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id="toc-Personal_reign_and_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_reign_and_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal reign and reforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_reign_and_reforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal reign and reforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_reign_and_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coming_of_age_and_early_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coming_of_age_and_early_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Coming of age and early reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coming_of_age_and_early_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_major_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_major_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relations with the major colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_major_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_wars_in_the_Low_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_wars_in_the_Low_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early wars in the Low Countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_wars_in_the_Low_Countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early wars in the Low Countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_wars_in_the_Low_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Dutch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Dutch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Relations with the Dutch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Dutch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-European_relations_and_the_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-European_relations_and_the_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Non-European relations and the colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-European_relations_and_the_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Height_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Height_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Height of power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Height_of_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Height of power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Height_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Centralisation_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centralisation_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Centralisation of power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centralisation_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_as_the_pivot_of_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_as_the_pivot_of_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>France as the pivot of warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_as_the_pivot_of_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edict_of_Fontainebleau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edict_of_Fontainebleau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Edict of Fontainebleau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edict_of_Fontainebleau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nine_Years'_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_Years'_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nine Years' War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nine_Years'_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nine Years' War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nine_Years'_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes_and_conduct_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_and_conduct_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Causes and conduct of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_conduct_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_of_Ryswick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_Ryswick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Peace of Ryswick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_Ryswick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>War of the Spanish Succession</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_of_the_Spanish_Succession-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War of the Spanish Succession subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Spanish_Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Causes_and_build-up_to_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_and_build-up_to_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Causes and build-up to the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_build-up_to_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptance_of_the_will_of_Charles_II_and_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptance_of_the_will_of_Charles_II_and_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Acceptance of the will of Charles II and consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptance_of_the_will_of_Charles_II_and_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commencement_of_fighting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commencement_of_fighting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Commencement of fighting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commencement_of_fighting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turning_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turning_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Turning point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turning_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusion_of_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusion_of_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Conclusion of peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusion_of_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piety_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piety_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Piety and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piety_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patronage_of_the_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patronage_of_the_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Patronage of the arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patronage_of_the_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_and_depiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_and_depiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Image and depiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Image_and_depiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Image and depiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Image_and_depiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_royal_portraiture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_royal_portraiture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Evolution of royal portraiture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_royal_portraiture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works_of_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works_of_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Other works of art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works_of_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Ballet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unofficial_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unofficial_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Unofficial image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unofficial_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.2</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.4</span> <span>Musicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Line_of_succession_in_1715" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_of_succession_in_1715"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Line of succession in 1715</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_of_succession_in_1715-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_Saint_Louis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Saint_Louis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Order of Saint Louis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Saint_Louis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patrilineal_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrilineal_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1.1</span> <span>Patrilineal descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrilineal_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis XIV</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">135 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewyk_XIV_van_Frankryk" title="Lodewyk XIV van Frankryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lodewyk XIV van Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_XIV." title="Ludwig XIV. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ludwig XIV." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%E1%8A%9B_%E1%88%89%E1%8B%8A" title="14ኛ ሉዊ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="14ኛ ሉዊ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlo%C3%BEwig_XIV_Francena_Cyning" title="Hloþwig XIV Francena Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hloþwig XIV Francena Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="لويس الرابع عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس الرابع عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_XIV_de_Francia" title="Loís XIV de Francia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Loís XIV de Francia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluis_XIV_de_Francia" title="Lluis XIV de Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluis XIV de Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XIV" title="Luis XIV – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Luis XIV" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_L%C3%BCdovik" title="XIV Lüdovik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XIV Lüdovik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="اون‌دؤردونجو لوئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اون‌دؤردونجو لوئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87" title="চতুর্দশ লুই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চতুর্দশ লুই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_14-s%C3%A8" title="Louis 14-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louis 14-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XIV" title="Людовик XIV – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Людовик XIV" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_XIV" title="Людовік XIV – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Людовік XIV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_XIV" title="Людовік XIV – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Людовік XIV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_XIV" title="Луи XIV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи XIV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_XIV." title="Ludwig XIV. – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ludwig XIV." data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_XIV,_kralj_Francuske" title="Luj XIV, kralj Francuske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Luj XIV, kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeiz_XIV_(Bro-C%27hall)" title="Loeiz XIV (Bro-C'hall) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loeiz XIV (Bro-C'hall)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="XIV Людовик – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="XIV Людовик" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_XIV_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Lluís XIV de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluís XIV de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XIV" title="Людовик XIV – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Людовик XIV" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_XIV." title="Ludvík XIV. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludvík XIV." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_XIV_di_Francia" title="Luigi XIV di Francia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Luigi XIV di Francia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV,_brenin_Ffrainc" title="Louis XIV, brenin Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis XIV, brenin Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_14._af_Frankrig" title="Ludvig 14. af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ludvig 14. af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B4" title="لوي ربعطاش – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لوي ربعطاش" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_XIV." title="Ludwig XIV. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ludwig XIV." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%94%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ΄ της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουδοβίκος ΙΔ΄ της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XIV_de_Francia" title="Luis XIV de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luis XIV de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludoviko_la_14-a_(Francio)" title="Ludoviko la 14-a (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ludoviko la 14-a (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XIV.a_Borboikoa" title="Luis XIV.a Borboikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luis XIV.a Borboikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85" title="لوئی چهاردهم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئی چهاردهم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" title="Louis XIV of France – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Louis XIV of France" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loadewyk_XIV_fan_Frankryk" title="Loadewyk XIV fan Frankryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Loadewyk XIV fan Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_na_Fraince" title="Louis XIV na Fraince – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis XIV na Fraince" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_XIV_de_Francia" title="Lois XIV de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lois XIV de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_14%EC%84%B8" title="루이 14세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 14세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87_%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1" title="Լուի Արև արքա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի Արև արքա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88" title="चौदहवाँ लुई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चौदहवाँ लुई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_XIV.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Luj XIV., kralj Francuske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luj XIV., kralj Francuske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_la_14ma_di_Francia" title="Louis la 14ma di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis la 14ma di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XIV_ti_Pransia" title="Luis XIV ti Pransia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Luis XIV ti Pransia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_dari_Prancis" title="Louis XIV dari Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis XIV dari Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_XIV_de_Francia" title="Ludovico XIV de Francia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ludovico XIV de Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%B0v%C3%ADk_14." title="Loðvík 14. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loðvík 14." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_XIV_di_Francia" title="Luigi XIV di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luigi XIV di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%94_%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%A8,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="לואי הארבעה עשר, מלך צרפת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי הארבעה עשר, מלך צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_saka_Prancis" title="Louis XIV saka Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Louis XIV saka Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiya%CA%8B_Louis_14" title="Wiyaʋ Louis 14 – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Wiyaʋ Louis 14" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_XIV" title="ლუი XIV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი XIV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="XIV Луи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XIV Луи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_a_Bow_Frynk" title="Louis XIV a Bow Frynk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Louis XIV a Bow Frynk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_wa_Ufaransa" title="Louis XIV wa Ufaransa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Louis XIV wa Ufaransa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="Louis XIV (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Louis XIV (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_XIV" title="Ludovicus XIV – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus XIV" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_XIV" title="Luijs XIV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs XIV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV._vu_Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Louis XIV. vu Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis XIV. vu Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudvikas_XIV" title="Liudvikas XIV – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liudvikas XIV" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loigi_XIV_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Loigi XIV de França – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Loigi XIV de França" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewie_XIV_vaan_Fraankriek" title="Lewie XIV vaan Fraankriek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lewie XIV vaan Fraankriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_14" title="Louis 14 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Louis 14" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XIV_de_Francia" title="Luis XIV de Francia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Luis XIV de Francia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV._Lajos_francia_kir%C3%A1ly" title="XIV. Lajos francia király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="XIV. Lajos francia király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_XIV" title="Луј XIV – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј XIV" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ലൂയി പതിനാലാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയി പതിനാലാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwi%C4%A1i_XIV_ta%27_Franza" title="Luwiġi XIV ta' Franza – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Luwiġi XIV ta' Franza" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88" title="फ्रान्सचा चौदावा लुई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्सचा चौदावा लुई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_XIV_(%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ლუი XIV (საფრანგეთი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუი XIV (საფრანგეთი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="لويس الاربعتاشر ملك فرنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس الاربعتاشر ملك فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_dari_Perancis" title="Louis XIV dari Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louis XIV dari Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="XIV Луи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="XIV Луи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE_%E1%81%81%E1%81%84" title="လူဝီ ၁၄ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူဝီ ၁၄" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_XIV_van_Frankrijk" title="Lodewijk XIV van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk XIV van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A414%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="ルイ14世 (フランス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ14世 (フランス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigge_XIV_%27e_Franza" title="Luigge XIV 'e Franza – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Luigge XIV 'e Franza" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XIV" title="Людовик XIV – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Людовик XIV" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_XIV." title="Ludwig XIV. – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ludwig XIV." data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XIV_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig XIV av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludvig XIV av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XIV_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig XIV av Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ludvig XIV av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs_XIV_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Loís XIV de França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Loís XIV de França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਲੂਈ ਚੌਦਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ ਦਾ ਲੂਈ ਚੌਦਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="لوئی چودواں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئی چودواں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A" title="څوارلسم لويي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څوارلسم لويي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%8F%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99" title="ល្វី ដ៏អស្ចារ្យ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ល្វី ដ៏អស្ចារ្យ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_ed_Franche" title="Louis XIV ed Franche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Louis XIV ed Franche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XIV_%C3%ABd_Fransa" title="Luis XIV ëd Fransa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Luis XIV ëd Fransa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_XIV." title="Ludwig XIV. – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ludwig XIV." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_XIV" title="Ludwik XIV – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwik XIV" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_XIV_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Luís XIV de França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luís XIV de França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_al_XIV-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Ludovic al XIV-lea al Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ludovic al XIV-lea al Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_XIV_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Людвік XIV Французьскый – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Людвік XIV Французьскый" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XIV" title="Людовик XIV – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Людовик XIV" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_XIV_o_Farani" title="Lui XIV o Farani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lui XIV o Farani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_o_Fraunce" title="Louis XIV o Fraunce – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Louis XIV o Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigji_XIV" title="Luigji XIV – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Luigji XIV" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiggi_XIV_di_Francia" title="Luiggi XIV di Francia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luiggi XIV di Francia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_XIV." title="Ľudovít XIV. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudovít XIV." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik_XIV._Francoski" title="Ludvik XIV. Francoski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ludvik XIV. Francoski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="لویی چواردەیەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لویی چواردەیەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_XIV" title="Луј XIV – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј XIV" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_od_Francuske" title="Louis XIV od Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis XIV od Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XIV" title="Ludvig XIV – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludvig XIV" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_XIV_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig XIV av Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludvig XIV av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_XIV_ng_Pransiya" title="Luis XIV ng Pransiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Luis XIV ng Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF" title="பிரான்சின் பதினான்காம் லூயி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சின் பதினான்காம் லூயி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCdovik_XIV" title="Lüdovik XIV – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Lüdovik XIV" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_14_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 14 แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าหลุยส์ที่ 14 แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV._Louis" title="XIV. Louis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="XIV. Louis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA_XIV" title="Людовик XIV – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людовик XIV" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%85" title="لوئی چہاردہم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئی چہاردہم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Louis XIV của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis XIV của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV-id" title="Louis XIV-id – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Louis XIV-id" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewyk_XIV" title="Lodewyk XIV – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Lodewyk XIV" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_han_Fransya" title="Louis XIV han Fransya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louis XIV han Fransya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B" title="路易十四 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易十四" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לואי דער פערצנטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לואי דער פערצנטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_14k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Louis 14k ilẹ̀ Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louis 14k ilẹ̀ Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B" title="路易十四 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易十四" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liodv%C4%97ks_XIV" title="Liodvėks XIV – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Liodvėks XIV" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B" title="路易十四 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易十四" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwis_%C3%B2so_14_(Ogwu_Furans)" title="Luwis òso 14 (Ogwu Furans) – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Luwis òso 14 (Ogwu Furans)" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Louis XIV" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7742#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of France from 1643 to 1715</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sun King" and "Le Roi Soleil" redirect here. For the French musical about Louis XIV, see <a href="/wiki/Le_Roi_Soleil_(musical)" title="Le Roi Soleil (musical)"><i>Le Roi Soleil</i> (musical)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sun_King_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sun King (disambiguation)">Sun King (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Louis XIV (disambiguation)">Louis XIV (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Louis XIV</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Louis XIV aged 63" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_of_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Louis_XIV" title="Portrait of Louis XIV">Portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud </a>, 1701</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 1643 – 1 September 1715</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 June 1654<br /><a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a> (1643–1651)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France" title="Chief minister of France">Chief ministers</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><i>See list</i></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a><br />(1643–1661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a><br />(1661–1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">The Marquis of Louvois</a><br />(1683–1691)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1638-09-05</span>)</span>5 September 1638<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 1715<span style="display:none">(1715-09-01)</span> (aged 76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, Versailles, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1715<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Basilica of Saint-Denis">Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="9 June 1660">1660</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="30 July 1683">1683</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9,_Marquise_de_Maintenon" title="Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon">Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon</a> (private)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1683)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Grand Dauphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Madame_Royale_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale (1667–1672)">Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><i>Illegitimate</i> :<br /><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne,_Princess_of_Conti" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Anne, Princess of Conti">Marie Anne, Princess of Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Louis, Count of Vermandois">Louis, Count of Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Duke_of_Maine" title="Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine">Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C%C3%A9sar,_Count_of_Vexin" title="Louis César, Count of Vexin">Louis César, Count of Vexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise,_Princess_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé">Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon">Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Maisonblanche" title="Louise de Maisonblanche">Louise, Baroness of La Queue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Marie_de_Bourbon" title="Françoise Marie de Bourbon">Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse">Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Louis-Dieudonné de France</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis XIV's signature"><img alt="Louis XIV's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Louis_XIV_Signature.svg/125px-Louis_XIV_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Louis_XIV_Signature.svg/188px-Louis_XIV_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Louis_XIV_Signature.svg/250px-Louis_XIV_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV</b> (Louis-Dieudonné; 5 September 1638 – 1 September 1715), also known as <b>Louis the Great</b> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Louis le Grand</i></span>) or the <b>Sun King</b> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le Roi Soleil</i></span>), was <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> from 1643 until his death in 1715. His verified reign of 72 years and 110 days is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-reigning_monarchs" title="List of longest-reigning monarchs">longest of any sovereign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An emblematic character of the <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">Age of Absolutism</a> in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2016419_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2016419-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis XIV's legacy is widely characterized by <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial expansion</a>, the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>, and his <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">architectural bequest</a>, marked by commissioned works of art and buildings. His pageantry, opulent lifestyle and ornate cultivated image earned him enduring admiration. Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV raised France to be the exemplar nation-state of the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, and established a cultural prestige which lasted through the subsequent centuries until today. </p><p>Louis began his personal rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>, when the King famously declared that he would take over the job himself.<sup id="cite_ref-CatEn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatEn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adherent of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, Louis continued his predecessors' work of creating a <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">centralised state</a> governed from the capital. He sought to eliminate the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> persisting in parts of France; by compelling many members of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">nobility</a> to reside at his lavish <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, he succeeded in pacifying the aristocracy, many of whom had participated in <a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">the Fronde</a> rebellions during his minority. He thus became one of the most powerful French monarchs and consolidated a system of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> in France that endured until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Louis also enforced uniformity of religion under the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">revocation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> abolished the rights of the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> Protestant minority and subjected them to a wave of <a href="/wiki/Dragonnades" title="Dragonnades">dragonnades</a>, effectively forcing Huguenots to emigrate or convert, virtually destroying the French Protestant community. </p><p>During Louis's long reign, France emerged as the leading <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">European power</a> and regularly made war. A <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">conflict with Spain</a> marked his entire childhood, while during his personal rule, Louis fought three major continental conflicts, each against powerful foreign alliances: the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. In addition, France contested shorter wars such as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">War of the Reunions</a>. Warfare defined Louis's foreign policy, impelled by his personal ambition for glory and power: "a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His wars strained France's resources to the utmost, while in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1993633_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1993633-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death in 1715, Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV left his great-grandson and successor, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>, a powerful but war-weary kingdom, in major debt after the War of the Spanish Succession that had raged on since 1701. </p><p> Some of his other notable achievements include the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Canal_du_Midi" title="Canal du Midi">Canal du Midi</a>, the patronage of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">artists</a>, and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonyme_-_Portrait_du_Dauphin_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anonyme_-_Portrait_du_Dauphin_01.jpg/220px-Anonyme_-_Portrait_du_Dauphin_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anonyme_-_Portrait_du_Dauphin_01.jpg/330px-Anonyme_-_Portrait_du_Dauphin_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Anonyme_-_Portrait_du_Dauphin_01.jpg/440px-Anonyme_-_Portrait_du_Dauphin_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3561" data-file-height="4933" /></a><figcaption>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV as a young child, unknown painter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acte_de_naissance_de_Louis_XIV_1738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Acte_de_naissance_de_Louis_XIV_1738.jpg/170px-Acte_de_naissance_de_Louis_XIV_1738.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Acte_de_naissance_de_Louis_XIV_1738.jpg/255px-Acte_de_naissance_de_Louis_XIV_1738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Acte_de_naissance_de_Louis_XIV_1738.jpg/340px-Acte_de_naissance_de_Louis_XIV_1738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3288" data-file-height="3659" /></a><figcaption>Baptismal certificate, 1638</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a>. He was named Louis Dieudonné (Louis the God-given)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bore the traditional title of French <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heirs apparent</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche199011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche199011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his birth, his parents had been married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirths</a> between 1619 and 1631. Leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarentine2016129_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarentine2016129-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis's relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time. Contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would spend all her time with Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen201626_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen201626-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both were greatly interested in food and theatre, and it is highly likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his mother. This long-lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in Louis's journal entries, such as: </p> <blockquote><p>"Nature was responsible for the first knots which tied me to my mother. But attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser200614–16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200614–16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It was his mother who gave Louis his belief in the absolute and divine power of his monarchical rule.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_du_Dauphin_futur_Louis_XIV.1642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_du_Dauphin_futur_Louis_XIV.1642.jpg/220px-Portrait_du_Dauphin_futur_Louis_XIV.1642.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_du_Dauphin_futur_Louis_XIV.1642.jpg/330px-Portrait_du_Dauphin_futur_Louis_XIV.1642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Portrait_du_Dauphin_futur_Louis_XIV.1642.jpg/440px-Portrait_du_Dauphin_futur_Louis_XIV.1642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV, then <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>, in 1642, one year before his accession to the throne, by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Champaigne" title="Philippe de Champaigne">Philippe de Champaigne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During his childhood, he was taken care of by the governesses <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Lansac" title="Françoise de Lansac">Françoise de Lansac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Catherine_de_Senecey" title="Marie-Catherine de Senecey">Marie-Catherine de Senecey</a>. In 1646, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Neufville_de_Villeroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroy">Nicolas V de Villeroy</a> became the young king's tutor. Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV became friends with Villeroy's young children, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufville,_duc_de_Villeroy" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy">François de Villeroy</a>, and divided his time between the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a> and the nearby Hotel de Villeroy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minority_and_the_Fronde">Minority and the <i>Fronde</i></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Louis_XIV" title="Special:EditPage/Louis XIV">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession">Accession</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bb85790a33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bb85790a33.jpg/220px-Bb85790a33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bb85790a33.jpg/330px-Bb85790a33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bb85790a33.jpg/440px-Bb85790a33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Louis XIV in 1643, by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Deruet" title="Claude Deruet">Claude Deruet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sensing imminent death in the spring of 1643, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> decided to put his affairs in order for his four-year-old son Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV. Not trusting the judgement of his Spanish wife Queen Anne, who would normally have become the sole <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf, with Anne at its head.