CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tbilisi - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fa796389-f0d4-4ecf-9831-cf334030c905","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tbilisi","wgTitle":"Tbilisi","wgCurRevisionId":1275859522,"wgRevisionId":1275859522,"wgArticleId":42298,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 uses Georgian-language script (ka)","CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Articles with Georgian-language sources (ka)","Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2021", "Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)","CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy)","CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)","CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2015","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing Georgian-language text","Pages with Georgian IPA","Articles containing Old Georgian-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Articles containing Ossetian-language text","Articles containing Catawba-language text","Articles containing Kabardian-language text","Articles containing Abkhaz-language text", "Articles containing Mingrelian-language text","Articles needing additional references from December 2023","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from August 2024","Articles needing additional references from August 2020","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Tbilisi","Archaeological sites in Georgia (country)","Capitals in Asia","Capitals in Europe","Populated places along the Silk Road","Populated places established in the 5th century","Regions of Georgia (country)","Self-governing cities in Georgia (country)","Tiflis Governorate"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tbilisi","wgRelevantArticleId":42298,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":41.722500000000004,"lon":44.7925},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q994","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init", "mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg/1200px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="636"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg/800px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="424"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg/640px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="339"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tbilisi - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tbilisi rootpage-Tbilisi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tbilisi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tbilisi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tbilisi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tbilisi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Names_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Names and etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_domination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_domination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Foreign domination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_domination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capital_of_Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capital_of_Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Capital of Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capital_of_Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongol_domination_and_other_instability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongol_domination_and_other_instability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mongol domination and other instability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongol_domination_and_other_instability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Iranian control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Russian control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brief_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brief_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Brief independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brief_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Soviet rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics and administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Art museums and galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Film Festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Book_Capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Book_Capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>World Book Capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Book_Capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Nightlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Airport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Tram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minibus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minibus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Minibus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minibus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerial_tramways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerial_tramways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.8</span> <span>Aerial tramways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerial_tramways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funicular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funicular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.9</span> <span>Funicular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funicular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expatriate_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expatriate_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Expatriate community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expatriate_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tbilisi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 199 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-199" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">199 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%88%B2" title="ትብሊሲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትብሊሲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%AD" title="Қарҭ – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Қарҭ" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تبليسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبليسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%A0%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9D" title="ܬܒܝܠܝܣܝ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܒܝܠܝܣܝ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Թիֆլիս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թիֆլիս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilissi" title="Tbilissi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tbilissi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tblisi" title="Tblisi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tblisi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="थ्बिलीसी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="थ्बिलीसी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivil%C3%ADsi" title="Tivilísi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tivilísi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Туплис – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туплис" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تیفلیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تیفلیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="তিবি‌লিসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তিবি‌লিসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тбілісі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тбілісі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тбілісі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тбілісі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྲེ་བྷི་ལི་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲེ་བྷི་ལི་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تبيليسي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تبيليسي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_Sido_(Dzi%C5%82_Daantsaa%C3%ADtah_Bilag%C3%A1ana_Bik%C3%A9yah)" title="Tó Sido (Dził Daantsaaítah Bilagáana Bikéyah) – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó Sido (Dził Daantsaaítah Bilagáana Bikéyah)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2" title="ཊི་བི་ལི་སི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཊི་བི་ལི་སི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thbilisi" title="Thbilisi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thbilisi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Τιφλίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τιφλίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Тбилиси ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тбилиси ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbiliso" title="Tbiliso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tbiliso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تفلیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تفلیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilissi" title="Tbilissi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tbilissi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Каьлаке – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Каьлаке" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="تفليس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تفليس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%8B%9C" title="트빌리시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트빌리시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB" title="Թբիլիսի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թբիլիսի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="तिब्लिसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्लिसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тбилис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тбилис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADblisi" title="Tíblisi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tíblisi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99" title="טביליסי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טביליסי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟಿಬಿಲಿಸಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟಿಬಿಲಿಸಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="თბილისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თბილისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%90%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ٹِبلیسی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹِبلیسی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tb%C3%AEl%C3%AEs%C3%AE" title="Tbîlîsî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tbîlîsî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Ттуплис – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ттуплис" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiphlis" title="Tiphlis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tiphlis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisis" title="Tbilisis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tbilisis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiblisi" title="Tiblisi – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tiblisi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbiliisi" title="Tbiliisi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tbiliisi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbiliszi" title="Tbiliszi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tbiliszi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="റ്റ്ബിലിസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റ്റ്ബിലിസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="त्बिलिसी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्बिलिसी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ქართი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქართი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89" title="تبليسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تبليسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تفلیس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تفلیس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7" title="トビリシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トビリシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тиблиси – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тиблиси" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilissi" title="Tbilissi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tbilissi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਤਬੀਲਿਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਬੀਲਿਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تبلیسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تبلیسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تفلیس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تفلیس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibl%C3%ADssi" title="Tiblíssi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tiblíssi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipilisi" title="Tipilisi – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Tipilisi" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱤᱵᱤᱞᱤᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱤᱵᱤᱞᱤᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تبليسي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تبليسي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="تبلیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تبلیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="திபிலீசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபிலீசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ทบิลีซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทบิลีซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тифлис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тифлис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis" title="Tiflis – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tiflis" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Тбилиси – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тбилиси" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Тбілісі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тбілісі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="تبلیسی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تبلیسی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="تبىلىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تبىلىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilis" title="Tbilis – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tbilis" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thbilisi" title="Thbilisi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Thbilisi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibilisi" title="Tibilisi – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tibilisi" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第比利斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第比利斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99" title="טביליסי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טביליסי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第比利斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="第比利斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1flis" title="Tıflis – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tıflis" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tb%C4%97l%C4%97sis" title="Tbėlėsis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tbėlėsis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="第比利斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第比利斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiplis" title="Tiplis – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tiplis" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tbilisi" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q994#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tbilisi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tbilisi" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tbilisi" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&oldid=1275859522" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tbilisi&id=1275859522&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTbilisi"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTbilisi"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tbilisi&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tbilisi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tbilisi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q994" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tbilisi&params=41_43_21_N_44_47_33_E_region:GE_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°43′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°47′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.72250°N 44.79250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.72250; 44.79250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and the largest city of Georgia (country)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Georgia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tbilisi</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ka">თბილისი</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Tiflis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi,_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg/288px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg/432px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg/576px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4913" data-file-height="2604" /></a></span></div><div>Old Tbilisi and the <a href="/wiki/Narikala_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Narikala Fortress">Narikala Fortress</a> at dusk</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style=";height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Freedom_Square%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/134px-Freedom_Square%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Freedom_Square%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/201px-Freedom_Square%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Freedom_Square%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/268px-Freedom_Square%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi" title="Freedom Square, Tbilisi">Freedom Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style=";height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Tbilisi,_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_(36).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2836%29.jpg/150px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2836%29.jpg/225px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2836%29.jpg/300px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Widoki_z_Twierdzy_Narikala_%2836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4300" data-file-height="2865" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sioni_Cathedral" title="Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral">Sioni Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Peace" title="Bridge of Peace">Bridge of Peace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi">Sameba</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style=";height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Tbilisi_Panorama_09.23_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Old_Tbilisi_Panorama_09.23_%282%29.jpg/288px-Old_Tbilisi_Panorama_09.23_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Old_Tbilisi_Panorama_09.23_%282%29.jpg/432px-Old_Tbilisi_Panorama_09.23_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Old_Tbilisi_Panorama_09.23_%282%29.jpg/576px-Old_Tbilisi_Panorama_09.23_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13928" data-file-height="4009" /></a></span></div><div>Old Town as viewed from <a href="/wiki/Metekhi_Church" title="Metekhi Church">Metekhi</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tbilisi"><img alt="Flag of Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/100px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/150px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/200px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="760" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tbilisi" title="Flag of Tbilisi">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Tbilisi,_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Tbilisi"><img alt="Official seal of Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/100px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/150px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/200px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Tbilisi" title="Seal of Tbilisi">Seal</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 325px; height: 325px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="325" data-height="325" data-zoom="10" data-lat="41.72" data-lon="44.81" data-overlays="["_b9fe7883fe2e393cf1469e15707afd2835079c4b"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/41.72/44.81/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,41.72,44.81,325x325.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tbilisi&revid=1275859522&groups=_b9fe7883fe2e393cf1469e15707afd2835079c4b" width="325" height="325" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,41.72,44.81,325x325@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Tbilisi&revid=1275859522&groups=_b9fe7883fe2e393cf1469e15707afd2835079c4b 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi_in_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tbilisi highlighted in Georgia"><img alt="Tbilisi highlighted in Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tbilisi_in_Georgia.svg/250px-Tbilisi_in_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tbilisi_in_Georgia.svg/375px-Tbilisi_in_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tbilisi_in_Georgia.svg/500px-Tbilisi_in_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="913" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Tbilisi highlighted in Georgia</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_Tbilisi_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tbilisi is located in Tbilisi"><img alt="Tbilisi is located in Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Georgia_Tbilisi_relief_location_map.svg/250px-Georgia_Tbilisi_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Georgia_Tbilisi_relief_location_map.svg/375px-Georgia_Tbilisi_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Georgia_Tbilisi_relief_location_map.svg/500px-Georgia_Tbilisi_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="556" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.702%;left:47.023%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tbilisi"><img alt="Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Tbilisi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Tbilisi</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tbilisi is located in Georgia"><img alt="Tbilisi is located in Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Georgia.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="629" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.625%;left:70.317%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tbilisi"><img alt="Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Tbilisi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Georgia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tbilisi is located in Caucasus Mountains"><img alt="Tbilisi is located in Caucasus Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg/250px-Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg/375px-Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg/500px-Caucasus_topo_map-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.827%;left:45.919%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tbilisi"><img alt="Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Tbilisi</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Caucasus Mountains</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tbilisi&params=41_43_21_N_44_47_33_E_region:GE_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°43′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°47′33″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.72250°N 44.79250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.72250; 44.79250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 455<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sakrebulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbilisi Sakrebulo">Tbilisi Sakrebulo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kakha_Kaladze" title="Kakha Kaladze">Kakha Kaladze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dream" title="Georgian Dream">GD</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">504.2 km<sup>2</sup> (194.7 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">726 km<sup>2</sup> (280 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">770 m (2,530 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lowest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">380 m (1,250 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,258,526<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,496.08/km<sup>2</sup> (6,464.8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,485,293</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tbilisian<br />Tbiliseli (In Georgian)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population by ethnicity<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a></th><td class="infobox-data">89.9%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Tbilisi" title="Armenians in Tbilisi">Armenians</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.8%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Azerbaijanis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.4%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Georgia" title="Russians in Georgia">Russians</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidis in Georgia">Yazidis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.0%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Others</th><td class="infobox-data">1.7%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<sup id="cite_ref-gdp_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Lari" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Lari">₾</a> 32.2 billion<br />(<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 11.0 billion) · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Georgian regions by GDP">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">₾ 26,769 <br />(US$ 9,200) · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Georgian regions by GDP">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B4" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+4">UTC+4</a> (Georgian Time)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+995 32</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2024)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.837</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/">tbilisi.gov.ge</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tbilisi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/En-gb-Tbilisi.ogg\/En-gb-Tbilisi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-gb-Tbilisi.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/En-gb-Tbilisi.ogg/En-gb-Tbilisi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-gb-Tbilisi.ogg" title="File:En-gb-Tbilisi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">tə-bil-<span style="font-size:90%">EE</span>-see, tə-<span style="font-size:90%">BIL</span>-iss-ee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-epd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">თბილისი</span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[ˈtʰbilisi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/64\/Tbilisi.ogg\/Tbilisi.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tbilisi.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/64/Tbilisi.ogg/Tbilisi.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi.ogg" title="File:Tbilisi.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name <b>Tiflis<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/En-gb-Tiflis.ogg\/En-gb-Tiflis.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-gb-Tiflis.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/En-gb-Tiflis.ogg/En-gb-Tiflis.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-gb-Tiflis.ogg" title="File:En-gb-Tiflis.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TIF</span>-liss</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-epd_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">ტფილისი</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">t'pilisi</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[tʼpʰilisi]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">largest city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, lying on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a>. With around 1.2 million inhabitants, it contains almost one third of the country's population. Tbilisi was founded in the fifth century <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang I of Iberia">Vakhtang I of Iberia</a> and has since served as the capital of various Georgian kingdoms and republics. Between 1801 and 1917, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, it was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1801%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)">Caucasus Viceroyalty</a>, governing both the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">northern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">southern</a> sides of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its location at the crossroads between Europe and Asia, and its proximity to the lucrative <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, throughout history, Tbilisi has been a point of contention among various global powers. To this day, the city's location ensures its position as an important transit route for energy and trade projects. Tbilisi's history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern</a> structures. </p><p>Historically, Tbilisi has been home to people of diverse cultural, ethnic, and religious backgrounds, though its population is overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a>. Notable tourist destinations include cathedrals <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral_of_Tbilisi" title="Holy Trinity Cathedral of Tbilisi">Sameba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sioni_Cathedral" title="Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral">Sioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi" title="Freedom Square, Tbilisi">Freedom Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rustaveli_Avenue" title="Rustaveli Avenue">Rustaveli Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Agmashenebeli_Avenue" title="David Agmashenebeli Avenue">Agmashenebeli Avenue</a>, medieval <a href="/wiki/Narikala" title="Narikala">Narikala Fortress</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival_architecture#Moorish_Revival_in_Europe" title="Moorish Revival architecture">pseudo-Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Opera_Theater" title="Georgian National Opera Theater">Opera Theater</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a>. The climate in Tbilisi mostly ranges from 20 to 32 °C (68 to 90 °F) in summer and −1 to 7 °C (30 to 45 °F) in winter. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology"><span class="anchor" id="Names_and_etymology"></span>Names and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Tbilisi_in_different_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Tbilisi in different languages">Names of Tbilisi in different languages</a></div> <p>The name "Tbilisi" derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_Georgian" title="Old Georgian">Old Georgian</a> <span title="Old Georgian-language text"><i lang="oge-Latn">Tbilisi</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a>: <span lang="oge"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98#Old_Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:თბილისი">ႧႡႨႪႨႱႨ</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a>: <span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:თბილისი">თბილისი</a></span>), and further from <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">tpili</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Modern Georgian</a>: <span lang="ka"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:თბილი">თბილი</a></span>, warm, itself from Old Georgian: <span lang="oge"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98#Old_Georgian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ტფილი">ႲႴႨႪႨ</a></span> <span title="Old Georgian-language text"><i lang="oge-Latn">ṭpili</i></span>). The name <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">Tbilisi</i></span> (the place of warmth) was therefore given to the city because of the area's numerous <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfuric</a> <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>. </p><p>Until 1936, the name of the city in English and most other languages followed the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> pronunciation<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Tiflis</b>, while the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a> name was <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ტფილისი</span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">Ṭpilisi</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tiflis_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiflis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 August 1936, by order of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> leadership, the official Russian names of various cities were changed to more closely match the local language.