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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_views_in_support_of_an_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_views_in_support_of_an_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Scholarly views in support of an attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_views_in_support_of_an_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Opposition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opposition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grassroots_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grassroots_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Grassroots organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grassroots_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Aligned_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Aligned_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Non-Aligned Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-Aligned_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_Atomic_Energy_Agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 International Atomic Energy Agency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_Atomic_Energy_Agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 History of opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 2005 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 2007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 2011 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_views_in_opposition_to_an_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_views_in_opposition_to_an_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Scholarly views in opposition to an attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_views_in_opposition_to_an_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Polls </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polls-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Polls subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latest_poll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latest_poll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Latest poll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latest_poll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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military action against Iran</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <a href="/wiki/Military_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Military action">Military action</a> against <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> is a controversial topic in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Proponents of a strike against Iran point to the threat presented by <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">Iran's nuclear program</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a>, and particularly hardline politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">American neoconservatives</a>, Iranian dissidents (<a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">monarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">Mojahedin-e-Khalq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Iran" title="Separatism in Iran">separatists</a>) support military action to stop the program or go further to overthrow the regime. Opposition to military action is often based in <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, but some who are opposed to military action against Iran are opposed for other reasons. Tel Aviv residents Ronny Edry and his wife, Michal Tamir, with their Israel loves Iran campaign contributed the greatest Israeli NGO effort to persuade the Ayatollah not to enrich uranium to weapons grade.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Kelsey Davenport, the Director of Nonproliferation Policy at the Washington-based Arms Control Association is the biggest American restraint against Netanyahu and/or NATO's rulers launching and in May 2023, she warned that "a nightmare scenario" is occurring.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> President Biden asked the Ayatollah to repatriate 3 of his hostages to the U.S. and offered to unfreeze $17 billion in exchange for a verbal promise not to enrich his uranium to 90%.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> So far, as usual, the Ayatollah has declined to agree.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> enriched kilograms of U235 to 20% purity<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and then to 60% purity.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> As of 13 May 2023, Iran had 114.1 kg of 60% HEU and 470.9 kg of 20% HEU and was enriching 20% at a rate of 0.406 kg/day.<a href="#cite_note-GOV/2023/24-9">[9]</a> The Institute for Science wrote that "With a monthly average production rate of 9 kg (U mass) per month, Iran could amass enough 60 percent HEU for three nuclear weapons by mid-June."<a href="#cite_note-ISIS_Iran_Analysis_May_2023-10">[10]</a> Some people expect that the uranium enrichment trend will continue all the way to 90%, weapons grade uranium.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Iran has warheads with conventional detonators in abundance.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The scheduled completion date for Iranian warheads that have functioning nuclear detonators is vague and not publicly known with certainty.<a href="#cite_note-Orbach-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The world is waiting for the orders from the Ayatollah<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> to enrich to 90% a Significant Quantity (SQ) or more of <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">uranium hexafluoride gas</a> and then to convert the hex(afluoride) to metal at either the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran#Isfahan" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Fuel Plate Fabrication Plant</a> (FPFP) or the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran#Isfahan" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Uranium Conversion Facility</a> (UCF) in the city of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan/Esfahan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a> has repeatedly warned that he will be forced to destroy <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facilities_in_Iran" title="Nuclear facilities in Iran">Iran's underground nuclear facilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zaredi-16">[16]</a> Israel's high yield nuclear missiles haven't been tested as to their kilotons of yield.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In a war situation, it is anticipated that <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hizbollah</a> will attempt to launch tens of thousands of rockets from Lebanon against Israel and that Israel will annex Lebanon and make a peace announcement.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The main issue is the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Syrian_civil_war#Russian_intervention_and_Vienna_peace_talks_(30_September_2015–July_2016)" title="Timeline of the Syrian civil war">danger of an eventual, post-peace announcement counterstrike</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shipman-25">[25]</a> and then a few months afterwards, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">the POTUS</a>' outlook toward economic suffering in <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">the cities in Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> vis-à-vis the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a>'s outlook toward <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Support">edit</a>]</div> On numerous occasions, the Prime Minister of Israel has threatened to launch nuclear missiles against Iran's illegal underground nuclear facilities. Iran's underground nuclear facilities are illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">NPT</a>. On January 18, 2024, Netanyahu said, "Who says we aren’t attacking Iran? We are attacking Iran. [...] Iran has further phases to go through that I won’t detail on the path to nuclear weapons. [...] I am obligated as the prime minister of Israel to do everything to prevent Iran from attaining nuclear weapons.”<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> On March 9, 2023, Netanyahu said, "I came back into government principally in order to prevent Iran from becoming a nuclear state, to do everything in my power to prevent them, as I've been doing in my years in this office, to prevent them from becoming a nuclear power."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> On March 9, 2023, Netanyahu also said:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I never lose focus on the danger from the Islamic regime – never, because I know that we'll solve our problems in Israel. We have a way of doing that. But if Iran gets nuclear weapons, this will be a problem that all of us will face. And it will change the world. It would also cause the criss-crossing of the Middle East with nuclear trip wires as other regimes, who understand the danger of a nuclear Iran, will rush to arm themselves. So those who say, "Oh well, if we take action against Iran, we will face war," you will face a war if you don't. You will face a war & potentially a horrible nuclear war if you don't.<a href="#cite_note-Zaredi-16">[16]</a></blockquote> On January 16, 2023, Netanyahu said, "Iran is responsible for 90% of the problems in the Middle East. This regime threatens to destroy us. We will not wait for a sharp sword to be placed on our necks. The IDF together with the Mossad and together with Shin Bet will do whatever it takes to prevent this."<a href="#cite_note-Orbach-13">[13]</a> On August 27, 2020, US Vice President <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> said, "Let me be clear, we will not allow Iran to obtain a nuclear weapon. Period."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> US Senate Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> wrote that "[Biden's] Administration must [...] end Iran's pursuit of a nuclear weapons capability.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On January 8, 2020, after withdrawing from the <a href="/wiki/JCPOA" class="mw-redirect" title="JCPOA">JCPOA</a>, then President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> said, "As long as I am President of the United States, Iran will never be allowed to have a nuclear weapon."<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> On March 23, 2023, CJCS Milley testified to the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense that "From the time of an Iranian decision, as you have heard in previous testimony from members of OSD, Iran could produce fissile material for a nuclear weapon in less than two weeks and would only take several more months to produce an actual nuclear weapon. But the United States remains committed as a matter of policy that Iran will not have a fielded nuclear weapon."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> On January 1, 2023, ex-NSA H.R. McMaster said (to Margaret Brennan on <a href="/wiki/Face_the_Nation" title="Face the Nation">Face the Nation</a>), "And I think, Margaret, if we're going to be in the business of making predictions, I think the chances are quite high of a significant conflict in the Middle East, maybe entailing an Israeli strike on Iran's nuclear program."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Within days after her death, a spokesman for <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a>'s office said that <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> cost Britain more than a billion dollars a few months before her death (a reference to the celebration of her <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum Jubilee">Platinum Jubilee</a>, marking the 70th anniversary of her ascension to the throne) and that she was a "hag".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] On March 24, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">UK Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a> released a statement saying that "The UK would always stand with Israel and its ability to defend itself."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Iran Forum of the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> testified to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Commons<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> about the lack of resolution to the "Syrian civil war",<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> about "Iran's relations with regional groups"<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and about "the case of <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Moore-Gilbert" title="Kylie Moore-Gilbert">Kylie Moore-Gilbert</a>."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On December 22, 2018, British Security Minister Ben Wallace warned that groups like Al Qaeda and the Islamic State will work to place nefarious terror moles inside airports.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The Times subhead says, "Security minister warns of aviation 'spectacular'".<a href="#cite_note-Shipman-25">[25]</a> On February 2, 2023, French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> denounced the "headlong rush" of Iran's nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The next day, President Macron released a communiqué in which he "repeated that firmness is necessary in the face of Iran's raising of the stakes - which, if continued, would inevitably have consequences - and of the country's lack of transparency towards the International Atomic Energy Agency."<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> On March 16, 2023, Chancellor Olaf Scholz said, "Iran cannot be allowed to obtain nuclear weapons" and "the security of Israel is our raison d'etat." He also denounced the violence the Iranian government inflicted during the <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Mahsa Amini protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> With regard to a nuclear strike against Iran's underground nuclear facilities, Brookings Institution Senior Fellow Robert Einhorn said "Now, this would set back Iran's nuclear program, no question, but temporarily, maybe for two to four years, and there's no question that Iran would retaliate and its proxies would retaliate[.]"<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The primary impetus and rationale for <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> to strike <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> with nukes and, immediately after, to annex Lebanon is to halt or at least delay <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">Iran's nuclear program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> has repeatedly stated the threats a nuclear Iran could pose and expressed concern that too long of a delay would lead to a "point of no return", after which Iran would become far more dangerous and virtually immune to a future military intervention.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> To date, Israel has already launched raids against <a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">Syrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Iraqi</a> nuclear reactors, and some point to the success of these attacks and the lack of retaliation as encouragement for a similar strike against Iran.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 2006, the United States passed the <a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a>, which appropriated millions of dollars for human rights <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a> (NGOs) working in Iran. Several politicians in both countries have claimed the Act is a "stepping stone to war",<a href="#cite_note-kucinich-54">[54]</a> although the Act doesn't authorize the use of force against Iran.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_views_of_US_rulers">Historic views of US rulers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historic views of US rulers">edit</a>]</div> Both <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> have repeatedly said that a military option should not be taken out of consideration if other means of preventing Iran from acquiring a nuclear weapon fail. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">presidential candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudy Giuliani</a> stated that the United States and allies would do everything necessary to prevent Iran from going nuclear stating the "absolute assurance that we will - if they get to the point where they are going to become a nuclear power - we will prevent them or we'll set them back five or 10 years. And that is not said as a threat. That should be said as a promise."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom%27s_Watch" title="Freedom's Watch">Freedom's Watch</a>, an NPO created by <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, planned to sponsor a private conservative forum on radical Islam to prove that Iran was a threat to the security of the US and to gather support for the war against Iran.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> and 2008 Presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> had stated his support for military action against the Iranian regime categorizing the possible bombardment of nuclear facilities as a way to prevent Iran from proliferating a nuclear weapon. He stated that he would support a "bombardment of some kind...if severe economic and diplomatic sanctions aren't enough".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In July 2009, former ambassador of the US to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a> wrote an article for the Washington Post, in which he said that a military attack against Iran's weapons facilities was the only way to stop Iran from getting nuclear weapons, and that the logic for an Israeli strike was "nearly inexorable". He also said that a decision to launch a strike should be launched urgently before it was too late.<a href="#cite_note-bolton-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_views_in_support_of_an_attack">Scholarly views in support of an attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scholarly views in support of an attack">edit</a>]</div> Bill Roggio, Senior Fellow and Editor of the Foundation for Defense of Democracy's (FDD) Long War Journal, said that "Numerous al-Qaeda leaders and operatives shelter inside Iran." Roggio also said that <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Adel" title="Saif al-Adel">Saif al-Adel</a>'s ties to the Iranian regime and placement inside Iran could make him a "far more dangerous" al-Qaeda leader than his predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Charles Lister, Senior Fellow, Director of Syria and Countering Terrorism & Extremism Programs at the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a>, warned that "a catastrophic ISIS resurgence is just a matter of time."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> On May 26, 2023, Jason Brodsky, Policy Director of the U.S.-based United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI), said, "[... The Ayatollah] is likely to enrich uranium to weapons-grade levels at 90%."