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhardt201620_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt201620-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis XIII died on 14 May 1643. On 18 May<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinman1985145_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinman1985145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Anne had her husband's will annulled by the <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement de Paris</a></i>, a judicial body of nobles and high clergymen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBély200157_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBély200157-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she became sole regent. She exiled her husband's ministers Chavigny and Bouthilier and appointed the <a href="/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Lom%C3%A9nie,_comte_de_Brienne" title="Henri-Auguste de Loménie, comte de Brienne">Count of Brienne</a> as her minister of foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESonnino1998217–218_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESonnino1998217–218-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anne kept the direction of religious policy strongly in hand until her son's majority in 1661. </p><p>She appointed <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a> as chief minister, giving him the daily administration of policy. She continued the policies of her late husband and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Cardinal Richelieu</a>, despite their persecution of her, in order to win absolute authority in France and victory abroad for her son. Anne protected Mazarin by exiling her followers the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="César de Bourbon">Duke of Beaufort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Rohan" title="Marie de Rohan">Marie de Rohan</a>, who conspired against him in 1643.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best example of Anne's loyalty to France was her treatment of one of Richelieu's men, the Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Pierre_S%C3%A9guier" title="Pierre Séguier">Pierre Séguier</a>. Séguier had brusquely interrogated Anne in 1637 (like a "common criminal", as she recalled) following the discovery that she was giving military secrets to her father in Spain, and Anne was virtually under house arrest for years. By keeping the effective Séguier in his post, Anne sacrificed her own feelings for the interests of France and her son Louis. </p><p>The Queen sought a lasting peace between Catholic nations, but only after a French victory over her native Spain. She also gave a partial Catholic orientation to French foreign policy. This was felt by the Netherlands, France's Protestant ally, which negotiated a separate peace with Spain in 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1648, Anne and Mazarin successfully negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeem201883_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeem201883-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its terms ensured <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, awarded some autonomy to the various German princes of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and granted Sweden seats on the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Diet_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)">Imperial Diet</a> and territories controlling the mouths of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weser" title="Weser">Weser Rivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarentine2016131_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarentine2016131-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France, however, profited most from the settlement. Austria, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand III</a>, ceded all Habsburg lands and claims in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> to France and acknowledged her <i>de facto</i> sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Three_Bishoprics" title="Three Bishoprics">Three Bishoprics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdun" title="Verdun">Verdun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toul" title="Toul">Toul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962456_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962456-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, many petty German states sought French protection, eager to emancipate themselves from Habsburg domination. This anticipated the formation of the 1658 <a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Rhine" title="League of the Rhine">League of the Rhine</a>, which further diminished Imperial power. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_acts">Early acts</h3></div> <p>As the Thirty Years' War came to an end, a civil war known as <a href="/wiki/The_Fronde" title="The Fronde">the Fronde</a> erupted in France. It effectively checked France's ability to exploit the Peace of Westphalia. Anne and Mazarin had largely pursued the policies of Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's power at the expense of the nobility and the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlements</a></i></span></i>. Anne was more concerned with internal policy than foreign affairs; she was a very proud queen who insisted on the divine rights of the King of France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinman1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinman1985[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_map_1648.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Europe_map_1648.PNG/220px-Europe_map_1648.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Europe_map_1648.PNG/330px-Europe_map_1648.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Europe_map_1648.PNG/440px-Europe_map_1648.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Europe after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> in 1648</figcaption></figure> <p>All this led her to advocate a forceful policy in all matters relating to the King's authority, in a manner that was much more radical than the one proposed by Mazarin. The Cardinal depended totally on Anne's support and had to use all his influence on the Queen to temper some of her radical actions. Anne imprisoned any aristocrat or member of parliament who challenged her will; her main aim was to transfer to her son an absolute authority in the matters of finance and justice. One of the leaders of the Parlement of Paris, whom she had jailed, died in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Frondeurs</i></span></i>, political heirs of the disaffected feudal aristocracy, sought to protect their traditional feudal privileges from the increasingly centralized royal government. Furthermore, they believed their traditional influence and authority was being usurped by the recently ennobled bureaucrats (the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Noblesse de Robe</i></span></i>, or "nobility of the robe"), who administered the kingdom and on whom the monarchy increasingly began to rely. This belief intensified the nobles' resentment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1648, Anne and Mazarin attempted to tax members of the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Parlement de Paris</i></span></i>. The members refused to comply and ordered all of the king's earlier financial edicts burned. Buoyed by the victory of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Louis, duc d'Enghien</a></i></span> (later known as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le Grand Condé</i></span></i>) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">Battle of Lens</a>, Mazarin, on Queen Anne's insistence, arrested certain members in a show of force.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important arrest, from Anne's point of view, concerned <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Broussel" title="Pierre Broussel">Pierre Broussel</a>, one of the most important leaders in the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Parlement de Paris</i></span></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter,_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter%2C_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter%2C_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter%2C_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter%2C_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter%2C_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_en_Jupiter%2C_vainqueur_de_la_Fronde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>1655 portrait of Louis, the Victor of the Fronde, portrayed as the god <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>People in France were complaining about the expansion of royal authority, the high rate of taxation, and the reduction of the authority of the Parlement de Paris and other regional representative entities. Paris erupted in rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under intense pressure, to free Broussel. Moreover, on the night of 9–10 February 1651, when Louis was twelve, a mob of angry Parisians broke into the royal palace and demanded to see their king. Led into the royal bed-chamber, they gazed upon Louis, who was feigning sleep, were appeased, and then quietly departed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanning2008306_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanning2008306-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The threat to the royal family prompted Anne to flee Paris with the king and his courtiers. </p><p>Shortly thereafter, the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> allowed Condé's army to return to aid Louis and his court. Condé's family was close to Anne at that time, and he agreed to help her attempt to restore the king's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetitfils200284–87_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetitfils200284–87-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The queen's army, headed by Condé, attacked the rebels in Paris; the rebels were under the political control of Anne's old friend <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Rohan" title="Marie de Rohan">Marie de Rohan</a>. Beaufort, who had escaped from the prison where Anne had incarcerated him five years before, was the military leader in Paris, under the nominal control of Conti. After a few battles, a political compromise was reached; the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Rueil" title="Peace of Rueil">Peace of Rueil</a> was signed, and the court returned to Paris. </p><p>Unfortunately for Anne, her partial victory depended on Condé, who wanted to control the queen and destroy Mazarin's influence. It was Condé's sister who pushed him to turn against the queen. After striking a deal with her old friend Marie de Rohan, who was able to impose the nomination of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_l%27Aubespine,_marquis_de_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf">Charles de l'Aubespine, marquis de Châteauneuf</a></i></span> as minister of justice, Anne arrested Condé, his brother <a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti">Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti</a>, and the husband of their sister Anne Genevieve de Bourbon, <a href="/wiki/Duchess_of_Longueville" title="Duchess of Longueville">duchess of Longueville</a>. This situation did not last long, and Mazarin's unpopularity led to the creation of a coalition headed mainly by Marie de Rohan and the duchess of Longueville. This aristocratic coalition was strong enough to liberate the princes, exile Mazarin, and impose a condition of virtual house arrest on Queen Anne. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_by_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louis_XIV_by_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_by_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louis_XIV_by_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_by_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Louis_XIV_by_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_by_Juste_d%27Egmont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2934" data-file-height="3734" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Justus_van_Egmont" title="Justus van Egmont">Justus van Egmont</a> between the years 1649–1652.</figcaption></figure> <p>All these events were witnessed by Louis and largely explained his later distrust of Paris and the higher aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetitfils200288–90,_91–98_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetitfils200288–90,_91–98-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In one sense, Louis's childhood came to an end with the outbreak of the Fronde. It was not only that life became insecure and unpleasant – a fate meted out to many children in all ages – but that Louis had to be taken into the confidence of his mother and Mazarin on political and military matters of which he could have no deep understanding".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatton197222_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatton197222-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The family home became at times a near-prison when Paris had to be abandoned, not in carefree outings to other chateaux but in humiliating flights".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatton197222_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatton197222-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal family was driven out of Paris twice in this manner, and at one point Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV and Anne were held under virtual arrest in the royal palace in Paris. The Fronde years planted in Louis a hatred of Paris and a consequent determination to move out of the ancient capital as soon as possible, never to return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatton197231_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatton197231-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just as the first <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fronde</i></span></i> (the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fronde parlementaire</i></span></i> of 1648–1649) ended, a second one (the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fronde des princes</i></span></i> of 1650–1653) began. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class insurrection. To the aristocracy, this rebellion represented a protest for the reversal of their political demotion from <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> to <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtiers</a>. It was headed by the highest-ranking French nobles, among them Louis's uncle <a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a> and first cousin <a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier">Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier</a>, known as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la Grande Mademoiselle</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_du_sang" title="Prince du sang">Princes of the Blood</a> such as Condé, his brother <a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti">Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti</a>, and their sister the <a href="/wiki/Anne_Genevi%C3%A8ve_de_Bourbon" title="Anne Geneviève de Bourbon">Duchess of Longueville</a>; dukes of <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">legitimised</a> royal descent, such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_II_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Longueville" title="Henri II d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville">Henri, Duke of Longueville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Duke of Beaufort">François, Duke of Beaufort</a>; so-called "<a href="/wiki/Prince_%C3%A9tranger" title="Prince étranger">foreign princes</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Maurice_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne" class="mw-redirect" title="Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne">Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon</a>, his brother <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_vicomte_de_Turenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, vicomte de Turenne">Turenne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Rohan" title="Marie de Rohan">Marie de Rohan</a>, Duchess of Chevreuse; and <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">scions</a> of France's oldest families, such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(writer)" title="François de La Rochefoucauld (writer)">François de La Rochefoucauld</a>. </p><p>Queen Anne played the most important role in defeating the Fronde because she wanted to transfer absolute authority to her son. In addition, most of the princes refused to deal with Mazarin, who went into exile for a number of years. The <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Frondeurs</i></span></i> claimed to act on Louis's behalf, and in his real interest, against his mother and Mazarin. </p><p>Queen Anne had a very close relationship with the Cardinal, and many observers believed that Mazarin became Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV's stepfather by a secret marriage to Queen Anne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatton197218_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatton197218-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Louis's coming-of-age and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> deprived them of the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Frondeurs</i></span></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> pretext for revolt. The <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fronde</i></span></i> thus gradually lost steam and ended in 1653, when Mazarin returned triumphantly from exile. From that time until his death, Mazarin was in charge of foreign and financial policy without the daily supervision of Anne, who was no longer regent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetitfils2002148–150_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetitfils2002148–150-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Louis fell in love with Mazarin's niece <a href="/wiki/Marie_Mancini" title="Marie Mancini">Marie Mancini</a>, but Anne and Mazarin ended the king's infatuation by sending Mancini away from court to be married in Italy. While Mazarin might have been tempted for a short time to marry his niece to the King of France, Queen Anne was absolutely against this; she wanted to marry her son to the daughter of her brother, <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>, for both dynastic and political reasons. Mazarin soon supported the Queen's position because he knew that her support for his power and his foreign policy depended on making peace with Spain from a strong position and on the Spanish marriage. Additionally, Mazarin's relations with Marie Mancini were not good, and he did not trust her to support his position. All of Louis's tears and his supplications to his mother did not make her change her mind. The Spanish marriage would be very important both for its role in ending the war between France and Spain, because many of the claims and objectives of Louis's foreign policy for the next 50 years would be based upon this marriage, and because it was through this marriage that the Spanish throne would ultimately be delivered to the House of Bourbon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1990128–129_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1990128–129-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_reign_and_reforms">Personal reign and reforms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coming_of_age_and_early_reforms">Coming of age and early reforms</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Monogram_of_King_Louis_XIV_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Louis_XIV_of_France.svg/100px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Louis_XIV_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Louis_XIV_of_France.svg/150px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Louis_XIV_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Royal_Monogram_of_King_Louis_XIV_of_France.svg/200px-Royal_Monogram_of_King_Louis_XIV_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Royal Monogram</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis XIV was declared to have reached the age of majority on the 7th of September 1651. On the death of Mazarin, in March 1661, Louis personally took the reins of government and astonished his court by declaring that he would rule without a chief minister: "Up to this moment I have been pleased to entrust the government of my affairs to the late Cardinal. It is now time that I govern them myself. You [secretaries and ministers] will assist me with your counsels when I ask for them. I request and order you to seal no orders except by my command . . . I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport . . . without my command; to render account to me personally each day and to favor no one".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capitalizing on the widespread public yearning for peace and order after decades of foreign and civil strife, the young king consolidated central political authority and at the expense of the feudal aristocracy. Praising his ability to choose and encourage men of talent, the historian <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a> noted: "it is the voice of genius of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of Louis".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000xii_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000xii-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis began his personal reign with administrative and fiscal reforms. In 1661, the treasury verged on bankruptcy. To rectify the situation, Louis chose <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert">Jean-Baptiste Colbert</a> as <a href="/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances" title="Controller-General of Finances">Controller-General of Finances</a> in 1665. However, Louis first had to neutralize <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a>, the powerful <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances" title="Superintendent of Finances">Superintendent of Finances</a>. Although Fouquet's financial indiscretions were not very different from Mazarin's before him or Colbert's after him, his ambition worried Louis. He lavishly entertained the king at the opulent château of <a href="/wiki/Vaux-le-Vicomte" title="Vaux-le-Vicomte">Vaux-le-Vicomte</a>, flaunting a wealth which could hardly have accumulated except through <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> of government funds. </p><p>Fouquet appeared eager to succeed Mazarin and Richelieu in power, and he indiscreetly purchased and privately fortified the remote island of <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%8Ele" title="Belle Île">Belle Île</a>. These acts sealed his doom. Fouquet was charged with embezzlement; the <i>Parlement</i> found him guilty and sentenced him to exile; and finally Louis altered the sentence to life imprisonment. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colbert_Presenting_the_Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences_to_Louis_XIV_in_1667.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Colbert_Presenting_the_Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences_to_Louis_XIV_in_1667.PNG/220px-Colbert_Presenting_the_Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences_to_Louis_XIV_in_1667.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Colbert_Presenting_the_Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences_to_Louis_XIV_in_1667.PNG/330px-Colbert_Presenting_the_Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences_to_Louis_XIV_in_1667.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Colbert_Presenting_the_Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences_to_Louis_XIV_in_1667.PNG/440px-Colbert_Presenting_the_Members_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Sciences_to_Louis_XIV_in_1667.PNG 2x" data-file-width="6070" data-file-height="3483" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">Académie des sciences</a></i></span> with Louis in 1667; in the background appears the new <a href="/wiki/Paris_Observatory" title="Paris Observatory">Paris Observatory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fouquet's downfall gave Colbert a free hand to reduce the national debt through more efficient taxation. The principal taxes included the <i>aides</i> and <i>douanes</i> (both <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs duties</a>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Gabelle" title="Gabelle">gabelle</a></i> (salt tax), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Taille" title="Taille">taille</a></i> (land tax). The <i>taille</i> was reduced at first, and certain tax-collection contracts were auctioned instead of being sold privately to a favoured few. Financial officials were required to keep regular accounts, revising inventories and removing unauthorized exemptions: up to 1661 only 10 per cent of income from the royal domain reached the king. Reform had to overcome vested interests: the <i>taille</i> was collected by officers of the Crown who had purchased their post at a high price, and punishment of abuses necessarily lowered the value of the purchase. Nevertheless, Colbert achieved excellent results, with the deficit of 1661 turning into a surplus by 1666, with interest on the debt decreasing from 52 million to 24 million livres. The <i>taille</i> was reduced to 42 million in 1661 and 35 million in 1665, while revenue from indirect taxation progressed from 26 million to 55 million. The revenues of the royal domain were raised from 80,000 livres in 1661 to 5.5 million in 1671. In 1661, the receipts were equivalent to 26 million British pounds, of which 10 million reached the treasury. The expenditure was around 18 million pounds, leaving a deficit of 8 million. In 1667, the net receipts had risen to 20 million <a href="/wiki/Pounds_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds sterling">pounds sterling</a>, while expenditure had fallen to 11 million, leaving a surplus of 9 million pounds. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Description-de-l%27entree-Du-Roy-et-de-la-Reyne-Paris_MG_1114.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Description-de-l%27entree-Du-Roy-et-de-la-Reyne-Paris_MG_1114.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Description-de-l%27entree-Du-Roy-et-de-la-Reyne-Paris_MG_1114.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Description-de-l%27entree-Du-Roy-et-de-la-Reyne-Paris_MG_1114.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Description-de-l%27entree-Du-Roy-et-de-la-Reyne-Paris_MG_1114.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Description-de-l%27entree-Du-Roy-et-de-la-Reyne-Paris_MG_1114.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Description-de-l%27entree-Du-Roy-et-de-la-Reyne-Paris_MG_1114.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3659" data-file-height="4831" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV</figcaption></figure> <p>Money was the essential support of the reorganized and enlarged army, the panoply of Versailles, and the growing civil administration. Finance had always been the weakness of the French monarchy: tax collection was costly and inefficient; direct taxes dwindled as they passed through the hands of many intermediate officials; and indirect taxes were collected by private contractors called tax farmers who made a handsome profit. The state coffers leaked at every joint. </p><p>The main weakness arose from an old bargain between the French crown and nobility: the king might raise taxes on the nation without consent if only he exempted the nobility. Only the "unprivileged" classes paid direct taxes, which came to mean the peasants only, as most bourgeois finagled exemptions in one way or another. The system laid the whole burden of state expenses on the backs of the poor and powerless. After 1700, with the support of Louis's pious secret wife <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Maintenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame de Maintenon">Madame de Maintenon</a>, the king was persuaded to change his fiscal policy. Though willing enough to tax the nobles, Louis feared the political concessions which they would demand in return. Only towards the close of his reign under the extreme exigency of war, was he able, for the first time in French history, to impose direct taxes on the aristocracy. This was a step toward equality before the law and toward sound public finance, though it was predictably diminished by concessions and exemptions won by the insistent efforts of nobles and bourgeois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetitfils2002250–253,_254–260_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetitfils2002250–253,_254–260-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis and Colbert also had wide-ranging plans to grow French commerce and trade. Colbert's <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> administration established new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> silk manufacturers and the <a href="/wiki/Gobelins_manufactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobelins manufactory">Gobelins tapestry manufactory</a>. He invited manufacturers and artisans from all over Europe to France, such as <a href="/wiki/Murano" title="Murano">Murano</a> glassmakers, Swedish ironworkers, and Dutch shipbuilders. He aimed to decrease imports while increasing French exports, hence reducing the net outflow of precious metals from France. </p><p>Louis instituted reforms in military administration through <a href="/wiki/Michel_le_Tellier" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel le Tellier">Michel le Tellier</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">François-Michel le Tellier</a>, successive Marquis de Louvois. They helped to curb the independent spirit of the nobility, imposing order on them at court and in the army. Gone were the days when generals protracted war at the frontiers while bickering over precedence and ignoring orders from the capital and the larger strategic picture, with the old military aristocracy (<i>noblesse d'épée</i>, nobility of the sword) monopolizing senior military positions and the higher ranks. Louvois modernized the army and reorganised it into a professional, disciplined, well-trained force. He was devoted to the soldiers' material well-being and morale, and even tried to direct campaigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_major_colonies">Relations with the major colonies</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Nocret_-_Louis_XIV_et_la_famille_royale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jean_Nocret_-_Louis_XIV_et_la_famille_royale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Jean_Nocret_-_Louis_XIV_et_la_famille_royale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jean_Nocret_-_Louis_XIV_et_la_famille_royale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Jean_Nocret_-_Louis_XIV_et_la_famille_royale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Jean_Nocret_-_Louis_XIV_et_la_famille_royale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Jean_Nocret_-_Louis_XIV_et_la_famille_royale_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3989" data-file-height="2809" /></a><figcaption>Louis and his family portrayed as Roman gods in a 1670 painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Nocret" title="Jean Nocret">Jean Nocret</a>. L to R: Louis's aunt, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henriette-Marie</a>; his brother, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, duc d'Orléans</a>; the Duke's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1662%E2%80%931689)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Louise of Orléans (1662–1689)">Marie Louise d'Orléans</a>, and wife, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Anne_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Anne Stuart">Henriette-Anne Stuart</a>; the Queen-mother, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a>; three daughters of <a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston d'Orléans</a>; Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV; the Dauphin <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1661%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1661–1711)">Louis</a>; Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Marie-Thérèse</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier">la Grande Mademoiselle</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis's legal reforms were enacted in his numerous <a href="/wiki/Great_Ordinances" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Ordinances">Great Ordinances</a>. Prior to that, France was a patchwork of legal systems, with as many traditional legal regimes as there were provinces, and two co-existing legal systems—<a href="/wiki/Old_French_law#Pays_de_coutumes" title="Old French law">customary law</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman civil law</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerryman2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Grande Ordonnance de Procédure Civile</i> of 1667, the <i>Code Louis</i>, was a comprehensive legal code imposing a uniform regulation of <a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">civil procedure</a> throughout the kingdom. Among other things, it prescribed baptismal, marriage and death records in the state's registers, not the church's, and it strictly regulated the right of the <i>Parlements</i> to remonstrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntoine198933_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntoine198933-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Code Louis</i> later became the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic code">Napoleonic code</a>, which in turn inspired many modern legal codes. </p><p>One of Louis's more infamous decrees was the <i>Grande Ordonnance sur les Colonies</i> of 1685, the <i><a href="/wiki/Code_Noir" title="Code Noir">Code Noir</a></i> (black code). Although it sanctioned slavery, it attempted to humanise the practice by prohibiting the separation of families. Additionally, in the colonies, only Roman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised. </p><p>Louis ruled through a number of councils: </p> <ul><li>Conseil d'en haut ("High Council", concerning the most important matters of state)—composed of the king, the crown prince, the controller-general of finances, and the secretaries of state in charge of various departments. The members of that council were called ministers of state.</li> <li>Conseil des dépêches ("Council of Messages", concerning notices and administrative reports from the provinces).</li> <li>Conseil de Conscience ("Council of Conscience", concerning religious affairs and episcopal appointments).</li> <li>Conseil royal des finances ("Royal Council of Finances") headed by the "chef du conseil des finances" (an honorary post in most cases)—this was one of the few posts in the council available to the high aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_wars_in_the_Low_Countries">Early wars in the Low Countries</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_by_Robert_Nanteuil_1670.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louis_XIV_by_Robert_Nanteuil_1670.jpeg/170px-Louis_XIV_by_Robert_Nanteuil_1670.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louis_XIV_by_Robert_Nanteuil_1670.jpeg/255px-Louis_XIV_by_Robert_Nanteuil_1670.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Louis_XIV_by_Robert_Nanteuil_1670.jpeg/340px-Louis_XIV_by_Robert_Nanteuil_1670.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV in 1670, engraved portrait by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nanteuil" title="Robert Nanteuil">Robert Nanteuil</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentlemen_here_is_the_King_of_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gentlemen_here_is_the_King_of_Spain.jpg/220px-Gentlemen_here_is_the_King_of_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gentlemen_here_is_the_King_of_Spain.jpg/330px-Gentlemen_here_is_the_King_of_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gentlemen_here_is_the_King_of_Spain.jpg/440px-Gentlemen_here_is_the_King_of_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="3325" /></a><figcaption>The future Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>V being introduced as King of Spain by his grandfather, Louis XIV</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of Louis's maternal uncle King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a> in 1665 precipitated the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a>. In 1660, Louis had married Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV's eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa</a>, as one of the provisions of the 1659 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1968117_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1968117-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage treaty specified that Maria Theresa was to renounce all claims to Spanish territory for herself and all her descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1968117_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1968117-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mazarin and <a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Lionne" title="Hugues de Lionne">Lionne</a>, however, made the renunciation conditional on the full payment of a Spanish dowry of 500,000 <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cu" title="Écu">écus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop200054_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop200054-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dowry was never paid and would later play a part persuading his maternal first cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a> to leave his empire to Philip, Duke of Anjou (later <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>), the grandson of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV and Maria Theresa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a> did not focus on the payment of the dowry; rather, the lack of payment was what Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV used as a pretext for nullifying Maria Theresa's renunciation of her claims, allowing the land to "devolve" to him. In <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a> (the location of the land in dispute), children of first marriages traditionally were not disadvantaged by their parents' remarriages and still inherited property. Louis's wife was Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV's daughter by his first marriage, while the new king of Spain, Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II, was his son by a subsequent marriage. Thus, Brabant allegedly "devolved" to Maria Theresa, justifying France to attack the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Dutch">Relations with the Dutch</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over,_12_juni_1672_(Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg/250px-Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg/375px-Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg/500px-Louis_XIV_crosses_the_Rhine_at_Lobith_-_Lodewijk_XIV_trekt_bij_het_Tolhuis_bij_Lobith_de_Rijn_over%2C_12_juni_1672_%28Adam_Frans_van_der_Meulen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7060" data-file-height="4416" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolhuis" title="Battle of Tolhuis">Battle of Tolhuis</a>, Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV crosses the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rhine" title="Lower Rhine">Lower Rhine</a> at Lobith on 12 June 1672; <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum Amsterdam</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> with <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>, France supported the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> as part of a general policy of opposing Habsburg power. <a href="/wiki/Johan_de_Witt" title="Johan de Witt">Johan de Witt</a>, Dutch <a href="/wiki/Grand_Pensionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Pensionary">Grand Pensionary</a> from 1653 to 1672, viewed this as crucial for Dutch security and a counterweight against his domestic <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Orange" title="Prince of Orange">Orangist</a> opponents. Louis provided support in the 1665-1667 <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> but used the opportunity to launch the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a> in 1667. This captured <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> and much of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>; French expansion in this area was a direct threat to Dutch economic interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsrael1990197–199_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsrael1990197–199-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch opened talks with <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> on a common diplomatic front against France, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1668)" title="Triple Alliance (1668)">Triple Alliance</a>, between England, the Dutch and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>. The threat of an escalation and a secret treaty to divide Spanish possessions with <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Leopold</a>, the other major claimant to the throne of Spain, led Louis to relinquish many of his gains in the 1668 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutton1986299–300_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1986299–300-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis placed little reliance on his agreement with <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> and as it was now clear French and Dutch aims were in direct conflict, he decided to first defeat the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Republic</a>, then seize the Spanish Netherlands. This required breaking up the Triple Alliance; he paid Sweden to remain neutral and signed the 1670 <a href="/wiki/Secret_Treaty_of_Dover" title="Secret Treaty of Dover">Secret Treaty of Dover</a> with Charles, an Anglo-French alliance against the Dutch Republic. In May 1672, France invaded the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Republic</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Münster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999109–110_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999109–110-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV,_King_of_France,_after_Lefebvre_-_Les_collections_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis_XIV%2C_King_of_France%2C_after_Lefebvre_-_Les_collections_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg/200px-Louis_XIV%2C_King_of_France%2C_after_Lefebvre_-_Les_collections_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis_XIV%2C_King_of_France%2C_after_Lefebvre_-_Les_collections_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg/300px-Louis_XIV%2C_King_of_France%2C_after_Lefebvre_-_Les_collections_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Louis_XIV%2C_King_of_France%2C_after_Lefebvre_-_Les_collections_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg/400px-Louis_XIV%2C_King_of_France%2C_after_Lefebvre_-_Les_collections_du_ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="2025" /></a><figcaption>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV, 1670, by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lef%C3%A8bvre" title="Claude Lefèbvre">Claude Lefèbvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Rapid French advance led to a coup that toppled De Witt and brought <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> to power. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold</a> viewed French expansion into the Rhineland as an increasing threat, especially after they seized the strategic <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lorraine" title="Duchy of Lorraine">Duchy of Lorraine</a> in 1670. The prospect of Dutch defeat led Leopold to an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> on 23 June, followed by another with the Republic on 25th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay1997206_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay1997206-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Brandenburg was forced out of the war by the June 1673 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vossem_(1673)" title="Treaty of Vossem (1673)">Treaty of Vossem</a>, in August an anti-French alliance was formed by the Dutch, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, Emperor Leopold and the <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine">Duke of Lorraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung2004133_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung2004133-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French alliance was deeply unpopular in England, and only more so after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">disappointing battles</a> against <a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Ruyter" title="Michiel de Ruyter">Michiel de Ruyter</a>'s fleet. Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II of England made peace with the Dutch in the February 1674 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1674)">Treaty of Westminster</a>. However, French armies held significant advantages over their opponents; an undivided command, talented generals like <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_Vicomte_de_Turenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne">Turenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Condé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Henri_de_Montmorency,_duc_de_Luxembourg" title="François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and vastly superior logistics. Reforms introduced by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Michel_le_Tellier,_Marquis_de_Louvois" title="François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois">Louvois</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, helped maintain large field armies that could be mobilised much more quickly, allowing them to mount offensives in early spring before their opponents were ready.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack201197–99_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack201197–99-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French were nevertheless forced to retreat from most of the Dutch Republic, which deeply shocked Louis; he retreated to <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">St Germain</a> for a time, where no one, except a few intimates, was allowed to disturb him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2009396–398_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2009396–398-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French military advantages allowed them however to hold their ground in Alsace and the Spanish Netherlands while retaking Franche-Comté. By 1678, mutual exhaustion led to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nijmegen" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Nijmegen">Treaty of Nijmegen</a>, which was generally settled in France's favour and allowed Louis to intervene in the <a href="/wiki/Scanian_War" title="Scanian War">Scanian War</a>. Despite the military defeat, his ally Sweden regained much of what it had lost under the 1679 treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1679)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1679)">Fontainebleau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lund" title="Peace of Lund">Lund</a> imposed on <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> and Brandenburg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrost2000213_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrost2000213-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet Louis's two primary goals, the destruction of the Dutch Republic and the conquest of the Spanish Netherlands, had failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2009451_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen2009451-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis was at the height of his power, but at the cost of uniting his opponents; this increased as he continued his expansion. In 1679, he dismissed his foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Simon_Arnauld,_marquis_de_Pomponne" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne">Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne</a>, because he was seen as having compromised too much with the allies. Louis maintained the strength of his army, but in his next series of territorial claims avoided using military force alone. Rather, he combined it with legal pretexts in his efforts to augment the boundaries of his kingdom. Contemporary treaties were intentionally phrased ambiguously. Louis established the <a href="/wiki/Chambers_of_Reunion" title="Chambers of Reunion">Chambers of Reunion</a> to determine the full extent of his rights and obligations under those treaties. </p> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:246px;padding:2px;">Silver coin of Louis XIV, dated 1674 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_Coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Louis_XIV_Coin.jpg/250px-Louis_XIV_Coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Louis_XIV_Coin.jpg/375px-Louis_XIV_Coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Louis_XIV_Coin.jpg/500px-Louis_XIV_Coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="784" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:121px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;">Obverse. The Latin inscription is <small><i>LVDOVICVS XIIII D[EI] GRA[TIA]</i></small> ("Louis XIV, by the grace of God"). </td> <td style="width:121px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;">Reverse. The Latin inscription is <small><i>FRAN[CIÆ] ET NAVARRÆ REX 1674</i></small> ("King of France and of Navarre, 1674"). </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Cities and territories, such as <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale</a>, were prized for their strategic positions on the frontier and access to important waterways. Louis also sought <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, an important strategic crossing on the left bank of the Rhine and theretofore a Free Imperial City of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, annexing it and other territories in 1681. Although a part of Alsace, Strasbourg was not part of Habsburg-ruled Alsace and was thus not ceded to France in the Peace of Westphalia. </p><p>Following these annexations, Spain declared war, precipitating the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">War of the Reunions</a>. However, the Spanish were rapidly defeated because the Emperor (distracted by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>) abandoned them, and the Dutch only supported them minimally. By the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a>, in 1684, Spain was forced to acquiesce in the French occupation of most of the conquered territories, for 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis's policy of the <i>Réunions</i> may have raised France to its greatest size and power during his reign, but it alienated much of Europe. This poor public opinion was compounded by French actions off the Barbary Coast and at Genoa. First, Louis had <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>, two Barbary pirate strongholds, bombarded to obtain a favourable treaty and the liberation of Christian slaves. Next, in 1684, a <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Genoa" title="Bombardment of Genoa">punitive mission</a> was launched against <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> in retaliation for its support for Spain in previous wars. Although the Genoese submitted, and the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Genoa" title="Doge of Genoa">Doge</a> led an official mission of apology to Versailles, France gained a reputation for brutality and arrogance. European apprehension at growing French might and the realisation of the extent of the <a href="/wiki/Dragonnades" title="Dragonnades">dragonnades</a>' effect (discussed below) led many states to abandon their alliances with France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriman2019319_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriman2019319-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, by the late 1680s, France became increasingly isolated in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-European_relations_and_the_colonies">Non-European relations and the colonies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassade_Perse_aupr%C3%A8s_de_Louis_XIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ambassade_Perse_aupr%C3%A8s_de_Louis_XIV.jpg/220px-Ambassade_Perse_aupr%C3%A8s_de_Louis_XIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ambassade_Perse_aupr%C3%A8s_de_Louis_XIV.jpg/330px-Ambassade_Perse_aupr%C3%A8s_de_Louis_XIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ambassade_Perse_aupr%C3%A8s_de_Louis_XIV.jpg/440px-Ambassade_Perse_aupr%C3%A8s_de_Louis_XIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_embassy_to_Louis_XIV" title="Persian embassy to Louis XIV">Persian embassy to Louis XIV</a> sent by <a href="/wiki/Soltan_Hoseyn" title="Soltan Hoseyn">Soltan Hoseyn</a> in 1715. <i>Ambassade de Perse auprès de Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV</i>, studio of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coypel" title="Antoine Coypel">Antoine Coypel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonies</a> multiplied in Africa, the Americas, and Asia during Louis's reign, and French explorers made important discoveries in North America. In 1673, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. In 1682, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a>, followed the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and claimed the vast Mississippi basin in Louis's name, calling it <i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiane</a></i>. French trading posts were also established in India, at <a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a>, and in the Indian Ocean at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Île Bourbon</a>. Throughout these regions, Louis and Colbert embarked on an extensive program of architecture and urbanism meant to reflect the styles of Versailles and Paris and the 'gloire' of the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey201814_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey201814-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg/220px-SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg/330px-SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg/440px-SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Siamese</a> embassy of King <a href="/wiki/Narai" title="Narai">Narai</a> to Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV in 1686, led by <a href="/wiki/Kosa_Pan" title="Kosa Pan">Kosa Pan</a>. Engraving by Nicolas Larmessin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, diplomatic relations were initiated with distant countries. In 1669, <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_Aga" title="Suleiman Aga">Suleiman Aga</a> led an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> embassy to revive the old <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in 1682, after the reception of the Moroccan embassy of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Tenim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Tenim">Mohammed Tenim</a> in France, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ibn_Sharif" title="Ismail Ibn Sharif">Moulay Ismail, Sultan of Morocco</a>, allowed French consular and commercial establishments in his country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986439_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986439-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1699, Louis once again received a Moroccan ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_bin_Aisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah bin Aisha">Abdallah bin Aisha</a>, and in 1715, he received a <a href="/wiki/Persian_embassy_to_Louis_XIV" title="Persian embassy to Louis XIV">Persian embassy</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Beg" title="Mohammad Reza Beg">Mohammad Reza Beg</a>. </p><p>From farther afield, Siam dispatched an embassy in 1684, reciprocated by the French magnificently the next year under <a href="/wiki/Alexandre,_Chevalier_de_Chaumont" title="Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont">Alexandre, Chevalier de Chaumont</a>. This, in turn, was succeeded by another Siamese embassy under <a href="/wiki/Kosa_Pan" title="Kosa Pan">Kosa Pan</a>, superbly received at Versailles in 1686. Louis then sent another embassy in 1687, under <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_la_Loub%C3%A8re" title="Simon de la Loubère">Simon de la Loubère</a>, and French influence grew at the Siamese court, which granted <a href="/wiki/Mergui" class="mw-redirect" title="Mergui">Mergui</a> as a naval base to France. However, the death of <a href="/wiki/Narai" title="Narai">Narai, King of Ayutthaya</a>, the execution of his pro-French minister <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phaulkon" title="Constantine Phaulkon">Constantine Phaulkon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bangkok" title="Siege of Bangkok">siege of Bangkok</a> in 1688 ended this era of French influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeay1994201–204_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeay1994201–204-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France also attempted to participate actively in <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_in_China" title="Jesuit missions in China">Jesuit missions</a> to China. To break the Portuguese dominance there, Louis sent Jesuit missionaries to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> in 1685: <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Fontaney" title="Jean de Fontaney">Jean de Fontaney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Bouvet" title="Joachim Bouvet">Joachim Bouvet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Gerbillon" title="Jean-François Gerbillon">Jean-François Gerbillon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Comte" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Le Comte">Louis Le Comte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Visdelou" title="Claude de Visdelou">Claude de Visdelou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPagani2001182_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPagani2001182-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis also received a Chinese Jesuit, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shen_Fu-Tsung" title="Michael Shen Fu-Tsung">Michael Shen Fu-Tsung</a>, at Versailles in 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Louis's librarian and translator <a href="/wiki/Arcadio_Huang" title="Arcadio Huang">Arcadio Huang</a> was Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnes200585_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnes200585-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMungello2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgreatencounterof0000mung_m1v1page125_125]_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMungello2005[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgreatencounterof0000mung_m1v1page125_125]-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Height_of_power">Height of power</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centralisation_of_power">Centralisation of power</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Le_Brun_-_Louis_XIV_-_WGA12539.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Louis_XIV_-_WGA12539.jpg/220px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Louis_XIV_-_WGA12539.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Louis_XIV_-_WGA12539.jpg/330px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Louis_XIV_-_WGA12539.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charles_Le_Brun_-_Louis_XIV_-_WGA12539.jpg/440px-Charles_Le_Brun_-_Louis_XIV_-_WGA12539.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV (gray pastel on paper by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, 1667, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 1680s, Louis had greatly augmented French influence in the world. Domestically, he successfully increased the influence of the crown and its authority over the church and aristocracy, thus consolidating absolute monarchy in France. </p><p>Louis initially supported traditional <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a>, which limited <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">papal</a> authority in France, and convened an <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_French_clergy" title="Assembly of the French clergy">Assembly of the French clergy</a> in November 1681. Before its dissolution eight months later, the Assembly had accepted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Clergy_of_France" title="Declaration of the Clergy of France">Declaration of the Clergy of France</a>, which increased royal authority at the expense of papal power. Without royal approval, bishops could not leave France, and appeals could not be made to the pope. Additionally, government officials could not be excommunicated for acts committed in pursuance of their duties. Although the king could not make ecclesiastical law, all papal regulations without royal assent were invalid in France. Unsurprisingly, the Pope repudiated the Declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-CatEn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatEn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg/220px-Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg/330px-Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg/440px-Louis14-Versailles1685.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>Louis receiving the <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Genoa" title="Doge of Genoa">Doge of Genoa</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a> on 15 May 1685, following the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Genoa" title="Bombardment of Genoa">Bombardment of Genoa</a>. (<i>Reparation faite à Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV par le Doge de Gênes. 15 mai 1685</i> by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Guy_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Guy Halle">Claude Guy Halle</a>, Versailles.)</figcaption></figure> <p>By attaching nobles to his court at Versailles, Louis achieved increased control over the French aristocracy. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mansel" title="Philip Mansel">Philip Mansel</a>, the king turned the palace into: </p> <dl><dd>an irresistible combination of marriage market, employment agency and entertainment capital of aristocratic Europe, boasting the best theatre, opera, music, gambling, sex and (most important) hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Apartments were built to house those willing to pay court to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Saint-Simon_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saint-Simon-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the pensions and privileges necessary to live in a style appropriate to their rank were only possible by waiting constantly on Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-fordham_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this purpose, an elaborate court ritual was created wherein the king became the centre of attention and was observed throughout the day by the public. With his excellent memory, Louis could then see who attended him at court and who was absent, facilitating the subsequent distribution of favours and positions. Another tool Louis used to control his nobility was censorship, which often involved the opening of letters to discern their author's opinion of the government and king.<sup id="cite_ref-Saint-Simon_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saint-Simon-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, by entertaining, impressing, and domesticating them with extravagant luxury and other distractions, Louis not only cultivated public opinion of him, but he also ensured the aristocracy remained under his scrutiny. </p><p>Louis's extravagance at Versailles extended far beyond the scope of elaborate court rituals. He took delivery of an <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephant</a> as a gift from the king of Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He encouraged leading nobles to live at Versailles. This, along with the prohibition of private armies, prevented them from passing time on their own estates and in their regional power bases, from which they historically waged local wars and plotted resistance to royal authority. Louis thus compelled and seduced the old military aristocracy (the "nobility of the sword") into becoming his ceremonial courtiers, further weakening their power. In their place, he raised commoners or the more recently ennobled bureaucratic aristocracy (the "nobility of the robe"). He judged that royal authority thrived more surely by filling high executive and administrative positions with these men because they could be more easily dismissed than nobles of ancient lineage and entrenched influence. It is believed that Louis's policies were rooted in his experiences during the <i>Fronde</i>, when men of high birth readily took up the rebel cause against their king, who was actually the kinsman of some. This victory over the nobility may thus have ensured the end of major civil wars in France until the French Revolution about a century later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_as_the_pivot_of_warfare">France as the pivot of warfare</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De-La-Torre-Jean-Du-Mont--M%C3%A9moires_MG_0958.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/De-La-Torre-Jean-Du-Mont--M%C3%A9moires_MG_0958.tif/lossy-page1-220px-De-La-Torre-Jean-Du-Mont--M%C3%A9moires_MG_0958.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/De-La-Torre-Jean-Du-Mont--M%C3%A9moires_MG_0958.tif/lossy-page1-330px-De-La-Torre-Jean-Du-Mont--M%C3%A9moires_MG_0958.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/De-La-Torre-Jean-Du-Mont--M%C3%A9moires_MG_0958.tif/lossy-page1-440px-De-La-Torre-Jean-Du-Mont--M%C3%A9moires_MG_0958.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3214" data-file-height="5288" /></a><figcaption>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Louis, France was the leading European power, and most wars pivoted around its aggressiveness. No European state exceeded it in population, and no one could match its wealth, central location, and very strong professional army. It had largely avoided the devastation of the Thirty Years' War. Its weaknesses included an inefficient financial system that was hard-pressed to pay for its military adventures, and the tendency of most other powers to gang up against it. </p><p>During Louis's reign, France fought three major wars: the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">Franco-Dutch War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. There were also two lesser conflicts: the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Reunions" title="War of the Reunions">War of the Reunions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wars were very expensive but defined Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV's foreign policy, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled "by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique", Louis sensed that war was the ideal way to enhance his glory. In peacetime, he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1993633_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1993633-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1695, France retained much of its dominance but had lost control of the seas to England and Holland, and most countries, both Protestant and Catholic, were in alliance against it. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Le_Prestre_de_Vauban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban">Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban</a>, France's leading military strategist, warned Louis in 1689 that a hostile "Alliance" was too powerful at sea. He recommended that France fight back by licensing French merchant ships to privateer and seize enemy merchant ships while avoiding its navies: </p> <dl><dd>France has its declared enemies Germany and all the states that it embraces; Spain with all its dependencies in Europe, Asia, Africa and America; the Duke of Savoy [in Italy], England, Scotland, Ireland, and all their colonies in the East and West Indies; and Holland with all its possessions in the four corners of the world where it has great establishments. France has ... undeclared enemies, indirectly hostile, hostile, and envious of its greatness, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Portugal, Venice, Genoa, and part of the Swiss Confederation, all of which states secretly aid France's enemies by the troops that they hire to them, the money they lend them and by protecting and covering their trade.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Vauban was pessimistic about France's so-called friends and allies: </p> <dl><dd>For lukewarm, useless, or impotent friends, France has the Pope, who is indifferent; the King of England [James<span class="nowrap"> </span>II] expelled from his country; the Grand Duke of Tuscany; the Dukes of Mantua, Modena, and Parma [all in Italy]; and the other faction of the Swiss. Some of these are sunk in the softness that comes of years of peace, the others are cool in their affections....The English and Dutch are the main pillars of the Alliance; they support it by making war against us in concert with the other powers, and they keep it going by means of the money that they pay every year to... Allies.... We must therefore fall back on privateering as the method of conducting war which is most feasible, simple, cheap, and safe, and which will cost least to the state, the more so since any losses will not be felt by the King, who risks virtually nothing....It will enrich the country, train many good officers for the King, and in a short time force his enemies to sue for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edict_of_Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S21c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/S21c.jpg/220px-S21c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/S21c.jpg/330px-S21c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/S21c.jpg/440px-S21c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Louis XIV in 1685, the year he revoked the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Louis decided to persecute Protestants and revoke the 1598 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a>, which awarded Huguenots political and religious freedom. He saw the persistence of Protestantism as a disgraceful reminder of royal powerlessness. After all, the Edict was the pragmatic concession of his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> to end the longstanding <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. An additional factor in Louis's thinking was the prevailing contemporary European principle to assure socio-political stability, <i><a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i> ("whose realm, his religion"), the idea that the religion of the ruler should be the religion of the realm (as originally confirmed in central Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Peace of Augsburg</a> of 1555).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturdy199889–99_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturdy199889–99-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responding to petitions, Louis initially excluded Protestants from office, constrained the meeting of <a href="/wiki/Synods" class="mw-redirect" title="Synods">synods</a>, closed churches outside of Edict-stipulated areas, banned Protestant outdoor preachers, and prohibited domestic Protestant migration. He also disallowed Protestant-Catholic intermarriages to which third parties objected, encouraged missions to the Protestants, and rewarded converts to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturdy199892–93_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturdy199892–93-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discrimination did not encounter much Protestant resistance, and a steady conversion of Protestants occurred, especially among the noble elites. </p><p>In 1681, Louis dramatically increased his persecution of Protestants. The principle of <i>cuius regio, eius religio</i> generally also meant that subjects who refused to convert could emigrate, but Louis banned emigration and effectively insisted that all Protestants must be converted. Secondly, following the proposal of René de Marillac and the Marquis of Louvois, he began quartering <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a> in Protestant homes. Although this was within his legal rights, the <i>dragonnades</i> inflicted severe financial strain on Protestants and atrocious abuse. Between 300,000 and 400,000 Huguenots converted, as this entailed financial rewards and exemption from the <i><a href="/wiki/Dragonnades" title="Dragonnades">dragonnades</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragonnades430.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dragonnades430.jpg/220px-Dragonnades430.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dragonnades430.jpg/330px-Dragonnades430.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dragonnades430.jpg/440px-Dragonnades430.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1755" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camisard" class="mw-redirect" title="Camisard">Protestant peasants</a> rebelled against the officially sanctioned <i><a href="/wiki/Dragonnades" title="Dragonnades">dragonnades</a></i> (conversions enforced by <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">dragoons</a>, labeled "missionaries in boots") that followed the Edict of Fontainebleau.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 October 1685, Louis issued the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Fontainebleau" title="Edict of Fontainebleau">Edict of Fontainebleau</a>, which cited the redundancy of privileges for Protestants given their scarcity after the extensive conversions. The Edict of Fontainebleau revoked the Edict of Nantes and repealed all the privileges that arose therefrom.<sup id="cite_ref-CatEn_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatEn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By his edict, Louis no longer tolerated the existence of Protestant groups, pastors, or churches in France. No further churches were to be constructed, and those already existing were to be demolished. Pastors could choose either exile or secular life. Those Protestants who had resisted conversion were now to be <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">baptised forcibly</a> into the established church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolan2008132_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2008132-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have debated Louis's reasons for issuing the Edict of Fontainebleau. He may have been seeking to placate <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XI" title="Pope Innocent XI">Pope Innocent XI</a>, with whom relations were tense and whose aid was necessary to determine the outcome of a succession crisis in the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a>. He may also have acted to upstage <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Leopold I</a> and regain international prestige after the latter defeated the Turks without Louis's help. Otherwise, he may simply have desired to end the remaining divisions in French society dating to the Wars of Religion by fulfilling his <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_French_monarch" title="Coronation of the French monarch">coronation</a> oath to eradicate heresy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESturdy199896–97_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESturdy199896–97-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche198620–21_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche198620–21-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many historians have condemned the Edict of Fontainebleau as gravely harmful to France.<sup id="cite_ref-bartleby_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartleby-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In support, they cite the emigration of about 200,000 highly skilled Huguenots (roughly one quarter of the Protestant population, or 1% of the French population) who defied royal decrees and fled France for various Protestant states, weakening the French economy and enriching that of Protestant states. On the other hand, some historians view this as an exaggeration. They argue that most of France's preeminent Protestant businessmen and industrialists converted to Catholicism and remained.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What is certain is that the reaction to the Edict was mixed. Even while French Catholic leaders exulted, Pope Innocent<span class="nowrap"> </span>XI still argued with Louis over Gallicanism and criticized the use of violence. Protestants across Europe were horrified at the treatment of their co-religionists, but most Catholics in France applauded the move. Nonetheless, it is indisputable that Louis's public image in most of Europe, especially in Protestant regions, was dealt a severe blow. </p><p>In the end, however, despite renewed tensions with the <a href="/wiki/Camisard" class="mw-redirect" title="Camisard">Camisards</a> of south-central France at the end of his reign, Louis may have helped ensure that his successor would experience fewer instances of the religion-based disturbances that had plagued his forebears. French society would sufficiently change by the time of his descendant, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a>, to welcome tolerance in the form of the 1787 <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Versailles" title="Edict of Versailles">Edict of Versailles</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Edict of Tolerance">Edict of Tolerance</a>. This restored to non-Catholics their civil rights and the freedom to worship openly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2007212–213_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2007212–213-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> in 1789, Protestants were granted equal rights with their Roman Catholic counterparts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nine_Years'_War"><span id="Nine_Years.27_War"></span>Nine Years' War</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_and_conduct_of_the_war">Causes and conduct of the war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Fleurus_(1690).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Fleurus_%281690%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">Battle of Fleurus</a>, 1690</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nocret,_attributed_to_-_Louis_XIV_of_France_-_Versailles,_MV2066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nocret%2C_attributed_to_-_Louis_XIV_of_France_-_Versailles%2C_MV2066.jpg/220px-Nocret%2C_attributed_to_-_Louis_XIV_of_France_-_Versailles%2C_MV2066.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nocret%2C_attributed_to_-_Louis_XIV_of_France_-_Versailles%2C_MV2066.jpg/330px-Nocret%2C_attributed_to_-_Louis_XIV_of_France_-_Versailles%2C_MV2066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nocret%2C_attributed_to_-_Louis_XIV_of_France_-_Versailles%2C_MV2066.jpg/440px-Nocret%2C_attributed_to_-_Louis_XIV_of_France_-_Versailles%2C_MV2066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Louis in 1690</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, which lasted from 1688 to 1697, initiated a period of decline in Louis's political and diplomatic fortunes. It arose from two events in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>. First, in 1685, the <a href="/wiki/Elector_Palatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector Palatine">Elector Palatine</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Elector_Palatine" title="Charles II, Elector Palatine">Charles II</a> died. All that remained of his immediate family was Louis's sister-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Charlotte_of_the_Palatinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate">Elizabeth Charlotte</a>. German law ostensibly barred her from succeeding to her brother's lands and electoral dignity, but it was unclear enough for arguments in favour of Elizabeth Charlotte to have a chance of success. Conversely, the princess was demonstrably entitled to a division of the family's personal property. Louis pressed her claims to land and chattels, hoping the latter, at least, would be given to her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1963691_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1963691-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in 1688, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Henry_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian Henry of Bavaria">Maximilian Henry of Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cologne" title="Archbishop of Cologne">Archbishop of Cologne</a>, an ally of France, died. The archbishopric had traditionally been held by the <a href="/wiki/Wittelsbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittelsbach">Wittelsbachs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, but the Bavarian claimant to replace Maximilian Henry, Prince <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Clemens_of_Bavaria" title="Joseph Clemens of Bavaria">Joseph Clemens of Bavaria</a>, was at that time not more than 17 years old and not even ordained. Louis sought instead to install his own candidate, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Egon_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg">Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg</a>, to ensure the key Rhenish state remained an ally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999192_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999192-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of his foreign and domestic policies during the early 1680s, which were perceived as aggressive, Louis's actions, fostered by the succession crises of the late 1680s, created concern and alarm in much of Europe. This led to the formation of the 1686 <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">League of Augsburg</a> by the Holy Roman Emperor, Spain, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, and Bavaria. Their stated intention was to return France to at least the borders agreed to in the Treaty of Nijmegen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000313_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000313-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor Leopold<span class="nowrap"> </span>I's persistent refusal to convert the Truce of Ratisbon into a permanent treaty fed Louis's fears that the Emperor would turn on France and attack the Reunions after settling his affairs in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999189–191_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999189–191-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another event Louis found threatening was England's <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> of 1688. Although King <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> was Catholic, his two <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> daughters, <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>, ensured the English people a Protestant succession. But when James<span class="nowrap"> </span>II's son <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a> was born, he took precedence in succession over his sisters. This seemed to herald an era of Catholic monarchs in England. Protestant lords called on the Dutch Prince <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III of Orange</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a>, to come to their aid. He sailed for England with troops despite Louis's warning that France would regard it as a provocation. Witnessing numerous desertions and defections, even among those closest to him, James<span class="nowrap"> </span>II fled England. Parliament declared the throne vacant, and offered it to James's daughter Mary<span class="nowrap"> </span>II and his son-in-law and nephew William. Vehemently anti-French, William (now William<span class="nowrap"> </span>III of England) pushed his new kingdoms into war, thus transforming the League of Augsburg into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">Grand Alliance</a>. Before this happened, Louis expected William's expedition to England to absorb his energies and those of his allies, so he dispatched troops to the Rhineland after the expiry of his ultimatum to the German princes requiring confirmation of the Truce of Ratisbon and acceptance of his demands about the succession crises. This military manoeuvre was also intended to protect his eastern provinces from Imperial invasion by depriving the enemy army of sustenance, thus explaining the preemptive <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy pursued in much of southwestern Germany (the "Devastation of the Palatinate").