<sup id="cite_ref-Tiflis_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiflis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Georgian-language form <span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">Ṭpilisi</i></span> was modernized on the basis of a proposal by Georgian linguists; the ancient Georgian component <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ტფილი</span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">ṭpili</i></span>, 'warm') was replaced by the newer <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">თბილი</span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">tbili</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tiflis_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tiflis-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That form was the basis for the new official Russian name (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Тбилиси</span></span> <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Tbilisi</i></span>). Most other languages have subsequently adopted the new name form, but some languages, such as Turkish, Persian, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, have retained a variation of <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Tiflis</i></span>. </p><p>On 20 September 2006, the Georgian parliament held a ceremony celebrating the 70th anniversary of the renaming. </p><p>Some of the traditional names of Tbilisi in other languages of the region have different roots. The <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> name <span title="Ossetian-language text"><span lang="os">Калак</span></span> (<span title="Ossetian-language text"><i lang="os-Latn">Kalak</i></span>) derives from the Georgian word <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka">ქალაქი</span></span> (<span title="Georgian-language text"><i lang="ka-Latn">kalaki</i></span>) meaning simply city. <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a> names for the city use a form similar to or the same as their names for the country of Georgia (<span title="Catawba-language text"><span lang="chc">Гуьржех</span></span> <span title="Catawba-language text"><i lang="chc-Latn">Gürƶex</i></span>) as does the historical <a href="/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a> name (<span title="Kabardian-language text"><span lang="kbd">Курджы</span></span> <span title="Kabardian-language text"><i lang="kbd-Latn">Kwrdžə</i></span>), while <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a> <span title="Abkhaz-language text"><span lang="ab">Қарҭ</span></span> (<span title="Abkhaz-language text"><i lang="ab-Latn">Ķarţ</i></span>) is from the <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a> <span title="Mingrelian-language text"><span lang="xmf">ქართი</span></span> (<span title="Mingrelian-language text"><i lang="xmf-Latn">Karti</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tbilisi" title="History of Tbilisi">History of Tbilisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tbilisi" title="Timeline of Tbilisi">Timeline of Tbilisi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_plus_ancienne_%C3%A9glise_de_la_ville_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_plus_ancienne_%C3%A9glise_de_la_ville_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-La_plus_ancienne_%C3%A9glise_de_la_ville_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_plus_ancienne_%C3%A9glise_de_la_ville_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-La_plus_ancienne_%C3%A9glise_de_la_ville_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/La_plus_ancienne_%C3%A9glise_de_la_ville_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-La_plus_ancienne_%C3%A9glise_de_la_ville_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anchiskhati_Basilica" title="Anchiskhati Basilica">Anchiskhati Basilica</a>, a 6th century monument, is the oldest surviving church in Tbilisi</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:29em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/23px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/35px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/46px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Iberia</a> 450s–530s</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/23px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/35px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg/46px-Derafsh_Kaviani_flag_of_the_late_Sassanid_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Empire (Sasanian Iberia)</a> 530s–570s</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/23px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/35px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg/46px-Kartli_-_drosha_jvari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a> 570s–730s</li> <li><span class="flagicon" style="padding-left:25px;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a> 730s–1122</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a> 1122–1490</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia1.png/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia1.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia1.png/35px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia1.png/46px-Coat_of_arms_of_Kartli_Georgia1.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="227" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a> 1490–1762</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a> 1762–1801</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> 1801–1917</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> 1917</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Commissariat" title="Transcaucasian Commissariat">Transcaucasian Commissariat</a> 1917–1918</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_Federation.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_Federation.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_Federation.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> 1918</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Georgia_%281918%E2%80%931921%2C_4-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> 1918–1921</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281921%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281921%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281921%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281921%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281921%E2%80%931922%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281921%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> 1921–1922</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> 1922–1991</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> 1991–present</li></ul> </div> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeologists discovered evidence of continuous habitation of the Tbilisi suburb of Dighomi since the early Bronze Age, and stone artifacts dating to the Paleolithic age.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late Bronze Age to early Iron Age, it was the largest settlement in the Caucasus.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend, the present-day territory of Tbilisi was covered by forests as late as 458. One widely accepted variant of the Tbilisi foundation myth states that King <a href="/wiki/Vakhtang_I_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtang I of Iberia">Vakhtang I of Iberia</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> c. 447/49 – 502/22</span>) went hunting in the heavily wooded region with a <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a> (sometimes the falcon is replaced with either a <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawk</a> or other small <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a> in the legend). The king's falcon allegedly caught or injured a <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a> during the hunt, after which both birds fell into a nearby <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot spring</a> and died from burns. King Vakhtang became so impressed with the hot springs that he decided to clear the forest and build a city on the location. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Dachi_of_Iberia" title="Dachi of Iberia">Dachi of Iberia</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 522–534</span>), the successor of Vakhtang I, moved the capital of Iberia from <a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a> to Tbilisi and began construction of the fortress wall that lined the city's new boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the sixth century, Tbilisi grew at a steady pace due to the region's strategic location along with important trade and travel routes between Europe and Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_domination">Foreign domination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foreign domination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tbilisi's favorable trade location, however, did not necessarily bode well for its survival. Located strategically in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> between Europe and Asia, Tbilisi became an object of rivalry among the region's various powers such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sassanid Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Muslim Arabs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a>. The cultural development of the city was somewhat dependent on who ruled the city at various times, although Tbilisi was fairly cosmopolitan. </p><p>From 570 to 580, the Persians ruled the city until 627, when <a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Tbilisi was sacked</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a> armies and later, in 736–738, Arab armies <a href="/wiki/Marwan_ibn_Muhammad%27s_invasion_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwan ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia">entered</a> the town under <a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a>. After this point, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Arabs</a> established an <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">emirate</a> centered in Tbilisi. <a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Arabic dirhams</a> were brought to Georgia following the Arab conquest in the seventh century, and a mint was founded in Tbilisi that produced coins with inscriptions in both <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and Georgian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015242_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015242-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 764, Tbilisi – still under Arab control – was once again sacked by the Khazars. In 853, the armies of Arab leader <a href="/wiki/Bugha_al-Kabir" title="Bugha al-Kabir">Bugha Al-Turki</a> invaded Tbilisi in order to enforce its return to <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> allegiance. The Arab domination of Tbilisi continued until about 1050. In 1065, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a> campaigned against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a>, subjugated Tbilisi, and built a mosque in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195365_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195365-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_of_Georgia">Capital of Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capital of Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1121, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuks</a>, the troops of King <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">David IV of Georgia</a> besieged Tbilisi, taking it in 1122. David moved his residence from <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> to Tbilisi, making it the capital of a unified <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian State</a>, thus inaugurating the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Georgian Golden Age</a>. From the 12–13th centuries, Tbilisi became a regional power with a thriving economy and astonishing cultural output. By the end of the 12th century, the population of Tbilisi had reached 100,000. The city also became an important literary and cultural center, not only for Georgia, but also for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> world of the time. During <a href="/wiki/Queen_Tamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Tamar">Queen Tamar</a>'s reign, <a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli" title="Shota Rustaveli">Shota Rustaveli</a> worked in Tbilisi while writing his legendary epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_in_the_Panther%27s_Skin" title="The Knight in the Panther's Skin">The Knight in the Panther's Skin</a></i>. This period is often referred to as "Georgia's Golden Age"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_domination_and_other_instability">Mongol domination and other instability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mongol domination and other instability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tbilisi" title="Special:EditPage/Tbilisi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiflis_-_Angelino_Dulcert_-_1339.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tiflis_-_Angelino_Dulcert_-_1339.jpg/220px-Tiflis_-_Angelino_Dulcert_-_1339.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tiflis_-_Angelino_Dulcert_-_1339.jpg/330px-Tiflis_-_Angelino_Dulcert_-_1339.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tiflis_-_Angelino_Dulcert_-_1339.jpg/440px-Tiflis_-_Angelino_Dulcert_-_1339.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Detail from the Nautical chart by <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a>, depicting Georgian Black Sea coast and Tiflis, 1339</figcaption></figure> <p>Tbilisi's "Golden Age" did not last for more than a century. In 1226, Tbilisi was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarezmian Empire</a> under Shah <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mangburni" title="Jalal al-Din Mangburni">Jalal al-Din</a>, who massacred tens of thousands of Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201519_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201519-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Khwarezmian occupation left Tbilisi's defenses severely devastated and prone to further attacks by Mongol armies.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1236, after suffering crushing <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol defeats</a>, Georgia submitted to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia#Mongol_yoke" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Mongol domination</a>. The nation itself maintained a form of "semi-independence" and did not lose its statehood, but Tbilisi would be strongly influenced by the Mongols for the next century, both politically and culturally. In the 1320s, the Mongols retreated from Georgia, and Tbilisi became the capital of an independent Georgian state, once again. However, an outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> struck the city in 1366.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the late 14th century and the late 18th century, Tbilisi would again be under the rule of various foreign powers. On several occasions, the city would even be completely burned and razed to the ground. In 1386, Tbilisi was <a href="/wiki/Timur%27s_invasions_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Timur's invasions of Georgia">invaded and sacked several times</a> by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a>. In 1440, the city was <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_incursions_into_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen incursions into Georgia">invaded</a> and destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Jahan_Shah" title="Jahan Shah">Jahan Shah</a> (the Shah of the town of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>). From 1477 to 1478, the city was held by the <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a> tribesmen of <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hasan" title="Uzun Hasan">Uzun Hassan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_control">Iranian control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Iranian control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:03_Chardin_Tblisi_1671.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/03_Chardin_Tblisi_1671.jpg/220px-03_Chardin_Tblisi_1671.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/03_Chardin_Tblisi_1671.jpg/330px-03_Chardin_Tblisi_1671.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/03_Chardin_Tblisi_1671.jpg/440px-03_Chardin_Tblisi_1671.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1423" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Tbilisi according to French traveler <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Jean Chardin</a>, 1671</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teflis_Tournefort.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Teflis_Tournefort.png/220px-Teflis_Tournefort.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Teflis_Tournefort.png/330px-Teflis_Tournefort.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Teflis_Tournefort.png/440px-Teflis_Tournefort.png 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1127" /></a><figcaption>A 1717 illustration of Teflis by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As early as the 1510s, Tbilisi (and the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kartli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kakheti</a>) were made vassal territories of <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2013164,_166_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2013164,_166-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1522, Tbilisi was garrisoned for the first time by a large Safavid force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2013166_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2013166-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of king (<i><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> (r. 1501–1524), king <a href="/wiki/David_X_of_Kartli" class="mw-redirect" title="David X of Kartli">David X of Kartli</a> expelled the Iranians. During this period, many parts of Tbilisi were reconstructed and rebuilt. The four campaigns of the king <a href="/wiki/Tahmasp_I" title="Tahmasp I">Tahmasp I</a> (r. 1524–1576) resulted in the reoccupation of Kartli and Kakheti, and a Safavid force was permanently stationed in Tbilisi from 1551 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the 1555 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Amasya">Treaty of Amasya</a>, and more firmly from 1614 to 1747, with brief intermissions, Tbilisi was an important city under Iranian rule, and it functioned as a seat of the Iranian vassal kings of Kartli whom the shah conferred with the title of <a href="/wiki/Vali_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vali (governor)">vali</a>. In 1718, the Venetian senate implored the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Soltan_Hoseyn" title="Soltan Hoseyn">Soltan Hoseyn</a> to protect the Catholic Armenians and Capuchin missionaries in Tbilisi from the Gregorian Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERota2012152_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERota2012152-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the later rules of <a href="/wiki/Teimuraz_II_of_Kakheti" title="Teimuraz II of Kakheti">Teimuraz II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_II_of_Georgia" title="Heraclius II of Georgia">Heraclius II</a>, Tbilisi became a vibrant political and cultural center free of foreign rule—but, fearful of the constant threat of invasion, Georgia's rulers sought Russian protection in the 1783 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a>. Despite this agreement, the city was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">captured and devastated</a> in 1795 by the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Agha_Mohammad_Khan_Qajar" title="Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar">Agha Mohammad Khan</a>, who sought to re-establish Iran's traditional sovereignty over the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991328–330_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991328–330-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_control">Russian control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russian control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Georgia within the Russian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tiflis_Governorate_1878.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Tiflis_Governorate_1878.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tiflis_Governorate_1878.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Tiflis_Governorate_1878.svg/255px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tiflis_Governorate_1878.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Coat_of_arms_of_Tiflis_Governorate_1878.svg/340px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tiflis_Governorate_1878.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of Tiflis under Russian rule</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1801, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> annexed the Georgian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a> (of which Tbilisi was the capital), later cementing its rule with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> of 1813,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which ended Iranian control of Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Tsarist Russia, Tbilisi (known then as Tiflis) was included within the <a href="/wiki/Tiflis_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis Uyezd">Tiflis Uyezd</a> county in 1801, and became the administrative center of the <a href="/wiki/Tiflis_Governorate" title="Tiflis Governorate">Tiflis Governorate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Governorate_(Russia)" title="Governorate (Russia)">Gubernia</a></i>) following the latter's establishment in 1846. Russian Imperial administrators implemented a new European-style city plan and commissioned new buildings in Western styles. Roads and railroads were built to connect Tbilisi to other important cities in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>. By the 1850s, Tbilisi once again emerged as a major trade and cultural center. The likes of <a href="/wiki/Ilia_Chavchavadze" title="Ilia Chavchavadze">Ilia Chavchavadze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akaki_Tsereteli" title="Akaki Tsereteli">Akaki Tsereteli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Fatali_Akhundov" title="Mirza Fatali Akhundov">Mirza Fatali Akhundzade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iakob_Gogebashvili" title="Iakob Gogebashvili">Iakob Gogebashvili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Griboyedov" title="Alexander Griboyedov">Alexander Griboyedov</a> and many other statesmen, poets and artists all found their home in Tbilisi. The city was visited on numerous occasions by and was the object of affection of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov family</a> and others. The main new artery built under Russian administration was Golovin Avenue (present-day <a href="/wiki/Rustaveli_Avenue" title="Rustaveli Avenue">Rustaveli Avenue</a>), on which the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1801%E2%80%931917)" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1801–1917)">Viceroys of the Caucasus</a> established their residence. For much of the early 19th century, Tbilisi's largest ethnic group was Armenian, at some point forming 74.3% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronald_Grigor_Suny_1994_116_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronald_Grigor_Suny_1994_116-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Tbilisi_-_XIX_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Dry Bridge", constructed by Italian architect Antonio Scudieri"><img alt=""Dry Bridge", constructed by Italian architect Antonio Scudieri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Old_Tbilisi_-_XIX_century.jpg/120px-Old_Tbilisi_-_XIX_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Old_Tbilisi_-_XIX_century.jpg/180px-Old_Tbilisi_-_XIX_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Old_Tbilisi_-_XIX_century.jpg/240px-Old_Tbilisi_-_XIX_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Dry Bridge", constructed by Italian architect Antonio Scudieri</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustavelis_Gamziri_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View on Golovin Avenue as seen from the site of present-day Freedom Square"><img alt="View on Golovin Avenue as seen from the site of present-day Freedom Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rustavelis_Gamziri_old.jpg/120px-Rustavelis_Gamziri_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rustavelis_Gamziri_old.jpg/180px-Rustavelis_Gamziri_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rustavelis_Gamziri_old.jpg/240px-Rustavelis_Gamziri_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View on <a href="/wiki/Rustaveli_Avenue" title="Rustaveli Avenue">Golovin Avenue</a> as seen from the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi" title="Freedom Square, Tbilisi">Freedom Square</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi_XIXc_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Building of the Tbilisi City Hall"><img alt="Building of the Tbilisi City Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tbilisi_XIXc_01.jpg/120px-Tbilisi_XIXc_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tbilisi_XIXc_01.jpg/180px-Tbilisi_XIXc_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tbilisi_XIXc_01.jpg/240px-Tbilisi_XIXc_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Building of the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_City_Hall" title="Tbilisi City Hall">Tbilisi City Hall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi_XIXc_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grand Hotel "Kavkaz" in central Tbilisi, c 1900"><img alt="Grand Hotel "Kavkaz" in central Tbilisi, c 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tbilisi_XIXc_04.jpg/120px-Tbilisi_XIXc_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tbilisi_XIXc_04.jpg/180px-Tbilisi_XIXc_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tbilisi_XIXc_04.jpg/240px-Tbilisi_XIXc_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grand Hotel "Kavkaz" in central Tbilisi, c 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Tbilisi_XIXc_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Building of the Art Museum of Georgia, built at the end of the 1830s, photo ca. 1900"><img alt="Building of the Art Museum of Georgia, built at the end of the 1830s, photo ca. 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Image-Tbilisi_XIXc_05.jpg/120px-Image-Tbilisi_XIXc_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Image-Tbilisi_XIXc_05.jpg/180px-Image-Tbilisi_XIXc_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Image-Tbilisi_XIXc_05.jpg/240px-Image-Tbilisi_XIXc_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3602" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Building of the <a href="/wiki/Art_Museum_of_Georgia" title="Art Museum of Georgia">Art Museum of Georgia</a>, built at the end of the 1830s, photo ca. 1900</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi,_Metekhi_Castle_and_Church_from_Tatar_Square_in_1890s.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tatar bazaar and with the Metekhi Orthodox church seen on the cliff"><img alt="Tatar bazaar and with the Metekhi Orthodox church seen on the cliff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tbilisi%2C_Metekhi_Castle_and_Church_from_Tatar_Square_in_1890s.png/120px-Tbilisi%2C_Metekhi_Castle_and_Church_from_Tatar_Square_in_1890s.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tbilisi%2C_Metekhi_Castle_and_Church_from_Tatar_Square_in_1890s.png/180px-Tbilisi%2C_Metekhi_Castle_and_Church_from_Tatar_Square_in_1890s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Tbilisi%2C_Metekhi_Castle_and_Church_from_Tatar_Square_in_1890s.png/240px-Tbilisi%2C_Metekhi_Castle_and_Church_from_Tatar_Square_in_1890s.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tatar bazaar and with the <a href="/wiki/Metekhi" title="Metekhi">Metekhi</a> Orthodox church seen on the cliff</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Tbilisi_(%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, demolished by the Soviets to make way for the present Parliament building"><img alt="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, demolished by the Soviets to make way for the present Parliament building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Tbilisi_%28%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%29.jpg/120px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Tbilisi_%28%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Tbilisi_%28%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%29.jpg/180px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Tbilisi_%28%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Tbilisi_%28%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%29.jpg/240px-Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral%2C_Tbilisi_%28%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Tiflis" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiflis">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral</a>, demolished by the Soviets to make way for the present <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Parliament_Building_(Tbilisi)" title="Georgian Parliament Building (Tbilisi)">Parliament building</a></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lermontov_TiflisGLM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lermontov_TiflisGLM.jpg/220px-Lermontov_TiflisGLM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lermontov_TiflisGLM.jpg/330px-Lermontov_TiflisGLM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lermontov_TiflisGLM.jpg/440px-Lermontov_TiflisGLM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Tiflis by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Mikhail Lermontov</a>, 1837</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brief_independence">Brief independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brief independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, the city served as a location of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasus</a> interim government which established, in the spring of 1918, the short-lived independent <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Federation</a> with the capital in Tbilisi. At this time, Tbilisi had roughly the same number of Armenians as Georgians, with Russians being the third largest ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the former Viceroy of the Caucasus's palace where the independence of three Transcaucasus nations – Georgia, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> – was declared by their respective national councils on 26 to 28 May 1918. After this, Tbilisi functioned as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> until 25 February 1921. From 1918 to 1919, the city also consecutively served as the headquarters of the country's <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> garrison<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and later the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British</a> <a href="/wiki/27th_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="27th Division (United Kingdom)">27th Division</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tbilisi was also the main office of the British Chief Commissioner in Transcaucasia, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wardrop" title="Oliver Wardrop">Oliver Wardrop</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the High Commissioner to Armenia, Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_N._Haskell" title="William N. Haskell">William N. Haskell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the national government, Tbilisi turned into the first Caucasian University City after the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a> was founded in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 February 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevist Russian</a> 11th <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> invaded<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tbilisi and after bitter fighting at the outskirts of the city, declared Soviet rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_rule">Soviet rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Soviet rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_in_Tbilisi_Feb_25_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Red_Army_in_Tbilisi_Feb_25_1921.jpg/220px-Red_Army_in_Tbilisi_Feb_25_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Red_Army_in_Tbilisi_Feb_25_1921.jpg/330px-Red_Army_in_Tbilisi_Feb_25_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Red_Army_in_Tbilisi_Feb_25_1921.jpg/440px-Red_Army_in_Tbilisi_Feb_25_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The Red Army <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">entered</a> Tbilisi on 25 February 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> was <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">occupied</a> by the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> forces from Russia, and until 1936, Tbilisi functioned first as the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> (which included Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and Georgia), and afterward until 1991 as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. During Soviet rule, Tbilisi's population grew significantly, the city became more industrialized, and it also came to be an important political, social, and cultural centre of the Soviet Union. In 1980, the city hosted the first state-sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Rock_Festival_(1980)" title="Tbilisi Rock Festival (1980)">rock festival</a> in the USSR. As a major tourist destination for both Soviet citizens and foreign visitors, Tbilisi's "Old Town" (the neighborhoods within the original city walls) was reconstructed in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tbilisi witnessed mass anti-Russian demonstrations during 1956 in the <a href="/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1956 Georgian demonstrations">9 March Massacre</a>, in protest against the anti-Stalin policies of <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. <a href="/wiki/1978_Georgian_demonstrations" title="1978 Georgian demonstrations">Peaceful protests</a> occurred in 1978, and in 1989 the <a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a> was a peaceful protest that turned violent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–91)">break-up of the Soviet Union</a>, Tbilisi has experienced periods of significant instability and turmoil. After a brief civil war, which the city endured for two weeks from December 1991 to January 1992 (when pro-<a href="/wiki/Zviad_Gamsakhurdia" title="Zviad Gamsakhurdia">Gamsakhurdia</a> and Opposition forces clashed), Tbilisi became the scene of frequent armed confrontations among various <a href="/wiki/Russian_mafia" title="Russian mafia">mafia</a> clans and illegal business operators. During the <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Shevardnadze</a> Era (1992–2003), crime and corruption were rampant. Many segments of society became impoverished because of unemployment caused by the crumbling economy. Average citizens of Tbilisi started to become increasingly disillusioned with the existing quality of life in the city (and in the nation in general). Mass protests took place in November 2003 after falsified parliamentary elections forced more than 100,000 people into the streets and concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a>. Since 2003, Tbilisi has experienced considerably more stability with decreasing crime rates, an improved economy, and a real estate boom.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">2008 South Ossetia war</a>, the Tbilisi area was hit by multiple Russian air attacks. </p><p>After the war, several large-scale projects were started, including a streetcar system,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a railway bypass and a relocation of the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_railway_station" title="Tbilisi railway station">central station</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and new urban highways.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2015, <a href="/wiki/2015_Tbilisi_flood" title="2015 Tbilisi flood">a flood</a> killed at least twenty people and caused animals from the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Zoo" title="Tbilisi Zoo">city's zoo</a> to be released into the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_administration">Politics and administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics and administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi_City_Council,_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tbilisi_City_Council%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Tbilisi_City_Council%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tbilisi_City_Council%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Tbilisi_City_Council%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Tbilisi_City_Council%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Tbilisi_City_Council%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>City Council building overlooking <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Tbilisi" title="Freedom Square, Tbilisi">Freedom Square</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Tbilisi">List of mayors of Tbilisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_City_Assembly" title="Tbilisi City Assembly">Tbilisi City Assembly</a></div> <p>The status of Tbilisi, as the nation's capital, is defined by Article 10 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution of Georgia</a> (1995) and the <i>Law on Georgia's Capital – Tbilisi</i> (20 February 1998).