<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kroenig" title="Matthew Kroenig">Matthew Kroenig</a>, Stanton Nuclear Security Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, and Special Adviser in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense" title="Office of the Secretary of Defense">Office of the Secretary of Defense</a> from July 2010 to July 2011, argues that skeptics of military action fail to appreciate the threats posed by a nuclear Iran. If managed carefully, Kroenig believes that a surgical military strike targeting Iran's nuclear facilities "could spare the region and the world a very real threat and dramatically improve the long-term national security of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-Kroenig-65">[65]</a> A nuclear-armed Iran would not only limit U.S. leverage in the Middle East, but Iran's rivals like Saudi Arabia would probably seek nuclear weapons and subsequently spark an arms race. Once Iran had a nuclear device, Tehran could "choose to spur proliferation by transferring nuclear technology to its allies—other countries and terrorist groups alike" in order to contain its regional rivals.<a href="#cite_note-Kroenig-65">[65]</a> In the midst of a global economic downturn, Kroenig believes that containing a nuclear-armed Iran would be a massive financial, political, and military burden for the United States. A surgical strike would be less costly. Kroenig notes that airstrike skeptics are concerned that military planners will not know the location of some key facilities. Kroenig thinks this concern is overblown: "U.S. intelligence agencies, the IAEA, and opposition groups within Iran have provided timely warning of Tehran's nuclear activities in the past—exposing, for example, Iran's secret construction at Natanz and Qom before those facilities ever became operational."<a href="#cite_note-Kroenig-65">[65]</a> In other words, Kroenig believes there is a high chance of Washington catching Iran before the latter hypothetically brings a nuclear facility online. To mitigate the global economic fallout from a military strike, Washington could "offset any disruption of oil supplies by opening its Strategic Petroleum Reserve and quietly encouraging some Gulf states to increase their production in the run-up to the attack."<a href="#cite_note-Kroenig-65">[65]</a> He also believes the United States could manage war-time escalation levels by indicating to the Iranians that they are not interested in government change. Finally, Kroenig addresses the skeptics who claim that even if a surgical strike against Iran were successful, it would only delay Iran's nuclear program. Kroenig believes that if a surgical strike was successful, the devastation could be so significant that Iran would abandon its nuclear ambitions forever. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a>, is opposed to nuking the Ayatollah's underground nuclear facilities.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Felipe_VI" title="Felipe VI">King Felipe VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Letizia_of_Spain" title="Queen Letizia of Spain">Queen Letizia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Pedro Sánchez</a>, stand opposed to nuking the Ayatollah's underground military facilities.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister of Bulgaria</a> also oppose nuking the Ayatollah's underground nuclear facilities.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grassroots_organizations">Grassroots organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grassroots organizations">edit</a>]</div> The organisation <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Sanctions_and_Military_Intervention_in_Iran" title="Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran">Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran</a> (CASMII) was officially founded on December 1, 2005, in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and claimed its first success to be the inclusion of opposition to an attack on Iran as part of the aims declared by the International Peace Conference in London on December 10, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-declarationpeacelondon2005-69">[69]</a> Two UK organisations opposed to an attack on Iran, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action Iran (page does not exist)">Action Iran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-actioniran-70">[70]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran_Solidarity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iran Solidarity (page does not exist)">Iran Solidarity</a><a href="#cite_note-iransolidarity-71">[71]</a> joined with CASMII UK on November 6, 2006, to form a new organisation in the UK called <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign Iran">Campaign Iran</a>, which remains part of the international <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Sanctions_and_Military_Intervention_in_Iran" title="Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran">CASMII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-casmii_actioniran_unite-72">[72]</a> In March 2005, former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark, British MP George Galloway, former UN Assistant Secretary-General Dennis Halliday, former First Lady of Greece Margarita Papandreou, Bishop Thomas Gumbleton and others launched an international grassroots campaign called Stop War on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In November 2006, several peace organisations in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>, Bay Area <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Against_the_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Against the War (page does not exist)">United Against the War</a>, Bay Area <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Committee_for_Peace_and_Justice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Committee for Peace and Justice (page does not exist)">Labor Committee for Peace and Justice</a>, Berkeley <a href="/wiki/Gray_Panthers" title="Gray Panthers">Gray Panthers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Courage_To_Resist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Courage To Resist (page does not exist)">Courage To Resist</a>, Crabgrass, Declaration of Peace SF Bay Area, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecumenical_Peace_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecumenical Peace Institute (page does not exist)">Ecumenical Peace Institute</a>/Calc, <a href="/wiki/Grandmothers_for_Peace" title="Grandmothers for Peace">Grandmothers for Peace</a>, South Bay Mobilization, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_World_Can%27t_Wait--Drive_Out_The_Bush_Regime!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The World Can't Wait--Drive Out The Bush Regime! (page does not exist)">The World Can't Wait--Drive Out The Bush Regime!</a>, organised themselves together as the "Don't Attack Iran Coalition" and called for various actions including direct contact between US leaders and/or members of US Congress and Iranian leaders and members of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-dontattackcoalition-74">[74]</a> In June 2007, on the 20th anniversary of the June 28, 1987 chemical weapons attack on the Iranian town of <a href="/wiki/Sardasht,_West_Azerbaijan" title="Sardasht, West Azerbaijan">Sardasht</a>, two Iranian <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Society_for_Chemical_Weapons_Victims_Support&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Society for Chemical Weapons Victims Support (page does not exist)">Society for Chemical Weapons Victims Support</a> (SCWVS) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_for_Defence_of_Victims_of_Violence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation for Defence of Victims of Violence (page does not exist)">Organisation for Defence of Victims of Violence</a> (ODVV), signed a joint petition with <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Sanctions_and_Military_Intervention_in_Iran" title="Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran">Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran</a> opposing both sanctions and a military attack against Iran,<a href="#cite_note-iranian_ngos_casmii-75">[75]</a> as well as asking the Iranian government to "pay more attention to human rights and social and political freedoms, so as to create the grounds for a stronger and greater unity of the people of Iran in the face of foreign pressures and threats."<a href="#cite_note-iranian_ngos_petition-76">[76]</a> In November 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Arms_Control_and_Non-Proliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation">Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation</a>, a non partisan arms control advocacy group in Washington, D.C., launched a campaign aimed at gaining support for a diplomatic, not military, solution to growing tension in U.S.–Iran relations, which including blog and newspaper ads in efforts to gain 1 million signatures urging Congress to promote diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In December 2007, the founding conference of <a href="/wiki/Hands_Off_the_People_of_Iran" title="Hands Off the People of Iran">Hands Off the People of Iran</a> (HOPI) was held in London.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> HOPI opposes military action against Iran whilst criticising the current Iranian government as "reactionary".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> HOPI is supported by a number of prominent figures on the left in Britain and around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McDonnell (politician)">John McDonnell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Sheridan" title="Tommy Sheridan">Tommy Sheridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tatchell" title="Peter Tatchell">Peter Tatchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mansfield_QC" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Mansfield QC">Michael Mansfield QC</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pilger" title="John Pilger">John Pilger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> On November 2, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Jim Webb</a> and 29 other United States <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">senators</a> sent a letter to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> stating that "no congressional authority exists for unilateral military action against Iran", that "the Senate vote on September 26, 2007 on an amendment to the FY 2008 National Defense Authorization Act ... should in no way be interpreted as a predicate for the use of military force in Iran" and "that offensive military action should not be taken against Iran without the express consent of Congress."<a href="#cite_note-senators_nowar-81">[81]</a> Founded in London in 2006, the Westminster Committee on Iran aims to increase dialogue and understanding between Tehran and British parliamentarians with a view to avoiding military intervention against Iran. The Committee holds regular meetings and roundtable discussions both inside and outside of Parliament. The Committee advocates for balanced and objective reporting on Iran and genuine international diplomacy in all dealings with Tehran.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Aligned_Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Non-Aligned Movement">edit</a>]</div> On September 16, 2006, representatives of the 118 states of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> made a statement, at the summit level, supporting <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iran's civilian nuclear program</a> and opposing military attacks against nuclear facilities, stating "The ministers reaffirmed the inviolability of peaceful nuclear activities and that any attack or threat of attack against peaceful nuclear facilities, operational or under construction, poses a great danger to human beings and the environment, and constitutes a grave violation of international law, principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and regulations of the IAEA. They recognized the need for a comprehensive multilaterally negotiated instrument, prohibiting attacks, or threat of attacks on nuclear facilities devoted to peaceful uses of nuclear energy."<a href="#cite_note-NAMmay2006-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Atomic_Energy_Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International Atomic Energy Agency">edit</a>]</div> On June 14, 2007, the Director General (DG) of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA), <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a>, speaking at a meeting of the IAEA, said that war against Iran "would be catastrophic, it would be an act of madness, and it would not solve the issue".<a href="#cite_note-elbaradei_actmadness-84">[84]</a> During the preceding several weeks, ElBaradei had several times expressed his opposition to a military attack on Iran. He made these statements as part of what he saw as his role as Director General of the IAEA, stating "I have no brief other than to make sure we do not go into another war, or that we go crazy into killing each other."<a href="#cite_note-saeidi_elb-85">[85]</a> Since January 25, 2023, Iran has manufactured enough highly enriched uranium (HEU) for several nuclear missiles per IAEA Director General <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Grossi" title="Rafael Grossi">Rafael Grossi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The HEU for each missile core, i.e. each warhead, is called an SQ (which means a significant quantity) per the IAEA's Safeguards Glossary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_opposition">History of opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of opposition">edit</a>]</div> Opposition against a military strike on Iran followed several claims that the United States and/or Israel might carry out such an attack, in relation to claims that Iran intends to <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">field nuclear weapons</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2005">2005</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2005">edit</a>]</div> Organised opposition to a possible future military attack against <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> by <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and/or the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (US) is known to have started during 2005–2006. Beginning in early 2005, <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Activist">activists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-seymourhershone-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-newyorker-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rittersleep-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cirincione" title="Joseph Cirincione">Joseph Cirincione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_E._Hirsch" title="Jorge E. Hirsch">Jorge E. Hirsch</a><a href="#cite_note-HirschRealUSintent-90">[90]</a> began publishing claims that United States' concerns over the alleged threat posed by <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">the possibility that Iran may have a nuclear weapons program</a> might lead the US government to take military action against that country. These reports, and the concurrent escalation of tensions between Iran and some Western governments, prompted the formation of <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> organisations, including <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Sanctions_and_Military_Intervention_in_Iran" title="Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran">Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran</a> in the US and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, to advocate against potential military strikes on Iran. Additionally, several individuals, grassroots organisations, and international government organisations, including the ex-Director General of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a>,<a href="#cite_note-elbaradei_actmadness-84">[84]</a> a former <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations weapons inspector</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rittersleep-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners including <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Corrigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mairead Corrigan">Mairead Corrigan-Maguire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams_(Nobel_laureate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)">Betty Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ebadi_etal_nucfree_mideast-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ebadi_etal_nucfree_mideast-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a>,<a href="#cite_note-iht_codepink_kouchner-92">[92]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-NAMmay2006-83">[83]</a> of 118 states have publicly stated their opposition to such an attack. <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> claimed that the real reason for then President George W. Bush to attack would be to "control <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> energy resources", in particular <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ChomskyIranOil-93">[93]</a> Physicist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Hirsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Hirsch">Jorge Hirsch</a> claimed that the real reason is that the US wishes to demonstrate its intent and capability to "use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries".<a href="#cite_note-HirschRealUSintent-90">[90]</a> Starting in 2005, these analysts, including <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Hersh" title="Seymour Hersh">Seymour Hersh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-seymourhershone-87">[87]</a> former UN <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">inspector in Iraq</a> from 1991 to 1998, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-rittersleep-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cirincione" title="Joseph Cirincione">Joseph Cirincione</a>, director for non-proliferation at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>, Professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a> and Middle East editor for the Foreign Policy in Focus, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Zunes" title="Stephen Zunes">Stephen Zunes</a><a href="#cite_note-Zunesusiranisrael-94">[94]</a> claimed that the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> planned a military attack against Iran. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Giraldi" title="Philip Giraldi">Philip Giraldi</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> officer,<a href="#cite_note-amcon-95">[95]</a> physicist <a href="/wiki/Jorge_E._Hirsch" title="Jorge E. Hirsch">Jorge E. Hirsch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hirsch-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-hirschabyss-97">[97]</a> and Seymour Hersh <a href="#cite_note-newyorker-88">[88]</a> claimed that the attack could be expected to use <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>, in line with the US <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_for_Joint_Nuclear_Operations" title="Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations">Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations</a> which was revised in March 2005. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2007">2007</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2007">edit</a>]</div> In early April 2007, <a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Klare" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael T. Klare">Michael T. Klare</a> claimed that references to Iran by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in major televised speeches on January 10, January 23 and February 14, 2007, establish that Bush "has already decided an attack is his only option and the rest is a charade he must go through to satisfy his European allies". Klare claims that in these speeches in particular, Bush has developed a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> in order to prepare public opinion for an attack, focussed on three reasons: claims that Iran supports attacks on US troops in Iraq, claims that Iran has a nuclear weapons program, and claims that Iran could become a dominant power in the region and destabilise pro-US governments in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-klare_bushthreecharges-98">[98]</a> In October 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported that the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> had "crossed into Iran several times in recent months" as part of operations against the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>' <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>: <blockquote>BRITISH special forces have crossed into Iran several times in recent months as part of a secret border war against the Iranian Revolutionary Guard's Al-Quds special forces, defence sources have disclosed. There have been at least half a dozen intense firefights between the SAS and arms smugglers, a mixture of Iranians and Shi'ite militiamen. The unreported fighting straddles the border between Iran and Iraq and has also involved the Iranian military firing mortars into Iraq. UK commanders are concerned that Iran is using a militia ceasefire to step up arms supplies in preparation for an offensive against their base at Basra airport.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2008">2008</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2008">edit</a>]</div> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a> magazine in March, Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a>, then head of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a>, expressed opposition to war with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> On March 11, Fallon resigned in part due to his opposition.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In March, United States Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> went on a tour of the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> On March 22, Cheney visited with King <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abdullah of Saudi Arabia">Abdullah of Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> On the next day, the Saudi Arabian government began preparing for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">nuclear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiological">radiological</a> emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Israel conducted the largest emergency and evacuation drill in its history from April 6 to April 10. The drill, dubbed Turning Point 2, simulated conventional, chemical, and biological attacks from the Gaza Strip, Iran, Lebanon, and Syria.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> During the drill, on April 7, Israeli National Infrastructure Minister <a href="/wiki/Binyamin_Ben-Eliezer" title="Binyamin Ben-Eliezer">Binyamin Ben-Eliezer</a> said that if Iran attacked Israel, Israel would "destroy the Iranian nation."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> On April 15, Iranian Deputy Chief of Staff <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammed_Rada_Ashtiani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammed Rada Ashtiani (page does not exist)">Mohammed Rada Ashtiani</a> responded by saying that if Israel attacked Iran, Iran would "eliminate Israel from the universe."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On May 8, United States Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Conyers, Jr.">John Conyers, Jr.</a> wrote a letter to President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, threatening him with impeachment if he were to attack Iran without Congressional authorization.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> On May 19, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> met with several members of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, including Speaker of the House <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a>, and asked the United States to impose a naval blockade on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> On May 22, Representative <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ackerman" title="Gary Ackerman">Gary Ackerman</a> introduced H.Con. Res. 362, part of which reads "Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That Congress demands that the President initiate an international effort to immediately and dramatically increase the economic, political, and diplomatic pressure on Iran to verifiably suspend its nuclear enrichment activities by, inter alia, prohibiting the export to Iran of all refined petroleum products; imposing stringent inspection requirements on all persons, vehicles, ships, planes, trains, and cargo entering or departing Iran; and prohibiting the international movement of all Iranian officials not involved in negotiating the suspension of Iran's nuclear program."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The bill has 261 cosponsors.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> On June 28, on the floor of the House, Representative <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a> labeled the resolution a "virtual war resolution".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> On June 6, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a> said that "[a]ttacking Iran in order to stop its nuclear plans will be unavoidable."<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On June 9, Iranian Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Mohammad_Najjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mostafa Mohammad Najjar">Mostafa Mohammad Najjar</a> said that if Israel attacks Iran, Iran will attack Israel's nuclear reactor at <a href="/wiki/Dimona" title="Dimona">Dimona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In June, Israel set up an Iran Command within the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Early that month, Israel carried out a training exercise dubbed Glorious Spartan 08, for an attack, supposedly on Iran, with over 100 <a href="/wiki/F-15_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15 Eagle">F-15s</a> and <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16s</a> along with refueling tankers and rescue helicopters.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>, Shmuel Bar, Director of Studies at the Institute of Policy and Strategy at Herzliya, said of public support for war with Iran that "The support is almost unanimous for this in Israel. One hundred percent."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> On June 20, Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a> warned Israel not to attack Iran.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On June 21, Director General of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a> threatened to resign if Iran is attacked, saying that such an attack would turn the Middle East into a "ball of fire".<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> On June 25, Bahraini Major General <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_bin_Rashid_Al_Zayani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Latif bin Rashid Al Zayani">Abdul Latif bin Rashid Al Zayani</a> asked the United States to provide early warning to Bahrain before attacking Iran.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> On June 20, Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> met with retired Colonel <a href="/wiki/Aviam_Sela" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviam Sela">Aviam Sela</a>, the planner of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a>, the Israeli attack on the Iraqi nuclear reaction at <a href="/wiki/Osirik" class="mw-redirect" title="Osirik">Osirik</a> in 1981, to discuss the possibility of an attack on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In June the United States completed construction of four advance bases on the Iraqi side of the Iran-Iraq border.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> On June 27, Iran moved its <a href="/wiki/Shihab-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihab-3">Shihab-3</a> ballistic missiles into launch positions within striking range of the Israeli nuclear reactor at Dimona.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On April 15, the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(Israeli_missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow (Israeli missile)">Arrow 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">anti-ballistic missile</a> system successfully intercepted a simulated Iranian <a href="/wiki/Shihab-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Shihab-3">Shihab-3</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">medium-range ballistic missile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> On July 6, Israel tested <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a>, a missile defense system that is under development.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> On June 28, Chairman of the United States <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Mullen">Mike Mullen</a> met with Israeli Armed Forces Chief Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Gabi_Ashkenazi" title="Gabi Ashkenazi">Gabi Ashkenazi</a>, in part to discuss Iran's alleged nuclear weapons program.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On June 29, Iranian General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mir-Faisal_Bagherzadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mir-Faisal Bagherzadeh (page does not exist)">Mir-Faisal Bagherzadeh</a> said that Iran will dig 320,000 graves "to provide for the burial of enemy soldiers".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In the July issue of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proceedings_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proceedings Magazine (page does not exist)">Proceedings Magazine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a>, Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Winnefeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandy Winnefeld">Sandy Winnefeld</a>, Commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet" title="United States Sixth Fleet">United States Sixth Fleet</a>, wrote that an Iranian ballistic missile attack on Israel is "by far the most likely employment of ballistic missiles in the world today".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> He went on to write that there may be "a need for a U.S. or NATO response." On July 2, a Russian Foreign Ministry official said that "[i]f force is used it will be catastrophic for the whole Middle East."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> On July 3, General <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jafari" title="Mohammad Ali Jafari">Mohammad Ali Jafari</a>, Head of the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Guards">Revolutionary Guards</a>, said that "[a]ny action against Iran is regarded as the beginning of war" and that Iran would respond to an attack by closing the Strait of Hormuz.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Forty percent of the world's oil supply passes through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-138">[138]</a> On July 7, Commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">United States Fifth Fleet</a> Vice Admiral <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Cosgriff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin Cosgriff (page does not exist)">Kevin Cosgriff</a> said that the US Navy "will not allow" Iran to close the Strait of Hormuz.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-138">[138]</a> Last month Vice Admiral Cosgriff warned that any attempt to seal off the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> would be an act of war.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-139">[139]</a> On July 4, Iraqi Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nouri_al-Maliki" title="Nouri al-Maliki">Nouri al-Maliki</a> said that he will not allow Iraqi land, sea, or airspace to be used for an attack on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On July 5, Iraqi representative <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Othman" title="Mahmoud Othman">Mahmoud Othman</a> warned that military action against Iran would destabilize Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On July 8, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Shirazi" title="Ali Shirazi">Ali Shirazi</a>, a representative of Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, said that Iran would respond to an attack by attacking <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">United States Fifth Fleet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> On July 9, as part of an exercise dubbed <a href="/wiki/Great_Prophet_III" title="Great Prophet III">Great Prophet III</a> or 'Noble Prophet', Iran test fired nine ballistic missiles, including <a href="/wiki/Shahab-3" title="Shahab-3">Shahab-3s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zelzal" title="Zelzal">Zelzals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fateh-110" title="Fateh-110">Fatehs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Speaking of the tests, General <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Salami" title="Hossein Salami">Hossein Salami</a>, Air Force Commander of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, said "Our hands are always on the trigger and our missiles are ready for launch."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-139">[139]</a> On July 10, Iran launched a second round of missile tests.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> On July 10, OPEC Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Salem_el-Badri" title="Abdallah Salem el-Badri">Abdallah Salem el-Badri</a> warned that if Iran is attacked, oil prices "would go unlimited".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> On July 12, Iranian official <a href="/wiki/Mojtaba_Zolnour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojtaba Zolnour">Mojtaba Zolnour</a> said that, if attacked, Iran would destroy Israel and 32 United States bases.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> From July 21 to July 31, Brazil, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States participated in Joint Task Force Exercise 08-4/Operation Brimstone, "a graduate-level exercise for strike groups who are preparing to forward deploy".<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The exercise involved 15,000 service members.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> On July 23, Israeli officials reported that Iran could acquire Russian <a href="/wiki/S-300_(missile)#S-300PMU-1/2_(SA-20)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-300 (missile)">SA-20</a>/<a href="/wiki/S-300_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="S-300 (missile)">S-300</a> <a href="/wiki/Surface_to_air_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface to air missile">surface to air missiles</a> as early as September.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> On July 24, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> distributed a report by journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Jahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Jahn (page does not exist)">George Jahn</a> which suggested that Iranian Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gholam_Reza_Aghazadeh" title="Gholam Reza Aghazadeh">Gholam Reza Aghazadeh</a> had announced that Iran would end cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GJahnIranStopsCooperationIAEA080724-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> A day later, George Jahn published another article, titled "Iran to increase cooperation with IAEA".<a href="#cite_note-GJahnIranCooperatesIAEA080725-155">[155]</a> A press release by <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Sanctions_and_Military_Intervention_in_Iran" title="Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran">Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran</a> a few days later published an English translation of the words stated by Aghazadeh: "The two sides were conscious that the so-called alleged studies is a side issue and does not affect our ongoing and bilateral cooperation with the Agency. Iran has done whatever it could in connection with the alleged studies case and the IAEA will draw necessary conclusion on the issue at an appropriate time."<a href="#cite_note-CASMIIvsGJahn080728-156">[156]</a> On July 27, Israeli Defense minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a> traveled to the United States to have talks with President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a>, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral <a href="/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen">Michael Mullen</a>, and National Security Adviser <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a>. Gates told Barak that he is considering providing Israel with early warning radars and missile defenses.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> On August 4, Revolutionary Guards Commander General <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jafari" title="Mohammad Ali Jafari">Mohammad Ali Jafari</a> claimed that Iran had tested a new <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missile</a> with a range of 300 kilometres (190 mi).<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> On August 5, he threatened to close the Strait of Hormuz.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> On August 7, the <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Times" title="Kuwait Times">Kuwait Times</a> reported the Kuwaiti government "is finalizing its emergency plan" and that two more United States aircraft carriers are en route to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Currently the <a href="/wiki/Nimitz-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimitz-class">Nimitz-class</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)</a> is operating in the Persian Gulf. The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Post">Jerusalem Post</a> believes that the two carriers en route may be the Nimitz-class <a href="/wiki/USS_Ronald_Reagan" title="USS Ronald Reagan">USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76)</a> and the Nimitz-class <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)">USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> On August 7, the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported that Israel had purchased 90 additional <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16l</a> fighters and two additional <a href="/wiki/Delta-class_submarine" title="Delta-class submarine">Dolphin class</a> ballistic missile submarines.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> On September 26, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> newspaper reported that President Bush had vetoed a plan developed by the Israelis to bomb Iran's nuclear sites. The precise motivation for the veto was not explored. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2011">2011</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2011">edit</a>]</div> In November 2011, Israeli prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> reportedly tried to persuade his cabinet ministers to authorize an attack on Iran. Israeli air force also conducted drills at <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and it successfully tested a long-range missile capable of striking Iran.