<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Equestrian_portrait_louis_xiv_1692.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Equestrian_portrait_louis_xiv_1692.jpg/170px-Equestrian_portrait_louis_xiv_1692.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Equestrian_portrait_louis_xiv_1692.jpg/255px-Equestrian_portrait_louis_xiv_1692.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Equestrian_portrait_louis_xiv_1692.jpg/340px-Equestrian_portrait_louis_xiv_1692.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1692)" title="Siege of Namur (1692)">siege of Namur</a> (1692)</figcaption></figure> <p>French armies were generally victorious throughout the war because of Imperial commitments in the Balkans, French logistical superiority, and the quality of French generals such as Condé's famous pupil, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_de_Montmorency-Bouteville,_duc_de_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Luxembourg">François Henri de Montmorency-Bouteville, duc de Luxembourg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He triumphed at the Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1690)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1690)">Fleurus</a> in 1690, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenkerque" title="Battle of Steenkerque">Steenkerque</a> in 1692, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landen" title="Battle of Landen">Landen</a> in 1693, although, the battles proved to be of little of strategic consequence,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijn195028,_58,_71–72_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijn195028,_58,_71–72-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999209,_227,_235_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999209,_227,_235-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly due to the nature of late 17th-century warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999209_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999209-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_de_Beauvilliers,_duc_de_Saint-Aignan_-_Versailles_MV_3571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paul_de_Beauvilliers%2C_duc_de_Saint-Aignan_-_Versailles_MV_3571.jpg/170px-Paul_de_Beauvilliers%2C_duc_de_Saint-Aignan_-_Versailles_MV_3571.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paul_de_Beauvilliers%2C_duc_de_Saint-Aignan_-_Versailles_MV_3571.jpg/255px-Paul_de_Beauvilliers%2C_duc_de_Saint-Aignan_-_Versailles_MV_3571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Paul_de_Beauvilliers%2C_duc_de_Saint-Aignan_-_Versailles_MV_3571.jpg/340px-Paul_de_Beauvilliers%2C_duc_de_Saint-Aignan_-_Versailles_MV_3571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1841" /></a><figcaption>Marshal de Luxembourg</figcaption></figure> <p>Although an attempt to restore James II failed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> in 1690, France accumulated a string of victories from Flanders in the north, Germany in the east, and Italy and Spain in the south, to the high seas and the colonies. Louis personally supervised the captures of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1691)" title="Siege of Mons (1691)">Mons</a> in 1691 and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1692)" title="Siege of Namur (1692)">Namur</a> in 1692. Luxembourg gave France the defensive line of the <a href="/wiki/Sambre" title="Sambre">Sambre</a> by capturing <a href="/wiki/Charleroi" title="Charleroi">Charleroi</a> in 1693. France also overran most of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> after the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marsaglia" title="Battle of Marsaglia">Marsaglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staffarda" title="Battle of Staffarda">Staffarde</a> in 1693. While naval stalemate ensued after the French victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_(1690)" title="Battle of Beachy Head (1690)">Battle of Beachy Head</a> in 1690 and the Allied victory at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Barfleur_and_La_Hougue" title="Battles of Barfleur and La Hougue">Barfleur-La Hougue</a> in 1692, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Torroella" title="Battle of Torroella">Battle of Torroella</a> in 1694 exposed <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> to French invasion, culminating in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. The Dutch captured <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry district">Pondichéry</a> in 1693, but a 1697 French raid on the Spanish treasure <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cartagena" title="Port of Cartagena">port of Cartagena</a>, Spain, yielded a fortune of 10,000,000 livres. </p><p>In July 1695, the city of <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, occupied for three years by the French, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)" title="Siege of Namur (1695)">was besieged</a> by an allied army led by William<span class="nowrap"> </span>III. Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV ordered the surprise destruction of a Flemish city to divert the attention of these troops. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Brussels_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Brussels (1695)">bombardment of Brussels</a>, in which more than 4,000 buildings were destroyed, including the entire city centre. The strategy failed, as Namur fell three weeks later, but harmed Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV's reputation: a century later, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> deemed the bombardment "as barbarous as it was useless".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peace was broached by Sweden in 1690. By 1692, both sides evidently wanted peace, and secret bilateral talks began, but to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999232_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999232-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis tried to break up the alliance against him by dealing with individual opponents but did not achieve his aim until 1696 when the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoyards</a> agreed to the Treaty of Turin and switched sides. Thereafter, members of the League of Augsburg rushed to the peace table, and negotiations for a general peace began in earnest, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a> of 1697.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999253_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999253-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_of_Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a> ended the War of the League of Augsburg and disbanded the Grand Alliance. By manipulating their rivalries and suspicions, Louis divided his enemies and broke their power. </p><p>The treaty yielded many benefits for France. Louis secured permanent French sovereignty over all of Alsace, including Strasbourg, and established the Rhine as the Franco-German border (as it is to this day). Pondichéry and <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> were returned to France, and Louis's <i>de facto</i> possession of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> was recognised as lawful. However, he returned <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and most of the Reunions. </p><p>French military superiority might have allowed him to press for more advantageous terms. Thus, his generosity to Spain with regard to Catalonia has been read as a concession to foster pro-French sentiment and may ultimately have induced King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a> to name Louis's grandson <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip, Duke of Anjou</a>, heir to the Spanish throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986653_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986653-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange for financial compensation, France renounced its interests in the Electorate of Cologne and the Palatinate. <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (duchy)">Lorraine</a>, which had been occupied by the French since 1670, was returned to its rightful Duke <a href="/wiki/Leopold,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Leopold, Duke of Lorraine">Leopold</a>, albeit with a right of way to the French military. William and Mary were recognised as joint sovereigns of the British Isles, and Louis withdrew support for James<span class="nowrap"> </span>II. The Dutch were given the right to garrison forts in the Spanish Netherlands that acted as a protective barrier against possible French aggression. Though in some respects the Treaty of Ryswick may appear a diplomatic defeat for Louis since he failed to place client rulers in control of the Palatinate or the Electorate of Cologne, he did fulfil many of the aims laid down in his 1688 ultimatum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELossky1994255_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELossky1994255-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, peace in 1697 was desirable to Louis, since France was exhausted from the costs of the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_the_Spanish_Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_and_build-up_to_the_war">Causes and build-up to the war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V,_roi_d%27Espagne_(1683-1746)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hyacinthe_Rigaud_-_Philippe_V%2C_roi_d%27Espagne_%281683-1746%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2625" data-file-height="4184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the time of the Peace of Ryswick, the Spanish succession had been a source of concern to European leaders for well over forty years. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a> ruled a vast empire comprising Spain, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, Milan, the Spanish Netherlands, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonies</a>. He produced no children, however, and consequently had no direct heirs. </p><p>The principal claimants to the throne of Spain belonged to the ruling families of France and Austria. The French claim derived from Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV's mother Anne of Austria (the older sister of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>) and his wife Maria Theresa (Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV's eldest daughter). Based on the laws of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, France had the better claim as it originated from the eldest daughters in two generations. However, their renunciation of succession rights complicated matters. In the case of Maria Theresa, nonetheless, the renunciation was considered null and void owing to Spain's breach of her marriage contract with Louis. In contrast, no renunciations tainted the claims of Emperor Leopold<span class="nowrap"> </span>I's son <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles, Archduke of Austria</a>, who was a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a>'s youngest daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Spain" title="Maria Anna of Spain">Maria Anna</a>. The English and Dutch feared that a French or Austrian-born Spanish king would threaten the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> and thus preferred the Bavarian Prince <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Bavaria_(1692-1699)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria (1692-1699)">Joseph Ferdinand</a>, a grandson of Leopold<span class="nowrap"> </span>I through his first wife <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Margaret Theresa of Spain">Margaret Theresa of Spain</a> (the younger daughter of Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV). </p><p>In an attempt to avoid war, Louis signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_The_Hague_(1698)" title="Treaty of The Hague (1698)">Treaty of the Hague</a> with William<span class="nowrap"> </span>III of England in 1698. This agreement divided Spain's Italian territories between Louis's son <i>le Grand Dauphin</i> and Archduke Charles, with the rest of the empire awarded to Joseph Ferdinand. William<span class="nowrap"> </span>III consented to permitting the Dauphin's new territories to become part of France when the latter succeeded to his father's throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999267_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999267-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signatories, however, omitted to consult the ruler of these lands, and Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II was passionately opposed to the dismemberment of his empire. In 1699, he re-confirmed his 1693 will that named Joseph Ferdinand as his sole successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000353_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000353-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six months later, Joseph Ferdinand died. Therefore, in 1700, Louis and William<span class="nowrap"> </span>III concluded a fresh partitioning agreement, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1700)" title="Treaty of London (1700)">Treaty of London</a>. This allocated Spain, the Low Countries, and the Spanish colonies to the Archduke. The Dauphin would receive all of Spain's Italian territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999268_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999268-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II acknowledged that his empire could only remain undivided by bequeathing it entirely to a Frenchman or an Austrian. Under pressure from his German wife, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Neuburg" title="Maria Anna of Neuburg">Maria Anna of Neuburg</a>, Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II named Archduke Charles as his sole heir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptance_of_the_will_of_Charles_II_and_consequences">Acceptance of the will of Charles II and consequences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_le_Grand;_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Louis_le_Grand%3B_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg/220px-Louis_le_Grand%3B_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Louis_le_Grand%3B_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg/330px-Louis_le_Grand%3B_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Louis_le_Grand%3B_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg/440px-Louis_le_Grand%3B_Rigaud_Hyacinthe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>Louis in 1701</figcaption></figure> <p>On his deathbed in 1700, Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II of Spain unexpectedly changed his will. The clear demonstration of French military superiority for many decades before this time, the pro-French faction at the court of Spain, and even <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_XII" title="Pope Innocent XII">Pope Innocent XII</a> convinced him that France was more likely to preserve his empire intact. He thus offered the entire empire to the Dauphin's second son Philip, Duke of Anjou, provided it remained undivided. Anjou was not in the direct line of French succession, thus his accession would not cause a Franco-Spanish union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999268_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999268-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Anjou refused, the throne would be offered to his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a>. If the Duke of Berry declined it, it would go to Archduke Charles, then to the distantly related <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> if Charles declined it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamen20016_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamen20016-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis was confronted with a difficult choice. He could agree to a partition of the Spanish possessions and avoid a general war, or accept Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II's will and alienate much of Europe. He may initially have been inclined to abide by the partition treaties, but the Dauphin's insistence persuaded him otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000358_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000358-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Louis's foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert,_marquis_de_Torcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy">Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy</a>, pointed out that war with the Emperor would almost certainly ensue whether Louis accepted the partition treaties or Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II's will. He emphasised that, should it come to war, William<span class="nowrap"> </span>III was unlikely to stand by France since he "made a treaty to avoid war and did not intend to go to war to implement the treaty".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000353_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000353-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in the event of war, it might be preferable to be already in control of the disputed lands. Eventually, therefore, Louis decided to accept Charles<span class="nowrap"> </span>II's will. Philip, Duke of Anjou, thus became Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>V, King of Spain. </p><p>Most European rulers accepted Philip as king, some reluctantly. Depending on one's views of the war's inevitability, Louis acted reasonably or arrogantly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999269,_see_footnote_1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999269,_see_footnote_1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He confirmed that Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>V retained his French rights despite his new Spanish position. Admittedly, he may only have been hypothesising a theoretical eventuality and not attempting a Franco-Spanish union. But his actions were certainly not read as disinterested. Moreover, Louis sent troops to the Spanish Netherlands to evict Dutch garrisons and secure Dutch recognition of Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>V. In 1701, Philip transferred the <i><a href="/wiki/Asiento_de_Negros" title="Asiento de Negros">asiento</a></i> (the right to supply slaves to Spanish colonies) to France, as a sign of the two nations' growing connections. As tensions mounted, Louis decided to acknowledge <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Stuart</a>, the son of James<span class="nowrap"> </span>II, as King of England, Scotland and Ireland on the latter's death, infuriating William<span class="nowrap"> </span>III. These actions enraged Britain and the Dutch Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999269–270_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999269–270-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the Holy Roman Emperor and the petty German states, they formed another Grand Alliance and declared war on France in 1702. French diplomacy secured Bavaria, Portugal, and Savoy as Franco-Spanish allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerryman2007321_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerryman2007321-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commencement_of_fighting">Commencement of fighting</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalladealmansa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Batalladealmansa.jpg/220px-Batalladealmansa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Batalladealmansa.jpg/330px-Batalladealmansa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Batalladealmansa.jpg/440px-Batalladealmansa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The Franco-Spanish army led by the <a href="/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick" title="James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick">Duke of Berwick</a> defeated decisively the Alliance forces of Portugal, England, and the Dutch Republic at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almansa" title="Battle of Almansa">Battle of Almansa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg/220px-1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg/330px-1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg/440px-1706-05-23-Slag_bij_Ramillies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1946" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies" title="Battle of Ramillies">Battle of Ramillies</a> where the French fought the Dutch and British, 23 May 1706</figcaption></figure> <p>Even before war was officially declared, hostilities began with Imperial aggression in Italy. Once finally declared, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> lasted almost until Louis's death, at great cost to him and France. </p><p>The war began with French successes, but the talents of <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eugene_of_Savoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene of Savoy">Eugene of Savoy</a> checked these victories and broke the myth of French invincibility. The duo allowed the Palatinate and Austria to occupy Bavaria after their victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim" title="Battle of Blenheim">Battle of Blenheim</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_II_Emanuel,_Elector_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria">Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria</a>, had to flee to the Spanish Netherlands. The impact of this victory won the support of Portugal and Savoy. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies" title="Battle of Ramillies">Battle of Ramillies</a> delivered the Low Countries to the Allies, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Turin">Battle of Turin</a> forced Louis to evacuate Italy, leaving it open to Allied forces. Marlborough and Eugene met again at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oudenarde" title="Battle of Oudenarde">Battle of Oudenarde</a>, which enabled them to invade France. </p><p>France established contact with <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Francis II Rákóczi">Francis II Rákóczi</a> and promised support if he took up the cause of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Hungarian independence</a>. </p><p>Defeats, famine, and mounting debt greatly weakened France. Between 1693 and 1710, over two million people died in two famines, made worse as foraging armies seized food supplies from the villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÓ_GrádaChevet2002706–733_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÓ_GrádaChevet2002706–733-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In desperation, Louis ordered a disastrous invasion of the English island of <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a> in the autumn of 1704 with the aim of raiding their successful harvest. By the winter of 1708–09, he was willing to accept peace at nearly any cost. He agreed that the entire Spanish empire should be surrendered to Archduke Charles, and also consented to return to the frontiers of the Peace of Westphalia, giving up all the territories he had acquired over 60 years. But he could not promise that Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>V would accept these terms, so the Allies demanded that Louis single-handedly attack his grandson to force these terms on him. If he could not achieve this within the year, the war would resume. Louis would not accept these terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999326_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999326-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turning_point">Turning point</h3></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 220px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -3px; left: -3px; width: 445px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_1709-A_One_Louis_d%27Or.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Louis XIV depicted on a Louis d'or in 1709" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/France_1709-A_One_Louis_d%27Or.jpg/445px-France_1709-A_One_Louis_d%27Or.jpg" decoding="async" width="445" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/France_1709-A_One_Louis_d%27Or.jpg/668px-France_1709-A_One_Louis_d%27Or.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/France_1709-A_One_Louis_d%27Or.jpg/890px-France_1709-A_One_Louis_d%27Or.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5875" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:France_1709-A_One_Louis_d%27Or.jpg" title="File:France 1709-A One Louis d'Or.jpg"> </a></div>Louis XIV depicted on a <a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27or" title="Louis d'or">Louis d'or</a> in 1709 </div> </div> </div> <p>The final phases of the War of the Spanish Succession demonstrated that the Allies could not maintain Archduke Charles in Spain just as surely as France could not retain the entire Spanish inheritance for Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>V. The Allies were definitively expelled from central Spain by the Franco-Spanish victories at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villaviciosa" title="Battle of Villaviciosa">Battles of Villaviciosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brihuega" title="Battle of Brihuega">Brihuega</a> in 1710. French forces elsewhere remained obdurate despite their defeats. The Allies suffered a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malplaquet" title="Battle of Malplaquet">Battle of Malplaquet</a> with 21,000 casualties, twice that of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999334_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999334-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, France recovered its military pride with the decisive victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Denain" title="Battle of Denain">Denain</a> in 1712. </p><p>French military successes near the end of the war took place against the background of a changed political situation in Austria. In 1705, Emperor Leopold<span class="nowrap"> </span>I died. His elder son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph I</a>, followed him in 1711. His heir was none other than Archduke Charles, who secured control of all of his brother's Austrian landholdings. If the Spanish empire then fell to him, it would have resurrected a domain as vast as Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>'s in the 16th century. To the maritime powers of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, this would have been as undesirable as a Franco-Spanish union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999342_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999342-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conclusion_of_peace">Conclusion of peace</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_Buache_Carte_de_France_divisee_suivant_les_quatre_departements_de_Messieurs_les_secretaires_dEtat_07710637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Philippe_Buache_Carte_de_France_divisee_suivant_les_quatre_departements_de_Messieurs_les_secretaires_dEtat_07710637.jpg/220px-Philippe_Buache_Carte_de_France_divisee_suivant_les_quatre_departements_de_Messieurs_les_secretaires_dEtat_07710637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Philippe_Buache_Carte_de_France_divisee_suivant_les_quatre_departements_de_Messieurs_les_secretaires_dEtat_07710637.jpg/330px-Philippe_Buache_Carte_de_France_divisee_suivant_les_quatre_departements_de_Messieurs_les_secretaires_dEtat_07710637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Philippe_Buache_Carte_de_France_divisee_suivant_les_quatre_departements_de_Messieurs_les_secretaires_dEtat_07710637.jpg/440px-Philippe_Buache_Carte_de_France_divisee_suivant_les_quatre_departements_de_Messieurs_les_secretaires_dEtat_07710637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map of France after the death of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of the fresh British perspective on the European balance of power, Anglo-French talks began, culminating in the 1713 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a> between Louis, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne of Great Britain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>. In 1714, after losing <a href="/wiki/Landau" title="Landau">Landau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, the Holy Roman Emperor also made peace with France in the Treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rastatt" title="Treaty of Rastatt">Rastatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Baden_(1714)" title="Treaty of Baden (1714)">Baden</a>. </p><p>In the general settlement, Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>V retained Spain and its colonies, while Austria received the Spanish Netherlands and divided <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_under_Savoy" title="Kingdom of Sicily under Savoy">Spanish Italy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>. Britain kept <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>. Louis agreed to withdraw his support for James Stuart, son of James<span class="nowrap"> </span>II and pretender to the thrones of Great Britain and Ireland, and ceded <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> in the Americas to Anne. Britain gained the most from the treaty, but the final terms were much more favourable to France than those being discussed in peace negotiations in 1709 and 1710.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> France retained <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Île-Saint-Jean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a>, and Louis acquired a few minor European territories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Orange">Principality of Orange</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ubaye_Valley" title="Ubaye Valley">Ubaye Valley</a>, which covered transalpine passes into Italy. Thanks to Louis, his allies the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne were restored to their prewar status and returned their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999356–360_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999356–360-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_wedding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Louis_XIV_wedding.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_wedding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Louis_XIV_wedding.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_wedding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Louis_XIV_wedding.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_wedding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption>Wedding of Louis and Maria Theresa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dual_Cypher_of_King_Louis_XIV_%26_Queen_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dual_Cypher_of_King_Louis_XIV_%26_Queen_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France.svg/170px-Dual_Cypher_of_King_Louis_XIV_%26_Queen_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dual_Cypher_of_King_Louis_XIV_%26_Queen_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France.svg/255px-Dual_Cypher_of_King_Louis_XIV_%26_Queen_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Dual_Cypher_of_King_Louis_XIV_%26_Queen_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France.svg/340px-Dual_Cypher_of_King_Louis_XIV_%26_Queen_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Dual Cypher of King Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV & <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Queen Marie Thérèse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Louis and his wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa of Spain</a> had six children from the marriage contracted for them in 1660. However, only one child, the eldest, survived to adulthood: Louis, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Grand_Dauphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Grand Dauphin">le Grand Dauphin</a></i>, known as <i>Monseigneur</i>. Maria Theresa died in 1683, whereupon Louis remarked that she had never caused him unease on any other occasion. </p><p>Despite evidence of affection early on in their marriage, Louis was never faithful to Maria Theresa. He took a series of mistresses, both official and unofficial. Among the better documented are <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_La_Valli%C3%A8re" title="Louise de La Vallière">Louise de La Vallière</a> (with whom he had five children; 1661–1667), <a href="/wiki/Bonne_de_Pons_d%27Heudicourt" title="Bonne de Pons d'Heudicourt">Bonne de Pons d'Heudicourt</a> (1665), <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Charlotte_de_Gramont" title="Catherine Charlotte de Gramont">Catherine Charlotte de Gramont</a> (1665), <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise-Ath%C3%A9na%C3%AFs,_Marquise_de_Montespan" class="mw-redirect" title="Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan">Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan</a> (with whom he had seven children; 1667–1680), <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Rohan-Chabot" title="Anne de Rohan-Chabot">Anne de Rohan-Chabot</a> (1669–1675), <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Vin_des_%C5%92illets" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude de Vin des Œillets">Claude de Vin des Œillets</a> (one child born in 1676), <a href="/wiki/Isabelle_de_Ludres" title="Isabelle de Ludres">Isabelle de Ludres</a> (1675–1678), and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Ang%C3%A9lique_de_Scorailles" title="Marie Angélique de Scorailles">Marie Angélique de Scorailles</a> (1679–1681), who died at age 19 in childbirth. Through these liaisons, he produced numerous illegitimate children, most of whom he married to members of <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a>. </p><p>Louis proved relatively more faithful to his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9,_Marquise_de_Maintenon" title="Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon">Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon</a>. He first met her through her work caring for his children by Madame de Montespan, noting the care she gave to his favourite, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Duke_of_Maine" title="Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine">Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200480_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200480-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king was, at first, put off by her strict religious practice, but he warmed to her through her care for his children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200480_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200480-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he legitimized his children by Madame de Montespan on 20 December 1673, Françoise d'Aubigné became the royal governess at Saint-Germain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200480_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200480-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As governess, she was one of very few people permitted to speak to him as an equal, without limits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200480_103-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200480-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that they were married secretly at Versailles on or around 10 October 1683<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuckley2008276_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuckley2008276-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or January 1684.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200477_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200477-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marriage, though never announced or publicly discussed, was an <a href="/wiki/Open_secret" title="Open secret">open secret</a> and lasted until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piety_and_religion">Piety and religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_-_S%C3%A9minaire_des_Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_-_9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paris_-_S%C3%A9minaire_des_Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_-_9.jpg/220px-Paris_-_S%C3%A9minaire_des_Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_-_9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paris_-_S%C3%A9minaire_des_Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_-_9.jpg/330px-Paris_-_S%C3%A9minaire_des_Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_-_9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Paris_-_S%C3%A9minaire_des_Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_-_9.jpg/440px-Paris_-_S%C3%A9minaire_des_Missions_%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res_-_9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Louis XIV encouraged Catholic missions through the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Louis was a pious and devout king who saw himself as the head and protector of the Catholic Church in France. He made his devotions daily regardless of where he was, following the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a> regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1968280_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1968280-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of his very religious second wife, he became much stronger in the practice of his Catholic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200483_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200483-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included banning opera and comedy performances during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200483_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200483-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the middle and the end of his reign, the centre for the King's religious observances was usually the Chapelle Royale at Versailles. Ostentation was a distinguishing feature of daily Mass, annual celebrations, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a>, and special ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudelus2000513–526_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudelus2000513–526-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis established the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a>, but his informal <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance#Revival_of_the_alliance_under_Louis_XIV" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was criticised for undermining <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaydon2007182_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaydon2007182-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patronage_of_the_arts">Patronage of the arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Louis_XIV_entour%C3%A9_des_arts_et_des_sciences.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_de_Louis_XIV_entour%C3%A9_des_arts_et_des_sciences.jpg/220px-Portrait_de_Louis_XIV_entour%C3%A9_des_arts_et_des_sciences.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_de_Louis_XIV_entour%C3%A9_des_arts_et_des_sciences.jpg/330px-Portrait_de_Louis_XIV_entour%C3%A9_des_arts_et_des_sciences.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Portrait_de_Louis_XIV_entour%C3%A9_des_arts_et_des_sciences.jpg/440px-Portrait_de_Louis_XIV_entour%C3%A9_des_arts_et_des_sciences.