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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