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_views_in_opposition_to_an_attack">Scholarly views in opposition to an attack</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scholarly views in opposition to an attack">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Sagan" title="Scott Sagan">Scott Sagan</a>, professor of political science and senior fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_International_Security_and_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for International Security and Cooperation">Center for International Security and Cooperation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, argues that threatening Iran with government change would not stop Iran from pursuing a uranium enrichment program. To the contrary, Iran would to continue moving the program forward as a reaction to a military threat. Sagan goes on to say that the United States should jettison the military option and offer Iran limited security guarantees. By keeping the guarantees limited, the U.S. maintains a credible deterrent, which Sagan recognizes as important because Iran is a state sponsor of terrorism. "Given the need for Washington to have a credible deterrent against, say, terrorist attacks sponsored by Iran, it would be ill advised to offer Tehran a blanket security guarantee. But more limited guarantees, such as a commitment not to use nuclear weapons and other commitments of the type offered to <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a>, could be effective today."<a href="#cite_note-Sagan_2006-164">[164]</a> Such a framework, Sagan maintains, could help to convince Tehran that a nuclear bomb is not the "be all and end all of security".<a href="#cite_note-Sagan_2006-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a>, a former U.S. <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">military intelligence</a> officer and then a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Commission" title="United Nations Special Commission">United Nations weapons inspector</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, who is an active <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">opponent of the Iraq War</a>, has made several strong public statements opposing war against Iran, such as: "The alleged Iranian threat espoused by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> is based on fear, and arises from a combination of ignorance and ideological inflexibility." and referred to what he called "numerous unconfirmed reports that the United States has already begun covert military operations inside Iran, including overflights by drones and recruitment and training of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">MEK</a>, Kurdish and Azeri guerrillas."<a href="#cite_note-casmii_ritter-165">[165]</a> On August 6, 2007, the 62nd anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombing of Hiroshima</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners, <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Corrigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mairead Corrigan">Mairead Corrigan-Maguire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams_(Nobel_laureate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Williams (Nobel laureate)">Betty Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a>, along with several <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> groups, including The Israeli Committee for a Middle East Free from Atomic, Biological and Chemical Weapons, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Sanctions_and_Military_Intervention_in_Iran" title="Campaign Against Sanctions and Military Intervention in Iran">CASMII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a> and many others, warned about what they believed was the imminent risk of a "war of an unprecedented scale, this time against Iran", especially expressing concern that an attack on Iran using <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapons</a> had "not been ruled out". They quoted <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s July 1955 statement ending "The question we have to ask ourselves is: what steps can be taken to prevent a military conflict of which the issue must be disastrous to all species?" They listed specific steps which they judged would reduce the risk of nuclear war in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, including a call for "the dispute about Iran's nuclear programme, to be resolved through peaceful means" and a call for <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, "as the only Middle Eastern state suspected of possession of nuclear weapons", to join the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ebadi_etal_nucfree_mideast-91">[91]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/All_the_Shah%27s_Men" title="All the Shah's Men">All the Shah's Men</a>, a history of the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> that <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">toppled the Iranian government in 1953</a>, has spoken out widely and frequently against what he considers the folly of a U.S. attack on Iran, which he says would destroy all of the pro-American sentiment that has developed among the Iranian populace under the repressive Islamic government. In a direct response to Kroenig, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kahl" title="Colin Kahl">Colin Kahl</a>, Associate Professor in the Security Studies Program at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edmund_A._Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service">Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service</a>, argues that war with Iran should be a last resort. Kahl notes that while the IAEA has "documented Iranian efforts to achieve the capacity to develop nuclear weapons at some point...there is no hard evidence that Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ali Khamenei">Ayatollah Ali Khamenei</a> has yet made the final decision to develop them,"<a href="#cite_note-Kahl-166">[166]</a> making Kroenig's claim of the urgent need to bomb Iran dubious. Kahl also notes that Kroenig conflates the supposed timelines to produce weapons-grade uranium and the actual construction of a nuclear bomb. He also takes serious issue with Kroenig's contention that the United States could manage the escalation in a war with Iran: "[Kroenig's] picture of a clean, calibrated conflict is a mirage. Any war with Iran would be a messy and extraordinarily violent affair, with significant casualties and consequences."<a href="#cite_note-Kahl-166">[166]</a> Kahl says that Kroenig's argument—that a nuclear-armed Iran would behave in a deeply irrational manner but remain cool and decide not to fully escalate in the face of U.S. airstrike—is ironic. The lack of direct lines of communication between Tehran and Washington, coupled with the usual fog of war, makes Kroenig's "proscribed limits exceedingly difficult".<a href="#cite_note-Kahl-166">[166]</a> Kroenig's biggest mistake, Kahl maintains, is harboring the same mindset of Iraq war advocates who ignored all postwar scenarios. Therefore, given the myriad of uncertainties, Kahl argues that war should be the last resort. In August 2012, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Walt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen M. Walt">Stephen M. Walt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Robert and Renée Belfer professor of international relations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, argued that the collective sabre rattling from Israel's politicians, and repeated assertions about "closing windows", "red lines", and "zones of immunity", with regard to an imminent Israeli attack against Iran, was bluff. In his analysis Israel lacks the military means alone to cause sufficient damage to Iran's nuclear facilities. The wave of public declarations constitutes a campaign, he continues, whose purpose is to pressure the Obama administration to impose both stricter sanctions and extract a public undertaking by President Obama that he is willing to use force. In his view, this ploy intends to inch the U.S. closer to declaring a war that Israel on its own itself cannot undertake.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polls">Polls</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Polls">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latest_poll">Latest poll</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Latest poll">edit</a>]</div> A 2022 opinion poll in <a href="/wiki/The_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The United States">the United States</a>, from before President Biden said that the JCPOA is dead, showed that although Americans view the prospect of a nuclear Iran as deeply alarming, only 12% support war with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> JCPOA renewal diplomacy failed in early September 2022, and economic sanctions have failed to stop Iran's illegal nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-GOV/2023/24-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISIS_Iran_Analysis_May_2023-10">[10]</a> According to a Gallup poll that was performed in July 2019, 18% support military action against Iran, 35% support military action if diplomatic/economic efforts fail, and 43% oppose military action even if diplomatic/economic efforts fail.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_polls_in_support_of_a_strike">Historical polls in support of a strike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical polls in support of a strike">edit</a>]</div> A poll conducted in July 2012 found that 80% of Americans view Iran's nuclear program as a threat to the United States and its <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> allies. 39% viewed it as a very big threat, 41% viewed it was a moderate threat, 12% viewed it as not much of a threat, and 6% viewed it as not being a threat. In regards to how much of a threat the nuclear program is to Israel, 60% viewed it as a very big threat to Israel while 27% viewed it as a moderate threat. 80% believe that Iran is building nuclear weapons, including 72% of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a>, 81% of <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">Independents</a>, and 89% of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Times_poll_80%-170">[170]</a> A poll conducted in September 2012 by Basswood Research for The Foreign Policy Initiative revealed that Iran was cited as the most dangerous threat to American national security interests, with 45.1% of respondents choosing Iran.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In addition, 62% of Americans favored preventing Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons, even if this requires the use of military force, as opposed to avoiding a conflict and accepting the prospects of Iranian nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-62%_poll-172">[172]</a> In March 2012, a Reuters/Ipsos poll revealed that a majority of Americans, 56%, would support military action against Iran, even if it led to increased gas prices, if there was evidence demonstrating that Tehran was building nuclear weapons. 39% said that they opposed a military strike, while 62% of Americans said that they'd support Israel striking Iran over its nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_poll_56%-173">[173]</a> According to a Zogby Poll in the United States in late October 2007, 52% of respondents said they would support a US strike to prevent Iran from building a nuclear weapon and 53% said they believed it was likely that the US would attack Iran before the next presidential election in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Nelson_Sofres" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor Nelson Sofres">TNS</a> survey conducted in March 2007 among 17,443 people in 27 <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Union member states">European Union member states</a>, a majority of 52% agreed with the statement "We must stop countries like Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons, even if that means taking military action". A majority agreed with the statement in 18 member states, while a majority were against in 9 member states.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> A majority (56 percent) in a <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zogby_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Zogby International">Zogby</a> poll conducted in the United States during September 22–25, 2006 and published on September 28, 2006, was in favour of a joint US-European attack on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-reuterspoll060928-177">[177]</a> Polls with leading information, such as a Los Angeles Times/Bloomberg poll taken June 24–27, 2006, asking "If Iran continues to produce material that can be used to develop nuclear weapons, would you support or oppose the U.S. taking military action against Iran?", gave support for an attack on Iran, 52% versus 37%.<a href="#cite_note-pollingreport070227-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_polls_in_opposition_to_a_strike">Historical polls in opposition to a strike</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical polls in opposition to a strike">edit</a>]</div> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Council_on_Global_Affairs" title="Chicago Council on Global Affairs">Chicago Council on Global Affairs</a> surveyed American citizens about foreign policy issues, while also looking at previous polls. They note "When it comes to Iran, far more Americans endorse diplomatic rather than military solutions to deal with the nuclear threat...majorities generally oppose the use of force to deal with Iran as well as U.S. involvement in a potential war between Israel and Iran over Iran's nuclear program. The experience of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan is likely related to this declining desire to use force."<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Still as the report notes later 64% say Iran's nuclear problem is a critical threat to the United States and that "Americans are...willing to take measures to counter the nuclear threat in both Iran and North Korea, but are much more guarded, stopping short of supporting military strikes." A <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> November 6–10, 2011 poll indicated that 15% of US citizens supported a US attack on Iran at the time of taking the poll. (Polls regarding the opinion of US adults about an attack against Iran suggested majority opposition to an attack on Iran among US adults for a question where no leading information was supplied to those polled.)<a href="#cite_note-pollingreport070227-178">[178]</a> During 2007, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opinion_Research_Corporation" title="Opinion Research Corporation">Opinion Research Corporation</a> polls in January, June and October 12–14, 2007, found an approximately stable, roughly 2/3 majority (68 percent, 63 percent and 68 percent respectively) opposed to a US military attack against Iran.<a href="#cite_note-pollingreport071119-180">[180]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> on November 2–4, 2007 with leading information in the question "What do you think the United States should do to get Iran to shut down its nuclear program: take military action against Iran, or rely mainly on economic and diplomatic efforts?", a large majority (73 percent) preferred economic/diplomatic efforts, with 18 percent favouring military action. In the following poll question, an absolute majority (55 percent) directly opposed military action against Iran even if "U.S. economic and diplomatic efforts do not work."<a href="#cite_note-pollingreport071119-180">[180]</a> A <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> poll taken on October 12–14, 2007 indicated 68% opposition to an attack on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-pollingreport070227-178">[178]</a> A Newsweek Poll taken on October 19–20, 2006 with the leading information "if that country [Iran] continues its efforts to develop nuclear weapons" gave a large majority (76 percent) opposed to a land attack and a small majority (54 percent) opposed to an air attack, conditional on the claim in the leading information.<a href="#cite_note-pollingreport070227-178">[178]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zogby_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Zogby International">Zogby</a> opinion poll taken in the US during September 22–25, 2006 and published on September 28, 2006, found 70 percent in opposition to a US (only) attack on Iran, 9 percent in favor of "air strikes on selected military targets", and 26 percent in support of the use of US (only) ground forces.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Opposition to Israeli intervention weighed in at 47 percent (with 42 percent supportive).<a href="#cite_note-reuterspoll060928-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_actions">Legal actions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legal actions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> In late July 2008, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> lawyer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Boyle" title="Francis Boyle">Francis Boyle</a> recommended that the Iranian government should <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">sue</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ) in order to get an Order of <a href="/wiki/Provisional_measure_of_protection" title="Provisional measure of protection">Provisional Measures of Protection</a> (the equivalent of a temporary restraining order in national or local law) against military action against Iran by these two states. Boyle previously aided <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> in filing a similar lawsuit at the ICJ against <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> on 19 March 1993, and obtained this on 8 April 1993.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Direct_action">Direct action</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Direct action">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a> by citizens in opposition to military action against Iran is known to have started by March 2006. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street_protests">Street protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Street protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_The_War_protests_in_London,_2007-02-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Stop_The_War_protests_in_London%2C_2007-02-24.jpg/170px-Stop_The_War_protests_in_London%2C_2007-02-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Stop_The_War_protests_in_London%2C_2007-02-24.jpg/255px-Stop_The_War_protests_in_London%2C_2007-02-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Stop_The_War_protests_in_London%2C_2007-02-24.jpg/340px-Stop_The_War_protests_in_London%2C_2007-02-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Coalition" title="Stop the War Coalition">Stop the War Coalition</a> protests in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> on 24 February 2007</figcaption></figure> During global anti-war protests on March 18, 2006, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">protests against the Iraq War</a>, many of the protests were directed against the perceived threat against Iran. On September 23, 2006, one of the main slogans and themes of speakers at a demonstration of about 50,000 people criticising British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> Annual Conference in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> was the call "Don't attack Iran".