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1526" /></a><figcaption>Painting from 1667 depicting Louis as patron of the fine arts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/220px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/330px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg/440px-Cour_de_Marbre_du_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Versailles_October_5%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Cour royale</i> and the <i>Cour de marbre</i> at Versailles</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></div> <p>Louis generously supported the royal court of France and those who worked under him. He brought the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a></span></span> under his patronage and became its "Protector". He allowed Classical French literature to flourish by protecting such writers as <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Racine" title="Jean Racine">Racine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_La_Fontaine" title="Jean de La Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>, whose works remain influential to this day. Louis also patronised the visual arts by funding and commissioning artists such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Mignard" title="Pierre Mignard">Pierre Mignard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox" title="Antoine Coysevox">Antoine Coysevox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a>, whose works became famous throughout Europe. Composers and musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Champion_de_Chambonni%C3%A8res" title="Jacques Champion de Chambonnières">Jacques Champion de Chambonnières</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">François Couperin</a> thrived. In 1661, Louis founded the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Danse" title="Académie Royale de Danse">Académie Royale de Danse</a>, and in 1669, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Opera" title="Paris Opera">Académie d'Opéra</a>, important driving events in the evolution of ballet. He also attracted, supported and patronized such artists as <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Charles_Boulle" class="mw-redirect" title="André Charles Boulle">André Charles Boulle</a>, who revolutionised <a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">marquetry</a> with his art of <a href="/wiki/Inlay" title="Inlay">inlay</a>, today known as "<a href="/wiki/Boulle_work" title="Boulle work">Boulle work</a>". Always on the lookout for new talent, the king launched music competitions: in 1683, <a href="/wiki/Michel-Richard_de_Lalande" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel-Richard de Lalande">Michel-Richard de Lalande</a> thus became deputy master of the Royal Chapel, composing his <i>Symphonies for the Soupers du Roy</i> along with 77 large scale <i>Grand Motets</i>. </p><p>Over the course of four building campaigns, Louis converted a hunting lodge built by Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIII into the spectacular <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>. Except for the current Royal Chapel (built near the end of his reign), the palace achieved much of its current appearance after the third building campaign, which was followed by an official move of the royal court to Versailles on 6 May 1682. Versailles became a dazzling, awe-inspiring setting for state affairs and the reception of foreign dignitaries. At Versailles, the king alone commanded attention. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/220px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/330px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg/440px-LouisXIV-Bernini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV by <a href="/wiki/Gianlorenzo_Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Gianlorenzo Bernini">Gianlorenzo Bernini</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Several reasons have been suggested for the creation of the extravagant and stately palace, as well as the relocation of the monarchy's seat. The memoirist <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon" title="Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a> speculated that Louis viewed Versailles as an isolated power centre where treasonous cabals could be more readily discovered and foiled.<sup id="cite_ref-fordham_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fordham-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has also been speculation that the revolt of the <i>Fronde</i> caused Louis to hate Paris, which he abandoned for a country retreat, but his sponsorship of many public works in Paris, such as the establishment of a police force and of street-lighting,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000242–251_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000242–251-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lend little credence to this theory. As a further example of his continued care for the capital, Louis constructed the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Hôtel des Invalides</a></i></span>, a military complex and home to this day for officers and soldiers rendered infirm either by injury or old age. While pharmacology was still quite rudimentary in his day, the <i>Invalides</i> pioneered new treatments and set new standards for hospice treatment. The conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)" title="Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)">Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1668 also induced Louis to demolish Paris's northern walls in 1670 and replace them with wide tree-lined boulevards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000247_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000247-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis also renovated and improved the <a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais du Louvre">Louvre</a> and other royal residences. <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> was originally to plan additions to the Louvre; however, his plans would have meant the destruction of much of the existing structure, replacing it with an Italian summer <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villa</a> in the centre of Paris. Bernini's plans were eventually shelved in favour of the elegant <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade" title="Louvre Colonnade">Louvre Colonnade</a> designed by three Frenchmen: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Vau" title="Louis Le Vau">Louis Le Vau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Perrault" title="Claude Perrault">Claude Perrault</a>. With the relocation of the court to Versailles, the Louvre was given over to the arts and the public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986497_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986497-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his visit from Rome, Bernini also executed a renowned <a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Louis_XIV_(Bernini)" title="Bust of Louis XIV (Bernini)">portrait bust</a> of the king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_and_depiction">Image and depiction</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_bust_of_Louis_XIV._Circa_1660_CE,_by_unknown_artist._From_Paris,_France._The_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bronze_bust_of_Louis_XIV._Circa_1660_CE%2C_by_unknown_artist._From_Paris%2C_France._The_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/220px-Bronze_bust_of_Louis_XIV._Circa_1660_CE%2C_by_unknown_artist._From_Paris%2C_France._The_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bronze_bust_of_Louis_XIV._Circa_1660_CE%2C_by_unknown_artist._From_Paris%2C_France._The_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/330px-Bronze_bust_of_Louis_XIV._Circa_1660_CE%2C_by_unknown_artist._From_Paris%2C_France._The_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Bronze_bust_of_Louis_XIV._Circa_1660_CE%2C_by_unknown_artist._From_Paris%2C_France._The_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg/440px-Bronze_bust_of_Louis_XIV._Circa_1660_CE%2C_by_unknown_artist._From_Paris%2C_France._The_Victoria_and_Albert_Museum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3981" data-file-height="5284" /></a><figcaption>Bronze bust of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV. Circa 1660, by an unknown artist. From Paris, France. The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Few rulers in world history have commemorated themselves in as grand a manner as Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke1992_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1992-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He cultivated his image as the Sun King (<i>le Roi Soleil</i>), the centre of the universe "without equal". Louis used court ritual and the arts to validate and augment his control over France. With his support, Colbert established from the beginning of Louis's personal reign a centralised and institutionalised system for creating and perpetuating the royal image. The King was thus portrayed largely in majesty or at war, notably against Spain. This portrayal of the monarch was to be found in numerous media of artistic expression, such as painting, sculpture, theatre, dance, music, and the almanacs that diffused royal propaganda to the population at large. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_royal_portraiture">Evolution of royal portraiture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_roi_gouverne_par_lui-m%C3%AAme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Le_roi_gouverne_par_lui-m%C3%AAme.jpg/220px-Le_roi_gouverne_par_lui-m%C3%AAme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Le_roi_gouverne_par_lui-m%C3%AAme.jpg/330px-Le_roi_gouverne_par_lui-m%C3%AAme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Le_roi_gouverne_par_lui-m%C3%AAme.jpg/440px-Le_roi_gouverne_par_lui-m%C3%AAme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><i>Le roi gouverne par lui-même</i>, <i>modello</i> for the central panel of the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Le Brun</a>, (1619–1690)</figcaption></figure> <p>Over his lifetime, Louis commissioned numerous works of art to portray himself, among them over 300 formal portraits. The earliest portrayals of Louis already followed the pictorial conventions of the day in depicting the child king as the majestically royal incarnation of France. This idealisation of the monarch continued in later works, which avoided depictions of the effect of smallpox that Louis contracted in 1647. In the 1660s, Louis began to be shown as a Roman emperor, the god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, as can be seen in many works of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Le_Brun" title="Charles Le Brun">Charles Le Brun</a>, such as sculpture, paintings, and the decor of major monuments. </p><p>The depiction of the king in this manner focused on allegorical or mythological attributes, instead of attempting to produce a true likeness. As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. Nonetheless, there was still a disparity between realistic representation and the demands of royal propaganda. There is no better illustration of this than in <a href="/wiki/Hyacinthe_Rigaud" title="Hyacinthe Rigaud">Hyacinthe Rigaud</a>'s frequently-reproduced <i>Portrait of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV of 1701</i>, in which a 63-year-old Louis appears to stand on a set of unnaturally young legs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez200362–95_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez200362–95-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rigaud's portrait exemplified the height of royal portraiture during Louis's reign. Although Rigaud crafted a credible likeness of Louis, the portrait was neither meant as an exercise in realism nor to explore Louis's character. Certainly, Rigaud was concerned with detail and depicted the king's costume with great precision, down to his shoe buckle.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Rigaud intended to glorify the monarchy. Rigaud's original, now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, was originally meant as a gift to Louis's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a>. However, Louis was so pleased with the work that he kept the original and commissioned a copy to be sent to his grandson. That became the first of many copies, both in full and half-length formats, to be made by Rigaud, often with the help of his assistants. The portrait also became a model for French royal and imperial portraiture down to the time of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> over a century later. In his work, Rigaud proclaims Louis's exalted royal status through his elegant stance and haughty expression, the royal regalia and throne, rich ceremonial fleur-de-lys robes, as well as the upright column in the background, which, together with the draperies, serves to frame this image of majesty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works_of_art">Other works of art</h3></div> <p>In addition to portraits, Louis commissioned at least 20 statues of himself in the 1680s, to stand in Paris and provincial towns as physical manifestations of his rule. He also commissioned "war artists" to follow him on campaigns to document his military triumphs. To remind the people of these triumphs, Louis erected permanent <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arches</a> in Paris and the provinces for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">decline of the Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>Louis's reign marked the birth and infancy of the art of medallions. Sixteenth-century rulers had often issued medals in small numbers to commemorate the major events of their reigns. Louis, however, struck more than 300 to celebrate the story of the king in bronze, that were enshrined in thousands of households throughout France. </p><p>He also used <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestries</a> as a medium of exalting the monarchy. Tapestries could be allegorical, depicting the elements or seasons, or realist, portraying royal residences or historical events. They were among the most significant means to spread royal propaganda prior to the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> at Versailles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatier2000527–560_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatier2000527–560-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ballet">Ballet</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballet_de_la_nuit_1653.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ballet_de_la_nuit_1653.jpg/220px-Ballet_de_la_nuit_1653.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ballet_de_la_nuit_1653.jpg/330px-Ballet_de_la_nuit_1653.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ballet_de_la_nuit_1653.jpg/440px-Ballet_de_la_nuit_1653.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>Louis XIV as <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ballet_Royal_de_la_Nuit" title="Ballet Royal de la Nuit">Ballet Royal de la Nuit</a></i> (1653)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/220px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/330px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg/440px-Chateau_Versailles_Galerie_des_Glaces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a>, Palace of Versailles</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis loved <a href="/wiki/French_ballet" title="French ballet">ballet</a> and frequently danced in court ballets during the early half of his reign. In general, Louis was an eager dancer who performed 80 roles in 40 major ballets. This approaches the career of a professional ballet dancer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His choices were strategic and varied. He danced four parts in three of <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>'s comédies-ballets, which are plays accompanied by music and dance. Louis played an Egyptian in <i>Le Mariage forcé</i> in 1664, a Moorish gentleman in <i>Le Sicilien</i> in 1667, and both Neptune and Apollo in <i>Les Amants magnifiques</i> in 1670. </p><p>He sometimes danced leading roles that were suitably royal or godlike (such as Neptune, Apollo, or the Sun).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At other times, he would adopt mundane roles before appearing at the end in the lead role. It is considered that, at all times, he provided his roles with sufficient majesty and drew the limelight with his flair for dancing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Louis, ballet may not have merely been a tool for manipulation in his propaganda machinery. The sheer number of performances he gave as well as the diversity of roles he played may serve to indicate a deeper understanding and interest in the art form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ballet dancing was used by Louis as a political tool to hold power over his state. He integrated ballet deeply into court social functions and fixated his nobles' attention on upholding standards in ballet dancing, effectively distracting them from political activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomans201052_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomans201052-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1661, the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Royale_de_Danse" title="Académie Royale de Danse">Royal Academy of Dance</a> was founded by Louis to further his ambition. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beauchamp" title="Pierre Beauchamp">Pierre Beauchamp</a>, his private dance instructor, was ordered by Louis to come up with a <a href="/wiki/Beauchamp-Feuillet_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Beauchamp-Feuillet notation">notation system</a> to record ballet performances, which he did with great success. His work was adopted and published by <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Auger_Feuillet" title="Raoul Auger Feuillet">Feuillet</a> in 1700 as <i>Choregraphie</i>. This major development in ballet played an important role in promoting French culture and ballet throughout Europe during Louis's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomans201064–66_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomans201064–66-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Louis greatly emphasized etiquettes in ballet dancing, evidently seen in "La belle danse" (the <a href="/wiki/French_ballet" title="French ballet">French noble style</a>). More challenging skills were required to perform this dance with movements very much resembling court behaviours, as a way to remind the nobles of the king's absolute power and their own status. All the details and rules were compressed in five positions of the bodies codified by Beauchamp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomans201066–72_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomans201066–72-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unofficial_image">Unofficial image</h3></div> <p>Besides the official depiction and image of Louis, his subjects also followed a non-official discourse consisting mainly of clandestine publications, popular songs, and rumours that provided an alternative interpretation of Louis and his government. They often focused on the miseries arising from poor government, but also carried the hope for a better future when Louis escaped the malignant influence of his ministers and mistresses, and took the government into his own hands. On the other hand, petitions addressed either directly to Louis or to his ministers exploited the traditional imagery and language of monarchy. These varying interpretations of Louis abounded in self-contradictions that reflected the people's amalgamation of their everyday experiences with the idea of monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens_Ivo200396–126_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens_Ivo200396–126-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> portrayed Louis in his two sequels to his 1844 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers" title="The Three Musketeers">The Three Musketeers</a></i>: first as a child in <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Years_After" title="Twenty Years After">Twenty Years After</a></i> (1845), then as a young man in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicomte_de_Bragelonne" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vicomte de Bragelonne">The Vicomte de Bragelonne</a></i> (1847–1850), in which he is a central character. The final part of the latter novel recounts the legend that a mysterious <a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Iron_Mask" title="Man in the Iron Mask">prisoner in an iron mask</a> was actually Louis's twin brother and has spawned numerous film adaptations generally titled <i>The Man in the Iron Mask</i>.</li> <li>In 1910, the American historical novelist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Major_(writer)" title="Charles Major (writer)">Charles Major</a> wrote <i>"The Little King: A Story of the Childhood of King Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV"</i>.</li> <li>Louis is a major character in the 1959 historical novel <i>Angélique et le Roy</i> ("Angélique and the King"), part of the <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_(novel_series)" title="Angélique (novel series)"><i>Angélique</i> series</a>. The protagonist, a strong-willed lady at Versailles, rejects the King's advances and refuses to become his mistress. A later book, the 1961 <i>Angélique se révolte</i> ("Angélique in Revolt"), details the dire consequences of her defying this powerful monarch.</li> <li>A character based on Louis plays an important role in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Unreason" title="The Age of Unreason">The Age of Unreason</a></i>, a series of four <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novels written by American science fiction and fantasy author <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Keyes" title="Gregory Keyes">Gregory Keyes</a>.</li> <li>Louis features significantly in <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque Cycle">Baroque Cycle</a>, specifically in the 2003 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Confusion_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Confusion (novel)">The Confusion</a></i>, the greater part of which takes place at Versailles.</li> <li>In the <i>39 Clues</i> series universe, it has been noted that Louis was part of the Cahill branch, Tomas.</li> <li>He is called the son of Apollo in <a href="/wiki/Rick_Riordan" title="Rick Riordan">Rick Riordan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Trials_of_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Trials of Apollo">Trials of Apollo</a></i> series.</li> <li>Louis XIV is portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Vonda_N._McIntyre" title="Vonda N. McIntyre">Vonda N. McIntyre</a>'s 1997 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sun" title="The Moon and the Sun">The Moon and the Sun</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Films">Films</h4></div> <ul><li>The film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Taking_of_Power_by_Louis_XIV" title="The Taking of Power by Louis XIV">The Taking of Power by Louis XIV</a></i> (1966), directed by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a>, shows Louis's rise to power after the death of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Cardinal Mazarin</a>.</li> <li>The film <a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_Iron_Mask_(1998_film)" title="The Man in the Iron Mask (1998 film)"><i>Man in the Iron Mask</i></a> (1998), directed by <a href="/wiki/Randall_Wallace" title="Randall Wallace">Randall Wallace</a>, focused on the identity of an anonymous masked prisoner who spent decades in the Bastille and other French prisons, and his true identity remains somewhat a mystery till date. The monarch was played by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_DiCaprio" title="Leonardo DiCaprio">Leonardo DiCaprio</a>.</li> <li>The film, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Roi_Danse" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roi Danse">Le Roi Danse</a></i> (2000; translated: <i>The King Dances</i>), directed by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Corbiau" title="Gérard Corbiau">Gérard Corbiau</a>, reveals Louis through the eyes of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">Jean-Baptiste Lully</a>, his court musician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Sands" title="Julian Sands">Julian Sands</a> portrayed Louis in Roland Jaffe's <i><a href="/wiki/Vatel_(film)" title="Vatel (film)">Vatel</a></i> (2000).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Rickman" title="Alan Rickman">Alan Rickman</a> directed, co-wrote, and stars as Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV in the film, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Chaos" title="A Little Chaos">A Little Chaos</a></i>, which centres on construction in the gardens of Versaille, at the time immediately before and after the death of Queen Maria Theresa.</li> <li>The 2016 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Louis_XIV" title="The Death of Louis XIV">The Death of Louis XIV</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Serra" title="Albert Serra">Albert Serra</a>, is set during the last two weeks of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV's life before dying of <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>, with the monarch played by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_L%C3%A9aud" title="Jean-Pierre Léaud">Jean-Pierre Léaud</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4></div> <ul><li>Louis XIV is portrayed by Thierry Perkins-Lyautey in the British television film <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_II:_The_Power_and_the_Passion" title="Charles II: The Power and the Passion">Charles II: The Power and the Passion</a>.</i></li> <li>The 15-year-old Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV, as played by the Irish actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheehan" title="Robert Sheehan">Robert Sheehan</a>, is a major character of the short-lived historical fantasy series <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Blades" title="Young Blades">Young Blades</a></i> from January to June 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Blagden" title="George Blagden">George Blagden</a> portrays Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV in the <a href="/wiki/Canal%2B_(French_TV_channel)" title="Canal+ (French TV channel)">Canal+</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Versailles_(TV_series)" title="Versailles (TV series)">Versailles</a></i> which aired for three seasons from 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musicals">Musicals</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Moire" title="Emmanuel Moire">Emmanuel Moire</a> portrayed Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV in the 2005-07 <a href="/wiki/Kamel_Ouali" title="Kamel Ouali">Kamel Ouali</a> musical <a href="/wiki/Le_Roi_Soleil_(musical)" title="Le Roi Soleil (musical)">Le Roi Soleil</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_death">Health and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_XIV_of_France_and_his_family_attributed_to_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Louis_XIV_of_France_and_his_family_attributed_to_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_of_France_and_his_family_attributed_to_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Louis_XIV_of_France_and_his_family_attributed_to_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_of_France_and_his_family_attributed_to_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Louis_XIV_of_France_and_his_family_attributed_to_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_of_France_and_his_family_attributed_to_Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV (seated) with his son <i><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1661%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1661–1711)">le Grand Dauphin</a></i> (to the left), his grandson <a href="/wiki/Louis_of_France,_Duke_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a> (to the right), his great-grandson <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis Duke of Anjou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Ventadour" title="Madame de Ventadour">Madame de Ventadour</a>, Anjou's governess, who commissioned this painting; busts of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII</a> are in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the image of a healthy and virile king that Louis sought to project, evidence exists to suggest that his health was not very good. He had many ailments: for example, symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, as confirmed in reports of suppurating <a href="/wiki/Periostitis" title="Periostitis">periostitis</a> in 1678, <a href="/wiki/Dental_abscess" title="Dental abscess">dental abscesses</a> in 1696, along with recurring <a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">boils</a>, fainting spells, <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a>, hot flushes, and headaches. </p><p>From 1647 to 1711, the three chief physicians to the king (Antoine Vallot, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_d%27Aquin" title="Antoine d'Aquin">Antoine d'Aquin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guy-Crescent_Fagon" title="Guy-Crescent Fagon">Guy-Crescent Fagon</a>) recorded all of his health problems in the <i>Journal de Santé du Roi</i> (<i>Journal of the King's Health</i>), a daily report of his health. On 18 November 1686, Louis underwent a painful operation for an <a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">anal fistula</a> that was performed by the surgeon Charles Felix de Tassy, who prepared a specially shaped curved <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpel</a> for the occasion. The wound took more than two months to heal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERégnier2009318_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERégnier2009318-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jones_Barker_-_La_Mort_de_Louis_XIV_au_palais_de_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Thomas_Jones_Barker_-_La_Mort_de_Louis_XIV_au_palais_de_Versailles.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jones_Barker_-_La_Mort_de_Louis_XIV_au_palais_de_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Thomas_Jones_Barker_-_La_Mort_de_Louis_XIV_au_palais_de_Versailles.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jones_Barker_-_La_Mort_de_Louis_XIV_au_palais_de_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Thomas_Jones_Barker_-_La_Mort_de_Louis_XIV_au_palais_de_Versailles.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jones_Barker_-_La_Mort_de_Louis_XIV_au_palais_de_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2040" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption><i>The Death of Louis XIV at the Palace of Versailles</i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_Barker" title="Thomas Jones Barker">Thomas Jones Barker</a>, 1835-1840</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis died of <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> at Versailles on 1 September 1715, four days before his 77th birthday, after 72 years on the throne. Enduring much pain in his last days, he finally "yielded up his soul without any effort, like a candle going out", while reciting the <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">psalm</a> <a href="/wiki/Psalm_70" title="Psalm 70"><i>Deus, in adjutorium me festina</i></a> (<i>O Lord, make haste to help me</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000468_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000468-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was laid to rest in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Denis_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Denis Basilica">Saint-Denis Basilica</a> outside Paris. It remained there undisturbed for about 80 years until revolutionaries exhumed and destroyed all of the remains found in the Basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama1990829_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama1990829-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848, at <a href="/wiki/Nuneham_House" title="Nuneham House">Nuneham House</a>, a piece of Louis's mummified heart, taken from his tomb and kept in a silver locket by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Venables-Vernon-Harcourt" title="Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt">Lord Harcourt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, was shown to the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Westminster" title="Dean of Westminster">Dean of Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a>, who ate a part of it.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Armand_Gaston_Maximilien_de_Rohan" title="Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan">Cardinal Armand Gaston Maximilien de Rohan</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last Rites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">confession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viaticum" title="Viaticum">viaticum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">unction</a>) to king Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquis_de_Dangeau1858_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquis_de_Dangeau1858-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession">Succession</h3></div> <p>Louis outlived most of his immediate legitimate family. His last surviving legitimate son, <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a>, died in 1711. Barely a year later, the Duke of Burgundy, the eldest of the Dauphin's three sons and then heir-apparent to Louis, followed his father. Burgundy's elder son, <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1707-1712)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1707-1712)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a>, joined them a few weeks later. Thus, on his deathbed, Louis's heir-apparent was his five-year-old great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis, Duke of Anjou</a>, Burgundy's younger son. </p><p>Louis foresaw an underaged successor and sought to restrict the power of his nephew <a href="/wiki/Philip_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip II, Duke of Orléans">Philip II, Duke of Orléans</a>, who, as his closest surviving legitimate relative in France, would probably become <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> to the prospective Louis XV. Accordingly, the king created a regency council as Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIII had in anticipation of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV's own minority, with some power vested in his illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/Louis-Auguste_de_Bourbon,_Duke_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine">Louis-Auguste de Bourbon, Duke of Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000454–455_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000454–455-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orléans, however, had Louis's will annulled by the <i>Parlement of Paris</i> after his death and made himself sole regent. He stripped Maine and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_de_Bourbon,_comte_de_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon, comte de Toulouse">Louis-Alexandre, Count of Toulouse</a>, of the rank of <a href="/wiki/Prince_du_Sang" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince du Sang">Prince of the Blood</a>, which Louis had granted them, and significantly reduced Maine's power and privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntoine198933–37_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntoine198933–37-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Line_of_succession_in_1715">Line of succession in 1715</h4></div> <p>Line of succession to the French throne upon the death of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV in 1715. Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV's only surviving legitimate grandson, Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>V, was not included in the line of succession due to having renounced the French throne after the war of the Spanish Succession, which lasted for 13 years after the death of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a> in 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolsti199174_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsti199174-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_silver_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/15px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/23px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Simple_silver_crown.svg/30px-Simple_silver_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a> (1601–1643)</i> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_gold_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/15px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/23px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Simple_gold_crown.svg/30px-Simple_gold_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b>Louis XIV</b> <i>(1638–1715)</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Grand Dauphin</a> (1661–1711)</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a> (1682–1712)</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a> (1707–1712)</i></li> <li><b>(1)</b> <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis, Duke of Anjou</a> (1710–1774)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> (1683–1746)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a> (1686–1714)</i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a> (1640–1701)</i> <ul><li><b>(2)</b> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a> (1674–1723) <ul><li><b>(3)</b> <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis, Duke of Chartres</a> (1703–1752)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Further down the French line of succession in 1715 was the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Conde">House of Condé</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Conti" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Conti">House of Conti</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branch</a> of the House of Condé). Both of these <a href="/wiki/Royal_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal houses">royal houses</a> were descended in the <a href="/wiki/Agnatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnatic">male line</a> from <a href="/wiki/Henri_II,_Prince_of_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri II, Prince of Conde">Henri II, Prince of Condé</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Second_cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cousin">second cousin</a> of French King Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIII (the father of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV) in the <a href="/wiki/Male_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Male line">male line</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation">Reputation</h3></div><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Courcillon" title="Philippe de Courcillon">Philippe de Courcillon</a>'s <i>Journal</i>, Louis on his deathbed advised his heir with these words: </p><blockquote><p>Do not follow the bad example which I have set you; I have often undertaken war too lightly and have sustained it for vanity. Do not imitate me, but be a peaceful prince, and may you apply yourself principally to the alleviation of the burdens of your subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986890_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986890-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_1552-1798.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/France_1552-1798.png/220px-France_1552-1798.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/France_1552-1798.png/330px-France_1552-1798.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/France_1552-1798.png/440px-France_1552-1798.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Territorial expansion of France under Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV (1643–1715) is depicted in orange.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some historians point out that it was a customary demonstration of piety in those days to exaggerate one's sins. Thus they do not place much emphasis on Louis's deathbed declarations in assessing his accomplishments. Rather, they focus on military and diplomatic successes, such as how he placed a French prince on the Spanish throne. This, they contend, ended the threat of an aggressive Spain that historically interfered in domestic French politics. These historians also emphasise the effect of Louis's wars in expanding France's boundaries and creating more defensible frontiers that preserved France from invasion until the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986890_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986890-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguably, Louis also applied himself indirectly to "the alleviation of the burdens of [his] subjects." For example, he patronised the arts, encouraged industry, fostered trade and commerce, and sponsored the founding of an overseas empire. Moreover, the significant reduction in civil wars and aristocratic rebellions during his reign are seen by these historians as the result of Louis's consolidation of royal authority over feudal elites. In their analysis, his early reforms centralised France and marked the birth of the modern French state. They regard the political and military victories as well as numerous cultural achievements as how Louis helped raise France to a preeminent position in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europe came to admire France for its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. Europeans generally began to emulate French manners, values, goods, and deportment. French became the universal language of the European elite. </p><p>Louis's detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted France. His supporters, however, distinguish the state, which was impoverished, from France, which was not. As supporting evidence, they cite the literature of the time, such as the social commentary in <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Persian_Letters" title="Persian Letters">Persian Letters</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986876_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986876-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, Louis's critics attribute the social upheaval culminating in the French Revolution to his failure to reform French institutions while the monarchy was still secure. Other scholars counter that there was little reason to reform institutions that largely worked well under Louis. They also maintain that events occurring almost 80 years after his death were not reasonably foreseeable to Louis and that in any case, his successors had sufficient time to initiate reforms of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986506,_877–878_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986506,_877–878-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_du_Roy_accompagn%C3%A9_des_ses_gardes_passant_sur_le_pont_neuf_et_allant_au_Palais.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Marche_du_Roy_accompagn%C3%A9_des_ses_gardes_passant_sur_le_pont_neuf_et_allant_au_Palais.JPG/220px-Marche_du_Roy_accompagn%C3%A9_des_ses_gardes_passant_sur_le_pont_neuf_et_allant_au_Palais.