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tbilisi is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_City_Assembly" title="Tbilisi City Assembly">Tbilisi City Assembly</a> (Sakrebulo) and the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_City_Hall" title="Tbilisi City Hall">Tbilisi City Hall</a> (Meria). The City Assembly and mayor are elected once every four years by direct elections. The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Tbilisi" title="Mayor of Tbilisi">Mayor of Tbilisi</a> is <a href="/wiki/Kakha_Kaladze" title="Kakha Kaladze">Kakha Kaladze</a> and the Chairman of the Tbilisi city Assembly is Giorgi Alibegashvili. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi-Aghmashenebeli-08-113-2019-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tbilisi-Aghmashenebeli-08-113-2019-gje.jpg/220px-Tbilisi-Aghmashenebeli-08-113-2019-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tbilisi-Aghmashenebeli-08-113-2019-gje.jpg/330px-Tbilisi-Aghmashenebeli-08-113-2019-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tbilisi-Aghmashenebeli-08-113-2019-gje.jpg/440px-Tbilisi-Aghmashenebeli-08-113-2019-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3511" /></a><figcaption>A police station on <a href="/wiki/David_Agmashenebeli_Avenue" title="David Agmashenebeli Avenue">Agmashenebeli Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Administratively, the city is divided into <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a> (districts), which have their own units of central and local government with jurisdiction over a limited scope of affairs. This subdivision was established under Soviet rule in the 1930s, following the general <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">subdivision of the Soviet Union</a>. After Georgia regained independence, the raion system was modified and reshuffled. According to the latest revision, Tbilisi raions include: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mtatsminda_District" title="Mtatsminda District">Mtatsminda District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mtatsminda_(Neighborhood)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mtatsminda (Neighborhood) (page does not exist)">Mtatsminda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sololaki" title="Sololaki">Sololaki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vera,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vera, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Vera</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiketi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiketi (page does not exist)">Kiketi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kojori" title="Kojori">Kojori</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shindisi,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shindisi, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Shindisi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsavkisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsavkisi (page does not exist)">Tsavkisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabakhmela" title="Tabakhmela">Tabakhmela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okrokana" title="Okrokana">Okrokana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vake_District" title="Vake District">Vake District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/wiki/Vake,_Tbilisi" title="Vake, Tbilisi">Vake</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagebi (page does not exist)">Bagebi</a>, Upper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saburtalo_(Neighborhood)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saburtalo (Neighborhood) (page does not exist)">Saburtalo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutsubidze_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutsubidze Plateau (page does not exist)">Nutsubidze Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tskneti" title="Tskneti">Tskneti</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saburtalo_District" title="Saburtalo District">Saburtalo District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: Lower <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saburtalo_(Neighborhood)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saburtalo (Neighborhood) (page does not exist)">Saburtalo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedzisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vedzisi (page does not exist)">Vedzisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vashlijvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashlijvari">Vashlijvari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didi_Dighomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didi Dighomi (page does not exist)">Didi Dighomi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patara_Dighomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patara Dighomi (page does not exist)">Patara Dighomi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurgovana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurgovana (page does not exist)">Zurgovana</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Krtsanisi_District" title="Krtsanisi District">Krtsanisi District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/wiki/Abanotubani" title="Abanotubani">Abanotubani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kala,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kala, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Kala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortachala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortachala (page does not exist)">Ortachala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponichala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponichala (page does not exist)">Ponichala</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Isani_District" title="Isani District">Isani District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/wiki/Avlabari" title="Avlabari">Avlabari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isani (page does not exist)">Isani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navtlughi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navtlughi (page does not exist)">Navtlughi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metromsheni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metromsheni (page does not exist)">Metromsheni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazisubani,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazisubani, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Vazisubani</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samgori_District" title="Samgori District">Samgori District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varketili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varketili (page does not exist)">Varketili</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkhevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orkhevi (page does not exist)">Orkhevi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dampalo (page does not exist)">Dampalo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilo,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilo, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Lilo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Samgori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Samgori (page does not exist)">Lower Samgori</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Africa</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chughureti_District" title="Chughureti District">Chughureti District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chughureti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chughureti (page does not exist)">Chughureti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivertubani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivertubani (page does not exist)">Ivertubani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukia,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukia, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Kukia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Svanetisubani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svanetisubani (page does not exist)">Svanetisubani</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Didube_District" title="Didube District">Didube District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didube,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didube, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Didube</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dighomi_Massive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dighomi Massive (page does not exist)">Dighomi Massive</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nadzaladevi_District" title="Nadzaladevi District">Nadzaladevi District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadzaladevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadzaladevi (page does not exist)">Nadzaladevi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzona (page does not exist)">Sanzona</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temka (page does not exist)">Temka</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotkini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotkini (page does not exist)">Lotkini</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gldani_District" title="Gldani District">Gldani District</a></b>, including neighborhoods: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gldani_Massive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gldani Massive (page does not exist)">Gldani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avchala" title="Avchala">Avchala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukhiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhiani">Mukhiani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gldanula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gldanula (page does not exist)">Gldanula</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; text-align:right; font-size:85%; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" bgcolor=""><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Overview of Tbilisi districts</b></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center; color:#fff; background:#305066;"> <td><b>District Name</b> </td> <td><b>Population</b> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Population_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>Area</b> ( Km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-Area_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mtatsminda_District" title="Mtatsminda District">Mtatsminda District</a></td> <td>49,052</td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vake_District" title="Vake District">Vake District</a></td> <td>111,903</td> <td>61.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saburtalo_District" title="Saburtalo District">Saburtalo District</a></td> <td>138,493</td> <td>75.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krtsanisi_District" title="Krtsanisi District">Krtsanisi District</a></td> <td>39,286</td> <td>31.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isani_District" title="Isani District">Isani District</a></td> <td>125,610</td> <td>16.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samgori_District" title="Samgori District">Samgori District</a></td> <td>177,844</td> <td>128.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chughureti_District" title="Chughureti District">Chughureti District</a></td> <td>65,230</td> <td>14.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Didube_District" title="Didube District">Didube District</a></td> <td>70,018</td> <td>8.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nadzaladevi_District" title="Nadzaladevi District">Nadzaladevi District</a></td> <td>154,067</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gldani_District" title="Gldani District">Gldani District</a></td> <td>177,214</td> <td>50.3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Tbilisi,_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/21px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/32px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/42px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span> <b>City of Tbilisi</b></div></td> <td><b>1,108,717</b></td> <td><b>502</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"><i>Source: <a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_Office_of_Georgia" title="National Statistics Office of Georgia">Geostat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Population_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Population-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_City_Hall" title="Tbilisi City Hall">Tbilisi City Hall</a><sup id="cite_ref-Area_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most of the raions are named after historic quarters of the city. The citizens of Tbilisi widely recognize an informal system of smaller historic neighborhoods. Such neighborhoods are several, however, constituting a kind of hierarchy, because most of them have lost their distinctive topographic limits. The natural first level of subdivision of the city is into the right and left banks of the Mtkvari river. </p><p>The names of the oldest neighborhoods go back to the early Middle Ages and sometimes pose a great linguistic interest. The newest whole-built developments bear chiefly residential marketing names. </p><p>In 19th-century Tbilisi, the Georgian quarter was confined to the southeastern part of the city; Baedeker describes the layout succinctly: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the north part of the town, on the left bank of the Kurá and to the south of the railway station, stretches the clean German Quarter, formerly occupied by German immigrants from Württemberg (1818). To the south is the Gruzinian or Georgian Quarter (Avlabár). On the right bank of the Kurá is the Russian Quarter, the seat of the officials and of the larger business firms. This is adjoined on the south by the Armenian and Persian Bazaars.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Karl Baedeker, <i>Russia: A Handbook for Travelers</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortress_and_Old_Town_of_Tbilisi_at_dusk,_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fortress_and_Old_Town_of_Tbilisi_at_dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Fortress_and_Old_Town_of_Tbilisi_at_dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fortress_and_Old_Town_of_Tbilisi_at_dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Fortress_and_Old_Town_of_Tbilisi_at_dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fortress_and_Old_Town_of_Tbilisi_at_dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Fortress_and_Old_Town_of_Tbilisi_at_dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2943" /></a><figcaption>Tbilisi, especially Old Town, has a complex terrain, with hills and cliffs.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Botanic_Garden,_Tbilisi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Botanic_Garden%2C_Tbilisi.jpg/220px-Botanic_Garden%2C_Tbilisi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Botanic_Garden%2C_Tbilisi.jpg/330px-Botanic_Garden%2C_Tbilisi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Botanic_Garden%2C_Tbilisi.jpg/440px-Botanic_Garden%2C_Tbilisi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Botanical_Garden_of_Georgia" title="National Botanical Garden of Georgia">National Botanical Garden of Georgia</a> in Tbilisi is concealed from view as it resides among the hills of the Sololaki Range.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tbilisi is located in the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">South Caucasus</a> at 41° 43' North and 44° 47' East. The city lies in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Georgia_(country)" title="Eastern Georgia (country)">Eastern Georgia</a> on both banks of the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a> (locally known as Mtkvari). The elevation of the city ranges from 380–770 metres <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> (1,250–2,530 ft) and has the shape of an amphitheatre surrounded by mountains on three sides. To the north, Tbilisi is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Saguramo_Range" title="Saguramo Range">Saguramo Range</a>, to the east and south-east by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iori_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iori Plain (page does not exist)">Iori Plain</a>, to the south and west by various endings (subranges) of the <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Range" title="Trialeti Range">Trialeti Range</a>. </p><p>The relief of Tbilisi is complex. The part of the city which lies on the left bank of the Kura River extends for more than 30 km (19 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Avchala" title="Avchala">Avchala</a> District to River Lochini. The part of the city which lies on the right side of the river, though, is built along the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Range" title="Trialeti Range">Trialeti Range</a>, the slopes of which in many cases descend all the way to the edges of the river. The mountains, therefore, are a significant barrier to urban development on its right bank. This type of a geographic environment creates pockets of very densely developed areas, while other parts of the city are left undeveloped due to the complex topographic relief. </p><p>To the north of the city, a large reservoir (commonly known as the Tbilisi Sea) is fed by irrigation canals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi_sea_09.23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tbilisi_sea_09.23.jpg/220px-Tbilisi_sea_09.23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tbilisi_sea_09.23.jpg/330px-Tbilisi_sea_09.23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tbilisi_sea_09.23.jpg/440px-Tbilisi_sea_09.23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9160" data-file-height="3487" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbilisi Sea">Tbilisi Sea</a>, the city's largest body of water located in the suburbs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tbilisi has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_temperate_climate" title="Humid temperate climate">humid temperate climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Do</a></i>) with considerable <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> influences. The city experiences hot, humid summers and moderately cold dry winters. Like other regions of Georgia, Tbilisi receives significant rainfall throughout the year with no distinct dry period. The city's climate is influenced both by dry (Central Asian/Siberian) air masses from the east and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> (Atlantic/Black Sea) air masses from the west. Because the city is bounded on most sides by mountain ranges, the close proximity to large bodies of water (Black and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Seas</a>) and the fact that the Greater <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> Range (further to the north) blocks the intrusion of cold air masses from Russia, Tbilisi has a relatively mild <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> compared to other cities that possess a similar climate along the same latitudes. </p><p>The average annual temperature in Tbilisi is 13.8 °C (56.8 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 2.7 °C (36.9 °F). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 25.4 °C (77.7 °F). Daytime high temperatures reach or exceed 32 °C (90 °F) on an average of 22 days during a typical year. The absolute minimum recorded temperature is −24.4 °C (−11.9 °F) in January 1883 and the absolute maximum is 42.0 °C (107.6 °F) on 17 July 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average annual precipitation is 511.5 mm (20.1 in). May is the wettest month (averaging 84.0 mm (3.3 in) of precipitation) while January is the driest (averaging 16.4 mm (0.6 in) of precipitation). Snow falls on average 15–25 days per year. The surrounding mountains often trap the clouds within and around the city, mainly during the Spring and Autumn months, resulting in prolonged rainy and/or cloudy weather. Northwesterly winds dominate in most parts of Tbilisi throughout the year. Southeasterly winds are common as well. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Tbilisi (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1881–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(93.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0<br />(98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7<br />(101.7) </td> <td style="background: #F80000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.0<br />(107.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.5<br />(104.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.2<br />(79.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4<br />(47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9<br />(60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.4<br />(−11.9) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.8<br />(−1.8) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.8<br />(9.0) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16<br />(3) </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.5<br />(−4.9) </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.4<br />(−11.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(0.65) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(0.72) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(1.15) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.8<br />(2.51) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.9<br />(3.26) </td> <td style="background: #7DFF7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.0<br />(3.31) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.6<br />(1.64) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(1.55) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8<br />(1.37) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.3<br />(1.82) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(1.35) </td> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(0.82) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">511.5<br />(20.15) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowfall cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.5<br />(10) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #7E7EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">100 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000F7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.7 </td> <td style="background: #0404FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.6 </td> <td style="background: #0D0DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.1 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000DA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000D2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #ACAC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102 </td> <td style="background: #C0C023; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">248 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">206 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164 </td> <td style="background: #B0B085; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103 </td> <td style="background: #A9A9A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,046 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daylight hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #EEEE0C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #F9F926; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF53; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NOAA(humidity, precipitation and days with precip<sup id="cite_ref-Clino91_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clino91-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)(Sunshine hours 1961–1990<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas(snowfall-daylight),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nomadseaon(daily maximum UV 2022-2023)<sup id="cite_ref-UV_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UV-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbilisi Airport">Tbilisi Airport</a> (1981–2010) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2<br />(100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.4<br />(102.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4<br />(99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.2<br />(104.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br />(43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8<br />(44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7<br />(45.9) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3<br />(37.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7<br />(67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−24.1<br />(−11.4) </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.1<br />(8.4) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5<br />(41.9) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.4<br />(20.5) </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.9<br />(12.4) </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−24.1<br />(−11.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E0FFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(0.80) </td> <td style="background: #D3FFD3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(1.04) </td> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8<br />(1.29) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.4<br />(2.22) </td> <td style="background: #7EFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.2<br />(3.39) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.1<br />(2.84) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2<br />(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.8<br />(1.72) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.7<br />(1.68) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.7<br />(1.68) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(1.39) </td> <td style="background: #D9FFD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(0.98) </td> <td style="background: #BBFFBB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">531.6<br />(20.93) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/NCEI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEI">NCEI</a><sup id="cite_ref-WMO_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMO-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Tbilisi" title="Armenians in Tbilisi">Armenians in Tbilisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tbilisoba" title="Tbilisoba">Tbilisoba</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Main ethnic groups of Tbilisi </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#c9c9c9;"> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Georgians </th> <th scope="col">% </th> <th scope="col">Armenians </th> <th scope="col">% </th> <th scope="col">Russians </th> <th scope="col">% </th> <th scope="col">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1780<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>66.7% </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>13.3% </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <th>75,000 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1790<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>44,000 </td> <td>61.1% </td> <td>12,000 </td> <td>16.7% </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <th>72,000 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1801-3<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4,300 </td> <td>21.5% </td> <td>14,860 </td> <td>74.3% </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">–</div> </td> <th>20,000 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1864/65 <small>winter</small><sup id="cite_ref-tiflis_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiflis-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>14,878 </td> <td>24.8% </td> <td>28,404 </td> <td>47.3% </td> <td>12,462 </td> <td>20.7% </td> <th>60,085 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1864/65 <small>summer</small><sup id="cite_ref-tiflis_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiflis-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>14,787 </td> <td>20.8% </td> <td>31,180 </td> <td>43.9% </td> <td>12,142 </td> <td>17.1% </td> <th>71,051 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1876<sup id="cite_ref-Suny1994_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny1994-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>22,156 </td> <td>21.3% </td> <td>37,610 </td> <td>36.1% </td> <td>30,813 </td> <td>29.6% </td> <th>104,024 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1897<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>42,206<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>26.4% </td> <td>47,133<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>29.5% </td> <td>44,823 </td> <td>28.1% </td> <th>159,590 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1916<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>37,584 </td> <td>10.8% </td> <td>149,294 </td> <td>43.1% </td> <td>91,997 </td> <td>26.5% </td> <th>346,766 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1926<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>112,014 </td> <td>38.1% </td> <td>100,148 </td> <td>34.1% </td> <td>45,937 </td> <td>15.6% </td> <th>294,044 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1939<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>228,394 </td> <td>44% </td> <td>137,331 </td> <td>26.4% </td> <td>93,337 </td> <td>18% </td> <th>519,220 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1959<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>336,257 </td> <td>48.4% </td> <td>149,258 </td> <td>21.5% </td> <td>125,674 </td> <td>18.1% </td> <th>694,664 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1970<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>511,379 </td> <td>57.5% </td> <td>150,205 </td> <td>16.9% </td> <td>124,316 </td> <td>14% </td> <th>889,020 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1979<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>653,242 </td> <td>62.1% </td> <td>152,767 </td> <td>14.5% </td> <td>129,122 </td> <td>12.3% </td> <th>1,052,734 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1989<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>824,412 </td> <td>66.1% </td> <td>150,138 </td> <td>12.0% </td> <td>124,867 </td> <td>10.0% </td> <th>1,246,936 </th></tr> <tr> <td>2002<sup id="cite_ref-statistics2002_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics2002-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>910,712 </td> <td>84.2% </td> <td>82,586 </td> <td>7.6% </td> <td>32,580 </td> <td>3% </td> <th>1,081,679 </th></tr> <tr> <td>2014<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2014_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2014-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>996,804 </td> <td>89.9% </td> <td>53,409 </td> <td>4.8% </td> <td>13,350 </td> <td>1.2% </td> <th>1,108,717 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a multiethnic city, Tbilisi is home to more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> groups. Around 90% of the population consists of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, with significant populations of other ethnic groups such as <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Tbilisi" title="Armenians in Tbilisi">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>. Along with the above-mentioned groups, Tbilisi is home to other ethnic groups including <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronald_Grigor_Suny_1994_116_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronald_Grigor_Suny_1994_116-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiflis_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiflis-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suny1994_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suny1994-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-statistics2002_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics2002-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sameba_Cathedral,_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Dusk,_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sameba_Cathedral%2C_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Sameba_Cathedral%2C_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sameba_Cathedral%2C_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Sameba_Cathedral%2C_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Sameba_Cathedral%2C_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Sameba_Cathedral%2C_Holy_Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Dusk%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Sameba Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>More than 95% of the residents of Tbilisi practise some form of Christianity (the most predominant of which is the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian Orthodox Church</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, which is in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the Georgian Orthodox Church, and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> have significant followings as well. A minority of the population (around 1.5%) practises <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>), while about 0.1% of Tbilisi's population practises <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church and the <a href="/wiki/Yezidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidism">Yazidi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ezid_Temple" title="Sultan Ezid Temple">Sultan Ezid Temple</a> can be found in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_UEFA_Super_Cup_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2015_UEFA_Super_Cup_11.jpg/220px-2015_UEFA_Super_Cup_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2015_UEFA_Super_Cup_11.jpg/330px-2015_UEFA_Super_Cup_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/2015_UEFA_Super_Cup_11.jpg/440px-2015_UEFA_Super_Cup_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>Preparations for the <a href="/wiki/2015_UEFA_Super_Cup" title="2015 UEFA Super Cup">2015 UEFA Super Cup</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Boris_Paichadze_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Paichadze Stadium">Dinamo Arena</a> in Tbilisi</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the beginning of the 19th century, sports such as horse-riding (<a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> in particular), <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marksmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Marksmanship">marksmanship</a> were the most popular city sports. Influence from the Russian Empire brought more Western sports and activities (billiards, fencing) to Tbilisi. </p><p>The Soviet period brought an increased popularization of sports that were common in Europe and, to a certain extent, the United States. At the same time, Tbilisi developed the necessary infrastructure for professional sports. By 1978, the city had around 250 large and small sports facilities, including, among others, four indoor and six outdoor Olympic-sized pools, 185 basketball courts and halls, 192 volleyball facilities, 82 <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a> arenas, 19 tennis courts, 31 football fields, and five stadiums. The largest stadium in Tbilisi is the <a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinamo Arena">Dinamo Arena</a> (55,000 seats) and the second-largest is the <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Meskhi_Stadium" title="Mikheil Meskhi Stadium">Mikheil Meskhi Stadium</a> (24,680 seats). The <a href="/wiki/Sports_Palace_(Tbilisi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports Palace (Tbilisi)">Sports Palace</a>, which usually hosts basketball games with high attendance and tennis tournaments, can seat about 11,000 people. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vere_Basketball_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vere Basketball Hall (page does not exist)">Vere Basketball Hall</a> is a smaller <a href="/wiki/Indoor_arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor arena">indoor sports arena</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a> of 2,500. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Tbilisi, followed by <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a>. It has several professional football and rugby teams, as well as wrestling clubs. U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a> players <a href="/wiki/Zaza_Pachulia" title="Zaza Pachulia">Zaza Pachulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Tskitishvili" title="Nikoloz Tskitishvili">Nikoloz Tskitishvili</a> are Tbilisi natives. Outside of professional sports, the city has a number of intercollegiate and amateur sports teams and clubs. </p><p>Tbilisi's signature football club, <a href="/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Tbilisi" title="FC Dinamo Tbilisi">Dinamo Tbilisi</a>, has not won a major European championship since the <a href="/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_European_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" title="1980–81 European Cup Winners' Cup">1980–1981</a> season, when it won the European <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" title="UEFA Cup Winners' Cup">UEFA Cup Winners' Cup</a> and became the easternmost team in Europe to achieve the feat. The basketball club Dinamo Tbilisi won the <a href="/wiki/Euroleague" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroleague">Euroleague</a> in <a href="/wiki/FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_1961-62" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA European Champions Cup 1961-62">1962</a>, but also never repeated any such feat. </p><p>Tbilisi hosted Group A matches for the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2022" title="EuroBasket 2022">EuroBasket 2022</a> at the new 10,000-seat Tbilisi Arena (next to the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Palace" title="Olympic Palace">Olympic Palace</a>), as one of the tournament co-hosts alongside Czech Republic (Prague), Germany (Berlin, Cologne), and Italy (Milan).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>Stadium </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lelo_Saracens" title="Lelo Saracens">Lelo Saracens</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> </td> <td>Lelo Sport Centre </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RC_Armazi_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="RC Armazi Tbilisi">RC Armazi Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shevardeni_Stadium" title="Shevardeni Stadium">Shevardeni Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RC_Locomotive_Tbilisi" title="RC Locomotive Tbilisi">RC Locomotive Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> </td> <td>Avchala Stadium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RC_Army_Tbilisi" title="RC Army Tbilisi">RC Army Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> </td> <td>Avchala Stadium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Tbilisi" title="FC Dinamo Tbilisi">FC Dinamo Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boris_Paichadze_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Paichadze Stadium">Boris Paichadze Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Lokomotivi_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Lokomotivi Tbilisi">FC Lokomotivi Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Meskhi_Stadium" title="Mikheil Meskhi Stadium">Mikheil Meskhi Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Saburtalo_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Saburtalo Tbilisi">FC Saburtalo Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td>Bendela Stadium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_WIT_Georgia" title="FC WIT Georgia">FC WIT Georgia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> </td> <td>Mikheil Meskhi Stadium #2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_Dinamo_Tbilisi" title="BC Dinamo Tbilisi">BC Dinamo Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sports_Palace" title="Tbilisi Sports Palace">Tbilisi Sports Palace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_TSU_Tbilisi" title="BC TSU Tbilisi">BC TSU Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sports_Palace" title="Tbilisi Sports Palace">Tbilisi Sports Palace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_MIA_Academy" title="BC MIA Academy">BC MIA Academy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sports_Palace" title="Tbilisi Sports Palace">Tbilisi Sports Palace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BC_Armia" class="mw-redirect" title="BC Armia">BC Armia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sports_Palace" title="Tbilisi Sports Palace">Tbilisi Sports Palace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Brinkford_Tbilisi" title="Maccabi Brinkford Tbilisi">Maccabi Brinkford Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sports_Palace" title="Tbilisi Sports Palace">Tbilisi Sports Palace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/B.C._VITA_Tbilisi" title="B.C. VITA Tbilisi">B.C. VITA Tbilisi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sports_Palace" title="Tbilisi Sports Palace">Tbilisi Sports Palace</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large majority of Georgia's media companies (including television, newspaper, and radio) are headquartered in Tbilisi. The city is home to the popular television channels <a href="/wiki/Rustavi_2" title="Rustavi 2">Rustavi 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imedi_Media_Holding" title="Imedi Media Holding">Imedi</a>, <a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="ka:TV პირველი">TV Pirveli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mtavari_Arkhi" title="Mtavari Arkhi">Mtavari Arkhi</a>, <a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" class="extiw" title="ka:ფორმულა (ტელეკომპანია)">Formula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maestro_(TV_channel)" title="Maestro (TV channel)">Maestro</a>, and the Public Broadcasting Channel, among others. Tbilisi's television market has experienced notable changes since 2019, when changes in the ownership of Rustavi 2 prompted many of its employees to leave and partake in the creation of new television channels, namely Mtavari Arkhi and TV Formula. </p><p>Tbilisi has a number of newspaper publishing houses. Some of the most noteworthy newspapers include the daily <i>24 Saati</i> ("24 Hours"), <i>Rezonansi</i> ("Resonance"), <i>Alia</i>, the English-language daily <i>The Messenger</i>, weekly <i>FINANCIAL, Georgia Today</i>, and the English-language weekly <i>The Georgian Times</i>. Out of the city's radio stations Imedi Radio (105.9 <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a>), Fortuna, and Radio 105 are some of the most influential competitors with large national audiences. </p><p>Radio stations in Tbilisi include 5 Lines Radio (93.8 FM), Europe +Tbilisi (99.6 FM), and Georgian Patriarchy Radio (105.4 FM).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rustaveli_National_Theater_in_Georgia_(Europe),_built_19th_century_in_Rococo_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rustaveli_National_Theater_in_Georgia_%28Europe%29%2C_built_19th_century_in_Rococo_style.jpg/220px-Rustaveli_National_Theater_in_Georgia_%28Europe%29%2C_built_19th_century_in_Rococo_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rustaveli_National_Theater_in_Georgia_%28Europe%29%2C_built_19th_century_in_Rococo_style.jpg/330px-Rustaveli_National_Theater_in_Georgia_%28Europe%29%2C_built_19th_century_in_Rococo_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Rustaveli_National_Theater_in_Georgia_%28Europe%29%2C_built_19th_century_in_Rococo_style.jpg/440px-Rustaveli_National_Theater_in_Georgia_%28Europe%29%2C_built_19th_century_in_Rococo_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rustaveli_Theatre" title="Rustaveli Theatre">Rustaveli Theatre</a> seen on the <a href="/wiki/Rustaveli_Avenue" title="Rustaveli Avenue">Rustaveli Avenue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The architecture in the city is a mixture of local (Georgian) and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a>, Middle Eastern, and Soviet modern styles.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very few buildings survived the destruction of the city in 1795, so most historical buildings in Tbilisi date to the Russian Imperial period (1801–1917). The oldest parts of the city (Kala, Abanotubani, Avlabari) were largely rebuilt on their medieval street plans, and some old houses were even rebuilt on much older foundations. The areas of downtown Tbilisi which were developed according to a European-style plan by Russian authorities (Sololaki, Rustaveli Avenue, Vera, etc.) have a Western appearance, with a mix of styles popular in Europe at the time: Beaux Arts, Orientalist, and various period revival styles. </p><p>Tbilisi is most notable for its abundance of Art Nouveau buildings and details (common in Sololaki and Chughureti), which flourished from the mid-1890s to through the end of Russian rule. Art Nouveau was decreed as bourgeois by communist authorities, who introduced experimental modern architecture. The more conservative and historically inflected <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a> in Georgia is embodied by the 1938 Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute building ("Imeli"), now housing the <a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Hotel_Tbilisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biltmore Hotel Tbilisi">Biltmore Hotel Tbilisi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Tbilisi,_Ulica_Erekle_II_(03).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Ulica_Erekle_II_%2803%29.jpg/170px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Ulica_Erekle_II_%2803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Ulica_Erekle_II_%2803%29.jpg/255px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Ulica_Erekle_II_%2803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/2014_Tbilisi%2C_Ulica_Erekle_II_%2803%29.jpg/340px-2014_Tbilisi%2C_Ulica_Erekle_II_%2803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="3881" /></a><figcaption>Open-air cafés in <a href="/wiki/Old_Tbilisi" title="Old Tbilisi">Old Tbilisi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tbilisi's postwar architecture is similar to the brand of midcentury modernism found across the Soviet Union. The city expanded dramatically in response to a housing crisis after World War II. Entire neighborhoods (Saburtalo, Dighomi) appeared on the outskirts of the city in a matter of decades, built with advances in mass-production technology. Georgian architects produced some of the Soviet Union's most interesting architectural achievements, including Tbilisi's 1975 <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Georgia_headquarters" title="Bank of Georgia headquarters">Ministry of Roads</a> and the 1984 <a href="/wiki/Wedding_Palace_(Tbilisi)" title="Wedding Palace (Tbilisi)">Wedding Palace</a>. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the urban landscape is largely characterized by unregulated construction. New towers occupy formerly public spaces and overcrowded apartment buildings sprout "kamikaze loggia" overnight. Since 2004, the city government has taken initiatives to curb uncontrolled construction projects with mixed success. Tbilisi now has several skyscraper complexes, such as the <a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="ka:აქსის თაუერსი">Axis Towers</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilton_Garden_Inn_Tbilisi_Chavchavadze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilton Garden Inn Tbilisi Chavchavadze (page does not exist)">Hilton Garden Inn Tbilisi Chavchavadze</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holiday_Inn_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holiday Inn Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Holiday Inn Tbilisi</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_David_Residences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King David Residences (page does not exist)">King David Residences</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_museums_and_galleries">Art museums and galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Art museums and galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a> gathers several important museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Shalva_Amiranashvili_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalva Amiranashvili Museum of Fine Arts">Art Museum of Georgia</a>. The Museum of Modern Art was founded in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. WP:FORBESCON (August 2024)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> Two independent contemporary art organizations, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunsthalle_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunsthalle Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Kunsthalle Tbilisi</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Open Space of Experimental Art,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were founded in 2018. Among many other museums, there are the <a href="/wiki/Giorgi_Leonidze_State_Museum_of_Literature" title="Giorgi Leonidze State Museum of Literature">Giorgi Leonidze State Museum of Literature</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_House_of_Georgia" title="Writer's House of Georgia">Writer's House of Georgia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Opera_House._Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/National_Opera_House._Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-National_Opera_House._Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/National_Opera_House._Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-National_Opera_House._Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/National_Opera_House._Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-National_Opera_House._Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5873" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre">Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The city has important theatre and music institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Conservatoire" title="Tbilisi State Conservatoire">Tbilisi State Conservatoire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Opera_and_Ballet_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre">Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rustaveli_State_Academic_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustaveli State Academic Theater">Shota Rustaveli State Academic Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marjanishvili_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Marjanishvili Theater">Marjanishvili State Academic Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rezo_Gabriadze" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezo Gabriadze">Rezo Gabriadze</a> Marionette Theatre and Royal District Theatre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film_Festival">Film Festival</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Film Festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbilisi International Film Festival">Tbilisi International Film Festival</a> (TIFF) is hosted by the Cinema Art Center, Prometheus. It was first held in 2000, within a larger framework of festivals called Gift, until the Prometheus centre was established in 2002, after which it has been held there.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located at 164 Agmashenebeli Avenue.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Book_Capital">World Book Capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: World Book Capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tbilisi was designated as the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a> for 2021 by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georgia's growing popularity as an international tourist destination has put Tbilisi on the global travel map. With the country hosting more than 9 million international visitors in 2019, the capital saw major investments in the hospitality industry. It now is the leading tourist destination in the region, offering exquisite cityscapes, Art Deco, Russian, Eastern and Soviet architecture, national museums and galleries, cultural attractions, festivals, historical landmarks and exceptional, traditional Georgian cuisine along with a wide range of international restaurants. The city is well-known, due to its complicated history, as a melting pot of cultures, a diverse metropolis with a palette of attractions.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Tbilisi" title="List of museums in Tbilisi">List of museums in Tbilisi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery,_Rustaveli_Avenue,_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/National_Gallery%2C_Rustaveli_Avenue%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-National_Gallery%2C_Rustaveli_Avenue%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/National_Gallery%2C_Rustaveli_Avenue%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-National_Gallery%2C_Rustaveli_Avenue%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/National_Gallery%2C_Rustaveli_Avenue%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-National_Gallery%2C_Rustaveli_Avenue%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Art_Gallery" title="Tbilisi Art Gallery">Tbilisi Art Gallery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tbilisi has important landmarks and sightseeing locations. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a> and the government (<a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Chancellery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Chancellery (page does not exist)">State Chancellery</a>) buildings of Georgia, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Supreme Court of Georgia (country)">Supreme Court of Georgia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sameba_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sameba Cathedral">Sameba Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vorontsov" title="Vorontsov">Vorontsov</a>'s Palace (also known as the Children's Palace today), the <a href="/wiki/National_Parliamentary_Library_of_Georgia" title="National Parliamentary Library of Georgia">National Public Library of the Parliament of Georgia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">National Bank of Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Circus" title="Tbilisi Circus">Tbilisi Circus</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_Peace_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bridge of Peace (Georgia)">The Bridge of Peace</a>, and many state museums are in Tbilisi. During the Soviet times, Tbilisi continuously ranked in the top four cities in the Soviet Union for the number of museums. </p><p>Out of the city's historic landmarks, the most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Narikala_fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Narikala fortress">Narikala fortress</a> (4th–17th century), <a href="/wiki/Anchiskhati_Basilica" title="Anchiskhati Basilica">Anchiskhati Basilica</a> (6th century, built up in the 16th century), <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Sioni_Cathedral" title="Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral">Sioni Cathedral</a> (8th century, later rebuilt), and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Metekhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Metekhi">Church of Metekhi</a>, Open Air Museum of Ethnography, Sulfur Bath, and Tbilisi Old City. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leghvtakhevi_or_Abanotubani,_Tbilisi_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leghvtakhevi_or_Abanotubani%2C_Tbilisi_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_17.jpg/220px-Leghvtakhevi_or_Abanotubani%2C_Tbilisi_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leghvtakhevi_or_Abanotubani%2C_Tbilisi_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_17.jpg/330px-Leghvtakhevi_or_Abanotubani%2C_Tbilisi_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Leghvtakhevi_or_Abanotubani%2C_Tbilisi_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_17.jpg/440px-Leghvtakhevi_or_Abanotubani%2C_Tbilisi_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abanotubani" title="Abanotubani">Abanotubani</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nightlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beyond traditional attractions, Tbilisi has developed burgeoning nightclub culture which started to attract international media attention in the 2010s. The leading clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Bassiani" title="Bassiani">Bassiani</a>, Mtkvarze, Khidi, and Café Gallery have featured major international DJs as well as local performers. Due to the growing queer nightlife scene the city is also home to several underground <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ+">LGBTQ+</a> venues.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vake_District,_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vake_District%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Vake_District%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vake_District%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Vake_District%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vake_District%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Vake_District%2C_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>High-rise residential and office buildings in <a href="/wiki/Vake,_Tbilisi" title="Vake, Tbilisi">Vake</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With a nominal GDP of 32 billion <a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Georgian lari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>10 billion) in 2022, Tbilisi is the economic center of the country, generating more than half of Georgia's GDP. Its GDP per capita of 26,769 Georgian lari (€8,700) is exceeding the national average by more than 50 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-gdp_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gdp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service sector itself is dominated by the wholesale and retail trade sector, reflecting the role of Tbilisi as transit and logistics hub for the country and the South Caucasus. The manufacturing sector contributes only 12 percent to Tbilisi's GDP, but is much larger, by employment and total value added, than the manufacturing sectors in any other region of Georgia. The unemployment rate in Tbilisi is – with 22.5 percent – significantly higher in Tbilisi than in the regions.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1000074_(8849563928).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P1000074_%288849563928%29.jpg/220px-P1000074_%288849563928%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P1000074_%288849563928%29.jpg/330px-P1000074_%288849563928%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/P1000074_%288849563928%29.jpg/440px-P1000074_%288849563928%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_International_Airport" title="Tbilisi International Airport">Tbilisi International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The public transport system and the relevant infrastructure in Tbilisi is primarily managed by the Transport and Urban Development Agency. After decades of poor transport services and the prioritization of private vehicles, the city has invested heavily in developing a green, extensive and diverse public transit network since the 2010s. Today, the city is served by an international airport, metro and national rail services, municipal buses, minibuses, cabs, cable cars, bike lanes and a funicular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airport">Airport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Airport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_International_Airport" title="Tbilisi International Airport">Tbilisi International Airport</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_International_Airport" title="Tbilisi International Airport">Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport</a> is Tbilisi's only international airport, located about 18 kilometres (11 miles) southeast of the city center. Handling 2.99 million passengers in 2022, it is the busiest airport in Georgia and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_former_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the busiest airports in the former USSR">twentieth busiest airport in the former Soviet Union</a>. The airport has been rapidly growing over the past decade, handling more than 3.56 million passengers in 11 months of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a hub for the national carrier <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Airways" title="Georgian Airways">Georgian Airways</a> and Georgian-Chinese start-up <a href="/wiki/MyWay_Airlines" title="MyWay Airlines">Myway Airlines</a>. Various international carriers serve routes to major European and Asian hubs, such as London, Munich, Berlin, Amsterdam, Dubai, Brussels, Milan, Vienna, Paris, and Doha. The Irish ultra-low-cost carrier <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> started operating from the airport in 2019. </p><p>Tbilisi International Airport in 2016 started to utilize solar energy and became the first "green airport" in the Caucasus region in 2008. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Natakhtari_Airfield" title="Natakhtari Airfield">Natakhtari Airfield</a>, located 33 km north of Tbilisi in the town of <a href="/wiki/Natakhtari" title="Natakhtari">Natakhtari</a>, is a domestic airport serving the capital on routes to <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mestia" title="Mestia">Mestia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrolauri" title="Ambrolauri">Ambrolauri</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merto_Station_TAVISUPLEBIS_MOEDANI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Merto_Station_TAVISUPLEBIS_MOEDANI.jpg/220px-Merto_Station_TAVISUPLEBIS_MOEDANI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Merto_Station_TAVISUPLEBIS_MOEDANI.jpg/330px-Merto_Station_TAVISUPLEBIS_MOEDANI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Merto_Station_TAVISUPLEBIS_MOEDANI.jpg/440px-Merto_Station_TAVISUPLEBIS_MOEDANI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Metro" title="Tbilisi Metro">Tbilisi Metro</a>, known for its depth, provides 9 million rides per month.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi_Funicular,_Georgia_(50494491213).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tbilisi_Funicular%2C_Georgia_%2850494491213%29.jpg/220px-Tbilisi_Funicular%2C_Georgia_%2850494491213%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tbilisi_Funicular%2C_Georgia_%2850494491213%29.jpg/330px-Tbilisi_Funicular%2C_Georgia_%2850494491213%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Tbilisi_Funicular%2C_Georgia_%2850494491213%29.jpg/440px-Tbilisi_Funicular%2C_Georgia_%2850494491213%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tbilisi Funicular</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi%27s_new_city_bus_-_MAN_Lion%27s_city_A21_CNG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tbilisi%27s_new_city_bus_-_MAN_Lion%27s_city_A21_CNG.jpg/220px-Tbilisi%27s_new_city_bus_-_MAN_Lion%27s_city_A21_CNG.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tbilisi%27s_new_city_bus_-_MAN_Lion%27s_city_A21_CNG.jpg/330px-Tbilisi%27s_new_city_bus_-_MAN_Lion%27s_city_A21_CNG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tbilisi%27s_new_city_bus_-_MAN_Lion%27s_city_A21_CNG.jpg/440px-Tbilisi%27s_new_city_bus_-_MAN_Lion%27s_city_A21_CNG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tbilisi's municipal bus <a href="/wiki/MAN_Lion%27s_City" title="MAN Lion's City">MAN Lion's City</a> at Shota Rustaveli Ave.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gare_du_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9ph%C3%A9rique_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gare_du_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9ph%C3%A9rique_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Gare_du_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9ph%C3%A9rique_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gare_du_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9ph%C3%A9rique_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Gare_du_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9ph%C3%A9rique_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gare_du_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9ph%C3%A9rique_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Gare_du_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9ph%C3%A9rique_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Aerial tramway connecting Europe Square to <a href="/wiki/Narikala" title="Narikala">Narikala</a>, the fortress that overlooks the city.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Metro" title="Tbilisi Metro">Tbilisi Metro</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Metro" title="Tbilisi Metro">Tbilisi Metro</a> serves the city with <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> subway services. More than 400,000 journeys are made on the system every single day. It was the Soviet Union's fourth metro system. Construction began in 1952 and was finished in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system operates two lines, the <a href="/wiki/Akhmeteli-Varketili_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmeteli-Varketili Line">Akhmeteli-Varketili Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Saburtalo_Line" title="Saburtalo Line">Saburtalo Line</a>. It has 23 stations and 186 metro cars. Most stations, characteristic to Soviet-built metro systems, are extravagantly decorated. Trains run from 6:00 am to midnight. Due to the uneven ground, the rail lines run above ground in some areas. Two of the stations are above ground. </p><p>In 2020, it was announced by the city government that the metro system is set for a major upgrade with the renovation of all stations, targeting more sustainable and modern design, as well as step-free wheelchair accessibility. Moreover, Tbilisi will purchase 40 new, modern train cars, or 10 trains, becoming the first major rolling stock upgrade in the network's more than 50-year-old history.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third overground line is planned to connect central Tbilisi with suburbs and <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_International_Airport" title="Tbilisi International Airport">Tbilisi International Airport</a> with a possible extension to <a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a>, 30 km east of Tbilisi.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tbilisi is the busiest intersection of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Railways">Georgian Railways</a> services, primarily centred within <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_railway_station" title="Tbilisi railway station">Tbilisi Central Railway Station</a>. From there, the national rail operator offers inter-city services to <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zugdidi" title="Zugdidi">Zugdidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozurgeti" title="Ozurgeti">Ozurgeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a> and other large cities, as well as several suburban rail services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buses">Buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tbilisi's bus network forms a crucial backbone of the city's transit system. For almost a decade, up to 700 outdated buses of various size were serving the city, majority of them were <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_(bus_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan (bus company)">Bogdan</a> A144 and A092 models. Nowadays the city has an extensive network of municipal buses, including a growing number of night bus services. In August 2020, the mayor of Tbilisi <a href="/wiki/Kakha_Kaladze" title="Kakha Kaladze">Kakha Kaladze</a> announced major changes in the existing public transit system. Notably, the city will have 10 <a href="/wiki/Bus_Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus Rapid Transit">Bus Rapid Transit</a> corridors in the near future, served by large 18-meter-long buses running at significantly shorter intervals. These services are named TBT (Tbilisi Bus Transit) lines and are indexed numbers from 300 until 310. Besides the TBT lines, the new system includes 44 city and 185 local lines, totalling up to over 240 bus routes within the city.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial reorganization of the bus network started in 2016 when then-mayor <a href="/wiki/Davit_Narmania" title="Davit Narmania">Davit Narmania</a> started an ambitious project in efforts to revamp the outdated fleet. Under his city government, 143 energy-efficient <a href="/wiki/MAN_Lion%27s_City" title="MAN Lion's City">MAN Lion's City</a> buses were purchased and delivered in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in 2018, a tender was announced to order 90 new buses. Tegeta Truck & Bus won the tender and delivered 90 Man Lion's City low floor buses to the city in early 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, the city purchased more than 400 new buses from two different manufacturers, including 12-meter-long, low floor BMC vehicles and shorter, 8.5-meter-long Isuzu city buses. It was also announced that the city will buy 200 18-meter-long articulated buses in the near future in hopes of further expanding the city's bus network and decreasing intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cycling has become increasingly popular among the residents of Tbilisi over the past few years. For decades, this green mode of transport was seen unfit for the mountainous and uneven terrain of the city. However, as the city's government started introducing new bike lanes across the city, a rising number of people turned towards bikes for regular use. One of the first major central Tbilisi bike lanes opened along Pekini Avenue in 2017, following a long rehabilitation process.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2.8 meter wide lane failed to attract regular users amid the lack of a greater, city-wide network. Soon the city unveiled more bike lanes, including within recreational areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Botanical_Garden_of_Georgia" title="National Botanical Garden of Georgia">National Botanical Garden of Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisi_Lake" title="Lisi Lake">Lisi Lake</a>. </p><p>The expansion of the city's <a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">cycling infrastructure</a> network was significantly accelerated during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> as cities across the globe started organizing pop-up bike lanes. Tbilisi joined the global trend, unveiling cycling lanes in city's central areas, such as Vake, Vera and the bank of the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a>. Following these changes, the total length of Tbilisi's bike lanes increased from 2 km in 2019 to over 20 km in 2020. The head of the city's transport department told Euronews Georgia that Tbilisi is working on a 20-year long urban mobility development strategy. According to the plan, the total length of the bike lane network will eventually reach 350 km across the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram">Tram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Tram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Tbilisi" title="Trams in Tbilisi">Trams in Tbilisi</a></div> <p>Tbilisi had a tram network starting in 1883 with horse-driven trams, followed by electric trams in 1904. After the Soviet Union disintegrated, due to electricity deficit the electric transport went into decline, and finally the only tram line left was closed on 4 December 2006, along with the two remaining trolleybus lines.