<a href="#cite_note-casmii_laborpartymeeting-183">[183]</a> Antiwar demonstrations by tens of thousands of citizens in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and some other cities in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> on February 24, 2007, included opposition to a military attack against Iran, including protestors carrying posters with the statements "Don't attack Iran" and "Hands off Iran". During antiwar demonstrations in the United States on October 27, 2007, demonstrators in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> protested against military action against Iran. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests_at_public_speeches_by_national_politicians">Protests at public speeches by national politicians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Protests at public speeches by national politicians">edit</a>]</div> On September 21, 2007, at a speech by French Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner" title="Bernard Kouchner">Bernard Kouchner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, protestors from <a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a> displayed banners with the slogan "Bush + Kouchner = Warmongers!", one of them tried to climb onto the stage, and they shouted, "No war with Iran! No war with Iran!"<a href="#cite_note-iht_codepink_kouchner-92">[92]</a> The protestors were removed from the room by security forces, but returned after Kouchner requested that they be allowed to return. He stated, "I'm not in favor of war with Iran, I want to prevent the war—so they were right!" On September 24, 2007, during the event at Columbia University with Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> and Columbia University President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bollinger" title="Lee Bollinger">Lee Bollinger</a> many students protested outside. One student carried a sign proclaiming "No war on Iran".<a href="#cite_note-usatoday_ahmadinejad_columbia-184">[184]</a> The event was highly controversial. Bollinger's introduction before Ahmadinejad's speech and the subsequent response by Ahmadinejad were considered controversial by some journalists.<a href="#cite_note-michigandaily_ahmadinejad_columbia-185">[185]</a> Some thought that the event would lead to war with Iran.<a href="#cite_note-freeper_ahmadinejad_columbia-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artistic_interventions">Artistic interventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Artistic interventions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiction_as_a_campaign_tool_to_warn_against_war_with_Iran">Fiction as a campaign tool to warn against war with Iran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fiction as a campaign tool to warn against war with Iran">edit</a>]</div> The political <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a>, The Writing on the Wall, an anti-war novel and <a href="/wiki/Roman_%C3%A0_clef" title="Roman à clef">roman à clef</a> based on a possible <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> presidency in 2008, warns against war with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> by portraying a worst-case scenario of its outcomes. In it, author Hannes Artens portrays a global depression as a result of the oil price shooting past $140 per barrel and depicts the falsity of thinking that limited aerial strikes on Iran will end the problem. The story shows them eventually leading to a ground invasion and a <a href="/wiki/Military_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Military draft">military draft</a> in the United States. The book ends with the Iran war escalating into a conflagration seizing the entire Middle East and ultimately culminates in a nuclear showdown between <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> after an Islamist coup in Pakistan. Artens wants his book to be understood as an anti war campaign tool, and various anti war organizations such as <a href="/wiki/CODEPINK" class="mw-redirect" title="CODEPINK">CODEPINK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Exchange" title="Global Exchange">Global Exchange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Campus_Antiwar_Network" title="Campus Antiwar Network">Campus Antiwar Network</a> have co-sponsored his author's tour.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_actions">Internet actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Internet actions">edit</a>]</div> On April 12, 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Political_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Political group">political group</a> <a href="/wiki/MoveOn" title="MoveOn">MoveOn</a>, which organises and informs an <a href="/wiki/Online_community" title="Online community">online community</a> estimated at 3 million people, called on its supporters to lobby the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to prevent US president <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> from attacking Iran with <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zmagsolomon_moveon-188">[188]</a> In February 2007, ex-supreme <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> Commander, US General and 2004 presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clark" title="Wesley Clark">Wesley Clark</a> founded the website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopiranwar.com">StopIranWar.com</a>, which advocates against an attack on Iran.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government-organized_demonstration" title="Government-organized demonstration">Government-organized demonstration</a> in Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">Iran and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute#Iran_Program" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute, Iran Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies#The_Iran_Project" title="Foundation for Defense of Democracies">Foundation for the Defense of Democracies (FDD), Iran Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fail_Safe_(1964_film)" title="Fail Safe (1964 film)">Fail Safe (1964 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._and_World_Population_Clock" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. and World Population Clock">U.S. and World Population Clock</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thepeacefactory.org/israel-loves-iran/">"Peace Factory, Israel Loves Iran"</a>. thepeacefactory.org. sandbox good news. 2012-03-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616185751/https://thepeacefactory.org/israel-loves-iran/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-16. 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Retrieved 2023-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=IAEA+confirms+Iran+starts+enriching+to+higher+level%2C+Iran+envoy+says&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fiaea-confirms-iran-starts-enriching-higher-level-iran-envoy-says-2021-01-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafezi2021" class="citation news cs1">Hafezi, Parisa (2021-01-04). 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Retrieved 2023-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=reuters.com&rft.atitle=Iran+resumes+20%25+enrichment+at+Fordow+amid+rising+tensions+with+U.S.&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft.aulast=Hafezi&rft.aufirst=Parisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Firan-resumes-20-enrichment-fordow-amid-rising-tensions-with-us-2021-01-04%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2021" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Francois (2021-04-16). 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Retrieved 2023-06-16. <q>• 470.9 kg of uranium enriched up to 20% U-235 (+36.2 kg); and • 114.1 kg of uranium enriched up to 60% U-235 (+26.6 kg).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Verification+and+monitoring+in+the+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran+in+light+of+United+Nations+Security+Council+resolution+2231+%282015%29&rft.pages=%C2%B662&rft.pub=IAEA&rft.date=2023-05-31&rft.aulast=Grossi&rft.aufirst=Rafael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Fnewscenter%2Ffocus%2Firan%2Fiaea-and-iran-iaea-board-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISIS_Iran_Analysis_May_2023-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISIS_Iran_Analysis_May_2023_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISIS_Iran_Analysis_May_2023_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbrightBurkhardFaragassoStricker2023" class="citation report cs1">Albright, David; Burkhard, Sarah; Faragasso, Spencer; Stricker, Andrea (2023-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/analysis-of-iaea-iran-verification-and-monitoring-report-may-2023">Analysis of IAEA Iran Verification and Monitoring Report - May 2023</a> (Report). Institute for Science and International Security. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616194436/https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/analysis-of-iaea-iran-verification-and-monitoring-report-may-2023">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-16. Retrieved 2023-06-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+IAEA+Iran+Verification+and+Monitoring+Report+-+May+2023&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Institute+for+Science+and+International+Security&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Burkhard%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Faragasso%2C+Spencer&rft.au=Stricker%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisis-online.org%2Fisis-reports%2Fdetail%2Fanalysis-of-iaea-iran-verification-and-monitoring-report-may-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob2022" class="citation news cs1">Bob, Yonah Jeremy (2022-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-722969">"Iran to reach 90% enriched uranium, weighed World Cup terrorism - IDF intel chief"</a>. jpost.com. Tel Aviv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601115238/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-722969">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01. <q>Iran would likely soon carry out at least a symbolic enrichment of uranium to the 90% weaponized level, Haliva said, adding that the world will be tested as never before.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=jpost.com&rft.atitle=Iran+to+reach+90%25+enriched+uranium%2C+weighed+World+Cup+terrorism+-+IDF+intel+chief&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft.aulast=Bob&rft.aufirst=Yonah+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Farticle-722969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaleblu2023" class="citation report cs1">Taleblu, Benham Ben (2023-02-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/02/15/arsenal-assessing-the-islamic-republic-of-irans-ballistic-missile-program/">Arsenal: Assessing the Islamic Republic of Iran's Ballistic Missile Program</a> (Report). 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The Jewish Chronicle. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230522014045/https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/new-idf-chief-pledges-to-keep-politics-out-of-the-armed-forces-5j1AXpsUsIlhqc2jnKPUXC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=New+IDF+chief+pledges+to+keep+politics+out+of+the+armed+forces&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft.aulast=Orbach&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2Fnew-idf-chief-pledges-to-keep-politics-out-of-the-armed-forces-5j1AXpsUsIlhqc2jnKPUXC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?c5063517/user-clip-milley-nuclear-iran">User Clip: Milley on nuclear Iran</a> (Television Production). DC: C-SPAN. 2023-03-23. Event occurs at 58 seconds. 526765-1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528233230/https://www.c-span.org/video/?c5063517/user-clip-milley-nuclear-iran">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=User+Clip%3A+Milley+on+nuclear+Iran&rft.place=DC&rft.pub=C-SPAN&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-span.org%2Fvideo%2F%3Fc5063517%2Fuser-clip-milley-nuclear-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranintl.com/en/202303259840">"Netanyahu Told UK Israel Will Respond To Iran's 90% Uranium Enrichment"</a>. iranintl.com. 10 Downing St. 2023-03-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601213254/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202303259840">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=iranintl.com&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+Told+UK+Israel+Will+Respond+To+Iran%27s+90%25+Uranium+Enrichment&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranintl.com%2Fen%2F202303259840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaredi-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaredi_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaredi_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaredi2023" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Zaredi, Poriya (9 March 2023). "The danger of a nuclear Iran". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fBbytXYlnU8">حرف آخر با پوریا زراعتی - گفت‌وگوی اختصاصی با بنیامین نتانیاهو</a> [The last word with Poriya Zaredi - an exclusive interview with Benjamin Netanyahu] (Television production). Washington DC: Iran International. Event occurs at 14:39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601051601/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fBbytXYlnU8">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%A2%D8%AE%D8%B1+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7+%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C+-+%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C+%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%A7+%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86+%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Iran+International&rft.date=2023-03-09&rft.aulast=Zaredi&rft.aufirst=Poriya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DfBbytXYlnU8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrCohen2016" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avner_Cohen" title="Avner Cohen">Burr, William</a>; Cohen, Avner (2016-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test">The Vela Incident: South Atlantic Mystery Flash in September 1979 Raised Questions about Nuclear Test</a> (Report). National Security Archive. Briefing Book# 570. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605091741/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2016-12-06/vela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2023-06-01. <q>They also noted that it was unusual to stage a test at night and that the measured yield, 1.5 to 2 kilotons, was probably lower than the yield anticipated by the designers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Vela+Incident%3A+South+Atlantic+Mystery+Flash+in+September+1979+Raised+Questions+about+Nuclear+Test&rft.pub=National+Security+Archive&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fnuclear-vault%2F2016-12-06%2Fvela-incident-south-atlantic-mystery-flash-september-1979-raised-questions-about-nuclear-test&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInbar2023" class="citation news cs1">Inbar, Efraim (2023-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.jpost.com/opinion/article-739304">"IDF must prepare for preventative operations in the north - opinion"</a>. jpost.com. Jerusalem. Retrieved 2023-06-01. <q>Iran has armed Hezbollah with more than 100,000 missiles that can cover the entire territory of Israel. It is clear to everyone that someone will use the missiles in this extensive arsenal[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=jpost.com&rft.atitle=IDF+must+prepare+for+preventative+operations+in+the+north+-+opinion&rft.date=2023-04-16&rft.aulast=Inbar&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.jpost.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle-739304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaharnet_Newsdesk2022" class="citation news cs1">Naharnet Newsdesk (2022-08-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/292163">"Israeli report: War with Lebanon very likely, UNIFIL at Blue Line 'ineffective'"</a>. naharnet.com. Lebanon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601213251/https://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/292163">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=naharnet.com&rft.atitle=Israeli+report%3A+War+with+Lebanon+very+likely%2C+UNIFIL+at+Blue+Line+%27ineffective%27&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft.au=Naharnet+Newsdesk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naharnet.com%2Fstories%2Fen%2F292163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmon2021" class="citation news cs1">Karmon, Ely (2021-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/israels-message-to-iran-should-be-if-lebanon-hits-us-well-hit-you/">"Israel's message to Iran must be 'If Hezbollah hits us, we'll hit you'"</a>. blogs.timesofisrael.com. Herzliya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601220257/https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/israels-message-to-iran-should-be-if-lebanon-hits-us-well-hit-you/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01. <q>It is clear that the only way Hezbollah will launch a comprehensive war against Israel is by order of Tehran, in accordance with its strategic needs, especially in the context of its nuclear project. [...] Dr. Ely Karmon is Senior Research Scholar at the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) at The Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Herzliya</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=blogs.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+message+to+Iran+must+be+%27If+Hezbollah+hits+us%2C+we%27ll+hit+you%27&rft.date=2021-07-08&rft.aulast=Karmon&rft.aufirst=Ely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fisraels-message-to-iran-should-be-if-lebanon-hits-us-well-hit-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilezol2023" class="citation report cs1">Wilezol, David (2023-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afpc.org/publications/articles/what-fuels-the-growing-threat-from-hezbollah">What Fuels The Growing Threat From Hezbollah?</a> (Report). afpc.org. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601213255/https://www.afpc.org/publications/articles/what-fuels-the-growing-threat-from-hezbollah">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01. <q>Iran continues to serve as the group's prime funder, providing it with what the State Department estimates to be as much as $700 million annually.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=What+Fuels+The+Growing+Threat+From+Hezbollah%3F&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=afpc.org&rft.date=2023-05-01&rft.aulast=Wilezol&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afpc.org%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2Fwhat-fuels-the-growing-threat-from-hezbollah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mohammad_al-Julani" title="Abu Mohammad al-Julani">Abu Mohammad al-Julani</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVOA_News2023" class="citation news cs1">VOA News (2023-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/amp/us-backs-un-assessment-that-new-al-qaida-leader-is-in-iran/6965397.html">"US Backs UN Assessment that New Al-Qaida Leader is in Iran"</a>. voanews.com. DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601213254/https://www.voanews.com/amp/us-backs-un-assessment-that-new-al-qaida-leader-is-in-iran/6965397.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=voanews.com&rft.atitle=US+Backs+UN+Assessment+that+New+Al-Qaida+Leader+is+in+Iran&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.au=VOA+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Famp%2Fus-backs-un-assessment-that-new-al-qaida-leader-is-in-iran%2F6965397.