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Marche_du_Roy_accompagn%C3%A9_des_ses_gardes_passant_sur_le_pont_neuf_et_allant_au_Palais.JPG/330px-Marche_du_Roy_accompagn%C3%A9_des_ses_gardes_passant_sur_le_pont_neuf_et_allant_au_Palais.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Marche_du_Roy_accompagn%C3%A9_des_ses_gardes_passant_sur_le_pont_neuf_et_allant_au_Palais.JPG/440px-Marche_du_Roy_accompagn%C3%A9_des_ses_gardes_passant_sur_le_pont_neuf_et_allant_au_Palais.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="2999" /></a><figcaption>Royal procession passing the <a href="/wiki/Pont-Neuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont-Neuf">Pont-Neuf</a> under Louis XIV</figcaption></figure><p> Louis has often been criticised for his vanity. The memoirist <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Rouvroy,_duc_de_Saint-Simon" title="Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a>, who claimed that Louis slighted him, criticised him thus: </p><blockquote><p>There was nothing he liked so much as flattery, or, to put it more plainly, adulation; the coarser and clumsier it was, the more he relished it.</p></blockquote><p> For his part, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> saw Louis's vanity as the cause for his bellicosity:</p><blockquote><p>It is certain that he passionately wanted glory, rather than the conquests themselves. In the acquisition of Alsace and half of Flanders, and of all of Franche-Comté, what he really liked was the name he made for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Nonetheless, Louis has also received praise. The anti-Bourbon <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> described him not only as "a great king", but also as "the only King of France worthy of the name".<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a>, the German Protestant philosopher, commended him as "one of the greatest kings that ever was".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986926_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986926-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And <a href="/wiki/Lord_Acton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Acton">Lord Acton</a> admired him as "by far the ablest man who was born in modern times on the steps of a throne".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1963721_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1963721-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian and philosopher Voltaire wrote: "His name can never be pronounced without respect and without summoning the image of an eternally memorable age".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers_Neill_Sehnaoui20134_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers_Neill_Sehnaoui20134-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voltaire's history, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Louis_XIV" title="The Age of Louis XIV">The Age of Louis XIV</a></i>, named Louis's reign as not only one of the four great ages in which reason and culture flourished, but the greatest ever.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontoya201347_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontoya201347-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelon20131227_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelon20131227-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotes">Quotes</h3></div> <p>Numerous quotes have been attributed to Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV by legend. </p><p>The well-known "I am the state" (<i>"<a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89tat,_c%27est_moi" title="L'État, c'est moi">L'État, c'est moi</a>."</i>) was reported from at least the late 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was widely repeated but also denounced as <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> by the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He did say, "Every time I appoint someone to a vacant position, I make a hundred unhappy and one ungrateful."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanning2008286_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanning2008286-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200054_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200054-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis is recorded by numerous eyewitnesses as having said on his deathbed: "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Je m'en vais, mais l'État demeurera toujours.</i></span>" ("I depart, but the State shall always remain.")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquis_de_Dangeau1858[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k55404pimagerMC3A9moiresurlamortdeLouisXIVf27langFR_24]_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquis_de_Dangeau1858[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k55404pimagerMC3A9moiresurlamortdeLouisXIVf27langFR_24]-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arms">Arms</h2></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Louis XIV </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/220px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/330px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg/440px-Grand_Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%26_Navarre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1585" /></a></span> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd>Upon his accession to the throne Louis assumed the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">royal coat of arms</a> of France & Navarre.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt>Adopted</dt> <dd>1643–1715</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/French_Crown_Jewels" title="French Crown Jewels">Royal crown of France</a></dd> <dt>Helm</dt> <dd>An opened gold helmet, with blue and gold mantling.</dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd><i>Azure, three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) impaling Gules on a chain in cross saltire and orle Or an emerald Proper (for Navarre)</i>.</dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>The two supporters are two angels, acting as <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">heralds</a> for the two realms. The dexter angel carries a standard with the arms of France, and wears a <a href="/wiki/Tabard" title="Tabard">tabard</a> with the same arms. The sinister angel also carries a standard and wears a tabard, but that of Navarre. Both are standing on puffs of cloud.</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>The motto is written in gold on a blue ribbon: <b><a href="/wiki/Montjoie_Saint_Denis!" title="Montjoie Saint Denis!">MONTJOIE SAINT DENIS</a></b> the war cry of France, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Saint Denis</a> was also the abbey where the <a href="/wiki/Oriflamme" title="Oriflamme">oriflamme</a> was kept.</dd> <dt>Orders</dt> <dd>The escutcheons are surrounded first by the chain of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael" title="Order of Saint Michael">Order of Saint Michael</a> and by the chain of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Order of the Holy Spirit</a>, both were known as the <i>ordres du roi</i>.</dd> <dt>Other elements</dt> <dd>Above all is a <i>pavilion armoyé</i> with the Royal crown. From it, is a royal blue mantle with a semis of fleurs-de-lis Or, lined on the inside with ermine.</dd> <dt>Banner</dt> <dd><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg/50px-Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg/75px-Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg/100px-Royal_Standard_of_King_Louis_XIV.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> Royal standard of the king</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_Saint_Louis">Order of Saint Louis</h2></div> <p>On 5 April 1693, Louis also founded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Louis" title="Order of Saint Louis">Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis</a> (French: <i lang="fr">Ordre Royal et Militaire de Saint-Louis</i>), a military <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">order of chivalry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmunds2002274_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmunds2002274-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named it after <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> and intended it as a reward for outstanding officers. It is notable as the first decoration that could be granted to non-nobles and is roughly the forerunner of the <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a></i>, with which it shares the red ribbon (though the <i>Légion d'honneur</i> is awarded to military personnel and civilians alike). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Louis XIV</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine of Navarre</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726143–144_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726143–144-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726145–146_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726145–146-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Jeanne III of Navarre</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726143–144_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726143–144-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany">Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Marie_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Marie-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726145–146_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726145–146-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Grand_Duchess_of_Tuscany" title="Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany">Joanna of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Marie_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Marie-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Louis XIV of France</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_III_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Philip_III-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain">Anna of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_III_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Philip_III-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Austria</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Charles II, Archduke of Austria">Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Margaretha_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Margaretha-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Spain" title="Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain">Margaret of Austria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(1551%E2%80%931608)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)">Maria Anna of Bavaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-BLKO-Margaretha_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLKO-Margaretha-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patrilineal_descent">Patrilineal descent</h4></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Patrilineal descent </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"> <p>Louis' patriline is the line from which he is descended from father to son. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal descent">Patrilineal descent</a> is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that if King Louis were to choose a historically accurate house name it would be Robertian, as all his male-line ancestors have been of that house. </p><p>Louis is a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a>. </p><p>Louis' patriline is the line from which he is descended from father to son. It follows the Bourbon kings of France, and the Counts of Paris and Worms. This line can be traced back more than 1,200 years from Robert of Hesbaye to the present day, through Kings of France & Navarre, Spain and Two-Sicilies, Dukes of Parma and Grand-Dukes of Luxembourg, Princes of Orléans and Emperors of Brazil. It is one of the oldest in Europe. </p> <ol><li>Robert II of Worms and Rheingau (<a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Hesbaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Hesbaye">Robert of Hesbaye</a>), 770–807</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert III of Worms">Robert III of Worms</a> and Rheingau, 808–834</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_IV_the_Strong" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert IV the Strong">Robert IV the Strong</a>, 820–866</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I of France</a>, 866–923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_the_Great" title="Hugh the Great">Hugh the Great</a>, 895–956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a>, 941–996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II of France</a>, 972–1031</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I of France</a>, 1008–1060</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I of France</a>, 1053–1108</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI of France</a>, 1081–1137</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a>, 1120–1180</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, 1165–1223</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII of France</a>, 1187–1226</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, 1214–1270</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert,_Count_of_Clermont" title="Robert, Count of Clermont">Robert, Count of Clermont</a>, 1256–1317</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Louis I, Duke of Bourbon">Louis I, Duke of Bourbon</a>, 1279–1342</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I,_Count_of_La_Marche" title="James I, Count of La Marche">James I, Count of La Marche</a>, 1319–1362</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_La_Marche" title="John I, Count of La Marche">John I, Count of La Marche</a>, 1344–1393</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Louis, Count of Vendôme">Louis, Count of Vendôme</a>, 1376–1446</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_VIII,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme">Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme</a>, 1428–1478</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Count of Vendôme">François, Count of Vendôme</a>, 1470–1495</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Bourbon,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme">Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme</a>, 1489–1537</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine, King of Navarre, Duke of Vendôme</a>, 1518–1562</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV, King of France and of Navarre</a>, 1553–1610</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIII of France">Louis XIII, King of France and Navarre</a>, 1601–1643</li> <li>Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre, 1638–1715</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue">Issue</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Descendants of Louis XIV of France">Descendants of Louis XIV of France</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Maria Theresa, Infanta of Spain, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France and of Navarre</a> (20 September 1638 – 30 July 1683)</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1661-1711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1661-1711)">Louis, <i>le Grand Dauphin</i></a> </td> <td>1 November 1661 </td> <td>14 April 1711 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Fils de France</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a> (1661–1711). Had issue. Father of <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1682-1712)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1682-1712)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686-1714)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686-1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a>. Grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anne Élisabeth </td> <td>18 November 1662 </td> <td>30 December 1662 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fille_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fille de France">Fille de France</a>. Died in infancy. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marie Anne </td> <td><span class="nowrap">16 November 1664</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">26 December 1664</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fille_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fille de France">Fille de France</a>. Died in infancy. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Marie Thérèse</a> </td> <td>2 January 1667 </td> <td>1 March 1672 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fille_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fille de France">Fille de France</a>. Known as <a href="/wiki/Madame_Royale" title="Madame Royale">Madame Royale</a> and <i>la Petite Madame</i>. Died in childhood. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></span> </td> <td>5 August 1668 </td> <td>10 July 1671 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Fils de France</a>. Died in childhood. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louis François, Duke of Anjou </td> <td>14 June 1672 </td> <td>4 November 1672 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Fils de France</a>. Died in infancy. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is an incomplete list of Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV's illegitimate children. He reputedly had more, but the difficulty in fully documenting all such births restricts the list only to the better-known and/or legitimised. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By <a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">NN</a>, a gardener</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daughter </td> <td>1660 </td> <td>unknown </td> <td>She married N de la Queue, a sentry.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2019)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By <a href="/wiki/Louise_de_La_Valli%C3%A8re" title="Louise de La Vallière">Louise de La Vallière</a> (6 August 1644 – 6 June 1710)</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles de La Baume Le Blanc </td> <td>19 December 1663 </td> <td>15 July 1665 (aged 1) </td> <td>Not legitimised. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philippe de La Baume Le Blanc </td> <td>7 January 1665 </td> <td>1666 (aged 1) </td> <td>Not legitimised. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louis de La Baume Le Blanc </td> <td>27 December 1665 </td> <td>1666 (aged 1) </td> <td>Not legitimised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetitfils2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetitfils2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Marie Anne de Bourbon">Marie Anne de Bourbon</a> </td> <td>2 October 1666 </td> <td>3 May 1739 (aged 73) </td> <td>Legitimised on 14 May 1667. Married <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armand_I,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti">Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Louis, Count of Vermandois">Louis, Count of Vermandois</a> </td> <td>3 October 1667 </td> <td>18 November 1683 (aged 16) </td> <td>Legitimised on 20 February 1669. Held the office of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_France" title="Admiral of France">Admiral of France</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>By <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise-Ath%C3%A9na%C3%AFs,_marquise_de_Montespan" class="mw-redirect" title="Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan">Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan</a> (5 October 1641 – 27 May 1707)</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Louise Françoise de Bourbon </td> <td>at the end of March 1669 </td> <td>23 February 1672 (aged 2) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Duke_of_Maine" title="Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine">Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine</a> </td> <td>31 March 1670 </td> <td>14 May 1736 (aged 66) </td> <td>Legitimised on 20 December 1673. Held numerous offices, of which: <a href="/wiki/Maison_du_Roi" title="Maison du Roi">Colonel General of the Suisses et Grisons</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, General of the <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galleys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_of_Artillery" title="Grand Master of Artillery">Grand Master of Artillery</a>. Also Duke of Aumale, Count of Eu and Prince of Dombes. Had issue. Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_du_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourbon du Maine">Maine Line</a>. <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">Heir presumptive</a> for several days. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_C%C3%A9sar,_Count_of_Vexin" title="Louis César, Count of Vexin">Louis César, Count of Vexin</a> </td> <td>20 June 1672 </td> <td>10 January 1683 (aged 10) </td> <td>Legitimised on 20 December 1673. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Bourbon_(1673%E2%80%931743)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Françoise de Bourbon (1673–1743)">Louise Françoise de Bourbon</a> </td> <td>1 June 1673 </td> <td>16 June 1743 (aged 70) </td> <td>Legitimised on 20 December 1673. Married <a href="/wiki/Louis_III,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis III, Prince of Condé">Louis III, Prince of Condé</a>. Had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon">Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon</a> </td> <td>12 November 1674 </td> <td>15 September 1681 (aged 6) </td> <td>Legitimised in January 1676. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Marie_de_Bourbon" title="Françoise Marie de Bourbon">Françoise Marie de Bourbon</a> </td> <td>9 February 1677 </td> <td>1 February 1749 (aged 72) </td> <td>Legitimised in November 1681. Married <a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gence" title="Régence">Regent of France</a> under Louis XV. Had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse">Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse</a> </td> <td>6 June 1678 </td> <td>1 December 1737 (aged 59) </td> <td>Legitimised on 22 November 1681. Held numerous offices, of which: <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_France" title="Admiral of France">Admiral of France</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Huntsman_of_France" title="Grand Huntsman of France">Grand Huntsman of France</a>. Also Duke of Damville, of Rambouillet and of Penthièvre. Had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>by <a href="/wiki/Claude_de_Vin_des_%C5%92illets" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude de Vin des Œillets">Claude de Vin, Mademoiselle des Œillets</a> (1637 – 18 May 1687)</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Maisonblanche" title="Louise de Maisonblanche">Louise de Maisonblanche</a> </td> <td><i>c</i>. 17 June 1676 </td> <td>12 September 1718 (aged 42) </td> <td>In 1696 she married Bernard de Prez, Baron de La Queue.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><i><b>by <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_de_Fontanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Angélique de Fontanges">Angélique de Fontanges</a> (1661 – 28 June 1681)</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Son </td> <td>January 1680 </td> <td>January 1680 (stillborn) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Daughter </td> <td>March 1681 </td> <td>March 1681 (stillborn) </td> <td>Her existence is uncertain. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_de_Lorme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles de Lorme (page does not exist)">Charles de Lorme</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Delorme" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles Delorme">fr</a>]</span>, personal medical doctor to Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="House of France">House of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_(ceremony)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levée (ceremony)">Levée (ceremony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet" title="Nicolas Fouquet">Nicolas Fouquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_forestry_ordinance_of_1669" title="French forestry ordinance of 1669">French forestry Ordinance of 1669</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potager_du_roi,_Versailles" title="Potager du roi, Versailles">Potager du Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9phante_de_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Éléphante de Louis XIV">Éléphante de Louis XIV</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some monarchs of states that were not fully sovereign for most or all of their reign ruled for longer. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sobhuza_II_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobhuza II of Swaziland">Sobhuza II of Swaziland</a> at 82 years and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_VII_of_Lippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard VII of Lippe">Bernard VII of Lippe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> at 81 years.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The anecdote as circulated after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, designed to illustrate the tyrannical character of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">absolutism</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>, held that the president of the <i><a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">parlement</a></i> began to address the king with the words <i>Sire, l'État [...]</i> but was cut off by the king interjecting <i>L'État, c'est moi</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028021603/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572792/Louis_XIV.html">"Louis XIV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSN_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Encarta">MSN Encarta</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572792/Louis_XIV.html">the original</a> on 28 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV&rft.pub=MSN+Encarta&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761572792%2FLouis_XIV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2015" class="citation news cs1">Buchanan, Rose Troup (29 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-longest-serving-rulers-ever-10477985.html">"Longest serving rulers ever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214161336/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-longest-serving-rulers-ever-10477985.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Longest+serving+rulers+ever&rft.date=2015-08-29&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Rose+Troup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fqueen-elizabeth-ii-to-become-britains-longest-reigning-monarch-longest-serving-rulers-ever-10477985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2016419-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpielvogel2016419_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpielvogel2016">Spielvogel 2016</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatEn-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CatEn_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatEn_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatEn_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09371a.htm">"Louis XIV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211216230840/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09371a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Louis+XIV&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F09371a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENathan1993633-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1993633_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENathan1993633_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNathan1993">Nathan 1993</a>, p. 633.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrémond1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Br%C3%A9mond" title="Henri Brémond">Brémond, Henri</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laprovencemysti00bremgoog"><i>La Provence mystique au XVIIe siècle</i></a> (in French). Paris, France: Plon-Nourrit. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/laprovencemysti00bremgoog/page/n415">381</a>–382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Provence+mystique+au+XVIIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pages=381-382&rft.pub=Plon-Nourrit&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Br%C3%A9mond&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flaprovencemysti00bremgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche199011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche199011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluche1990">Bluche 1990</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarentine2016129-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarentine2016129_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarentine2016">Barentine 2016</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen201626-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanhuysen201626_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanhuysen2016">Panhuysen 2016</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200614–16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser200614–16_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFraser2006">Fraser 2006</a>, pp. 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetitfils2002">Petitfils 2002</a>, pp. 30–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinhardt201620-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReinhardt201620_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReinhardt2016">Reinhardt 2016</a>, 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetitfils2002">Petitfils 2002</a>, pp. 29–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeem201883-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeem201883_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeem2018">Beem 2018</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarentine2016131-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarentine2016131_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarentine2016">Barentine 2016</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962456-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962456_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li 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(July 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWijn195028,_58,_71–72-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWijn195028,_58,_71–72_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWijn1950">Wijn 1950</a>, pp. 28, 58, 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999209,_227,_235-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999209,_227,_235_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn1999">Lynn 1999</a>, pp. 209, 227, 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn1999209-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn1999209_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn1999">Lynn 1999</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerlinden1958" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Terlinden, Ch. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica.org&rft.atitle=Morganatic+and+Secret+Marriages+in+the+French+Royal+Family&rft.date=2003-11-11&rft.aulast=Velde&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Ffrance%2Fmorganat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (October 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The description of the marriage as <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic</a> is inaccurate as French law does not define such marriages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1968280-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1968280_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolf1968">Wolf 1968</a>, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200483-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200483_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200483_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2004">Bryant 2004</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudelus2000513–526-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudelus2000513–526_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudelus2000">Gaudelus 2000</a>, pp. 513–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaydon2007182-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaydon2007182_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClaydon2007">Claydon 2007</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000242–251-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000242–251_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunlop2000">Dunlop 2000</a>, pp. 242–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000247-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000247_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunlop2000">Dunlop 2000</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986497-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986497_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluche1986">Bluche 1986</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurke1992-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurke1992_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurke1992">Burke 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerez200362–95-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerez200362–95_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerez2003">Perez 2003</a>, pp. 62–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitter2002" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitter, Amy M. (2002). "Representation and the Body of Power in French Academic Painting". <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 399–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjhi.2002.0027">10.1353/jhi.2002.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5037">0022-5037</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3654315">3654315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170904125">170904125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Representation+and+the+Body+of+Power+in+French+Academic+Painting&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=399-424&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0022-5037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170904125%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3654315%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjhi.2002.0027&rft.aulast=Schmitter&rft.aufirst=Amy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabatier2000527–560-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabatier2000527–560_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSabatier2000">Sabatier 2000</a>, p. 527–560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2001283–298_118-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrest2001">Prest 2001</a>, pp. 283–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Louis' commissioned academy of dance, discussed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1997" class="citation journal cs1">Needham, Maureen (1997). "Louis XIV and the Académie Royale de Danse, 1661: A Commentary and Translation". <i>Dance Chronicle</i>. <b>20/2</b> (2): 173–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01472529708569278">10.1080/01472529708569278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2526">0147-2526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1568065">1568065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Louis+XIV+and+the+Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale+de+Danse%2C+1661%3A+A+Commentary+and+Translation&rft.volume=20%2F2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-190&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0147-2526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1568065%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01472529708569278&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomans201052-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomans201052_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomans2010">Homans 2010</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomans201064–66-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomans201064–66_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomans2010">Homans 2010</a>, pp. 64–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomans201066–72-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomans201066–72_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHomans2010">Homans 2010</a>, pp. 66–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJens_Ivo200396–126-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJens_Ivo200396–126_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJens_Ivo2003">Jens Ivo 2003</a>, pp. 96–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERégnier2009318-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERégnier2009318_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRégnier2009">Régnier 2009</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000468-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000468_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunlop2000">Dunlop 2000</a>, p. 468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchama1990829-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchama1990829_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchama1990">Schama 1990</a>, p. 829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/william-buckland">"William Buckland"</a>. Westminster Abbey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724131211/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/william-buckland">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Buckland&rft.pub=Westminster+Abbey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Fwilliam-buckland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquis_de_Dangeau1858-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquis_de_Dangeau1858_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquis_de_Dangeau1858">Marquis de Dangeau 1858</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000454–455-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunlop2000454–455_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunlop2000">Dunlop 2000</a>, pp. 454–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntoine198933–37-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntoine198933–37_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAntoine1989">Antoine 1989</a>, pp. 33–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolsti199174-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolsti199174_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolsti1991">Holsti 1991</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986890-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986890_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986890_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluche1986">Bluche 1986</a>, p. 890.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunlop2000">Dunlop 2000</a>, p. 433, citing Montesquieu: "<i>Louis established the greatness of France by building Versailles and Marly</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986876-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986876_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluche1986">Bluche 1986</a>, p. 876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986506,_877–878-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986506,_877–878_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluche1986">Bluche 1986</a>, pp. 506, 877–878.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerville" class="citation web cs1">Sommerville, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+351+%E2%80%93+Seventeenth-Century+Europe&rft.atitle=The+wars+of+Louis+XIV&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.history.wisc.edu%2Fsommerville%2F351%2F351-14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Napoleon Bonaparte, <i>Napoleon's Notes on English History made on the Eve of the French Revolution</i>, illustrated from Contemporary Historians and referenced from the findings of Later Research by Henry Foljambe Hall. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1905, 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche1986926-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche1986926_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluche1986">Bluche 1986</a>, p. 926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1963721-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurantDurant1963721_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDurantDurant1963">Durant & Durant 1963</a>, p. 721.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers_Neill_Sehnaoui20134-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers_Neill_Sehnaoui20134_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers_Neill_Sehnaoui2013">Rogers Neill Sehnaoui 2013</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontoya201347-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontoya201347_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontoya2013">Montoya 2013</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelon20131227-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelon20131227_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelon2013">Delon 2013</a>, p. 1227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErhard1791" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erhard, C. D. (1791). <i>Betrachtungen über Leopolds des Weisen Gesetzgebung in Toscana</i> [<i>Reflections on Leopold's Wise Legislation in Toscana</i>] (in German). Richter. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q5hDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA30">30</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betrachtungen+%C3%BCber+Leopolds+des+Weisen+Gesetzgebung+in+Toscana&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Richter&rft.date=1791&rft.aulast=Erhard&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarignié1818" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marignié, Jean Etienne François (1818). <i>Le roi ne peut jamais avoir tort, le roi ne peut mal faire</i> [<i>The king was not wrong, the king can do no wrong</i>] (in French). Le Normant. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P6gnAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA12">12</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+roi+ne+peut+jamais+avoir+tort%2C+le+roi+ne+peut+mal+faire&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Le+Normant&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Marigni%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean+Etienne+Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Staatswissenschaften". <i>Jenaische Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung</i> (in German). <b>14.1</b> (31): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQwbAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA241">241</a>. February 1817.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jenaische+Allgemeine+Literatur-Zeitung&rft.atitle=Staatswissenschaften&rft.volume=14.1&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=241&rft.date=1817-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanning2008286-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanning2008286_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlanning2008">Blanning 2008</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200054-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200054_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2000">Wilson 2000</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarquis_de_Dangeau1858[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k55404pimagerMC3A9moiresurlamortdeLouisXIVf27langFR_24]-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarquis_de_Dangeau1858[httpgallicabnffrark12148bpt6k55404pimagerMC3A9moiresurlamortdeLouisXIVf27langFR_24]_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarquis_de_Dangeau1858">Marquis de Dangeau 1858</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55404p.image.r=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+mort+de+Louis+XIV.f27.langFR">24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelde2010" class="citation web cs1">Velde, François (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frarms.htm">"Arms of France"</a>. <i>heraldica.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414072047/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/frarms.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heraldica.org&rft.atitle=Arms+of+France&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.aulast=Velde&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Ffrance%2Ffrarms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (October 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1895" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Walter (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KIrAAAAYAAJ"><i>Dated Book-plates (Ex Libris) with a Treatise on Their Origin</i></a>. A.C. Black. p. 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230713192807/https://books.google.com/books?id=_KIrAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dated+Book-plates+%28Ex+Libris%29+with+a+Treatise+on+Their+Origin&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=A.C.+Black&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KIrAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmunds2002274-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdmunds2002274_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEdmunds2002">Edmunds 2002</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726145–146-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726145–146_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726145–146_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726">Anselme de Sainte-Marie 1726</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Anna_von_Oesterreich_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1860" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1860). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Frankreich)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Anna_von_Oesterreich_(K%C3%B6nigin_von_Frankreich)">"Habsburg, Anna von Oesterreich (Königin von Frankreich)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 6. p. 152 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Anna+von+Oesterreich+%28K%C3%B6nigin+von+Frankreich%29&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=152&rft.date=1860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726143–144-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726143–144_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726143–144_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726">Anselme de Sainte-Marie 1726</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Marie-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Marie_156-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Marie_156-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/365073">Marie de Médicis</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Philip_III-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_III_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Philip_III_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Philipp III."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Philipp_III.">"Habsburg, Philipp III." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 120 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Philipp+III.&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=120&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLKO-Margaretha-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Margaretha_158-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLKO-Margaretha_158-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWurzbach1861" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Wurzbach" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantin von Wurzbach">Wurzbach, Constantin von</a>, ed. (1861). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:de:BLKÖ:Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:BLK%C3%96:Habsburg,_Margaretha_(K%C3%B6nigin_von_Spanien)">"Habsburg, Margaretha (Königin von Spanien)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographisches_Lexikon_des_Kaiserthums_Oesterreich" title="Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich">Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich</a></i> [<i>Biographical Encyclopedia of the Austrian Empire</i>] (in German). Vol. 7. p. 13 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Habsburg%2C+Margaretha+%28K%C3%B6nigin+von+Spanien%29&rft.btitle=Biographisches+Lexikon+des+Kaiserthums+Oesterreich&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek" class="citation web cs1">Marek, Miroslav. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.euweb.cz/capet/capet40.html">"Capet 40"</a>. <i>euweb.cz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014145729/http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/capet/capet40.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euweb.cz&rft.atitle=Capet+40&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenealogy.euweb.cz%2Fcapet%2Fcapet40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (May 2019)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBluche2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBluche2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBluche2005">Bluche 2005</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetitfils2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetitfils2011[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPetitfils2011">Petitfils 2011</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roglo.eu/roglo?lang=es;i=337437">"Suzanne de Mésenge"</a>. <i>roglo.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411124656/http://roglo.eu/roglo?lang=es;i=337437">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roglo.eu&rft.atitle=Suzanne+de+M%C3%A9senge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froglo.eu%2Froglo%3Flang%3Des%3Bi%3D337437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. self published on a genealogical website (May 2019)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnselme_de_Sainte-Marie1726" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k76026j"><i>Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France</i></a> [<i>Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France</i>] (in French). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique+et+chronologique+de+la+maison+royale+de+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=La+compagnie+des+libraires&rft.date=1726&rft.aulast=Anselme+de+Sainte-Marie&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k76026j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoine1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antoine, Michel (1989). <i>Louis XV</i> (in French). Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-2130-2277-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-2130-2277-2"><bdi>978-2-2130-2277-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XV&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2-2130-2277-2&rft.aulast=Antoine&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gauvin_Alexander_Bailey" title="Gauvin Alexander Bailey">Bailey, Gauvin Alexander</a> (2018). <i>Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire: State, Church and Society, 1604–1830</i>. Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5376-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-5376-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-5376-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Urbanism+in+the+French+Atlantic+Empire%3A+State%2C+Church+and+Society%2C+1604%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-5376-7&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Gauvin+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarentine2016" class="citation book cs1">Barentine, John C. (2016). <i>Uncharted Constellations: Asterisms, Single-Source and Rebrands</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-3192-7619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-3192-7619-9"><bdi>978-3-3192-7619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncharted+Constellations%3A+Asterisms%2C+Single-Source+and+Rebrands&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-3192-7619-9&rft.aulast=Barentine&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2005" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Linda L. (2005). <i>Needles, Herbs, Gods, and Ghosts: China, Healing, and the West to 1848</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-1872-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-1872-3"><bdi>978-0-6740-1872-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Needles%2C+Herbs%2C+Gods%2C+and+Ghosts%3A+China%2C+Healing%2C+and+the+West+to+1848&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-6740-1872-3&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Linda+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeem2018" class="citation book cs1">Beem, Charles (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=301GEAAAQBAJ"><i>Queenship in Early Modern Europe</i></a>. Red Globe Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1370-0506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1370-0506-9"><bdi>978-1-1370-0506-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124053309/https://books.google.com/books?id=301GEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queenship+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Red+Globe+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-1370-0506-9&rft.aulast=Beem&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D301GEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBély2001" class="citation book cs1">Bély, Lucien (2001). <i>The History of France</i>. Paris: Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8774-7563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8774-7563-1"><bdi>978-2-8774-7563-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+France&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Jean-Paul+Gisserot&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-8774-7563-1&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9ly&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2011). <i>Beyond the Military Revolution: War in the Seventeenth Century World</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2302-5156-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2302-5156-4"><bdi>978-0-2302-5156-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Military+Revolution%3A+War+in+the+Seventeenth+Century+World&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-2302-5156-4&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanning2008" class="citation book cs1">Blanning, Tim (2008). <i>The Pursuit of Glory: The Five Revolutions That Made Modern Europe</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-1389-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-1389-8"><bdi>978-0-1431-1389-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pursuit+of+Glory%3A+The+Five+Revolutions+That+Made+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-1431-1389-8&rft.aulast=Blanning&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluche1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bluche" title="François Bluche">Bluche, François</a> (1986). <i>Louis XIV</i> (in French). Paris: Hachette Littératures. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-0101-3174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-0101-3174-5"><bdi>978-2-0101-3174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Hachette+Litt%C3%A9ratures&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-2-0101-3174-5&rft.aulast=Bluche&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluche1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bluche" title="François Bluche">Bluche, François</a> (1990). <i>Louis XIV</i>. Translated by Greengrass, Mark. New York: Franklin Watts. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5311-5112-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5311-5112-9"><bdi>978-0-5311-5112-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-5311-5112-9&rft.aulast=Bluche&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBluche2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bluche" title="François Bluche">Bluche, François</a> (2005). <i>Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle 1589–1715</i> (in French). Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-2136-2144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-2136-2144-9"><bdi>978-2-2136-2144-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+du+Grand+Si%C3%A8cle+1589%E2%80%931715&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-2136-2144-9&rft.aulast=Bluche&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bryant, Mark (2004). "Partner, Matriarch, and Minister: Mme de Maintenon of France, Clandestine Consort, 1680–1715". In Campbell Orr, Clarissa (ed.). <i>Queenship in Europe 1660–1815: The Role of the Consort</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 77–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-1422-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-1422-5"><bdi>978-0-5218-1422-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Partner%2C+Matriarch%2C+and+Minister%3A+Mme+de+Maintenon+of+France%2C+Clandestine+Consort%2C+1680%E2%80%931715&rft.btitle=Queenship+in+Europe+1660%E2%80%931815%3A+The+Role+of+the+Consort&rft.pages=77-106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-1422-5&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Veronica_Buckley" title="Veronica Buckley">Buckley, Veronica</a> (2008). <i>Madame de Maintenon: The Secret Wife of Louis XIV</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-8098-0"><bdi>978-0-7475-8098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+de+Maintenon%3A+The+Secret+Wife+of+Louis+XIV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-8098-0&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1992" class="citation journal cs1">Burke, Peter (1992). "The Fabrication of Louis XIV". <i>History Today</i>. <b>42</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Fabrication+of+Louis+XIV&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaydon2007" class="citation book cs1">Claydon, Tony (2007). <i>Europe and the Making of England, 1660–1760</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-5004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-5004-9"><bdi>978-0-5218-5004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+Making+of+England%2C+1660%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-5004-9&rft.aulast=Claydon&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelon2013" class="citation book cs1">Delon, Michel (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEpJAgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1359-5998-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1359-5998-2"><bdi>978-1-1359-5998-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1359-5998-2&rft.aulast=Delon&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEpJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop2000" class="citation book cs1">Dunlop, Ian (2000). <i>Louis XIV</i>. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6709-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6709-8"><bdi>978-0-7126-6709-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6709-8&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurantDurant1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1963). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Civilization" title="The Story of Civilization">The Story of Civilization</a></i>. Vol. 8: The Age of Louis XIV. Boston: Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Civilization&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft.au=Durant%2C+Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1962" class="citation book cs1">Dvornik, Francis (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LACpYP-g1y8C"><i>The Slavs in European History and Civilization</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0799-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-0799-6"><bdi>978-0-8135-0799-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017044641/https://books.google.com/books?id=LACpYP-g1y8C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavs+in+European+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-0799-6&rft.aulast=Dvornik&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLACpYP-g1y8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmunds2002" class="citation book cs1">Edmunds, Martha (2002). <i>Piety and Politics</i>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8741-3693-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8741-3693-8"><bdi>0-8741-3693-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piety+and+Politics&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8741-3693-8&rft.aulast=Edmunds&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Edwards (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_2wkP4j-EsC&pg=PA212">"Edict of Versailles (1787)"</a>. In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Age of Political Revolutions and New Ideologies, 1760–1815</i>. Greenwood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3130-4951-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3130-4951-4"><bdi>978-0-3130-4951-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edict+of+Versailles+%281787%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Age+of+Political+Revolutions+and+New+Ideologies%2C+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-3130-4951-4&rft.au=Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6_2wkP4j-EsC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2006" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Antonia (2006). <i>Love and Louis XIV: The Women in the Life of the Sun King</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Random House, Inc.">Random House, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3374-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3374-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-3374-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Louis+XIV%3A+The+Women+in+the+Life+of+the+Sun+King&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3374-4&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2000" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Robert (2000). <i>The Northern Wars; State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-6429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-6429-4"><bdi>978-0-5820-6429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Wars%3B+State+and+Society+in+Northeastern+Europe+1558%E2%80%931721&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-5820-6429-4&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudelus2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gaudelus, Sébastien (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/hes_0752-5702_2000_num_19_4_2133">"La Mise en Spectacle De La Religion Royale: Recherches sur la Devotion de Louis XIV"</a>. <i>Histoire, Économie et Société</i> (in French). <b>19</b> (4): 513–526. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fhes.2000.2133">10.3406/hes.2000.2133</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522101239/https://www.persee.fr/doc/hes_0752-5702_2000_num_19_4_2133">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire%2C+%C3%89conomie+et+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9&rft.atitle=La+Mise+en+Spectacle+De+La+Religion+Royale%3A+Recherches+sur+la+Devotion+de+Louis+XIV&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513-526&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fhes.2000.2133&rft.aulast=Gaudelus&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fhes_0752-5702_2000_num_19_4_2133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatton1972" class="citation book cs1">Hatton, Ragnhild Marie (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisxivhisworld00hatt_0"><i>Louis XIV and His World</i></a></span>. New York: Putnam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV+and+His+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=Ragnhild+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouisxivhisworld00hatt_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolsti1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Holsti" title="Kalevi Holsti">Holsti, Kalevi J.</a> (1991). <i>Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648–1989</i>. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-9929-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5213-9929-6"><bdi>978-0-5213-9929-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+War%3A+Armed+Conflicts+and+International+Order%2C+1648%E2%80%931989&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+International+Relations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-5213-9929-6&rft.aulast=Holsti&rft.aufirst=Kalevi+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomans2010" class="citation book cs1">Homans, Jennifer (2010). <i>Apollo's Angels: A History of Ballet</i> (1st ed.). New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6060-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6060-3"><bdi>978-1-4000-6060-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/515405940">515405940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%27s+Angels%3A+A+History+of+Ballet&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F515405940&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6060-3&rft.aulast=Homans&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hutton, R (1986). "The Making of the Secret Treaty of Dover, 1668–1670". <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 297–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00018756">10.1017/S0018246X00018756</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639064">2639064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159787254">159787254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Secret+Treaty+of+Dover%2C+1668%E2%80%931670&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=297-318&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159787254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2639064%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00018756&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1990" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1990) [1989]. <i>Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585–1740</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1139-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1139-6"><bdi>978-0-1982-1139-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dutch+Primacy+in+World+Trade%2C+1585%E2%80%931740&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-1139-6&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJens_Ivo2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jens Ivo, Engels (July–September 2003). "Dénigrer, espérer, assumer la réalité. Le roi de France perçu par ses sujets, 1680–1750" [Disparaging, Hoping, Taking on Reality: the French King as Perceived by His Subjects, 1680–1750]. <i>Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine</i> (in French). <b>50</b> (3): 96–126. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20530985">20530985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+Moderne+et+Contemporaine&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9nigrer%2C+esp%C3%A9rer%2C+assumer+la+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9.+Le+roi+de+France+per%C3%A7u+par+ses+sujets%2C+1680%E2%80%931750&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=96-126&rft.date=2003-07%2F2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20530985%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jens+Ivo&rft.aufirst=Engels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2001" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry (2001). <i>Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3000-8718-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-3000-8718-7"><bdi>0-3000-8718-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+V+of+Spain%3A+The+King+Who+Reigned+Twice&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-3000-8718-7&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay1994" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (1994). <i>The Honourable Company: A History of the English East India Company</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Company%3A+A+History+of+the+English+East+India+Company&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinman1985" class="citation book cs1">Kleinman, Ruth (1985). <i>Anne of Austria: Queen of France</i>. Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0429-0"><bdi>978-0-8142-0429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+of+Austria%3A+Queen+of+France&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0429-0&rft.aulast=Kleinman&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossky1994" class="citation book cs1">Lossky, Andrew (1994). <i>Louis XIV and the French Monarchy</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2081-0"><bdi>978-0-8135-2081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV+and+the+French+Monarchy&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2081-0&rft.aulast=Lossky&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn1999" class="citation book cs1">Lynn, John (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsoflouisxiv1600lynn"><i>The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714 (Modern Wars in Perspective)</i></a></span>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-5629-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5820-5629-9"><bdi>978-0-5820-5629-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1667%E2%80%931714+%28Modern+Wars+in+Perspective%29&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-5820-5629-9&rft.aulast=Lynn&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarsoflouisxiv1600lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquis_de_Dangeau1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Courcillon" title="Philippe de Courcillon">Marquis de Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon</a> (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCsvgd5daH0C"><i>Mémoire sur la mort de Louis XIV</i></a> [<i>Recollections of the Death of Louis XIV</i>] (in French). Didot frères, fils<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+mort+de+Louis+XIV&rft.pub=Didot+fr%C3%A8res%2C+fils&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Marquis+de+Dangeau&rft.aufirst=Philippe+de+Courcillon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCsvgd5daH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1997" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Derek (1997). Oresko, Robert; Gibbs, G.C. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalrepublicans0000unse"><i>Small Power Diplomacy in the Age of Louis XIV. In Royal and Republican Sovereignty: Essays in Memory of Ragnhild Hatton</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-1910-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-1910-9"><bdi>978-0-5214-1910-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Power+Diplomacy+in+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV.+In+Royal+and+Republican+Sovereignty%3A+Essays+in+Memory+of+Ragnhild+Hatton&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-5214-1910-9&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalrepublicans0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mansel, Philip. <i>King of the World: The Life of Louis XIV</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2020) scholarly biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/king-of-the-world-review-solar-power-11602860424">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020070226/https://www.wsj.com/articles/king-of-the-world-review-solar-power-11602860424">Archived</a> 20 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriman2019" class="citation book cs1">Merriman, John (2019) [1996]. <i>A History of Modern Europe</i> (4th ed.). W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3939-6888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3939-6888-0"><bdi>978-0-3939-6888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Europe&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-3939-6888-0&rft.aulast=Merriman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerryman2007" class="citation book cs1">Merryman, John Henry (2007). <i>The Civil Law Tradition: An Introduction to the Legal Systems of Europe and Latin America</i> (3rd ed.). Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5568-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5568-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-5568-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+Law+Tradition%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Legal+Systems+of+Europe+and+Latin+America&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5568-9&rft.aulast=Merryman&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontoya2013" class="citation book cs1">Montoya, Alicia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=syb6-0eW-_sC&pg=PA47"><i>Medievalist Enlightenment: From Charles Perrault to Jean-Jacques Rousseau</i></a>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-4342-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-4342-9"><bdi>978-1-8438-4342-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medievalist+Enlightenment%3A+From+Charles+Perrault+to+Jean-Jacques+Rousseau&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-8438-4342-9&rft.aulast=Montoya&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsyb6-0eW-_sC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungello2005" class="citation book cs1">Mungello, David E. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatencounterof0000mung_m1v1"><i>The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3815-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-3815-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Encounter+of+China+and+the+West%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3815-3&rft.aulast=Mungello&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatencounterof0000mung_m1v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan1993" class="citation journal cs1">Nathan, James (Autumn 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vqronline.org/essay/force-order-and-diplomacy-age-louis-xiv">"Force, Order, and Diplomacy in the Age of Louis XIV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Quarterly_Review" title="Virginia Quarterly Review">Virginia Quarterly Review</a></i>. <b>69</b> (4). Charlottesville: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211194226/https://www.vqronline.org/essay/force-order-and-diplomacy-age-louis-xiv">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Force%2C+Order%2C+and+Diplomacy+in+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Fessay%2Fforce-order-and-diplomacy-age-louis-xiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2008" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Cathal J. (2008). <i>Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650–1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3046-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-3046-9"><bdi>978-0-3133-3046-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1650%E2%80%931715%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare+and+Civilization&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-3046-9&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Cathal+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Norton, Lucy (1982). <i>The Sun King and His Loves</i>. The Folio Society.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_GrádaChevet2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ó Gráda, Cormac; Chevet, Jean-Michel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/368/3/ogradac_article_pub_039.pdf">"Famine And Market In <i>Ancient Régime</i> France"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>. <b>62</b> (3): 706–733. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050702001055">10.1017/S0022050702001055</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F368">10197/368</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17494233">17494233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8036361">8036361</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723072344/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/368/3/ogradac_article_pub_039.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Famine+And+Market+In+Ancient+R%C3%A9gime+France&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=706-733&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F368&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8036361%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17494233&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050702001055&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Gr%C3%A1da&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft.au=Chevet%2C+Jean-Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fbitstream%2F10197%2F368%2F3%2Fogradac_article_pub_039.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPagani2001" class="citation book cs1">Pagani, Catherine (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bXxHSZkWssC&pg=PA182"><i>Eastern Magnificence and European Ingenuity: Clocks of Late Imperial China</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4721-1208-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4721-1208-1"><bdi>978-0-4721-1208-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Magnificence+and+European+Ingenuity%3A+Clocks+of+Late+Imperial+China&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-4721-1208-1&rft.aulast=Pagani&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bXxHSZkWssC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanhuysen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panhuysen, Luc (2009). <i>Rampjaar 1672: Hoe de Republiek aan de ondergang ontsnapte</i> (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Atlas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0450-1328-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0450-1328-2"><bdi>978-9-0450-1328-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rampjaar+1672%3A+Hoe+de+Republiek+aan+de+ondergang+ontsnapte&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Atlas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9-0450-1328-2&rft.aulast=Panhuysen&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanhuysen2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Panhuysen, Luc (2016). <i>Oranje tegen de Zonnekoning: De strijd van Willem III en Lodewijk XIV om Europa</i> (in Dutch). Atlas Contact. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-0450-2329-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-0450-2329-8"><bdi>978-9-0450-2329-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oranje+tegen+de+Zonnekoning%3A+De+strijd+van+Willem+III+en+Lodewijk+XIV+om+Europa&rft.pub=Atlas+Contact&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9-0450-2329-8&rft.aulast=Panhuysen&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2003" class="citation journal cs1">Perez, Stanis (July–September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frhmc.503.0062">"Les rides d'Apollon: l'évolution des portraits de Louis XIV"</a> [Apollo's Wrinkles: The Evolution of Portraits of Louis XIV]. <i>Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 62–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Frhmc.503.0062">10.3917/rhmc.503.0062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-8003">0048-8003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20530984">20530984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+Moderne+et+Contemporaine&rft.atitle=Les+rides+d%27Apollon%3A+l%27%C3%A9volution+des+portraits+de+Louis+XIV&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=62-95&rft.date=2003-07%2F2003-09&rft.issn=0048-8003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20530984%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Frhmc.503.0062&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Stanis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3917%252Frhmc.503.0062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetitfils2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petitfils, Jean-Christian (2002). <i>Louis XIV</i> (in French). Paris: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/423881843">423881843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F423881843&rft.aulast=Petitfils&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetitfils2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petitfils, Jean-Christian (2011). <i>Louise de La Vallière</i> (in French). Tempus Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-2620-3649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-2620-3649-2"><bdi>978-2-2620-3649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louise+de+La+Valli%C3%A8re&rft.pub=Tempus+Perrin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-2620-3649-2&rft.aulast=Petitfils&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrest2001" class="citation journal cs1">Prest, Julia (2001). "Dancing King: Louis XIV's Roles in Molière's Comedies-ballets, from Court to Town". <i>Seventeenth Century</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 283–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0268117X.2001.10555494">10.1080/0268117X.2001.10555494</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0268-117X">0268-117X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164147509">164147509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seventeenth+Century&rft.atitle=Dancing+King%3A+Louis+XIV%27s+Roles+in+Moli%C3%A8re%27s+Comedies-ballets%2C+from+Court+to+Town&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-298&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164147509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0268-117X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0268117X.2001.10555494&rft.aulast=Prest&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRégnier2009" class="citation journal cs1">Régnier, Christian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicographia.com/2010/01/famous-french-diabetics/Famous">"Famous French diabetics"</a>. <i>Medicographia</i>. <b>31</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0243-3397">0243-3397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicographia&rft.atitle=Famous+French+diabetics&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0243-3397&rft.aulast=R%C3%A9gnier&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicographia.com%2F2010%2F01%2Ffamous-french-diabetics%2FFamous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinhardt2016" class="citation book cs1">Reinhardt, Nicole (2016). <i>Voices of Conscience: Royal Confessors and Political Counsel in Seventeenth-Century Spain and France</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1910-0870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1910-0870-2"><bdi>978-0-1910-0870-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Conscience%3A+Royal+Confessors+and+Political+Counsel+in+Seventeenth-Century+Spain+and+France&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-1910-0870-2&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers_Neill_Sehnaoui2013" class="citation book cs1">Rogers Neill Sehnaoui, Caroline (Cally) (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJsDL6W-y5MC&pg=PA4"><i>Victorious Charles: A Ladies' Man: A Biography of King Charles VII of France (1403–1461)</i></a>. Strategic Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6251-6049-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6251-6049-2"><bdi>978-1-6251-6049-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victorious+Charles%3A+A+Ladies%27+Man%3A+A+Biography+of+King+Charles+VII+of+France+%281403%E2%80%931461%29&rft.pub=Strategic+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-6251-6049-2&rft.aulast=Rogers+Neill+Sehnaoui&rft.aufirst=Caroline+%28Cally%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDJsDL6W-y5MC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Roosen, William J. <i>The Age of Louis XIV: The Rise of Modern Diplomacy</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoflouisxivris0000roos">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabatier2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sabatier, Gérard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/hes_0752-5702_2000_num_19_4_2134">"La Gloire du Roi: Iconographie de Louis XIV de 1661 a 1672"</a>. <i>Histoire, Économie et Société</i> (in French). <b>19</b> (4): 527–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fhes.2000.2134">10.3406/hes.2000.2134</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522101240/https://www.persee.fr/doc/hes_0752-5702_2000_num_19_4_2134">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire%2C+%C3%89conomie+et+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9&rft.atitle=La+Gloire+du+Roi%3A+Iconographie+de+Louis+XIV+de+1661+a+1672&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=527-560&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fhes.2000.2134&rft.aulast=Sabatier&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fhes_0752-5702_2000_num_19_4_2134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1990" class="citation book cs1">Schama, Simon (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenschronicl00scha_0"><i>Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-2610-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-2610-4"><bdi>978-0-6797-2610-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-6797-2610-4&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenschronicl00scha_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymcox1974" class="citation book cs1">Symcox, Geoffrey, ed. (1974). <i>War, Diplomacy, and Imperialism, 1618–1763</i>. Walker & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-2056-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-2056-6"><bdi>978-0-8027-2056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Diplomacy%2C+and+Imperialism%2C+1618%E2%80%931763&rft.pub=Walker+%26+Co.