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were plans to construct a modern tram network.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minibus">Minibus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Minibus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a long time, the most dominant form of transport was the <a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">minibus</a> network. An elaborate minibus system grew in Tbilisi over the early 2000s. Amid the lack of public funding and rundown infrastructure, minibuses emerged as a private initiative and a short-term solution to the city's transportation problem. In 2019, the company operating yellow minibuses in Tbilisi was asked to replace the entire fleet by the end of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the process was slowed down and only 300 minibuses were replaced. The mayor of Tbilisi announced that the number of minibuses in Tbilisi will gradually decrease, eventually vanishing from Tbilisi's streets. </p><p>In addition to the city, several lines also serve the surrounding countryside of Tbilisi. Throughout the city, a fixed price is paid regardless of the distance (80 or 50 <a href="/wiki/Tetri" title="Tetri">tetri</a> in 2018). For longer trips outside the city, higher fares are common. As of April 2018, there are no predefined stops for the minibus lines, except 14 streets;<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are hailed from the streets like taxis and each passenger can exit whenever they prefer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aerial_tramways">Aerial tramways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Aerial tramways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the city had seven different aerial tramways, but many of them closed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. </p><p>Since 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">gondola lift</a> has operated between Rike Park and the <a href="/wiki/Narikala_fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Narikala fortress">Narikala fortress</a>; each gondola can carry up to eight people. The system was built by the Italian manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Leitner_Ropeways" title="Leitner Ropeways">Leitner Ropeways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 October 2016, the Turtle Lake aerial tramway (originally opened in 1965) reopened after seven years out of service. It underwent major reconstruction but kept the old designs of gondolas and stations. This tramway connects <a href="/wiki/Vake_Park" title="Vake Park">Vake Park</a> with <a href="/wiki/Turtle_Lake_(Tbilisi)" title="Turtle Lake (Tbilisi)">Turtle Lake</a>. </p><p>On 19 April 2021, another Soviet-era aerial tramway between the State University (Maglivi) and the University Campus (Bagebi) in Saburtalo District (originally opened in 1982) was opened after reconstruction works took place in 2016–2018. The original Italian cabins, produced by Lovisolo and provided by Ceretti & Tanfani, with a capacity of 40 passengers each, were kept, as were the stations. </p><p>In 1990, one of the main aerial trams experienced a major malfunction, causing the <a href="/wiki/1990_Tbilisi_aerial_tramway_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Tbilisi aerial tramway accident">1990 Tbilisi aerial tramway accident</a> and remaining closed ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since October 2017, the aerial tram has been under reconstruction, keeping the old culturally significant lower station but with plans for new gondolas, masts, upper station and other infrastructure. The project is carried out by <a href="/wiki/Doppelmayr_Garaventa_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppelmayr Garaventa Group">Doppelmayr Garaventa Group</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funicular">Funicular</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Funicular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tbilisi funicular reopened in 2012 after a multi-year closure. It is a ropeway railway first built in 1905, connecting Chonkadze Street and <a href="/wiki/Mtatsminda_Park" title="Mtatsminda Park">Mtatsminda Park</a>, and covering almost 300 m (980 ft) in altitude difference. The top of the hill is the highest point of the city, offering many different views of Tbilisi, and is home to the <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_TV_Broadcasting_Tower" title="Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower">Tbilisi TV Broadcasting Tower</a> as well as some amusement rides, including a rollercoaster and a ferris wheel. </p><p>The half-way station of the funicular is located near the <a href="/wiki/Mtatsminda_Pantheon" title="Mtatsminda Pantheon">Mtatsminda Pantheon</a>, providing easy access to the necropolis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classical_School_No.1_of_Tbilisi,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Classical_School_No.1_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/220px-Classical_School_No.1_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Classical_School_No.1_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/330px-Classical_School_No.1_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Classical_School_No.1_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg/440px-Classical_School_No.1_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3036" /></a><figcaption>Public School Number 1 of Tbilisi, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">First Classical Gymnasium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tbilisi is home to several major institutions of higher education, including the Tbilisi State Medical University and the Petre Shotadze Tbilisi Medical Academy, famous for their internationally recognized medical education systems. The biggest Georgian university is <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a> (TSU), which was established on 8 February 1918. TSU is the oldest university in the whole Caucasus region, with up to 25,000 students enrolled and approximately 5,000 faculty members and staff (collaborators).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tbilisi is also home to the largest medical university in the Caucasus region – <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Medical_University" title="Tbilisi State Medical University">Tbilisi State Medical University</a>, which was founded as the Tbilisi Medical Institute in 1918 and became the Faculty of Medicine within the Tbilisi State University in 1930. Tbilisi State Medical Institute was renamed to Medical University in 1992. Since it operates as an independent educational institution, it has become one of the highest-ranking state-supported institutions of higher education in the Caucasus region. As of 2023, there are over 7,000 undergraduate and 3,000 postgraduate students at the university, of whom about a quarter come from foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Georgia's main and largest technical university, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Technical_University" title="Georgian Technical University">Georgian Technical University</a>, is in Tbilisi. It was founded in 1922 as a polytechnic faculty of the Tbilisi State University. The first lecture was read by world-famous Georgian mathematician Professor Andria Razmadze. It was transformed into an independent institute in 1928, until it was finally granted University status in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi,_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_State_University,_I_Corpus%27s_front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_State_University%2C_I_Corpus%27s_front_view.jpg/220px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_State_University%2C_I_Corpus%27s_front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_State_University%2C_I_Corpus%27s_front_view.jpg/330px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_State_University%2C_I_Corpus%27s_front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_State_University%2C_I_Corpus%27s_front_view.jpg/440px-Tbilisi%2C_Georgia_%E2%80%94_Tbilisi_State_University%2C_I_Corpus%27s_front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a>, Building I</figcaption></figure> <p>Three of the most popular private higher educational institutions in Georgia – <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Georgia_(Tbilisi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)">The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_University" title="Caucasus University">Caucasus University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Tbilisi" title="Free University of Tbilisi">Free University of Tbilisi</a> – are in Tbilisi. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_(Tbilisi)" title="University of Georgia (Tbilisi)">University of Georgia (Tbilisi)</a> is the largest private University in Georgia, with more than 8,000 international and local students.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after its establishment, it became a market leader within the Georgian educational sector. In 2010, the UG received financing from the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) for the development of the university's infrastructure and technical equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Georgia has various undergraduate and graduate programs, and it was the first Georgian university to offer international certificate programs of the Oracle Corporation, Microsoft, Zend Technologies and Cisco Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caucasus University was established in 2004 as an expansion of the Caucasus School of Business (CSB, established in 1998) by a consortium consisting of Tbilisi State University and Georgian Technical University in partnership with Georgia State University (Atlanta, USA).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Free University of Tbilisi was established in 2007 through a merger of two higher education schools: the European School of Management (ESM-Tbilisi) and the Tbilisi Institute of Asia and Africa (TIAA), both of which then became schools within the university. Aside from that, the Free University now comprises six other schools — Law School, Governance and Social Sciences, Visual Arts and Design (VAADS), Mathematics and Computer Science (MACS), Physics, and Doctoral School in Social and Humanitarian Sciences — that deliver academic programs at the undergraduate, graduate and doctorate levels. In addition, Free University conducts a wide array of short-term courses and runs several research centers and summer school programs.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher educational institutions in Tbilisi: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_University" title="Tbilisi State University">Tbilisi State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_State_University" title="Ilia State University">Ilia State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Technical_University" title="Georgian Technical University">Georgian Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Conservatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Tbilisi State Conservatory">Tbilisi State Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli_Theatre_and_Film_University" title="Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University">Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulkhan-Saba_Orbeliani" title="Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani">Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani</a> <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Academy_of_Arts" title="Tbilisi State Academy of Arts">Tbilisi State Academy of Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Georgia_(Tbilisi)" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)">The University of Georgia (Tbilisi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_State_Medical_University" title="Tbilisi State Medical University">Tbilisi State Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_University" title="Caucasus University">Caucasus University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_International_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caucasus International University (page does not exist)">Caucasus International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi_Medical_Academy" title="Tbilisi Medical Academy">Tbilisi Medical Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Tbilisi" title="Free University of Tbilisi">Free University of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Robakidze_University" title="Grigol Robakidze University">Grigol Robakidze University – Alma Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgian_American_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgian American University (page does not exist)">Georgian American University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Black_Sea_University" title="International Black Sea University">International Black Sea University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Institute_of_Public_Affairs" title="Georgian Institute of Public Affairs">Georgian Institute of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Georgia" title="Agricultural University of Georgia">Agricultural University of Georgia</a></li> <li>International School of Economics (ISET)</li> <li>The University of Geomedi</li> <li>New Vision University<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1234px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Tiflis,_Georgia,_2016-09-29,_DD_67-71_PAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Tbilisi from Narikala in 2016."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vista_de_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_67-71_PAN.jpg/1226px-Vista_de_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_67-71_PAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="1226" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vista_de_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_67-71_PAN.jpg/1839px-Vista_de_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_67-71_PAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vista_de_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_67-71_PAN.jpg/2452px-Vista_de_Tiflis%2C_Georgia%2C_2016-09-29%2C_DD_67-71_PAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16348" data-file-height="3999" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Vista_de_Tiflis,_Georgia,_2016-09-29,_DD_67-71_PAN.jpg" title="File:Vista de Tiflis, Georgia, 2016-09-29, DD 67-71 PAN.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Panoramic view of Tbilisi from Narikala in 2016.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expatriate_community">Expatriate community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Expatriate community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tbilisi" title="Special:EditPage/Tbilisi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tbilisi%22">"Tbilisi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tbilisi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tbilisi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tbilisi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tbilisi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tbilisi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tbilisi is home to many foreigners. The number of foreigners living and working in Tbilisi has risen in recent years together with the openings of international schools, businesses, expatriate communities, and online networks. Tbilisi is a very safe city.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the expatriates live in <a href="/wiki/Vake,_Tbilisi" title="Vake, Tbilisi">Vake</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vera,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vera, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Vera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saburtalo_District" title="Saburtalo District">Saburtalo</a>, and Dighomi. </p> <ul><li>IWA, the International Women Association, is a non-profit organization founded in 1996; its members and participants are international and Georgian women.</li> <li>Expats in Tbilisi was an online support network founded by UN and EU staff spouses in Georgia to support expatriates in finding information and all relevant resources in one place.</li> <li>Inter-nation International<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisi_old_city_walls_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tbilisi_old_city_walls_20.jpg/220px-Tbilisi_old_city_walls_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tbilisi_old_city_walls_20.jpg/330px-Tbilisi_old_city_walls_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tbilisi_old_city_walls_20.jpg/440px-Tbilisi_old_city_walls_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of city walls, recently found in central Tbilisi</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg/220px-Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg/330px-Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg/440px-Tbilisser-platz-saarbruecken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Tbilisi Platz in <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Georgia (country)">List of twin towns and sister cities in Georgia (country)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tbilisi is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Germany (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, France (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ljubljana_twinnings_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ljubljana_twinnings-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria (1982)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, United States (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Italy (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, United Kingdom (1988)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bristol_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bristol-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, Spain (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_2_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings_2-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-Chișinău_twinnings_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chișinău_twinnings-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus (2015) (partner since 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey (2016) (partner since 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, Peru (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania (2022)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partnerships">Partnerships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, Ukraine (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Israel (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland<sup id="cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland (2010)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraine (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a>, United States (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, Poland (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic<sup id="cite_ref-Prague_twinnings_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prague_twinnings-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Georgia (country) portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abo_Tbileli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abo Tbileli">Abo Tbileli</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of Tbilisi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline">Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tbilisians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tbilisians">List of Tbilisians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tbilisi is known by its former name <i>Tiflis</i> in a number of major languages, notably in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and others. Pre-1936 <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> sources use <i>Tiflis</i> as well.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denotes the number of native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denotes the number of native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>; the number of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholics">Armenian Catholics</a> was 50,801 or 31.8%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКавказский_календарь_на_1907_год128–129_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEКавказский_календарь_на_1907_год128–129-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geostat.ge/media/61960/1-3-population-by-cities-and-boroughs.xlsx">"Population by regions"</a>. National Statistics Office of Georgia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+regions&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fmedia%2F61960%2F1-3-population-by-cities-and-boroughs.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/191351/1/Konspeqti_Saqartvelos_Itoriidan.pdf">კონსპექტი საქართველოს ისტორიიდან შედგენილი ა. ქუთათელაძისგან</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205054429/http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/191351/1/Konspeqti_Saqartvelos_Itoriidan.pdf">Archived</a> 5 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. რვეული I. თბილისი, სტამბა წიგნების გამომცემელ ქართველთა ამხანაგობისა, 1900. გვერდი 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tbilisi.gov.ge/government/2?lang=en">"Mayor of Tbilisi"</a>. Tbilisi City Hall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040850/http://tbilisi.gov.ge/government/2?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayor+of+Tbilisi&rft.pub=Tbilisi+City+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftbilisi.gov.ge%2Fgovernment%2F2%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geostat.ge/regions/">"Statistics of Tbilisi Region"</a>. National Statistics Office of Georgia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528124101/https://www.geostat.ge/regions/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Tbilisi+Region&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fregions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-ethnic-loc2014.htm">"Ethnic composition of Georgia 2014"</a>. Pop-stat.mashke.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201220100552/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-ethnic-loc2014.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Georgia+2014&rft.pub=Pop-stat.mashke.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fgeorgia-ethnic-loc2014.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gdp-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gdp_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gdp_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/93/regionuli-statistika">"რეგიონული სტატისტიკა"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fka%2Fmodules%2Fcategories%2F93%2Fregionuli-statistika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epd-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epd_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epd_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a></i> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geohistory.today/tbilisi/">"Tbilisi: The Immortal City"</a>. 24 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi%3A+The+Immortal+City&rft.date=2015-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeohistory.today%2Ftbilisi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbilisi.gov.ge/pages/history?lang=en">"History of Tbilisi"</a>. <i>tbilisi.gov.ge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tbilisi.gov.ge&rft.atitle=History+of+Tbilisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftbilisi.gov.ge%2Fpages%2Fhistory%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Everett-Heath, John (2020). "Tbilisi (Tbilisi), Georgia (Tiflis)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-9780191905636-e-7298?rskey=gklvb2&result=2"><i>The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names</i></a> (6 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191905636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191905636"><bdi>978-0191905636</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528124103/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191905636.001.0001/acref-9780191905636-e-7298?rskey=gklvb2&result=2">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>The former name is the Persian pronunciation, which is also used by Russians and Armenians. The present Georgian spelling was adopted in 1936.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tbilisi+%28Tbilisi%29%2C+Georgia+%28Tiflis%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place-Names&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0191905636&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780191905636.001.0001%2Facref-9780191905636-e-7298%3Frskey%3Dgklvb2%26result%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tiflis-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tiflis_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiflis_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tiflis_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/1539743.html"><bdi lang="ka">„როცა ტფილისი გახდა თბილისი."</bdi></a> [When Tiflis became Tbilisi] (in Georgian). Radio Tavisupleba. 17 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528124107/https://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/a/1539743.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90+%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98+%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98.%22&rft.pub=Radio+Tavisupleba&rft.date=2005-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotavisupleba.ge%2Fa%2F1539743.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoarchencyclopedia.ge/ArcheologyEncyclopedia/WebPage/Articles/II-I-East/TreliLB/English/ArticleEngl.html">"ArticleEngl"</a>. <i>geoarchencyclopedia.ge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191215182805/http://geoarchencyclopedia.ge/ArcheologyEncyclopedia/WebPage/Articles/II-I-East/TreliLB/English/ArticleEngl.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geoarchencyclopedia.ge&rft.atitle=ArticleEngl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoarchencyclopedia.ge%2FArcheologyEncyclopedia%2FWebPage%2FArticles%2FII-I-East%2FTreliLB%2FEnglish%2FArticleEngl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcguardia2016" class="citation web cs1">cguardia (3 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isaw.nyu.edu/events/archive/2012/scythians-in-tbilisi">"The Scythians in Tbilisi: Recent Excavations at Treligorebi"</a>. <i>Institute for the Study of the Ancient World</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416181555/http://isaw.nyu.edu/events/archive/2012/scythians-in-tbilisi">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+the+Study+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.atitle=The+Scythians+in+Tbilisi%3A+Recent+Excavations+at+Treligorebi&rft.date=2016-02-03&rft.au=cguardia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisaw.nyu.edu%2Fevents%2Farchive%2F2012%2Fscythians-in-tbilisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2019" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (11 February 2019). <i>Edge of empires : a history of Georgia</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-059-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78914-059-0"><bdi>978-1-78914-059-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1053903394">1053903394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+empires+%3A+a+history+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1053903394&rft.isbn=978-1-78914-059-0&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015242-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze2015242_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195365-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinorsky195365_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinorsky1953">Minorsky 1953</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgianbiography.com/history4.html">"The Golden Age of Georgia"</a>. Dictionary of Georgian National Biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028133708/http://www.georgianbiography.com/history4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Dictionary+of+Georgian+National+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgianbiography.com%2Fhistory4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080101022941/http://www.investingeorgia.info/georgia_profile/country_overview/">"Country Overview"</a>. Invest in Georgia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investingeorgia.info/georgia_profile/country_overview/">the original</a> on 1 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2008</span>. <q>This early Georgian renaissance ... preceded its European analogue by several hundred years</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Overview&rft.pub=Invest+in+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investingeorgia.info%2Fgeorgia_profile%2Fcountry_overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201519-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMikaberidze201519_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMikaberidze2015">Mikaberidze 2015</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroussetGrousset2008" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René; Grousset, René (2008). <i>The empire of the steppes: a history of Central Asia</i> (10. print ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+empire+of+the+steppes%3A+a+history+of+Central+Asia&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.edition=10.+print&rft.pub=Rutgers+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=Grousset%2C+Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1994" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994). <i>The making of the Georgian nation</i>. Eurasian studies history (2. ed.). Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Pr. [u.a.] <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35579-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35579-9"><bdi>978-0-253-35579-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+Georgian+nation&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Ind.&rft.series=Eurasian+studies+history&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Pr.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35579-9&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2013164,_166-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2013164,_166_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2013">Rayfield 2013</a>, pp. 164, 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitchins2001464–470_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHitchins2001">Hitchins 2001</a>, pp. 464–470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERayfield2013166-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERayfield2013166_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRayfield2013">Rayfield 2013</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFloor2008295–296_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFloor2008">Floor 2008</a>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERota2012152-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERota2012152_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRota2012">Rota 2012</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991328–330-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazemzadeh1991328–330_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKazemzadeh1991">Kazemzadeh 1991</a>, pp. 328–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suny, pp. 58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9137125"><i>Relations between Tehran and Moscow, 1797–2014</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501122208/http://www.academia.edu/9137125/Relations_between_Tehran_and_Moscow_1979-2014">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relations+between+Tehran+and+Moscow%2C+1797%E2%80%932014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9137125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy C. Dowling <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&dq=russo+persian+war+1804-1813&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626144341/https://books.google.nl/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728&dq=russo+persian+war+1804-1813&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=QnOXVJXpCcz7UPevhPAK&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=russo%20persian%20war%201804-1813&f=false">Archived</a> 26 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 728–729 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598849486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598849486">978-1598849486</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&dq=alexander+mikaberidze+gulistan+treaty+georgia&pg=PA351"><i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia 2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151211065514/https://books.google.nl/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA351&dq=alexander+mikaberidze+gulistan+treaty+georgia&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAWoVChMIl_W72tP_yAIVwkYPCh3v2gwm#v=onepage&q=alexander%20mikaberidze%20gulistan%20treaty%20georgia&f=false">Archived</a> 11 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ABC-CLIO, 22 jul. 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843378" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843378">978-1598843378</a> p 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Kazemzadeh" title="Firuz Kazemzadeh">Kazemzadeh, Firuz</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWEBAwAAQBAJ&q=1801+persia+loses+georgia+to+russia&pg=PA5"><i>Russia and Britain in Persia: Imperial Ambitions in Qajar Iran</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857721730" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857721730"><bdi>978-0857721730</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401002900/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWEBAwAAQBAJ&q=1801+persia+loses+georgia+to+russia&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Britain+in+Persia%3A+Imperial+Ambitions+in+Qajar+Iran&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0857721730&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaWEBAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1801%2Bpersia%2Bloses%2Bgeorgia%2Bto%2Brussia%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronald_Grigor_Suny_1994_116-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_Grigor_Suny_1994_116_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_Grigor_Suny_1994_116_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Grigor_Suny1994" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Grigor Suny (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA116"><i>The making of the Georgian nation</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 116–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20915-3"><bdi>978-0-253-20915-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322113445/https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+Georgian+nation&rft.pages=116-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20915-3&rft.au=Ronald+Grigor+Suny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208080442/http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rngeorgia.html">"население грузии"</a>. <i>www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rngeorgia.