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatrawy2020" class="citation news cs1">Batrawy, Aya (2020-01-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/ali-khamenei-ap-top-news-iraq-iran-united-arab-emirates-14792cc1d7f73ffec8f8c425b73b44fb">"Iranian leader's tears a sign of respect for slain general"</a>. apnews.com. Dubai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601213251/https://apnews.com/article/ali-khamenei-ap-top-news-iraq-iran-united-arab-emirates-14792cc1d7f73ffec8f8c425b73b44fb">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-01. Retrieved 2023-06-01. <q>In a rare display of emotion from the typically reserved and measured supreme leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei cried openly Monday at the funeral of slain Gen. Qassem Soleimani, his most important military commander with whom he shared a deep bond.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=apnews.com&rft.atitle=Iranian+leader%27s+tears+a+sign+of+respect+for+slain+general&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft.aulast=Batrawy&rft.aufirst=Aya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fali-khamenei-ap-top-news-iraq-iran-united-arab-emirates-14792cc1d7f73ffec8f8c425b73b44fb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shipman-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shipman_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shipman_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShipman2018" class="citation news cs1">Shipman, Tim (2018-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/al-qaeda-terror-group-returns-to-target-airliners-mlj3lgf87">"Al-Qaeda terror group returns to target airliners and airports"</a>. thetimes.co.uk. London Bridge Pl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531161018/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/al-qaeda-terror-group-returns-to-target-airliners-mlj3lgf87">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-05-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thetimes.co.uk&rft.atitle=Al-Qaeda+terror+group+returns+to+target+airliners+and+airports&rft.date=2018-12-23&rft.aulast=Shipman&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fal-qaeda-terror-group-returns-to-target-airliners-mlj3lgf87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a> & the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_peace_process" title="Syrian peace process">Syrian peace process</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geneva_International_Discussions" title="Geneva International Discussions">Geneva International Discussions</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2024" class="citation news cs1">Berman, Lazar (2024-01-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-were-attacking-iran-directly/">"Netanyahu: We're attacking Iran directly"</a>. Times of Israel. Jerusalem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118202217/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-were-attacking-iran-directly/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-01-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Netanyahu%3A+We%E2%80%99re+attacking+Iran+directly&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Lazar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Fnetanyahu-were-attacking-iran-directly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaredi2023" class="citation AV-media-notes cs1">Zaredi, Poriya (9 March 2023). "Iran the [quintessential heart of Israeli] foreign policy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fBbytXYlnU8">حرف آخر با پوریا زراعتی - گفت‌وگوی اختصاصی با بنیامین نتانیاهو</a> [The last word with Poriya Zaredi - an exclusive interview with Benjamin Netanyahu] (Television production). Washington DC: Iran International. Event occurs at 13:44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601051601/https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=fBbytXYlnU8">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2023. 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Retrieved 2023-05-24. <q>[T]he Foreign Secretary noted [...] the Government's strategy to[...] stand up for freedom of religion[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=No+prosperity+without+justice%3A+the+UK%27s+relationship+with+Iran&rft.pages=%C2%B61&rft.pub=UK+Parliament+Foreign+Affairs+Committee&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm5801%2Fcmselect%2Fcmfaff%2F415%2F41504.htm%23_idTextAnchor001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmfaff/415/41504.htm#_idTextAnchor002">No prosperity without justice: the UK's relationship with Iran</a> (Report). 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Retrieved 2023-05-24. <q>unable to resolve [...] the [...] Syrian civil war let alone bring together contending parties for multilateral discussions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons%2C+Foreign+Affairs+Committee%2C+Oral+evidence%3A+The+UK+and+Iran%2C+HC+415&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=UK+Parliament+Foreign+Affairs+Committee&rft.date=2020-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommittees.parliament.uk%2Fwork%2F214%2Fdefault%2Fpublications%2Foral-evidence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViews+on+military+action+against+Iran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://committees.parliament.uk/work/214/default/publications/oral-evidence/">House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee, Oral evidence: The UK and Iran, HC 415</a> (Report). 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mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Views_on_military_action_against_Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopwaroniran.org">Stop War on Iran Campaign</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201207192353/http://stopwaroniran.org/">Archived</a> 2020-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Stop War on Iran Campaign</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comw.org/pda/0702iran.html">Confronting Iran: Critical Perspectives on the Current Crisis, its Origins, and Implications</a>, Project on Defense Alternatives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dni.gov/index.php/ncbc-home">The Nuclear Weapons and WMD Delivery Systems topic on the National Counterproliferation and Biosecurity Center webpage on the Office of the Director of National Intelligence website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/topics/preventing-terrorism">DHS' preventing terrorism webpage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/countering-weapons-mass-destruction-office">DHS Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-war" title="Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-war" title="Template talk:Anti-war"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-war"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anti-war_and_peace_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace advocates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_organizations" title="Anti-nuclear organizations">Anti-nuclear organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations" title="List of anti-war organizations">Anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Women_for_Peace" title="Coalition of Women for Peace">Coalition of Women for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Pink" title="Code Pink">Code Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party">ECOPEACE Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenham_Common_Women%27s_Peace_Camp" title="Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp">Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_resisters_in_Canada" title="Iraq War resisters in Canada">Iraq War resisters in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_organisations" title="List of pacifist organisations">List of pacifist organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Socialist_Party_of_Japan" title="New Socialist Party of Japan">New Socialist Party of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party">Pacifist Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_camp" title="Peace camp">Peace camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_commission" title="Peace commission">Peace commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_conference" title="Peace conference">Peace conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_congress" title="Peace congress">Peace congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">Peace education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_psychology" title="Peace psychology">Peace psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceworker" title="Peaceworker">Peaceworker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/React,_Include,_Recycle" title="React, Include, Recycle">React, Include, Recycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Social Democratic Party (Japan)">Social Democratic Party (Japan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Swedish_political_party)" title="Unity (Swedish political party)">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Peace_Crusade" title="The Women's Peace Crusade">The Women's Peace Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_resister" title="War resister">War resisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Women's International League for Peace and Freedom">Women's International League for Peace and Freedom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li>Anarchism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-pacifism" title="Anarcho-pacifism">Anarcho-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-punk" title="Anarcho-punk">Anarcho-punks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimilitarism" title="Antimilitarism">Antimilitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvenkismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Finvenkismo">Finvenkismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern-war_pacifism" title="Modern-war pacifism">Modern-war pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonkilling" title="Nonkilling">Nonkilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificism" title="Pacificism">Pacificism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_influence_on_the_peace_movement" title="Soviet influence on the peace movement">Soviet influence on the peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Testimony of peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">World peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-war_art" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-war art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of books with anti-war themes">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_Yutel_for_Peace" title="Concert Yutel for Peace">Concert Yutel for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Universal_Peace" title="Dances of Universal Peace">Dances of Universal Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_for_Peace" title="Festival for Peace">Festival for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagine_Piano_Peace_Project" title="Imagine Piano Peace Project">Imagine Piano Peace Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_Among_Civilizations" title="Dialogue Among Civilizations">Dialogue Among Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_prizes" title="List of peace prizes">List of peace prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_peace" title="List of places named after peace">List of places named Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:Peace monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_Proclamation" title="Mother's Day Proclamation">Mother's Day Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize_Concert" title="Nobel Peace Prize Concert">Nobel Peace Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_museum" title="Peace museum">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_%26_Love_(festival)" title="Peace & Love (festival)">Peace & Love (festival)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_News" title="Peace News">Peace News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_One_Day" title="Peace One Day">Peace One Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_with_anti-war_themes" title="List of plays with anti-war themes">Plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoting_Enduring_Peace" title="Promoting Enduring Peace">Promoting Enduring Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_of_Peace_Concert" title="Show of Peace Concert">Show of Peace Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_songs" title="List of anti-war songs">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols" title="Peace symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Non-Violence_Project" title="The Non-Violence Project">The Non-Violence Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_Peace" title="University for Peace">University for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bell Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Black" title="Women in Black">Women in Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_March_for_Peace_and_Nonviolence" title="World March for Peace and Nonviolence">World March for Peace and Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans and tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bed-in" title="Bed-in">Bed-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resolution" title="Conflict resolution">Conflict resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-recruitment" title="Counter-recruitment">Counter-recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-escalation" title="De-escalation">De-escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demilitarisation" title="Demilitarisation">Demilitarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Peace" title="Department of Peace">Department of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">Desertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_evasion" title="Draft evasion">Draft evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-in" title="Die-in">Die-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">Economic sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Day_of_Action_on_Military_Spending" title="Global Day of Action on Military Spending">Global Day of Action on Military Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Be-In" title="Human Be-In">Human Be-In</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesson_of_Munich" title="Lesson of Munich">Lesson of Munich</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Make_love,_not_war" title="Make love, not war">Make love, not war</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non_Violent_Resistance_(psychological_intervention)" title="Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)">Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_walk" title="Peace walk">Peace walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_serve_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces">Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soldiers_are_murderers" title="Soldiers are murderers">Soldiers are murderers</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swords_to_ploughshares" title="Swords to ploughshares">Swords to ploughshares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teach-in" title="Teach-in">Teach-in</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_Non-violent_Intervention" title="Third Party Non-violent Intervention">Third Party Non-violent Intervention</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turn the other cheek</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Violence_begets_violence" title="Violence begets violence">Violence begets violence</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition to specific wars or their aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>War of 1812 (<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_Britain" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in Britain">UK</a>; <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_in_the_United_States" title="Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Opposition to the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Second_Boer_War" title="Opposition to the Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_against_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of protests against the Vietnam War">list of protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_war_on_terror" title="Criticism of the war on terror">War on Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Iraq_War" title="Opposition to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Iraq_War" title="Criticism of the Iraq War">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Iraq_War" title="Protests against the Iraq War">Protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="Opposition to the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Military action in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Protests against the Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="Protests against the 2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 intervention in Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" title="2014 anti-war protests in Russia">Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Far_Eastern_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Far Eastern protests">in Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">Landmines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Nuclear disarmament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_convention" title="Nuclear weapons convention">Nuclear weapons convention</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_Canada" title="Category:Pacifism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Costa_Rica" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#Israel" title="Peace movement">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Japanese_Constitution" title="Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Pacifism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Spain" title="Pacifism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_neutrality" title="Swiss neutrality">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pacifism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Pacifism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_the_United_States" title="Pacifism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-war_movement" title="Category:Anti-war movement">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Israel proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Israel_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Iran_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war" title="Israeli support for Iran during the Iran–Iraq war">Iran–Iraq war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_arrest_of_Iranian_Jews" title="1999 arrest of Iranian Jews">1999 arrest of Iranian Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2024_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2024 Iran–Israel conflict">2024 Iran–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Israeli_airstrike_on_the_Iranian_consulate_in_Damascus" title="International reactions to the Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_seizure_of_the_MSC_Aries" title="Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries">Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries</a></li> <li>Iranian strikes on Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israeli strikes on Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="April 