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-2056-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonnino1998" class="citation book cs1">Sonnino, Paul (1998). "Prelude to the Fronde: The French Delegation at the Peace of Westphalia". In Duchhardt, Heinz (ed.). <i>Der Westfälische Friede: Diplomatie–Politische Zäsur–Kulturelles Umfeld–Rezeptionsgeschichte</i>. München: Oldenberg Verlag GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-4865-6328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-4865-6328-3"><bdi>978-3-4865-6328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prelude+to+the+Fronde%3A+The+French+Delegation+at+the+Peace+of+Westphalia&rft.btitle=Der+Westf%C3%A4lische+Friede%3A+Diplomatie%E2%80%93Politische+Z%C3%A4sur%E2%80%93Kulturelles+Umfeld%E2%80%93Rezeptionsgeschichte&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pub=Oldenberg+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-4865-6328-3&rft.aulast=Sonnino&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2016" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eskaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT419"><i>Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3058-8842-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3058-8842-5"><bdi>978-1-3058-8842-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+A+Brief+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1715&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-3058-8842-5&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeskaCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturdy1998" class="citation book cs1">Sturdy, David J. (1998). <i>Louis XIV</i>. St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3122-1427-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3122-1427-2"><bdi>978-0-3122-1427-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-3122-1427-2&rft.aulast=Sturdy&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter H. (2000). <i>Absolutism in Central Europe</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-3351-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4152-3351-4"><bdi>978-0-4152-3351-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Absolutism+in+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-4152-3351-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1968" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, John B. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisxiv00wolf"><i>Louis XIV</i></a></span>. W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouisxiv00wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span>: a standard scholarly biography;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2004" class="citation book cs1">Young, William (2004). <i>International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great</i>. iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5953-2992-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5953-2992-2"><bdi>978-0-5953-2992-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Politics+and+Warfare+in+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV+and+Peter+the+Great&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-5953-2992-2&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijn1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wijn, J.W. (1950). <i>Het Staatsche Leger: Deel VII (The Dutch States Army: Part VII)</i> (in Dutch). Martinus Nijhoff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+Staatsche+Leger%3A+Deel+VII+%28The+Dutch+States+Army%3A+Part+VII%29&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Wijn&rft.aufirst=J.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><i>Cambridge Modern History: Vol. 5 The Age of Louis XIV</i> (1908), old, solid articles by scholars; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html#cmh1">complete text online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210213151/http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh.html#cmh1">Archived</a> 10 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lynn, John A. "Food, funds, and fortresses: resource mobilization and positional warfare in the campaigns of Louis XIV." in <i>Feeding Mars: Logistics in Western Warfare from the Middle Ages to the Present</i> (Taylor and Francis, 2019) pp. 150–172.</li> <li>Ashley, Maurice P. <i>Louis XIV and the Greatness of France</i> (1965) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0029010802" title="Special:BookSources/0029010802">0029010802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beik" title="William Beik">Beik, William</a>. <i>Louis XIV and Absolutism: A Brief Study with Documents</i> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/031213309X" title="Special:BookSources/031213309X">031213309X</a></li> <li>Beik, William. "The Absolutism of Louis XIV as Social Collaboration." <i>Past & Present</i> 2005 (188): 195–224. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/188590">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422210856/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/188590">Archived</a> 22 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Campbell, Peter Robert. <i>Louis XIV, 1661–1715</i> (London, 1993)</li> <li>Church, William F., ed. <i>The Greatness of Louis XIV</i>. (1972).</li> <li>Cowart, Georgia J. <i>The Triumph of Pleasure: Louis XIV and the Politics of Spectacle</i> University of Chicago Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2261-1638-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2261-1638-9">978-0-2261-1638-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin, Vincent</a>. <i>Louis XIV</i>. London: HarperCollins, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8604-6092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8604-6092-0">978-1-8604-6092-0</a></li> <li>Félix, Joël. "'The most difficult financial matter that has ever presented itself': paper money and the financing of warfare under Louis XIV." <i>Financial History Review</i> 25.1 (2018): 43–70 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/72452/2/The%20most%20difficult%20financial%20matter%20FH.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226104833/http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/72452/2/The%20most%20difficult%20financial%20matter%20FH.pdf">Archived</a> 26 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoubert197" class="citation book cs1">Goubert, Pierre (197). <i>Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen</i>. social history from <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3947-1751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3947-1751-7"><bdi>978-0-3947-1751-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+XIV+and+Twenty+Million+Frenchmen&rft.series=social+history+from+Annales+School&rft.date=197&rft.isbn=978-0-3947-1751-7&rft.aulast=Goubert&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jones, Colin. <i>The Great Nation: France from Louis XIV to Napoleon (1715–1799)</i> (2002)</li> <li>Klaits, Joseph. <i>Printed propaganda under Louis XIV: absolute monarchy and public opinion</i> (Princeton University Press, 2015).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Roy_Ladurie,_Emmanuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel">Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel</a>. <i>The Ancien Régime: A History of France 1610–1774</i> (1999), survey by leader of the <a href="/wiki/Annales_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Annales School">Annales School</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631211969" title="Special:BookSources/0631211969">0631211969</a></li> <li>Lewis, W. H. <i>The Splendid Century: Life in the France of Louis XIV</i> (1953) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881339210" title="Special:BookSources/0881339210">0881339210</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitford1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Mitford" title="Nancy Mitford">Mitford, Nancy</a> (1966). <i>The Sun King: Louis XIV at Versailles</i> (2012 ed.). New York Review of Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5901-7491-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5901-7491-3"><bdi>978-1-5901-7491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun+King%3A+Louis+XIV+at+Versailles&rft.edition=2012&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-1-5901-7491-3&rft.aulast=Mitford&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Prest, Julia, and Guy Rowlands, eds. <i>The Third Reign of Louis XIV, c. 1682–1715</i> (Taylor & Francis, 2016).</li> <li>Rothkrug, Lionel. <i>Opposition to Louis XIV: The Political and Social Origins of French Enlightenment</i> (Princeton University Press, 2015).</li> <li>Rowlands, Guy. <i>The Dynastic State and the Army under Louis XIV: Royal Service and Private Interest, 1661–1701</i> (2002)</li> <li>Rubin, David Lee, ed. <i>Sun King: The Ascendancy of French Culture during the Reign of Louis XIV</i>. Washington: Folger Books and Cranbury: Associated University Presses, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Rule" title="John C. Rule">Rule, John C.</a>, <i>Louis XIV and the craft of kingship</i> 1969.</li> <li>Shennan, J. H. <i>Louis XIV</i> (1993)</li> <li>Thompson, Ian. <i>The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, André Le Nôtre And the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5823-4631-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-5823-4631-3">1-5823-4631-3</a></li> <li>Treasure, Geoffrey. <i>The Making of Modern Europe, 1648–1780</i> (3rd ed. 2003). pp. 230–296.</li> <li>Wilkinson, Rich. <i>Louis XIV</i> (Routledge, 2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-5815-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-5815-6">978-0-4153-5815-6</a></li> <li>Cénat, Jean-Philippe. <i>Le roi stratège: Louis XIV et la direction de la guerre, 1661–1715</i> (Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2019).</li> <li>Croix, Alain. "Vingt millions de Français et Louis XIV." <i>Revue dhistoire moderne contemporaine</i> 2 (2020): 27–46.</li> <li>Engerand, Fernand, editor (1899). <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <i>Inventaire des tableaux du Roy rédigé en 1709 et 1710 par Nicolas Bailly</i>. Paris: Ernest Leroux. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image">Copy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307153902/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6323734m/f11.image">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Gallica.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Louis XIV</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_de_France" class="extiw" title="c:Louis XIV de France">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="extiw" title="q:Louis XIV of France">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Louis_XIV_of_France" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Louis XIV of France">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7742" class="extiw" title="d:Q7742">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanum1972" class="citation book cs1">Ranum, Orest, ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997"><i>The Century of Louis XIV</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207182952/https://www.palgrave.com/in/book/9781349004997">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Century+of+Louis+XIV&rft.date=1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fin%2Fbook%2F9781349004997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+XIV" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%22Louis+XIV%22+OR+%22Louis+the+Great%22+OR+%22Sun+King%22+OR+%28%221638-1715%22+AND+Louis%29+%29">Works by or about Louis XIV</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9631">Works by Louis XIV</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/louis-xiv">Louis XIV</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622232619/http://www.history.com/topics/louis-xiv">Archived</a> 22 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i>History.com</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616071522/http://www.smae.diplomatie.gouv.fr/choiseul/ressource/pdf/D16590004.pdf">Full text of marriage contract</a>, France National Archives transcription <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Le_Si%C3%A8cle_de_Louis_XIV" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Le Siècle de Louis XIV"><i>Le Siècle de Louis XIV</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, 1751, hosted by French Wikisource</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Louis XIV </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/Capetian_dynasty" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 5 September 1638</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 1 September 1715</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="King of France">King of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Co-Prince_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Prince of Andorra">Co-Prince of Andorra</a> </b><br />14 May 1643 – 1 September 1715 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a> </b><br />5 September 1638 – 14 May 1643 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dauphins_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dauphins_of_France" title="Template:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dauphins_of_France" title="Template talk:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphins_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dauphins of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dauphins_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphins of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles,_Dauphin_of_France_(1386)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles, Dauphin of France (1386) (page does not exist)">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles,_Dauphin_of_France_(1392%E2%80%931401)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles, Dauphin of France (1392–1401) (page does not exist)">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Guyenne" title="Louis, Duke of Guyenne">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Touraine" title="John, Duke of Touraine">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li>François</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Orlando,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Charles Orlando, Dauphin of France">Charles Orlando</a></li> <li>Charles</li> <li>François</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">François</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_capetian_dauphins_du_Viennois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, <i>Le Grand Dauphin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, <i>Le Petit Dauphin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_France" title="Template:Princes of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_France" title="Template talk:Princes of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Princes of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>The first generation are the children of <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henri IV</a></i>; these males held the rank of <b><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Son of France</a></b> or <b><a href="/wiki/Fils_de_France" title="Fils de France">Grandson of France</a></b>;</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">King Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Monsieur d'Orléans">Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/75px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/113px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_France_%28France_Moderne%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="701" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois">Prince Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Prince Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois">Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Philip V of Spain</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Prince Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1704%E2%80%931705)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1704–1705)">Prince Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">King Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis, Prince of Asturias</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Philip_of_Spain_(1712%E2%80%931719)" title="Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719)">Infante Philip of Spain</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Prince Philippe, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1751%E2%80%931761)" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)">Prince Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine">Prince Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">King Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">King Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">King Charles X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">King Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Prince Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Prince Henri, Count of Chambord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>* <i>until <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">1713</a></i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Bourbon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Template:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Template talk:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Bourbon_(France)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Bourbon (France)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Bourbon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_IV_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Valois" title="Margaret of Valois">Margaret of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici" title="Marie de' Medici">Marie de' Medici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_France_(1602%E2%80%931644)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)">Elisabeth, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_of_France" title="Christine of France">Christine, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Henri,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans">Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrietta Maria">Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553)</li> <li>Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557)</li> <li>Madeleine (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bourbon" title="Catherine of Bourbon">Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="César, Duke of Vendôme">César, Duke of Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Henriette_de_Bourbon" title="Catherine Henriette de Bourbon">Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf</a></li> <li>Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Duke_of_Verneuil" title="Henri, Duke of Verneuil">Henri, Duke of Verneuil</a></li> <li>Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon</li> <li>Antoine, Count of Moret</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelles_Abbey" title="Chelles Abbey">Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" title="Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier">Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marguerite Louise d'Orléans">Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Marguerite_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans">Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Madeleine_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans">Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Anne d'Orléans">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Gaston,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois">Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise d'Orléans">Marie Louise, Queen of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois">Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Marie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Anne Marie d'Orléans">Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Charlotte_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans">Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Great <br /> grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Felipe of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XIV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XIV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain" title="Maria Theresa of Spain">Infanta María Teresa of Spain</a> <sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Aubign%C3%A9,_Marquise_de_Maintenon" title="Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon">Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Dauphin" title="Louis, Grand Dauphin">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Anne_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Anne Élisabeth of France">Princess Anne Élisabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Anne_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie Anne of France">Princess Marie Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France_(1667%E2%80%931672)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse of France (1667–1672)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou">Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Louis François, Duke of Anjou">Louis François, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate<br />children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Marie Anne de Bourbon">Marie Anne, Princess of Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vermandois" title="Louis, Count of Vermandois">Louis, Count of Vermandois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Duke_of_Maine" title="Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine">Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C%C3%A9sar,_Count_of_Vexin" title="Louis César, Count of Vexin">Louis César, Count of Vexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise,_Princess_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé">Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Anne_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Marie Anne de Bourbon">Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Marie_de_Bourbon" title="Françoise Marie de Bourbon">Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse">Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_de_Maisonblanche" title="Louise de Maisonblanche">Louise, Baroness of La Queue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">King Felipe V of Spain</a></i> <sup><small>p</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Berry_(1686%E2%80%931714)" title="Charles, Duke of Berry (1686–1714)">Charles, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste,_Prince_of_Dombes" title="Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes">Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles,_Count_of_Eu" title="Louis Charles, Count of Eu">Louis Charles, Count of Eu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Fran%C3%A7oise_de_Bourbon,_Mademoiselle_du_Maine" title="Louise Françoise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle du Maine">Louise Françoise, Mademoiselle du Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean_Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre">Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Great<br />grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1704%E2%80%931705)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1704–1705)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Brittany_(1707%E2%80%931712)" title="Louis, Duke of Brittany (1707–1712)">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Felipe of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Felipe of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li>Francisco of Spain <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Victoria_of_Spain" title="Mariana Victoria of Spain">Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Philip, Duke of Parma">Philip, Duke of Parma</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Rafaela_of_Spain" title="María Teresa Rafaela of Spain">Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis,_Count_of_Chinch%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Infante Luis, Count of Chinchón">Luis, Count of Chinchón</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonia_Ferdinanda_of_Spain" title="Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain">Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Charles, Duke of Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans">Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Prince_of_Lamballe" title="Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe">Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XV" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Leszczy%C5%84ska" title="Marie Leszczyńska">Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Élisabeth of France">Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_of_France_(1727%E2%80%931752)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henriette of France (1727–1752)">Princess Henriette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise_of_France_(1728%E2%80%931733)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Louise of France (1728–1733)">Princess Louise (1728–1733)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France_(1729%E2%80%931765)" title="Louis, Dauphin of France (1729–1765)">Louis, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Philippe, Duke of Anjou">Philippe, Duke of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Adélaïde">Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoire_of_France_(1733%E2%80%931799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoire of France (1733–1799)">Princess Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_of_France_(1734%E2%80%931782)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie of France (1734–1782)">Sophie, Duchess of Louvois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_France" title="Thérèse of France">Princess Thérèse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_France_(1737%E2%80%931787)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise of France (1737–1787)">Princess Louise (1737–1787)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Madame_Royale_(1746%E2%80%931748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Thérèse, Madame Royale (1746–1748)">Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Z%C3%A9phyrine_of_France" title="Marie Zéphyrine of France">Princess Marie Zéphyrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Burgundy_(1751%E2%80%931761)" title="Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1751–1761)">Louis, Duke of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine">Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotilde_of_France" title="Clotilde of France">Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_of_France" title="Élisabeth of France">Princess Élisabeth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Illegitimate children <br /> included</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Vintimille" title="Charles de Vintimille">Charles de Vintimille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_O%27Murphy" title="Marie-Louise O'Murphy">Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine</a></li> <li>Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_comte_de_Narbonne-Lara" title="Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara">Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVI" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Duchess_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême">Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_B%C3%A9atrice_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Sophie Hélène Béatrice of France">Princess Sophie Hélène</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Note" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Note</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap">Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, the future <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>See <i><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration in France</a></i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Louis_XVIII" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Spouse(s)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jos%C3%A9phine_of_Savoy" title="Marie Joséphine of Savoy">Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Charles_X_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Savoy" title="Maria Theresa of Savoy">Maria Theresa of Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_d%27Artois_(1776%E2%80%931783)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie d'Artois (1776–1783)">Sophie, <i>Mademoiselle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry">Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry</a></li> <li>Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em">Grandchildren</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Princess Louise Élisabeth</li> <li>Prince Louis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_d%27Artois" title="Princess Louise d'Artois">Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri, Count of Chambord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Notes</span></dt> <dd><sup><small>1</small></sup> also an <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante or Infanta of Spain</a></dd> <dd><sup><small>2</small></sup> also an <a href="/wiki/Archduke" title="Archduke">Archduchess of Austria</a></dd> <dd><sup><small>3</small></sup> both</dd> <dd><sup><small>p</small></sup> <span class="wrap">Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house.</span></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Template talk:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navarrese monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Navarre" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs" title="List of Navarrese monarchs">Monarchs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Íñiguez</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo_Arista_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo Arista of Pamplona">Íñigo Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_%C3%8D%C3%B1iguez_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="García Íñiguez of Pamplona">García Íñiguez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort%C3%BAn_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" title="Fortún Garcés of Pamplona">Fortún Garcés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jim%C3%A9nez_dynasty" title="Jiménez dynasty">House of Jiménez</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho I of Pamplona">Sancho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimeno_Garc%C3%A9s_of_Pamplona" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimeno Garcés of Pamplona">Jimeno Garcés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_I_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez I of Pamplona">García Sánchez I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_II_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho II of Pamplona">Sancho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_II_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez II of Pamplona">García Sánchez II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho III of Pamplona">Sancho III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_III_of_Pamplona" title="García Sánchez III of Pamplona">García Sánchez III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Pamplona" title="Sancho IV of Pamplona">Sancho IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sancho Ramírez">Sancho V</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Aragon_and_Pamplona" title="Peter I of Aragon and Pamplona">Peter I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_the_Battler" title="Alfonso the Battler">Alfonso I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Ram%C3%ADrez_of_Navarre" title="García Ramírez of Navarre">García Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_VII_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VII of Navarre">Sancho VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">House of Champagne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Theobald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Navarre" title="Theobald II of Navarre">Theobald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles I</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Joan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%89vreux" title="House of Évreux">House of Évreux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Navarre" title="Philip III of Navarre">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Navarre" title="Charles II of Navarre">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Navarre" title="Charles III of Navarre">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_I_of_Navarre" title="Blanche I of Navarre">Blanche I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon" title="John II of Aragon">John II</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Viana" title="Charles, Prince of Viana">Charles IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_II_of_Navarre" title="Blanche II of Navarre">Blanche II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Navarre" title="Eleanor of Navarre">Eleanor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Count_of_Foix" title="Count of Foix">House of Foix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Phoebus" title="Francis Phoebus">Francis Phoebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Navarre" title="Catherine of Navarre">Catherine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Navarre" title="John III of Navarre">John III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albret" title="Albret">House of Albret</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Navarre" title="Henry II of Navarre">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Albret" title="Jeanne d'Albret">Joan III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Lower Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis II</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis III</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis IV</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis V</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis VI</a><sup>F</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles V</a><sup>F</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara" title="House of Trastámara">House of Trastámara</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand I</a><sup>A</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joan III</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip IV</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip V</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles V</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> - Upper Navarre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI" title="Ferdinand VI">Ferdinand II</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles VI</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles VII</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand III</a><sup>S</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella I</a><sup>S</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>A</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Aragonese_monarchs" title="List of Aragonese monarchs">King of Aragon</a>. <sup>F</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a>. <sup>S</sup>Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_monarchs" title="List of Spanish monarchs">King/Queen of Spain</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7742#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7742#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7742#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000383255772">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/268675767">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54217/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqBvvrG3H8dRWWvP6Qpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118816829">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80051801">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913463s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11913463s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621017">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Louis XIV <re di Francia>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV063533">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35313556">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701091&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1048059">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069235783">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90408132">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000088735&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000039899">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=101910">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxz7s22x67v1f">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586389805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/73975">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264733605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000126911">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516462506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/16931604">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14274979">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03689438?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500122256">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/db0186be-b2da-450d-a86c-5cfb89a9a8bc">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/346039">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/ludwig-xiv-koenig-von-frankreich">Städel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/71586483">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/908080">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118816829.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118816829">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027328848">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6ph2ft3">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65h7mb4">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67189">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/132475">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV&oldid=1258933236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIV&oldid=1258933236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Louis_XIV" title="Category:Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1638_births" title="Category:1638 births">1638 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1715_deaths" title="Category:1715 deaths">1715 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_kings_of_France" title="Category:17th-century kings of France">17th-century kings of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_kings_of_France" title="Category:18th-century kings of France">18th-century kings of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_princes_of_Andorra" title="Category:17th-century princes of Andorra">17th-century princes of Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_princes_of_Andorra" title="Category:18th-century princes of Andorra">18th-century princes of Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Category:Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Basilica_of_Saint-Denis" title="Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis">Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_France" title="Category:Baroque architecture in France">Baroque architecture in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dauphins_of_France" title="Category:Dauphins of France">Dauphins of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_gangrene" title="Category:Deaths from gangrene">Deaths from gangrene</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_modern_history_of_France" title="Category:Early modern history of France">Early modern history of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_art_collectors" title="Category:French art collectors">French art collectors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_military_personnel_of_the_Nine_Years%27_War" title="Category:French military personnel of the Nine Years' War">French military personnel of the Nine Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_people_of_Portuguese_descent" title="Category:French people of Portuguese descent">French people of Portuguese descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Child_monarchs" title="Category:Child monarchs">Child monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_hunters" title="Category:French hunters">French hunters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:French Roman Catholics">French Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Category:People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye">People from Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li><li><a 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