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru%2Frngeorgia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1971–1996" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). <i>The Republic of Armenia</i>. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2"><bdi>0-520-01805-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238471">238471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971%2F1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F238471&rft.isbn=0-520-01805-2&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1971–1996" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). <i>The Republic of Armenia</i>. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2"><bdi>0-520-01805-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238471">238471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971%2F1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F238471&rft.isbn=0-520-01805-2&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1971–1996" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1971–1996). <i>The Republic of Armenia</i>. Vol. 2. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">113–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01805-2"><bdi>0-520-01805-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/238471">238471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971%2F1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F238471&rft.isbn=0-520-01805-2&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">Marshall, David</a> (1962). <i>History of Modern Georgia</i>. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Georgia&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Stephen F. (2005). <i>Socialism in Georgian Colors</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+in+Georgian+Colors&rft.place=London&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_Lang" title="David Marshall Lang">Marshall, David</a> (1962). <i>History of Modern Georgia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Georgia&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFБабенко1983" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Бабенко, Виталий (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/2120/"><bdi lang="ru">...внутри драгоценного круга</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vokrug_Sveta" class="mw-redirect" title="Vokrug Sveta">Vokrug Sveta</a></i> (in Russian). <b>1983</b> (10 (2517)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128112304/http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/vs/article/2120/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vokrug+Sveta&rft.atitle=...%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.volume=1983&rft.issue=10+%282517%29&rft.date=1983-10&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vokrugsveta.ru%2Fvs%2Farticle%2F2120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukhadzeTobias_Moerschen2007" class="citation web cs1">Rukhadze, Vasili; Tobias Moerschen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbg.gov.ge/uploads/workingpaper/nbgwp01.08.pdf">"Analysis of Tbilisi's Real Estate Boom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009073042/http://nbg.gov.ge/uploads/workingpaper/nbgwp01.08.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+Tbilisi%27s+Real+Estate+Boom&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rukhadze&rft.aufirst=Vasili&rft.au=Tobias+Moerschen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbg.gov.ge%2Fuploads%2Fworkingpaper%2Fnbgwp01.08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rustavi2.com/news/news_text.php?id_news=39070&pg=1&im=main">"Rustavi 2"</a>. Rustavi 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715220119/http://www.rustavi2.com/news/news_text.php?id_news=39070&pg=1&im=main">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rustavi+2&rft.pub=Rustavi+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rustavi2.com%2Fnews%2Fnews_text.php%3Fid_news%3D39070%26pg%3D1%26im%3Dmain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergey_Gevenov" class="citation web cs1">Sergey Gevenov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031152/http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=7945">"Tbilisi railway project to start : Story by Nino Edilashvili : Georgia Today on the Web"</a>. Georgiatoday.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=7945">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi+railway+project+to+start+%3A+Story+by+Nino+Edilashvili+%3A+Georgia+Today+on+the+Web&rft.pub=Georgiatoday.ge&rft.au=Sergey+Gevenov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiatoday.ge%2Farticle_details.php%3Fid%3D7945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007010159/http://www.investor.ge/issues/2010_1/10.htm">"Issue 1, 2010 – Tbilisi 2010"</a>. Investor.ge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investor.ge/issues/2010_1/10.htm">the original</a> on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issue+1%2C+2010+%E2%80%93+Tbilisi+2010&rft.pub=Investor.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investor.ge%2Fissues%2F2010_1%2F10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33125879">"Georgia flood: Tbilisi residents warned over zoo animals after devastating flood"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614104452/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33125879">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Georgia+flood%3A+Tbilisi+residents+warned+over+zoo+animals+after+devastating+flood&rft.date=2015-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-33125879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Georgian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=69&kan_det=det&kan_id=140">საქართველოს დედაქალაქის – თბილისის შესახებ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106012551/http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=69&kan_det=det&kan_id=140">Archived</a> 6 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament of Georgia</a>. Retrieved 22 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Population-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Population_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Population_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803010309/http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2014/01_Number%20of%20population%20by%20administrative-territorial%20units%20and%20sex.xls">"Number of population by administrative-territorial units and sex"</a>. <i>geostat.ge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/census/2014/01_Number%20of%20population%20by%20administrative-territorial%20units%20and%20sex.xls">the original</a> on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geostat.ge&rft.atitle=Number+of+population+by+administrative-territorial+units+and+sex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Fcms%2Fsite_images%2F_files%2Fenglish%2Fcensus%2F2014%2F01_Number%2520of%2520population%2520by%2520administrative-territorial%2520units%2520and%2520sex.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Area-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Area_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Area_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbilisi.gov.ge/img/original/2018/6/12/tbilisiinfigures.pdf">Tbilisi in figures 2018</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814193826/https://tbilisi.gov.ge/img/original/2018/6/12/tbilisiinfigures.pdf">Archived</a> 14 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> tbilisi.gov.ge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Baedeker, <i>Russia: A Handbook for Travelers</i> (Arno Press, 1971, reprint of 1914 ed.), p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4.php?id=37545"><bdi lang="ru">Погода и Климат</bdi></a> (in Russian). Pogodaiklimat.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322113406/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4.php?id=37545">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.pub=Pogodaiklimat.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate4.php%3Fid%3D37545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clino91-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clino91_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Georgia/CSV/Tbilisi_37445.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate normals for 1991-2020: Tbilisi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(CSV)</span>. <i>ncei.noaa.gov</i> (Excel). <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ncei.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+normals+for+1991-2020%3A+Tbilisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FGeorgia%2FCSV%2FTbilisi_37445.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/GA/37549.TXT">"Tbilisi/Novoalexeye Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi%2FNovoalexeye+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FGA%2F37549.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/georgia/tbilisi-climate">"The climate of Tbilisi"</a>. <i>Weather Atlas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=The+climate+of+Tbilisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fgeorgia%2Ftbilisi-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UV-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UV_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nomadseason.com/climate/georgia/t-bilisi/tbilisi.html">"Monthly climate in Tbilisi, Georgia"</a>. <i>Nomadseason</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Average daily maximum UV levels by month for Tbilisi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomadseason&rft.atitle=Monthly+climate+in+Tbilisi%2C+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnomadseason.com%2Fclimate%2Fgeorgia%2Ft-bilisi%2Ftbilisi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009215740/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span>. National Centers for Environmental Information. p. 12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Georgia/WMO_Normals_Georgia.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=National+Centers+for+Environmental+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1981-2010%2FRA-VI%2FGeorgia%2FWMO_Normals_Georgia.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Georgian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/130964/1/Sakartvelo_1917_N153.pdf">ძველი ტფილისი. აღწერანი და მცხოვრებთა რაოდენობა.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626145337/https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/130964/1/Sakartvelo_1917_N153.pdf">Archived</a> 26 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tbilisi, 1917, p. 3 (<b>Note</b>: These numbers are reported by researcher <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Chichinadze" title="Zakaria Chichinadze">Zakaria Chichinadze</a> based on historical documents. Methodology is unknown).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Georgian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/130964/1/Sakartvelo_1917_N153.pdf">ძველი ტფილისი. აღწერანი და მცხოვრებთა რაოდენობა.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626145337/https://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/130964/1/Sakartvelo_1917_N153.pdf">Archived</a> 26 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tbilisi, 1917, p. 3 (<b>Note</b>: These numbers are reported by researcher <a href="/wiki/Zakaria_Chichinadze" title="Zakaria Chichinadze">Zakaria Chichinadze</a> based on historical documents. Methodology is unknown. The large decrease in population from 1790 to 1801 is explained in-source by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">Battle of Krtsanisi</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Georgian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tiflis-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tiflis_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiflis_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiflis_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Тифлис // <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.runivers.ru/upload/iblock/e76/Geografichesko_statisticheskij_Slovar_Russkoj_Imperii_Tom_5.djvu">Географическо-статистический словарь Российской империи</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322113458/https://new.runivers.ru/upload/iblock/e76/Geografichesko_statisticheskij_Slovar_Russkoj_Imperii_Tom_5.djvu">Archived</a> 22 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.St. Petersburg, 1885, p. 133 (<b>Note</b>: this is a 'one-day census' of unknown scope and methodology).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suny1994-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suny1994_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suny1994_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonald_Grigor_Suny1994" class="citation book cs1">Ronald Grigor Suny (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA368"><i>The making of the Georgian nation</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20915-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20915-3"><bdi>978-0-253-20915-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322113439/https://books.google.com/books?id=riW0kKzat2sC&pg=PA368">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+the+Georgian+nation&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20915-3&rft.au=Ronald+Grigor+Suny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriW0kKzat2sC%26pg%3DPA368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span> (one-day census of Tiflis)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=525">Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322113508/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=525">Archived</a> 22 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Изд. Центр. стат. комитета МВД: Тифлисская губерния. – St. Petersburg, 1905, pp. 74—75.(<i>Note</i>: The census did not contain a question on ethnicity, which was deduced from data on mother tongue, social estate and occupation)<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIB-FlHjs0C&pg=PA29">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324152749/https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIB-FlHjs0C&pg=PA29">Archived</a> 24 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEКавказский_календарь_на_1907_год128–129-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEКавказский_календарь_на_1907_год128–129_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFКавказский_календарь_на_1907_год">Кавказский календарь на 1907 год</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104233151/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322"><i>Кавказский календарь на 1917 год</i></a> [<i>Caucasian calendar for 1917</i>] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. <span class="nowrap">206–</span>213. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/item/417322">the original</a> on 4 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1917+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.place=Tiflis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.edition=72nd&rft.pub=Tipografiya+kantselyarii+Ye.I.V.+na+Kavkaze%2C+kazenny+dom&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2Fitem%2F417322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-ethnic1989.htm">"Ethnic composition of Georgia 1989"</a>. <i>pop-stat.mashke.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122100743/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/georgia-ethnic1989.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pop-stat.mashke.org&rft.atitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Georgia+1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fgeorgia-ethnic1989.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics2002-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statistics2002_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-statistics2002_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091114005707/http://www.statistics.ge//_files/english/census/2002/Ethnic%20groups.pdf">"Ethnic groups by major administrative-territorial units"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 14 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.ge//_files/english/census/2002/Ethnic%20groups.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+groups+by+major+administrative-territorial+units&rft.date=2009-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.ge%2F%2F_files%2Fenglish%2Fcensus%2F2002%2FEthnic%2520groups.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2014-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2014_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2153&lang=eng">"Population Census 2014"</a>. <i>www.geostat.ge</i>. National Statistics Office of Georgia. November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geostat.ge&rft.atitle=Population+Census+2014&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dpage%26p_id%3D2153%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2153&lang=eng">"GeoStat.Ge"</a>. <i>www.geostat.ge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919222412/http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2153&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geostat.ge&rft.atitle=GeoStat.Ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geostat.ge%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dpage%26p_id%3D2153%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223200142/http://www.georgianholidays.com/sights/churches-in-tbilisi/saint-peter-and-paul-catholic-church">"Saint Peter and Paul Catholic Church"</a>. <i>www.georgianholidays.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgianholidays.com/sights/churches-in-tbilisi/saint-peter-and-paul-catholic-church">the original</a> on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.georgianholidays.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Peter+and+Paul+Catholic+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgianholidays.com%2Fsights%2Fchurches-in-tbilisi%2Fsaint-peter-and-paul-catholic-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rudaw.net/english/world/180620152">"Yezidis of Georgia celebrate new temple in Tbilisi"</a>. <i>Rudaw</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322113514/http://www.rudaw.net/english/world/180620152">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rudaw&rft.atitle=Yezidis+of+Georgia+celebrate+new+temple+in+Tbilisi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fenglish%2Fworld%2F180620152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://act-global.com/en/news/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98/">"What is the favorite sport for Tbilisi residents?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525105921/https://act-global.com/en/news/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+favorite+sport+for+Tbilisi+residents%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fact-global.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2F%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fiba.basketball/eurobasket/2022/news/fiba-europe-delegation-visits-tbilisi-to-see-progress-of-new-arena">"FIBA Europe delegation visits Tbilisi to see progress of new arena"</a>. <i>FIBA</i>. 1 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228170738/https://www.fiba.basketball/eurobasket/2022/news/fiba-europe-delegation-visits-tbilisi-to-see-progress-of-new-arena">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIBA&rft.atitle=FIBA+Europe+delegation+visits+Tbilisi+to+see+progress+of+new+arena&rft.date=2021-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.basketball%2Feurobasket%2F2022%2Fnews%2Ffiba-europe-delegation-visits-tbilisi-to-see-progress-of-new-arena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agenda.ge/en/news/2019/2068">"Georgia to build a new sports complex for European Basketball Championship"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008130004/https://www.agenda.ge/en/news/2019/2068">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+to+build+a+new+sports+complex+for+European+Basketball+Championship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2019%2F2068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://new.tbilisi.gov.ge/?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=294?lang=eng">Tbilisi Municipal Portal – Radio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224836/http://new.tbilisi.gov.ge/?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=294%3Flang%3Deng">Archived</a> 17 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny1996" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor (1996). Curtis, Glen E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C"><i>Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C/page/n236">184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0788128134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0788128134"><bdi>978-0788128134</bdi></a>. <q>(...) Persian occupation added a new element, and in the nineteenth century Russian domination created a hybrid architectural style visible in many buildings in Tbilisi. The so-called Stalinist architecture of the mid-twentieth century also left its mark on the capital."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+and+Georgia&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0788128134&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_B2W1YOG3N10C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabimov" class="citation news cs1">Rabimov, Stephan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stephanrabimov/2019/11/04/the-tbilisi-art-scene-looks-inside-georgia/">"The Tbilisi Art Scene Looks Inside Georgia"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609084431/https://www.forbes.com/sites/stephanrabimov/2019/11/04/the-tbilisi-art-scene-looks-inside-georgia/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Tbilisi+Art+Scene+Looks+Inside+Georgia&rft.aulast=Rabimov&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstephanrabimov%2F2019%2F11%2F04%2Fthe-tbilisi-art-scene-looks-inside-georgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agenda.ge/en/news/2018/1046">"Kunsthalle Tbilisi: new art space opening with contemporary exhibitions"</a>. <i>Agenda.ge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200913232418/https://www.agenda.ge/en/news/2018/1046">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenda.ge&rft.atitle=Kunsthalle+Tbilisi%3A+new+art+space+opening+with+contemporary+exhibitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2018%2F1046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2018" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Kate (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/diary/kate-sutton-on-the-inaugural-tbilisi-art-fair-and-the-kunsthalle-tbilisi-launch-75672">"Diary – Kate Sutton on the inaugural Tbilisi Art Fair and the Kunsthalle Tbilisi launch"</a>. <i>Artforum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124221955/https://www.artforum.com/diary/kate-sutton-on-the-inaugural-tbilisi-art-fair-and-the-kunsthalle-tbilisi-launch-75672">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artforum&rft.atitle=Diary+%E2%80%93+Kate+Sutton+on+the+inaugural+Tbilisi+Art+Fair+and+the+Kunsthalle+Tbilisi+launch&rft.date=2018-06-04&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fdiary%2Fkate-sutton-on-the-inaugural-tbilisi-art-fair-and-the-kunsthalle-tbilisi-launch-75672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agenda.ge/en/news/2018/1931">"Open Space: new experimental art platform launches in Tbilisi"</a>. <i>Agenda.ge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003021646/https://www.agenda.ge/en/news/2018/1931">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenda.ge&rft.atitle=Open+Space%3A+new+experimental+art+platform+launches+in+Tbilisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2018%2F1931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osgf.ge/en/organization/cinema-art-center-promethens/">"Cinema Art Center Prometheus Archives - Georgia Foundation"</a>. <i>Open Society - Georgia Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Society+-+Georgia+Foundation&rft.atitle=Cinema+Art+Center+Prometheus+Archives+-+Georgia+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosgf.ge%2Fen%2Forganization%2Fcinema-art-center-promethens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://festagent.com/en/festivals/tbilisi_fest">"Tbilisi International Film Festival"</a>. <i>Festagent</i>. 1 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Festagent&rft.atitle=Tbilisi+International+Film+Festival&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffestagent.com%2Fen%2Ffestivals%2Ftbilisi_fest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/place/cinema-art-center-prometheus-tbilisi-international-film-festival">"Cinema Art Center Prometheus - Tbilisi International Film Festival - Venue"</a>. <i>Culture.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture.pl&rft.atitle=Cinema+Art+Center+Prometheus+-+Tbilisi+International+Film+Festival+-+Venue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Fplace%2Fcinema-art-center-prometheus-tbilisi-international-film-festival&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/tbilisi-named-world-book-capital-2021">"Tbilisi named World Book Capital 2021 | UNESCO"</a>. <i>www.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Tbilisi+named+World+Book+Capital+2021+%7C+UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Ftbilisi-named-world-book-capital-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2019/3584">"9 mln international travelers visited Georgia in 2019"</a>. Agenda.ge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230184859/https://agenda.ge/en/news/2019/3584">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9+mln+international+travelers+visited+Georgia+in+2019&rft.pub=Agenda.ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2019%2F3584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2016" class="citation news cs1">House, Arthur (21 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/sep/21/clubbing-london-berlin-eastern-europe-closure-fabric">"Clubbers, forget London and Berlin – the place to dance is eastern Europe"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212093406/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/sep/21/clubbing-london-berlin-eastern-europe-closure-fabric">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Clubbers%2C+forget+London+and+Berlin+%E2%80%93+the+place+to+dance+is+eastern+Europe&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2016%2Fsep%2F21%2Fclubbing-london-berlin-eastern-europe-closure-fabric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2016" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, Will (15 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/2666">"Tbilisi and the politics of raving"</a>. <i>Resident Advisor</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170212090908/https://www.residentadvisor.net/features/2666">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Resident+Advisor&rft.atitle=Tbilisi+and+the+politics+of+raving&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.residentadvisor.net%2Ffeatures%2F2666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://attitude.co.uk/article/inside-tbilisis-politically-charged-underground-queer-scene/25353/">"INSIDE TBILISI'S POLITICALLY-CHARGED UNDERGROUND QUEER SCENE"</a>. attitude UK. 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=INSIDE+TBILISI%27S+POLITICALLY-CHARGED+UNDERGROUND+QUEER+SCENE&rft.pub=attitude+UK&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fattitude.co.uk%2Farticle%2Finside-tbilisis-politically-charged-underground-queer-scene%2F25353%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=1181&lang=eng">"Regional Statistics"</a>. Geostat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416135238/http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=1181&lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regional+Statistics&rft.pub=Geostat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Findex.php%3Faction%3Dpage%26p_id%3D1181%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiatoday.ge/news/13646/Passenger-Traffic-up-by-23%25-at-Georgian-Airports">"Passenger Traffic up by 23% at Georgian Airports"</a>. Georgian today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210182829/http://georgiatoday.ge/news/13646/Passenger-Traffic-up-by-23%25-at-Georgian-Airports">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Passenger+Traffic+up+by+23%25+at+Georgian+Airports&rft.pub=Georgian+today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiatoday.ge%2Fnews%2F13646%2FPassenger-Traffic-up-by-23%2525-at-Georgian-Airports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ttc.com.ge/index.php/en/history">"History"</a>. <i>ttc.com.ge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ttc.com.ge&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fttc.com.ge%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emerging-europe.com/news/tbilisi-metro-set-for-timely-upgrade/">"Tbilisi metro set for timely upgrade"</a>. <i>Vestnik Kavkaza</i>. 4 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319112208/https://emerging-europe.com/news/tbilisi-metro-set-for-timely-upgrade/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vestnik+Kavkaza&rft.atitle=Tbilisi+metro+set+for+timely+upgrade&rft.date=2020-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femerging-europe.com%2Fnews%2Ftbilisi-metro-set-for-timely-upgrade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/New-metro-stations-to-link-center-and-outskirts-of-Tbilisi.html">"New metro stations to link center and outskirts of Tbilisi"</a>. <i>Vestnik Kavkaza</i>. 22 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115234220/http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/New-metro-stations-to-link-center-and-outskirts-of-Tbilisi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vestnik+Kavkaza&rft.atitle=New+metro+stations+to+link+center+and+outskirts+of+Tbilisi&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvestnikkavkaza.net%2Fnews%2FNew-metro-stations-to-link-center-and-outskirts-of-Tbilisi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civil.ge/archives/364069">"Tbilisi Mayor Unveils Major Public Transit System Changes"</a>. 28 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200908115451/https://civil.ge/archives/364069">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi+Mayor+Unveils+Major+Public+Transit+System+Changes&rft.date=2020-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivil.ge%2Farchives%2F364069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dfwatch.net/tbilisi-buys-143-new-gas-powered-buses-43718">"Tbilisi buys 143 new longer, gas-powered buses"</a>. 13 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019161847/http://dfwatch.net/tbilisi-buys-143-new-gas-powered-buses-43718">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi+buys+143+new+longer%2C+gas-powered+buses&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdfwatch.net%2Ftbilisi-buys-143-new-gas-powered-buses-43718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbw.ge/georgia/tbilisi-city-hall-to-convey-90-new-buses/">"Tbilisi City Hall to Convey 90 New Buses"</a>. 8 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809123029/http://cbw.ge/georgia/tbilisi-city-hall-to-convey-90-new-buses/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi+City+Hall+to+Convey+90+New+Buses&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbw.ge%2Fgeorgia%2Ftbilisi-city-hall-to-convey-90-new-buses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2020/3295">"126 new buses to start serving passengers in Tbilisi tomorrow"</a>. 20 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031084136/https://agenda.ge/en/news/2020/3295">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=126+new+buses+to+start+serving+passengers+in+Tbilisi+tomorrow&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2020%2F3295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2017/2035">"New bicycle track opens in Tbilisi"</a>. <i>Agenda.ge</i> (in Georgian). 20 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528124103/https://agenda.ge/en/news/2017/2035">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agenda.ge&rft.atitle=New+bicycle+track+opens+in+Tbilisi&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2017%2F2035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euronewsgeorgia.com/2021/02/08/%e1%83%97%e1%83%91%e1%83%98%e1%83%9a%e1%83%98%e1%83%a1%e1%83%98%e1%83%a1-%e1%83%95%e1%83%94%e1%83%9a%e1%83%9d%e1%83%91%e1%83%98%e1%83%9a%e1%83%98%e1%83%99%e1%83%94%e1%83%91%e1%83%98/">"თბილისის მერია მობილობის ოცწლიან სტრატეგიაზე მუშაობს"</a>. <i>Euronewsgeorgia.com</i> (in Georgian). 8 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528124127/https://euronewsgeorgia.com/2021/02/08/tbilisis-meria-mobilobis-ocwlian-strategiaze-mushaobs/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronewsgeorgia.com&rft.atitle=%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%94+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuronewsgeorgia.com%2F2021%2F02%2F08%2F%25e1%2583%2597%25e1%2583%2591%25e1%2583%2598%25e1%2583%259a%25e1%2583%2598%25e1%2583%25a1%25e1%2583%2598%25e1%2583%25a1-%25e1%2583%2595%25e1%2583%2594%25e1%2583%259a%25e1%2583%259d%25e1%2583%2591%25e1%2583%2598%25e1%2583%259a%25e1%2583%2598%25e1%2583%2599%25e1%2583%2594%25e1%2583%2591%25e1%2583%2598%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subways.net/georgia/tbilisi.htm">"Subways and Trams in Georgia: Tbilisi"</a>. 24 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104052350/http://www.subways.net/georgia/tbilisi.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subways+and+Trams+in+Georgia%3A+Tbilisi&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.subways.net%2Fgeorgia%2Ftbilisi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5011&Itemid=70">"georgiandaily.com – Nostalgic Tbilisi residents want their tramway back"</a>. 24 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100101210317/http://georgiandaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5011&Itemid=70">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2010</span>. <q>-</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=georgiandaily.com+%E2%80%93+Nostalgic+Tbilisi+residents+want+their+tramway+back&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiandaily.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D5011%26Itemid%3D70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/tbilisi-tram-design-contract-signed.html">"Railway Gazette: Tbilisi tram design contract signed"</a>. 24 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211200955/http://www.railwaygazette.com/nc/news/single-view/view/tbilisi-tram-design-contract-signed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Railway+Gazette%3A+Tbilisi+tram+design+contract+signed&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.railwaygazette.com%2Fnc%2Fnews%2Fsingle-view%2Fview%2Ftbilisi-tram-design-contract-signed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110119032646/http://georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=8365">"Trams to return? : by Salome Kobalava : Georgia Today on the Web"</a>. 24 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgiatoday.ge/article_details.php?id=8365">the original</a> on 19 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trams+to+return%3F+%3A+by+Salome+Kobalava+%3A+Georgia+Today+on+the+Web&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiatoday.ge%2Farticle_details.php%3Fid%3D8365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bm.ge/ka/article/yviteli-samarshruto-taqsebi-2020-wlis-bolomde-axali-mikroavtobusebit-unda-chanacvldes/34820">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"ყვითელი სამარშრუტო ტაქსები 2020 წლის ბოლომდე ახალი მიკროავტობუსებით უნდა ჩანაცვლდეს"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>bm.ge</i> (in Georgian). 