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">April 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2024_Israeli_strikes_on_Iran" title="October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran">October 2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_retaliation_leak" title="Israeli retaliation leak">intelligence leak</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Hezbollah–Israel conflict">Hezbollah–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Lebanese_conflict" title="Israeli–Lebanese conflict">Israeli–Lebanese conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_kidnapping_of_Iranian_diplomats" title="1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats">1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abbas_al-Musawi" title="Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi">Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Buenos_Aires_Israeli_embassy_bombing" title="1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing">1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%932006_Shebaa_Farms_conflict" title="2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict">2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid">2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Lebanon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Imad_Mughniyeh" title="Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh">Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_prisoner_exchange" title="2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange">2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Hezbollah_plot_in_Egypt" title="2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt">2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francop_Affair" title="Francop Affair">Francop Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Shebaa_Farms_incident" title="January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident">January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northern_Shield" title="Operation Northern Shield">Operation Northern Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Beirut_drone_crash" title="2019 Beirut drone crash">2019 Beirut drone crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_shellings" title="2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings">2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hezbollah_conflict_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)">Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Fuad_Shukr" title="Assassination of Fuad Shukr">Assassination of Fuad Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Lebanon_electronic_device_attacks" title="2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks">2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_September_2024_Beirut_attack" title="20 September 2024 Beirut attack">20 September 2024 Beirut attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2024_Israeli_attacks_against_Lebanon" title="September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon">September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hezbollah_headquarters_strike" title="2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike">2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Hashem_Safieddine" title="Assassination of Hashem Safieddine">Assassination of Hashem Safieddine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_ceasefire_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement">2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projectile_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel_and_the_Golan_Heights" title="List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights">Projectile attacks from Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Affair" title="Victoria Affair">Victoria Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Full_Disclosure" title="Operation Full Disclosure">Operation Full Disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrike" title="January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike">January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2013_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2014_Rif_Dimashq_airstrikes" title="December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes">December 2014 Rif Dimashq airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2015_Mazraat_Amal_incident" title="January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident">January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalamoun_offensive_(May%E2%80%93June_2015)" title="Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)">Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2017_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="March 2017 Israel–Syria incident">March 2017 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2018_Israel%E2%80%93Syria_incident" title="February 2018 Israel–Syria incident">February 2018 Israel–Syria incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_House_of_Cards" title="Operation House of Cards">Operation House of Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(September_2018)" title="Syria missile strikes (September 2018)">September 2018 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(August_2019)" title="Syria missile strikes (August 2019)">August 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2019_Israeli_missile_strikes_in_Syria" title="November 2019 Israeli missile strikes in Syria">November 2019 Syria missile strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_missile_strikes_(January_2021)" title="Syria missile strikes (January 2021)">January 2021 Syria airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Damascus_airstrike" title="2023 Damascus airstrike">2023 Damascus airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Syrian_ceasefire_line_incidents_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war">Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">Operation Outside the Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sudan_airstrikes" title="2009 Sudan airstrikes">2009 Sudan airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_attacks_on_Israeli_diplomats" title="2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats">2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bangkok_bombings" title="2012 Bangkok bombings">2012 Bangkok bombings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Cyprus_terrorist_plot" title="2012 Cyprus terrorist plot">2012 Cyprus terrorist plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">2012 Burgas bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Military_Industrial_Complex" title="Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex">Yarmouk munitions factory explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Iraq" title="2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq">2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Istanbul_terror_plot" title="2022 Istanbul terror plot">2022 Istanbul terror plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_missile_strikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria">2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20_July_2024_Israeli_attack_on_Yemen" title="20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen">20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Iranian_nuclear_scientists" title="Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists">Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Hosseinpour" title="Ardeshir Hosseinpour">Ardeshir Hosseinpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massoud_Ali-Mohammadi" title="Massoud Ali-Mohammadi">Massoud Ali-Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majid_Shahriari" title="Majid Shahriari">Majid Shahriari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fereydoon_Abbasi" title="Fereydoon Abbasi">Fereydoon Abbasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Ahmadi_Roshan" title="Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan">Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fakhrizadeh" title="Mohsen Fakhrizadeh">Mohsen Fakhrizadeh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMAD_Project" title="AMAD Project">AMAD Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossad_infiltration_of_Iranian_nuclear_archive" title="Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive">Mossad infiltration of Iranian nuclear archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_Kaneh_explosion" title="Bid Kaneh explosion">Bid Kaneh explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Iran_drone_attacks" title="2023 Iran drone attacks">2023 Iran drone attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Russia–Hamas relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Reza_Djalali" title="Ahmad Reza Djalali">Ahmad Reza Djalali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Satan" title="Little Satan">Little Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Views on military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iranian support for Hamas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_X2" title="Prisoner X2">Prisoner X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_(TV_series)" title="Tehran (TV series)">Tehran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Iran,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to the United States">Ambassadors of Iran to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Tehran" title="Embassy of the United States, Tehran">Embassy of the United States, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Iran">Ambassadors of the United States to Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interests_Section_of_Iran_in_the_United_States" title="Interests Section of Iran in the United States">Interests Section of Iran in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate-General_of_the_United_States,_Tabriz" title="Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz">Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Near_Eastern_Affairs" title="Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs">Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_Claims_Tribunal" title="Iran–United States Claims Tribunal">Iran–United States Claims Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Directorate" title="Iranian Directorate">Iranian Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Syria_Policy_and_Operations_Group" title="Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group">Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Corridor" title="Persian Corridor">Persian Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_Command" title="Persian Gulf Command">Persian Gulf Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Abadan_Crisis" title="Timeline of the Abadan Crisis">Abadan Crisis Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity,_Economic_Relations_and_Consular_Rights" title="Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights">Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Delawar" title="Exercise Delawar">Exercise Delawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Dark_Gene" title="Project Dark Gene">Project Dark Gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Stability_(speech)" title="Island of Stability (speech)">Island of Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad%27s_letter_to_George_W._Bush" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_between_Barack_Obama_and_Ali_Khamenei" title="Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei">Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_conversation_between_Barack_Obama_and_Hassan_Rouhani" title="Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani">Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negotiations_leading_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Negotiations leading to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Plan of Action">Joint Plan of Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal_framework" title="Iran nuclear deal framework">Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Reactions to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Criticism of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Aftermath of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="United States support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War">United States support for Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgeton_incident" title="Bridgeton incident">Bridgeton incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Ajr" title="Iran Ajr">Iran Ajr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Staunch" title="Operation Staunch">Operation Staunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eager_Glacier" title="Operation Eager Glacier">Operation Eager Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Earnest_Will" title="Operation Earnest Will">Operation Earnest Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prime_Chance" title="Operation Prime Chance">Operation Prime Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nimble_Archer" title="Operation Nimble Archer">Operation Nimble Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Praying_Mantis" title="Operation Praying Mantis">Operation Praying Mantis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">February 2019 Warsaw Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">Assassination of Qasem Soleimani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Reactions to the assassination of Qasem Soleimani">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_revenge_scenarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen revenge scenarios">Thirteen revenge scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump%27s_threat_for_the_destruction_of_Iranian_cultural_sites" title="Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites">Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Camp_Taji_attacks" title="2020 Camp Taji attacks">2020 Camp Taji attacks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">Incidents after 1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Paul_R._Shaffer_and_John_H._Turner" title="Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner">Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Iranian_hostage_crisis" title="Timeline of the Iranian hostage crisis">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Conference" title="Guadeloupe Conference">Guadeloupe Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Credible_Sport" title="Operation Credible Sport">Operation Credible Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Claw" title="Operation Eagle Claw">Operation Eagle Claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Caper" title="Canadian Caper">Canadian Caper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter%27s_engagement_with_Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini">Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_October_Surprise_theory" title="1980 October Surprise theory">1980 October Surprise theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis_negotiations" title="Iran hostage crisis negotiations">Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">Algiers Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_can%27t_do_a_damn_thing_against_us" title="America can't do a damn thing against us">America can't do a damn thing against us</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombings" title="1983 Beirut barracks bombings">Beirut barracks bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Franklin_espionage_scandal" title="Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal">Lawrence Franklin espionage scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Robert_Levinson" title="Disappearance of Robert Levinson">Disappearance of Robert Levinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_kill_or_capture_strategy_in_Iraq" title="United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq">United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_raid_on_the_Iranian_Liaison_Office_in_Erbil" title="United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil">United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jalal_Sharafi" title="Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi">Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Iran%E2%80%93United_States_naval_dispute" title="2008 Iran–United States naval dispute">2008 Naval dispute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Monkey" title="Filipino Monkey">Filipino Monkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cassandra" title="Project Cassandra">Project Cassandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009%E2%80%932011_detention_of_American_hikers_by_Iran" title="2009–2011 detention of American hikers by Iran">Detention of American hikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(Iran)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (Iran)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Strait_of_Hormuz_dispute" title="2011–2012 Strait of Hormuz dispute">Strait of Hormuz dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93U.S._RQ-170_incident" title="Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident">RQ-170 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV Maersk Tigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2016 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2016 Naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Merlin" title="Operation Merlin">Operation Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charming_Kitten" title="Charming Kitten">Charming Kitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuxnet" title="Stuxnet">Stuxnet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Hossein_Alikhani" title="Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani">Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_case_of_Meng_Wanzhou" title="Extradition case of Meng Wanzhou">Arrest of Meng Wanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Iranian_students_at_US_airports" title="Deportation of Iranian students at US airports">Deportation of Iranian students at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Iranian_shoot-down_of_American_drone" title="2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone">2019 Iranian shoot-down of American drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_K-1_Air_Base_attack" title="2019 K-1 Air Base attack">2019 K-1 Air Base attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_2019_United_States_airstrikes_in_Iraq_and_Syria" title="December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria">December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_United_States_embassy_in_Baghdad" title="Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad">Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Iran_explosions" title="2020 Iran explosions">2020 Iran explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Erbil_rocket_attacks" title="2021 Erbil rocket attacks">2021 Erbil rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Natanz_incident" title="2021 Natanz incident">2021 Natanz incident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaked_Mohammad_Javad_Zarif_audiotape" title="Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape">Leaked Mohammad Javad Zarif audiotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2021_United_States_airstrike_in_Syria" title="June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria">June 2021 United States airstrike in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2021_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident">August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_U.S.%E2%80%93Iran_naval_incident" title="2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident">2021 U.S.