4 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528124105/https://bm.ge/ka/article/yviteli-samarshruto-taqsebi-2020-wlis-bolomde-axali-mikroavtobusebit-unda-chanacvldes/34820">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bm.ge&rft.atitle=%22%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D+%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98+2020+%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94+%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%97+%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%22&rft.date=2019-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbm.ge%2Fka%2Farticle%2Fyviteli-samarshruto-taqsebi-2020-wlis-bolomde-axali-mikroavtobusebit-unda-chanacvldes%2F34820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commersant.ge/?view=post&id=136776&lang_id=ge">"თბილისის ქუჩები, სადაც სამარშრუტო ტაქსები მხოლოდ გაჩერების ადგილებზე გაჩერდებიან"</a>. <i>commersant.ge</i> (in Georgian). 28 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commersant.ge&rft.atitle=%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%2C+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D+%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93+%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%96%E1%83%94+%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C&rft.date=2017-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommersant.ge%2F%3Fview%3Dpost%26id%3D136776%26lang_id%3Dge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil.ge/eng/category.php?id=87&size=wide&gallery=86">"Tbilisi Ropeway"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106012714/http://www.civil.ge/eng/category.php?id=87&size=wide&gallery=86">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi+Ropeway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civil.ge%2Feng%2Fcategory.php%3Fid%3D87%26size%3Dwide%26gallery%3D86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9907/01/france.cable.car.04/list.html">"Major worldwide cable car accidents since 1976"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417181207/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/europe/9907/01/france.cable.car.04/list.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+worldwide+cable+car+accidents+since+1976&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F9907%2F01%2Ffrance.cable.car.04%2Flist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.tsu.ge/data/file_db/PR/bukleti_2019%20_eng.pdf">"Student Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>old.tsu.ge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=old.tsu.ge&rft.atitle=Student+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.tsu.ge%2Fdata%2Ffile_db%2FPR%2Fbukleti_2019%2520_eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsmu.edu/ts/content/2/147/0/0/0/0">"HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY"</a>. <i>tsmu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tsmu.edu&rft.atitle=HISTORY+OF+THE+UNIVERSITY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsmu.edu%2Fts%2Fcontent%2F2%2F147%2F0%2F0%2F0%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gyanberry.com/blog/tbilisi-state-medical-university-tsmu-georgia">"Tbilisi State Medical University: Rankings, Courses, Admissions, Fees, and Scholarships"</a>. <i>gyanberry.com</i>. 28 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gyanberry.com&rft.atitle=Tbilisi+State+Medical+University%3A+Rankings%2C+Courses%2C+Admissions%2C+Fees%2C+and+Scholarships&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgyanberry.com%2Fblog%2Ftbilisi-state-medical-university-tsmu-georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtu.ge/Eng/Info/History.php">"HISTORY OF FOUNDATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE GEORGIAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"</a>. <i>gtu.ge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gtu.ge&rft.atitle=HISTORY+OF+FOUNDATION+AND+DEVELOPMENT+OF+THE+GEORGIAN+TECHNICAL+UNIVERSITY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgtu.ge%2FEng%2FInfo%2FHistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ug.edu.ge/en/about-us">"About the University of Georgia"</a>. <i>ug.edu.ge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ug.edu.ge&rft.atitle=About+the+University+of+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ug.edu.ge%2Fen%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://admissionoffice.ge/university-of-georgia">"University Of Georgia"</a>. <i>admissionoffice.ge</i>. 24 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=admissionoffice.ge&rft.atitle=University+Of+Georgia&rft.date=2018-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadmissionoffice.ge%2Funiversity-of-georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ug.edu.ge/storage/pirvelkurselebistvis/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%202023.pdf">"University of Georgia 2022–2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ug.edu.ge</i>. p. 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ug.edu.ge&rft.atitle=University+of+Georgia+2022%E2%80%932023&rft.pages=15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ug.edu.ge%2Fstorage%2Fpirvelkurselebistvis%2F%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598%25202023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cu.edu.ge/en/cu-international-students/about-cu-international-students">"About CU"</a>. <i>cu.edu.ge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cu.edu.ge&rft.atitle=About+CU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcu.edu.ge%2Fen%2Fcu-international-students%2Fabout-cu-international-students&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study-georgia.ge/georgian-technical-university">"Georgian Technical University"</a>. <i>study-georgia.ge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=study-georgia.ge&rft.atitle=Georgian+Technical+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy-georgia.ge%2Fgeorgian-technical-university&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817190616/https://freeuni.edu.ge/en/university-today">"University Today"</a>. <i>freeuni.edu.ge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freeuni.edu.ge/en/university-today">the original</a> on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freeuni.edu.ge&rft.atitle=University+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreeuni.edu.ge%2Fen%2Funiversity-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817190604/https://freeuni.edu.ge/en/structure-eng">"Structure"</a>. <i>freeuni.edu.ge</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freeuni.edu.ge/en/structure-eng">the original</a> on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freeuni.edu.ge&rft.atitle=Structure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreeuni.edu.ge%2Fen%2Fstructure-eng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808111551/http://www.newvision.ge/en/contact/university">"Contact"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newvision.ge/en/contact/university">the original</a> on 8 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newvision.ge%2Fen%2Fcontact%2Funiversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wander-lush.org/is-georgia-safe-country-europe/">"Is Georgia Safe? Common Concerns & Safety Tips for Tourists"</a>. <i>Wander-Lush</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wander-Lush&rft.atitle=Is+Georgia+Safe%3F+Common+Concerns+%26+Safety+Tips+for+Tourists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwander-lush.org%2Fis-georgia-safe-country-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tbilisi_Sister_Cities_123-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724120155/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571">"Tbilisi Sister Cities"</a>. <i>Tbilisi City Hall</i>. Tbilisi Municipal Portal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=4571">the original</a> on 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tbilisi+City+Hall&rft.atitle=Tbilisi+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbilisi.gov.ge%2Findex.php%3Flang_id%3DENG%26sec_id%3D4571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ljubljana_twinnings-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ljubljana_twinnings_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130626075304/http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/">"Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje"</a>. <i>Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City)</i> (in Slovenian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/">the original</a> on 26 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mestna+ob%C4%8Dina+Ljubljana+%28Ljubljana+City%29&rft.atitle=Medmestno+in+mednarodno+sodelovanje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ljubljana.si%2Fsi%2Fljubljana%2Fpobratena-mesta-zdruzenja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bristol-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bristol_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728075325/http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/">"Bristol City – Town twinning"</a>. Bristol City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristol.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/leisure-and-culture/tourism-and-travel/town-twinning/">the original</a> on 28 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bristol+City+%E2%80%93+Town+twinning&rft.pub=Bristol+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristol.gov.uk%2Fccm%2Fnavigation%2Fleisure-and-culture%2Ftourism-and-travel%2Ftown-twinning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings_2-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_2_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">"Yerevan – Twin Towns & Sister Cities"</a>. <i>Yerevan Municipality Official Website</i>. Yerevan Municipality. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031192729/http://www.yerevan.am/en/partner/sister-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yerevan+Municipality+Official+Website&rft.atitle=Yerevan+%E2%80%93+Twin+Towns+%26+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yerevan_twinnings-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yerevan_twinnings_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512174924/http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news"><bdi lang="hy">ԵՐԵՎԱՆԻ ՔԱՂԱՔԱՊԵՏԱՐԱՆՊԱՇՏՈՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՅՔ</bdi></a> [Yerevan expanding its international relations] (in Armenian). Yerevan Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yerevan.am/pages.php?lang=1&id=184&page_name=news">the original</a> on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D4%B5%D5%90%D4%B5%D5%8E%D4%B1%D5%86%D4%BB+%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%82%D4%B1%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%8A%D4%B5%D5%8F%D4%B1%D5%90%D4%B1%D5%86%D5%8A%D4%B1%D5%87%D5%8F%D5%88%D5%86%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%85%D5%94&rft.pub=Yerevan+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fpages.php%3Flang%3D1%26id%3D184%26page_name%3Dnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chișinău_twinnings-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chișinău_twinnings_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120903122220/http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526">"Oraşe înfrăţite (Twin cities of Minsk) <i>[via WaybackMachine.com]</i>"</a> (in Romanian). Primăria Municipiului Chişinău. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526">the original</a> on 3 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ora%C5%9Fe+%C3%AEnfr%C4%83%C5%A3ite+%28Twin+cities+of+Minsk%29+%5Bvia+WaybackMachine.com%5D&rft.pub=Prim%C4%83ria+Municipiului+Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chisinau.md%2Ftabview.php%3Fl%3Dro%26idc%3D526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qatar.mfa.gov.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=844&lang=2">"Legal Framework"</a>. Embassy of Georgia to the State of Qatar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707202042/http://qatar.mfa.gov.ge/default.aspx?sec_id=844&lang=2">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legal+Framework&rft.pub=Embassy+of+Georgia+to+the+State+of+Qatar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqatar.mfa.gov.ge%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fsec_id%3D844%26lang%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agenda.ge/news/35540/eng">"Tbilisi-Tehran direct flights will start next month"</a>. Agenda.ge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528073541/http://agenda.ge/news/35540/eng">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tbilisi-Tehran+direct+flights+will+start+next+month&rft.pub=Agenda.ge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagenda.ge%2Fnews%2F35540%2Feng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/news/2355">"თბილისსა და სტამბოლს შორის დაძმობილების შესახებ მემორანდუმი გაფორმდა"</a>. Tbilisi City Hall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302194211/http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/news/2355">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90+%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1+%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91+%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98+%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%90&rft.pub=Tbilisi+City+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbilisi.gov.ge%2Fnews%2F2355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraków_partnerships-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kraków_partnerships_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html">"Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie"</a> [Kraków -Partnership Cities]. <i>Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków</i> (in Polish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miejska+Platforma+Internetowa+Magiczny+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.atitle=Krak%C3%B3w+%E2%80%93+Miasta+Partnerskie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krakow.pl%2Fotwarty_na_swiat%2F2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prague_twinnings-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prague_twinnings_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html">"Partnerská města HMP"</a> [Prague – Twin Cities HMP]. <i>Portál "Zahraniční vztahy" [Portal "Foreign Affairs"]</i> (in Czech). 18 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html#">the original</a> on 25 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Port%C3%A1l+%22Zahrani%C4%8Dn%C3%AD+vztahy%22+%5BPortal+%22Foreign+Affairs%22%5D&rft.atitle=Partnersk%C3%A1+m%C4%9Bsta+HMP&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzahranicnivztahy.praha.eu%2Fjnp%2Fcz%2Fpartnerska_mesta%2Findex.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbuladzeKurtishvili2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abuladze, David; Kurtishvili, Irina (March 2016). Stiller, Adolph (ed.). <i>Tiflis: Architektur am Schnittpunkt der Kontinente</i> (in English and German). Salzburg: Muery Salzmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3990141366" title="Special:BookSources/978-3990141366"><bdi>978-3990141366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiflis%3A+Architektur+am+Schnittpunkt+der+Kontinente&rft.place=Salzburg&rft.pub=Muery+Salzmann&rft.date=2016-03&rft.isbn=978-3990141366&rft.aulast=Abuladze&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kurtishvili%2C+Irina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauligMaia_ManiaHans_MildenbergKarl_Ziegler2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baulig, Josef; Maia Mania; Hans Mildenberg; Karl Ziegler (2004). <i>Architekturführer Tbilisi</i> (in German and Georgian). Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken/Technische Universität Kaiserslautern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-936890-39-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-936890-39-6"><bdi>978-3-936890-39-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architekturf%C3%BChrer+Tbilisi&rft.pub=Landeshauptstadt+Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2FTechnische+Universit%C3%A4t+Kaiserslautern&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-936890-39-6&rft.aulast=Baulig&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft.au=Maia+Mania&rft.au=Hans+Mildenberg&rft.au=Karl+Ziegler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2008" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem M. (2008). <i>Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri</i>. Washington, DC: Mage Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933823232" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933823232"><bdi>978-1933823232</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titles+and+Emoluments+in+Safavid+Iran%3A+A+Third+Manual+of+Safavid+Administration%2C+by+Mirza+Naqi+Nasiri&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1933823232&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchins2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Hitchins" title="Keith Hitchins">Hitchins, Keith</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-ii-history-">"GEORGIA ii. History of Iranian-Georgian Relations"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 4</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">464–</span>470. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826161604/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-ii-history-">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GEORGIA+ii.+History+of+Iranian-Georgian+Relations&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+X%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E464-%3C%2Fspan%3E470&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hitchins&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-ii-history-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКавказский_календарь_на_1907_год" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/item/417270"><i>Кавказский календарь на 1907 год</i></a> [<i>Caucasian calendar for 1907</i>] (in Russian) (62nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131034413/https://www.prlib.ru/item/417270">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1907+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft.place=Tiflis&rft.edition=62nd&rft.pub=Tipografiya+kantselyarii+Ye.I.V.+na+Kavkaze%2C+kazenny+dom&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2Fitem%2F417270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazemzadeh1991" class="citation book cs1">Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In Peter, Avery; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. <b>7</b>)</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521200950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521200950"><bdi>978-0521200950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+relations+with+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union%2C+to+1921&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran+%28Vol.+7%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0521200950&rft.aulast=Kazemzadeh&rft.aufirst=Firuz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tiflis (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tiflis_(town)">"Tiflis (town)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">966–</span>967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tiflis+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E966-%3C%2Fspan%3E967&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2015" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&q=tiflis+persian+for+tbilisi"><i>Historical Dictionary of Georgia</i></a> (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 628. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442241466" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442241466"><bdi>978-1442241466</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528124103/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNNQCgAAQBAJ&q=tiflis+persian+for+tbilisi">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Georgia&rft.pages=628&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1442241466&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNNQCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtiflis%2Bpersian%2Bfor%2Btbilisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky1953" class="citation book cs1">Minorsky, V. (1953). <i>Studies in Caucasian History I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Caucasian+History+I.+New+Light+on+the+Shaddadids+of+Ganja+II.+The+Shaddadids+of+Ani+III.+Prehistory+of+Saladin&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2013). <i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780230702" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780230702"><bdi>978-1780230702</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780230702&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRota2012" class="citation book cs1">Rota, Giorgio (2012). "Safavid Persia and Its Diplomatic Relations with Venice". In Floor, Willem; Herzig, Edmund (eds.). <i>Iran and the World in the Safavid Age</i>. I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Safavid+Persia+and+Its+Diplomatic+Relations+with+Venice&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+World+in+the+Safavid+Age&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Rota&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalukvadzeGolubchikov2016" class="citation journal cs1">Salukvadze, Joseph; Golubchikov, Oleg (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cities.2015.11.013">"City as a geopolitics: Tbilisi, Georgia — A globalizing metropolis in a turbulent region"</a>. <i>Cities</i>. <b>52</b>: <span class="nowrap">39–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cities.2015.11.013">10.1016/j.cities.2015.11.013</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cities&rft.atitle=City+as+a+geopolitics%3A+Tbilisi%2C+Georgia+%E2%80%94+A+globalizing+metropolis+in+a+turbulent+region&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cities.2015.11.013&rft.aulast=Salukvadze&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Golubchikov%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cities.2015.11.013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATbilisi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Postcard from the Silk Road -(Georgia), TRAVELS – ESPECIALLY FOR „ZNAD WILII”, Leonard Drożdżewicz, „Znad Wilii”, Viešoji įstaiga „Znad Wilii” kultūros plėtros draugija,ISSN 1392-9712 indeks 327956 nr 1 (57) z 2014 r., pp. 87–98, (in Polish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.znadwiliiwilno.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Znad-Wilii-57m.pdf">http://www.znadwiliiwilno.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Znad-Wilii-57m.pdf</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emerging-europe.com/after-hours/tbilisis-largely-forgotten-and-neglected-armenian-heritage/">Tbilisi's largely forgotten and neglected Armenian heritage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:თბილისი">თბილისი</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tbilisi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbilisi.gov.ge/">Official website of the City of Tbilisi</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Tbilisi</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" class="extiw" title="c:თბილისი">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tbilisi" class="extiw" title="q:Tbilisi">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Tbilisi" class="extiw" title="voy:Tbilisi">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Districts_and_Neighborhoods_of_Tbilisi_20px&#124;Seal_of_Tbilisi394" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_and_neighborhoods_of_Tbilisi" title="Template:Districts and neighborhoods of Tbilisi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_and_neighborhoods_of_Tbilisi" title="Template talk:Districts and neighborhoods of Tbilisi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_and_neighborhoods_of_Tbilisi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts and neighborhoods of Tbilisi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Districts_and_Neighborhoods_of_Tbilisi_20px&#124;Seal_of_Tbilisi394" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tbilisi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="760" /></span></span></span> Districts and Neighborhoods of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tbilisi</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Tbilisi,_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Tbilisi"><img alt="Seal of Tbilisi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/20px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/30px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg/40px-Seal_of_Tbilisi%2C_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mtatsminda_District" title="Mtatsminda District">Mtatsminda District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mtatsminda_(neighborhood)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mtatsminda (neighborhood) (page does not exist)">Mtatsminda</a> (<small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garetubani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garetubani (page does not exist)">Garetubani</a></small>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sololaki" title="Sololaki">Sololaki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vera_(neighborhood)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vera (neighborhood) (page does not exist)">Vera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiketi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiketi (page does not exist)">Kiketi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kojori" title="Kojori">Kojori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Okrokana" title="Okrokana">Okrokana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shindisi,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shindisi, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Shindisi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabakhmela" title="Tabakhmela">Tabakhmela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsavkisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsavkisi (page does not exist)">Tsavkisi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vake_District" title="Vake District">Vake District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bagebi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bagebi (page does not exist)">Bagebi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutsubidze_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutsubidze Plateau (page does not exist)">Nutsubidze Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saburtalo_(neighborhood)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saburtalo (neighborhood) (page does not exist)">Saburtalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vake,_Tbilisi" title="Vake, Tbilisi">Vake</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agaraki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agaraki (page does not exist)">Agaraki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akhaldaba,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akhaldaba, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Akhaldaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betania,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betania, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Betania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kveseti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kveseti (page does not exist)">Kveseti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tkhinvala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tkhinvala (page does not exist)">Tkhinvala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tskneti" title="Tskneti">Tskneti</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saburtalo_District" title="Saburtalo District">Saburtalo District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didi_Dighomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didi Dighomi (page does not exist)">Didi Dighomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patara_Dighomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patara Dighomi (page does not exist)">Patara Dighomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saburtalo_(neighborhood)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saburtalo (neighborhood) (page does not exist)">Saburtalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashlijvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashlijvari">Vashlijvari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedzisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vedzisi (page does not exist)">Vedzisi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didgori,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didgori, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Didgori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dighomi,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dighomi, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Dighomi Village</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzveli_Vedzisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzveli Vedzisi (page does not exist)">Dzveli Vedzisi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koshigora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koshigora (page does not exist)">Koshigora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telovani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telovani (page does not exist)">Telovani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurgovana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurgovana (page does not exist)">Zurgovana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Krtsanisi_District" title="Krtsanisi District">Krtsanisi District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanotubani" title="Abanotubani">Abanotubani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kala,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kala, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharpukhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kharpukhi (page does not exist)">Kharpukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krtsanisi_(Tbilisi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krtsanisi (Tbilisi) (page does not exist)">Krtsanisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortachala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortachala (page does not exist)">Ortachala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponichala_(neighborhood)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponichala (neighborhood) (page does not exist)">Ponichala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponichala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ponichala (page does not exist)">Ponichala Village</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isani_District" title="Isani District">Isani District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avlabari" title="Avlabari">Avlabari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elia,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elia, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Elia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isani (page does not exist)">Isani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metromsheni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metromsheni (page does not exist)">Metromsheni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navtlughi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navtlughi (page does not exist)">Navtlughi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazisubani,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazisubani, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Vazisubani</a> (<small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Legioni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eighth Legioni (page does not exist)">Eighth Legioni</a></small>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samgori_District" title="Samgori District">Samgori District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Africa,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Africa, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airport_Settlement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airport Settlement (page does not exist)">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alekseevka,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alekseevka, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Alekseevka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dampalo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dampalo (page does not exist)">Dampalo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilo,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilo, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Lilo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orkhevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orkhevi (page does not exist)">Orkhevi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samgori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samgori (page does not exist)">Samgori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varketili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varketili (page does not exist)">Varketili</a> (<small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hualing_settlement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hualing settlement (page does not exist)">Hualing</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Array&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Array (page does not exist)">Third Array</a></small>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeemka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeemka (page does not exist)">Zeemka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Didi_Lilo" title="Didi Lilo">Didi Lilo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasaguri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasaguri (page does not exist)">Nasaguri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patara_Lilo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patara Lilo (page does not exist)">Patara Lilo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsinubani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsinubani (page does not exist)">Tsinubani</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chughureti_District" title="Chughureti District">Chughureti District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenali (page does not exist)">Arsenali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chughureti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chughureti (page does not exist)">Chughureti</a> (<small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Okrosubani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okrosubani (page does not exist)">Okrosubani</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plekhanovi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plekhanovi (page does not exist)">Plekhanovi</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorontsovi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorontsovi (page does not exist)">Vorontsovi</a></small>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivertubani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivertubani (page does not exist)">Ivertubani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukia,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukia, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Kukia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svanetisubani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svanetisubani (page does not exist)">Svanetisubani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Didube_District" title="Didube District">Didube District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didube,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didube, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Didube</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Didghomi_Massive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didghomi Massive (page does not exist)">Didghomi Massive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nadzaladevi_District" title="Nadzaladevi District">Nadzaladevi District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avshniani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avshniani (page does not exist)">Avshniani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotkini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotkini (page does not exist)">Lotkini</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadzaladevi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadzaladevi (page does not exist)">Nadzaladevi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanzona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzona (page does not exist)">Sanzona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temka (page does not exist)">Temka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gldani_District" title="Gldani District">Gldani District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avchala" title="Avchala">Avchala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gldani_Massive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gldani Massive (page does not exist)">Gldani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gldanula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gldanula (page does not exist)">Gldanula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koniaki_Settlement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koniaki Settlement (page does not exist)">Koniaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhiani">Mukhiani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gldani,_Tbilisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gldani, Tbilisi (page does not exist)">Gldani Village</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahesi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zahesi (page does not exist)">Zahesi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historic_capitals_of_Georgia50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historic_capitals_of_Georgia" title="Template:Historic capitals of Georgia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historic_capitals_of_Georgia" title="Template talk:Historic capitals of Georgia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historic_capitals_of_Georgia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historic capitals of Georgia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historic_capitals_of_Georgia50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historic capitals of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities,_towns_and_townlets_in_Georgia430" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Cities and towns in Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Cities and towns in Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities and towns in Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities,_towns_and_townlets_in_Georgia430" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Georgia (country)">Cities, towns and townlets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Athos" title="New Athos">Akhali Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagra" title="Gagra">Gagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gali_(town)" title="Gali (town)">Gali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudauta" title="Gudauta">Gudauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochamchire" title="Ochamchire">Ochamchire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkvarcheli" title="Tkvarcheli">Tkvarcheli</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bichvinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bichvinta">Bichvinta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gantiadi" title="Gantiadi">Gantiadi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulripshi" title="Gulripshi">Gulripshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leselidze_(town)" title="Leselidze (town)">Leselidze</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myussera" class="mw-redirect" title="Myussera">Miusera</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia"><img alt="Flag of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Coat of arms of Georgia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Autonomous Republic of Adjara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobuleti" title="Kobuleti">Kobuleti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chakvi" title="Chakvi">Chakvi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keda,_Georgia" title="Keda, Georgia">Keda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khulo" title="Khulo">Khulo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ochkhamuri" title="Ochkhamuri">Ochkhamuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuakhevi" title="Shuakhevi">Shuakhevi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ozurgeti" title="Ozurgeti">Ozurgeti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanchkhuti" title="Lanchkhuti">Lanchkhuti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chokhatauri" title="Chokhatauri">Chokhatauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bakhmaro" title="Bakhmaro">Bakhmaro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomismta" title="Gomismta">Gomismta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laituri" title="Laituri">Laituri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naruja" title="Naruja">Naruja</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kveda_Nasakirali" title="Kveda Nasakirali">Kveda Nasakirali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ureki" title="Ureki">Ureki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdati" title="Baghdati">Baghdati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiatura" title="Chiatura">Chiatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoni" title="Khoni">Khoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachkhere" title="Sachkhere">Sachkhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtredia" title="Samtredia">Samtredia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terjola" title="Terjola">Terjola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tkibuli" title="Tkibuli">Tkibuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsqaltubo" title="Tsqaltubo">Tsqaltubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vani" title="Vani">Vani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zestaponi" title="Zestaponi">Zestaponi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kharagauli" title="Kharagauli">Kharagauli</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Telavi" title="Telavi">Telavi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhmeta" title="Akhmeta">Akhmeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedoplistsqaro" title="Dedoplistsqaro">Dedoplistsqaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjaani" title="Gurjaani">Gurjaani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvareli" title="Kvareli">Kvareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagodekhi" title="Lagodekhi">Lagodekhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagarejo" title="Sagarejo">Sagarejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighnaghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sighnaghi">Sighnaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsnori" title="Tsnori">Tsnori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta-Mtianeti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta" title="Mtskheta">Mtskheta</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusheti" title="Dusheti">Dusheti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akhalgori" title="Akhalgori">Akhalgori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pasanauri" title="Pasanauri">Pasanauri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sioni_(townlet)" title="Sioni (townlet)">Sioni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stepantsminda" title="Stepantsminda">Stepantsminda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianeti" title="Tianeti">Tianeti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsinagari" title="Tsinagari">Tsinagari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhinvali" title="Zhinvali">Zhinvali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Zugdidi" title="Zugdidi">Zugdidi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abasha" title="Abasha">Abasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jvari_(town)" title="Jvari (town)">Jvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobi" title="Khobi">Khobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martvili" title="Martvili">Martvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senaki" title="Senaki">Senaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsalenjikha" title="Tsalenjikha">Tsalenjikha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chkhorotsqu" title="Chkhorotsqu">Chkhorotsqu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mestia" title="Mestia">Mestia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Javakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe-Javakheti">Samtskhe-Javakheti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhalkalaki" title="Akhalkalaki">Akhalkalaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjomi" title="Borjomi">Borjomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninotsminda" title="Ninotsminda">Ninotsminda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Georgia" title="Vale, Georgia">Vale</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abastumani" title="Abastumani">Abastumani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adigeni" title="Adigeni">Adigeni</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspindza" title="Aspindza">Aspindza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bakuriani" title="Bakuriani">Bakuriani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsagveri" title="Tsagveri">Tsagveri</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">Racha-Lechkhumi and<br /> Kvemo Svaneti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ambrolauri" title="Ambrolauri">Ambrolauri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni,_Georgia" title="Oni, Georgia">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsageri" title="Tsageri">Tsageri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lentekhi" title="Lentekhi">Lentekhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kvaisa" title="Kvaisa">Kvaisa</a></i></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi" title="Bolnisi">Bolnisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardabani" title="Gardabani">Gardabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetritsqaro" title="Tetritsqaro">Tetritsqaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marneuli" title="Marneuli">Marneuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsalka" title="Tsalka">Tsalka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bediani" title="Bediani">Bediani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazreti" title="Kazreti">Kazreti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khramhesi" title="Khramhesi">Khramhesi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manglisi" title="Manglisi">Manglisi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamarisi" title="Tamarisi">Tamarisi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_(town)" title="Trialeti (town)">Trialeti</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gori,_Georgia" title="Gori, Georgia">Gori</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspi" title="Kaspi">Kaspi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kareli,_Georgia" title="Kareli, Georgia">Kareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashuri" title="Khashuri">Khashuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agara,_Georgia" title="Agara, Georgia">Agara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Java,_South_Ossetia" title="Java, South Ossetia">Java</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surami" title="Surami">Surami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kornisi" title="Kornisi">Kornisi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities with local government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tbilisi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kutaisi" title="Kutaisi">Kutaisi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rustavi" title="Rustavi">Rustavi</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tbilisi</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Georgia_(country)&#124;link=Georgia_(country)_Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions of Georgia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Abkhazia" title="Government of the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Regions_of_Georgia_(country).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Regions of Georgia"><img alt="Regions of Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg/200px-Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg/300px-Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg/400px-Regions_of_Georgia_%28country%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="913" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guria" title="Guria">Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imereti" title="Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli" title="Kvemo Kartli">Kvemo Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti" title="Mtskheta-Mtianeti">Mtskheta-Mtianeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti" title="Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti">Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti" title="Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti">Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe%E2%80%93Javakheti" title="Samtskhe–Javakheti">Samtskhe–Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shida_Kartli" title="Shida Kartli">Shida Kartli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City with special status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tbilisi</a> <small>(capital)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_South_Ossetia" title="Administration of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> <i>De facto</i> independent (see <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories937" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions79" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia_articles765" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Template talk:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia_(country)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Georgia (country) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia_articles765" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti%E2%80%93Vanadzor_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti–Vanadzor culture">Trialeti–Vanadzor culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia" title="Kingdom of Iberia">Kingdom of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Roman_era" title="Georgia in the Roman era">Roman era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Iberia" title="Sasanian Iberia">Sasanian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Iberia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Iberia" title="Principality of Iberia">Principality of Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty" title="Bagrationi dynasty">Bagrationi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Arab rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Emirate of Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Abkhazia" title="Kingdom of Abkhazia">Kingdom of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Iberians" title="Kingdom of the Iberians">Kingdom of the Iberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_the_Georgian_realm" title="Unification of the Georgian realm">Unification of the Georgian realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hereti" title="Kingdom of Hereti">Kingdom of Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti-Hereti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti">Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Kingdom of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Georgian_wars" title="Byzantine–Georgian wars">Byzantine wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars" title="Georgian–Seljuk wars">Seljuk wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Didgori" title="Battle of Didgori">Battle of Didgori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Golden_Age" title="Georgian Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Timurid invasions of Georgia">Timur's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Saatabago" title="Samtskhe-Saatabago">Samtskhe-Saatabago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkoman_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Turkoman invasions of Georgia">Turkmen incursions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Abkhazia" title="Principality of Abkhazia">Principality of Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Svaneti" title="Principality of Svaneti">Principality of Svaneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Guria" title="Principality of Guria">Principality of Guria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Mingrelia" title="Principality of Mingrelia">Principality of Mingrelia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli" title="Kingdom of Kartli">Kingdom of Kartli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kakheti">Kingdom of Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Georgia" title="Safavid Georgia">Safavid Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_I%27s_Kakhetian_and_Kartlian_campaigns" title="Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns">Shah Abbas I's invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krtsanisi" title="Battle of Krtsanisi">1795 Persian Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_within_the_Russian_Empire" title="Georgia within the Russian Empire">Absorption by the Russian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)#Independent_Georgia" title="History of Georgia (country)">Independent Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Revolution" title="Rose Revolution">Rose Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Georgia" title="Names of Georgia">Names of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Georgian_monarchs" title="Lists of Georgian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_states_of_Georgia" title="List of historical states of Georgia">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Georgia" title="Military history of Georgia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of wars involving Georgia (country)">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_Georgia_(country)" title="List of battles involving Georgia (country)">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Georgian_history" title="Timeline of Georgian history">Timeline of Georgian history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:History of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Georgia" title="Template:Borders of Georgia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of birds of Georgia (country)">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Georgia_(country)#Climate" title="Geography of Georgia (country)">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Georgia" title="List of earthquakes in Georgia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Environmental issues in Georgia (country)">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_Georgia" title="Glaciers of Georgia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of lakes of Georgia (country)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of mammals of Georgia (country)">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Georgia" title="National parks of Georgia">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of protected areas of Georgia (country)">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of rivers of Georgia (country)">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Georgia" title="List of volcanoes in Georgia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Geography of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Administrative divisions of Georgia (country)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tbilisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhare" title="Mkhare">Regions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Subdivisions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Subdivisions of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_in_Georgia" title="Russian-occupied territories in Georgia">Russian-occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Politics of Georgia (country)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Constitution of Georgia (country)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Elections in Georgia (country)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Georgia" title="Foreign relations of Georgia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Government of Georgia (country)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia" title="Human rights in Georgia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" title="LGBTQ rights in Georgia (country)">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Law enforcement in Georgia (country)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_of_Georgia" title="Defence Forces of Georgia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Georgia" title="Parliament of Georgia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of political parties in Georgia (country)">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Georgia" title="President of Georgia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Georgia" title="Prime Minister of Georgia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Agriculture in Georgia (country)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Georgia" title="National Bank of Georgia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Georgia_(country)" title="List of companies of Georgia (country)">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_lari" title="Georgian lari">Lari (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mining in Georgia (country)">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Stock_Exchange" title="Georgian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Tourism in Georgia (country)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Transport in Georgia (country)">Transport</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Economy of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Georgia" title="Architecture of Georgia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_art" title="Georgian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">Chokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Georgia" title="Cinema of Georgia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Georgia" title="Gambling in Georgia">Gambling</a></li> <li>Languages <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Laz_language" title="Laz language">Laz</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Mass media in Georgia (country)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Georgia" title="Public holidays in Georgia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Sport in Georgia (country)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Georgia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Georgia">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Culture of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Education in Georgia (country)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Georgians" title="List of Georgians">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_diaspora" title="Georgian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Healthcare in Georgia (country)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Demographics of Georgia (country)">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#h999f2;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tavisupleba" title="Tavisupleba">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolnisi_cross" title="Bolnisi cross">Bolnisi cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borjgali" title="Borjgali">Borjgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Georgia" title="Coat of arms of Georgia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Flag of Georgia (country)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_ertobashia" title="Dzala ertobashia">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross" title="Saint George's Cross">cross</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#h999f2;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Outline of Georgia (country)">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Georgia_(country)-related_articles" title="Index of Georgia (country)-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Georgia (country)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(country)" title="Portal:Georgia (country)">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2007" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2007" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q994#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158266506">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206337/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRKgBjrFyQXvcQPcXcfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060146-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79104307">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119452620">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119452620">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tbilisi (Gruzie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge388960&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6069938">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/qn2434r816fmgxs">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550327405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/76c77b6c-f1e1-4a58-8fe1-01a7efadd1f7">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/863903">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027403017">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045740">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tiflis">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&oldid=1275859522">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&oldid=1275859522</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tbilisi" title="Category:Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Archaeological sites in Georgia (country)">Archaeological sites in Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_in_Asia" title="Category:Capitals in Asia">Capitals in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitals_in_Europe" title="Category:Capitals in Europe">Capitals in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_along_the_Silk_Road" title="Category:Populated places along the Silk Road">Populated places along the Silk Road</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_5th_century" title="Category:Populated places established in the 5th century">Populated places established in the 5th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Regions of Georgia (country)">Regions of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-governing_cities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Self-governing cities in Georgia (country)">Self-governing cities in Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tiflis_Governorate" title="Category:Tiflis Governorate">Tiflis Governorate</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Georgian-language_script_(ka)" title="Category:CS1 uses Georgian-language script (ka)">CS1 uses Georgian-language script (ka)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Georgian-language_sources_(ka)" title="Category:CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)">CS1 Georgian-language sources (ka)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Georgian-language_sources_(ka)" title="Category:Articles with Georgian-language sources (ka)">Articles with Georgian-language sources (ka)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)">Articles with Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2021">Articles with dead external links from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Slovenian-language_sources_(sl)" title="Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)">CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Armenian-language_script_(hy)" title="Category:CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy)">CS1 uses Armenian-language script (hy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Armenian-language_sources_(hy)" title="Category:CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)">CS1 Armenian-language sources (hy)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Czech-language_sources_(cs)" title="Category:CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)">CS1 Czech-language sources (cs)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2015">Use dmy dates from June 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_demonym_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible demonym list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Georgian-language text">Articles containing Georgian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Georgian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Georgian IPA">Pages with Georgian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Georgian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Georgian-language text">Articles containing Old Georgian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ossetian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ossetian-language text">Articles containing Ossetian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Catawba-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Catawba-language text">Articles containing Catawba-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kabardian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kabardian-language text">Articles containing Kabardian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Abkhaz-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Abkhaz-language text">Articles containing Abkhaz-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mingrelian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mingrelian-language text">Articles containing Mingrelian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2023">Articles needing additional references from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from August 2024">Articles lacking reliable references from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2020">Articles needing additional references from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 February 2025, at 14:06<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tbilisi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tbilisi</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>199 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-2hgt4","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_b9fe7883fe2e393cf1469e15707afd2835079c4b":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoline","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoline?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q994","properties":{"stroke-width":6,"stroke":"#ff0000","title":"Tbilisi"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.397","walltime":"3.015","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20027,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":634500,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":45272,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":55,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":534415,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2461.556 1 -total"," 30.84% 759.104 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.40% 428.403 82 Template:Cite_web"," 15.85% 390.197 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 12.83% 315.922 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.79% 142.463 15 Template:Navbox"," 5.75% 141.472 28 Template:Lang"," 5.21% 128.282 24 Template:Cite_book"," 5.04% 124.140 2 Template:Lang-ka"," 4.70% 115.793 2 Template:Language_with_name"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.346","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25345505,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbuladzeKurtishvili2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauligMaia_ManiaHans_MildenbergKarl_Ziegler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett-Heath2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloor2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroussetGrousset2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian1971–1996\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFJones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazemzadeh1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazemzadeh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1962\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinorsky1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabimov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRonald_Grigor_Suny1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRota2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRukhadzeTobias_Moerschen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalukvadzeGolubchikov2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergey_Gevenov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutton2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcguardia2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFБабенко1983\"] = 1,\n [\"Names_and_etymology\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Administrative divisions of Georgia\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Capitals in Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Kavkazskiy Kalendar 1907\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 81,\n [\"Cities and towns in Georgia (country)\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 15,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Districts and neighborhoods of Tbilisi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 11,\n [\"GEO\"] = 1,\n [\"Georgia (country) topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Georgian census 2014\"] = 1,\n [\"Historic capitals of Georgia\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 26,\n [\"Lang-ka\"] = 2,\n [\"List of European capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Noflag\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Panorama\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister bar\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFКавказский_календарь_на_1907_год\"] = 1,\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","22.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","6.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.2"],["init \u003CModule:Convert/data\u003E","40","2.8"],["tostring","40","2.8"],["[others]","320","22.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-rt2nd","timestamp":"20250217022348","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tbilisi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tbilisi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q994","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q994","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-01T03:59:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-15T14:06:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/47\/Tbilisi%2C_Georgia._View_on_historical_neighborhoods_from_a_hill.jpg","headline":"capital and the largest city of Georgia (country)"}</script> </body> </html>