–Iran naval incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Erbil_missile_attacks" title="2022 Erbil missile attacks">2022 Erbil missile attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2023_Northeastern_Syria_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="March 2023 Northeastern Syria clashes">2023 Northeastern Syria clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Rajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Rajan">Seizure of Suez Rajan and St Nikolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_U.S._bases_in_Iraq,_Jordan,_and_Syria_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)">Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Erbil_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Erbil attack">2024 Erbil attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_22_drone_attack" title="Tower 22 drone attack">Tower 22 drone attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_interference_in_the_2024_United_States_elections" title="Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections">Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Legislation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">United States sanctions against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_pressure_campaign" title="Maximum pressure campaign">Maximum pressure campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12170" title="Executive Order 12170">Executive Order 12170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_12172" title="Executive Order 12172">Executive Order 12172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13769" title="Executive Order 13769">Executive Order 13769</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Executive_Order_13769" title="Reactions to Executive Order 13769">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_travel_ban" title="Trump travel ban">Trump travel ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13780" title="Executive Order 13780">Executive Order 13780</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13876" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order 13876">Executive Order 13876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_Libya_Sanctions_Act" title="Iran and Libya Sanctions Act">Iran and Libya Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nonproliferation_Act_of_2000" title="Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000">Iran Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran,_North_Korea,_Syria_Nonproliferation_Act" title="Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act">Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Support_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Support Act">Iran Freedom and Support Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Sanctions_Enhancement_Act_of_2007" title="Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act of 2007">Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyl%E2%80%93Lieberman_Amendment" title="Kyl–Lieberman Amendment">Kyl–Lieberman Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Iran_Sanctions,_Accountability,_and_Divestment_Act_of_2010" title="Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010">Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Freedom_and_Counter-Proliferation_Act" title="Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act">Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_113-100" title="Public Law 113-100">Public Law 113-100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Nuclear_Agreement_Review_Act_of_2015" title="Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015">Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dames_%26_Moore_v._Regan" title="Dames & Moore v. Regan">Dames & Moore v. Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Diplomatic_and_Consular_Staff_in_Tehran" title="United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran">United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Platforms_case" title="Oil Platforms case">Oil Platforms case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Banki" title="United States v. Banki">United States v. Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certain_Iranian_Assets" title="Certain Iranian Assets">Certain Iranian Assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_v._Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran">Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alleged_Violations_of_the_1955_Treaty_of_Amity_(Iran_v._United_States)" title="Alleged Violations of the 1955 Treaty of Amity (Iran v. United States)">Alleged violations of Treaty of Amity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Groups and individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Action_Group" title="Iran Action Group">Iran Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93America_Society" title="Iran–America Society">Iran–America Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_Association_in_the_United_States" title="Iranian Students Association in the United States">Iranian Students Association in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_American_Council" title="National Iranian American Council">National Iranian American Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_American_Communities" title="Organization of Iranian American Communities">Organization of Iranian American Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Against_Nuclear_Iran" title="United Against Nuclear Iran">United Against Nuclear Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farashgard" title="Farashgard">Farashgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jundallah_(Iran)" title="Jundallah (Iran)">Jundallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_Assembly_of_Iran" title="Kingdom Assembly of Iran">Kingdom Assembly of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="National Council of Iran">National Council of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Resistance_of_Iran" title="National Council of Resistance of Iran">National Council of Resistance of Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baskerville" title="Howard Baskerville">Howard Baskerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Fallon" title="William J. Fallon">William J. Fallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hook" title="Brian Hook">Brian Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macmanus" title="Joseph Macmanus">Joseph Macmanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Mull" title="Stephen D. Mull">Stephen D. Mull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Rezaian" title="Jason Rezaian">Jason Rezaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Ritter" title="Scott Ritter">Scott Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._White_(U.S._veteran)" title="Michael R. White (U.S. veteran)">Michael R. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxana_Saberi" title="Roxana Saberi">Roxana Saberi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Abedini" title="Saeed Abedini">Saeed Abedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeid_Aboutaleb" title="Saeid Aboutaleb">Saeid Aboutaleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Amiri" title="Shahram Amiri">Shahram Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirous_Asgari" title="Sirous Asgari">Sirous Asgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Reza_Banki" title="Mahmoud Reza Banki">Mahmoud Reza Banki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleh_Esfandiari" title="Haleh Esfandiari">Haleh Esfandiari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Mirza_Hekmati" title="Amir Mirza Hekmati">Amir Mirza Hekmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezedin_Abdel_Aziz_Khalil" title="Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil">Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mirgholikhan" title="Shahrzad Mirgholikhan">Shahrzad Mirgholikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosseini_(showman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosseini (showman)">Mohammad Hosseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esha_Momeni" title="Esha Momeni">Esha Momeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baquer_Namazi" title="Baquer Namazi">Baquer Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Namazi" title="Siamak Namazi">Siamak Namazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahar_Nowrouzzadeh" title="Sahar Nowrouzzadeh">Sahar Nowrouzzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Pahlavi,_Crown_Prince_of_Iran" title="Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran">Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Noor Pahlavi">Noor Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trita_Parsi" title="Trita Parsi">Trita Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Rajavi" title="Maryam Rajavi">Maryam Rajavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolreza_Shahlaei" title="Abdolreza Shahlaei">Abdolreza Shahlaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shakeri" title="Ali Shakeri">Ali Shakeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Soleimani" title="Masoud Soleimani">Masoud Soleimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morad_Tahbaz" title="Morad Tahbaz">Morad Tahbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kian_Tajbakhsh" title="Kian Tajbakhsh">Kian Tajbakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Vafadari" title="Karan Vafadari">Karan Vafadari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiyue_Wang" title="Xiyue Wang">Xiyue Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizar_Zakka" title="Nizar Zakka">Nizar Zakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_detainees_at_Guantanamo_Bay" title="List of Iranian detainees at Guantanamo Bay">Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majid_Muhammed" title="Abdul Majid Muhammed">Abdul Majid Muhammed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v_Iran_(1998_FIFA_World_Cup)" title="United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)">1998 FIFA World Cup match</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_relations_between_Iran_and_the_United_States" title="Academic relations between Iran and the United States">Academic relations between Iran and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Islam_(term)" title="American Islam (term)">American Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Iran" title="Anti-American sentiment in Iran">Anti-American sentiment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Iran" title="CIA activities in Iran">CIA activities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_copyright_relations" title="Iran–United States copyright relations">Copyright relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_to_America" title="Death to America">Death to America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_containment" title="Dual containment">Dual containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Satan" title="Great Satan">Great Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Hollywoodism" title="International Conference on Hollywoodism">International Conference on Hollywoodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_frozen_assets" title="Iranian frozen assets">Iranian frozen assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_enemy_is_here,_they_are_lying_that_it_is_America" title="Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America">Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">State Sponsor of Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/650_Fifth_Avenue" title="650 Fifth Avenue">650 Fifth Avenue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Foundation" title="Alavi Foundation">Alavi Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz_High_School" title="Alborz High School">Alborz High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Iranian_Studies" title="American Institute of Iranian Studies">American Institute of Iranian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Isfahan" title="American School of Isfahan">American School of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_School,_Tehran" title="Community School, Tehran">Community School, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damavand_College" title="Damavand College">Damavand College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Bethel_School" title="Iran Bethel School">Iran Bethel School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranzamin_School" title="Iranzamin School">Iranzamin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Church,_Tehran" title="Saint Peter Church, Tehran">Saint Peter Church, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_American_School" title="Tehran American School">Tehran American School</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bomb_Iran" title="Bomb Iran">Bomb Iran</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_(book)" title="Overthrow (book)">Overthrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_the_Faint_of_Heart" title="Not for the Faint of Heart">Not for the Faint of Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Iran–United States relations">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Iran–Saudi_Arabia_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia">Ambassadors of Iran to Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Tehran" title="Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran">Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Saudi_Arabia_to_Iran" title="List of ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran">Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2011)" title="Libyan civil war (2011)">2011 Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Saudi involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_football_rivalry" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry">Iran–Saudi Arabia football rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mojahedin_Organization_of_Iran" title="People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran">People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Template talk:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran–Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_Qatif_Uprising" title="1979 Qatif Uprising">1979 Qatif Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_June_5,_1984" title="Action of June 5, 1984">Action of June 5, 1984</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_diplomatic_conflict" title="Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict">Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">2011 Bahraini uprising</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_Bahrain" title="Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain">Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Bahrain" title="Insurgency in Bahrain">insurgency in Bahrain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Libyan_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="First Libyan civil war">First Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian civil war">Hezbollah involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Iranian involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_involvement_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian civil war">Saudi involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war_spillover_in_Lebanon" title="Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon">Spillover in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scorched_Earth" title="Operation Scorched Earth">Operation Scorched Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blow_to_the_Head" title="Operation Blow to the Head">Operation Blow to the Head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian%E2%80%93led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen">Saudi-led intervention in Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabian_conflict" title="Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict">Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover in Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%932020)" title="Libyan civil war (2014–2020)">Second Libyan civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Saudi_Arabian_protests" title="2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests">2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2016 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Nimr_al-Nimr" title="Execution of Nimr al-Nimr">Execution of Nimr al-Nimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_attack_on_the_Saudi_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran">2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Saudi_Arabia_mass_execution" title="2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution">2019 Saudi Arabia mass execution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_alleged_Iran_assassination_plot" title="2011 alleged Iran assassination plot">2011 alleged Iran assassination plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mina_stampede" title="2015 Mina stampede">2015 Mina stampede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Lebanon%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_dispute" title="2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute">2017 Lebanon–Saudi Arabia dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932020_Qatif_unrest" title="2017–2020 Qatif unrest">2017–2020 Qatif unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Riyadh_missile_strike" title="2018 Riyadh missile strike">2018 Riyadh missile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Security_Construct" title="International Maritime Security Construct">International Maritime Security Construct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2231" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gulf_of_Oman_incident" title="May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident">May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afif_attack" title="2019 Afif attack">2019 Afif attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abha_International_Airport_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Abha International Airport attacks">Abha International Airport attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abqaiq%E2%80%93Khurais_attack" title="Abqaiq–Khurais attack">Abqaiq–Khurais attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranian relations with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">GCC</a> member states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League–Iran relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2019_Warsaw_Conference" title="February 2019 Warsaw Conference">Warsaw Middle East conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Syria%E2%80%93Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_coalition" title="Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition">Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_military_action_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to military action against Iran">Opposition to military action against Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Military_Counter_Terrorism_Coalition" title="Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition">Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Mujahedin_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Mujahedin of Iran">People's Mujahedin of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_International" title="Iran International">Iran International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia%E2%80%93Sunni_relations" title="Shia–Sunni relations">Shia–Sunni relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia">Shia Islam in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Category:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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