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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Research methodology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_of_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_of_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Family of origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_of_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_household" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_household"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Evolution of household</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_household-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the family</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cycle_theory" title="Social cycle theory">Social cycle theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sociological_theory" title="Sociological theory">Perspectives</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_darwinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564.jpg/220px-Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564.jpg/330px-Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564.jpg/440px-Eskimo_Family_NGM-v31-p564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a> family</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a></b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> that concerns the <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">sociocultural evolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> groups from prehistoric to modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._95._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._95.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family has a universal and basic role in all societies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on the history of the family crosses disciplines and cultures, aiming to understand the structure and function of the family from many viewpoints. For example, <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological">ecological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economical" class="mw-redirect" title="Economical">economical</a> perspectives are used to view the interrelationships between the individual, their relatives, and the historical time.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._95._1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._95.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of family history has shown that family systems are flexible, culturally diverse and adaptive to ecological and economical conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_family">Definition of family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition of family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Co-residence and organization by kinship are both important in the development of the concept of the family. A co-residential group that makes up a <b><a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a></b> may share general survival-goals and a residence, but may not fulfill the varied and sometimes ambiguous requirements for the definition of a family. (In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/familia" class="extiw" title="wikt:familia">familia</a></i> – the source of the <a href="/wiki/English-language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language">English-language</a> word "family"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – meant "household" or "slave staff". The Latin word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domus" class="extiw" title="wikt:domus">domus</a></i> meant both "family" and "household".) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the family emerged as a separate field of history in the 1970s, with close ties to anthropology and sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trend was especially pronounced in the U.S. and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It emphasizes demographic patterns and public policy. It is quite separate from <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>, although it often draws on the same primary sources such as censuses and family records.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influential pioneering study came in 1978 called <i>Women, Work, and Family</i>. The authors, <a href="/wiki/Louise_A._Tilly" title="Louise A. Tilly">Louise A. Tilly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_W._Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan W. Scott">Joan W. Scott</a>, broke new ground with their broad interpretive framework and emphasis on the variable factors shaping women's place in the family and economy in France and England. It considered the interaction of production and reproduction in an analysis of women's wage labor and thus helped to bring together labor and family history.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much work has been done on the dichotomy in women's lives between the private sphere and the public.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a recent worldwide overview covering 7000 years, see Maynes and Waltner (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_history_methods">Family history methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Family history methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:222px; text-align:left; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> of the family </div> <ul><li>What is the proper unit for the study of the history of the family — the individual? Group? The civilization? The culture?</li> <li>Are there broad patterns and progress? How to present a universal family history?</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; width:222px; text-align:left; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10293,_Los_Angeles,_Kinderreiche_Familie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10293%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_Kinderreiche_Familie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10293%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_Kinderreiche_Familie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10293%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_Kinderreiche_Familie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10293%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_Kinderreiche_Familie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10293%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_Kinderreiche_Familie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10293%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_Kinderreiche_Familie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Family in Los Angeles</figcaption></figure> <div style="background:#f8eaba; text-align:center;"> Historical perspectives of family studies </div> <p>These are some approaches through which family history can be viewed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a> : the family in ancient times until the Early Middle Ages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a>: the family in cultural context.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a>: the study of the family culture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history</a>: the family representation in visual art.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a>: the science of localizing family/events in time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_history" title="Comparative history">Comparative history</a>: the historical analysis of the family not confined to national boundaries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary history</a>: the study of historical/social events that are immediately relevant to the present time.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a>: the study of the family in the cultural context.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a>: the study of family customs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a>: names of people in lines of descent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_history" title="Gender history">Gender history</a>: the family in the perspective of gender.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a>: the study of the family and nationalities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">Legal history</a>: the study of the law of the family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modern history</a>: the study of the modern family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a>: the study of the family pattern of global movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a>: the family from the perspective of common people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychohistory" title="Psychohistory">Psychohistory</a>: the study of the psychological motivations of family events.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">Social history</a>: the study of processes of social change.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater history">Theater history</a>: the family representation in the theater arts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a>: the study of females and the family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a>: the study of the family from a global perspective.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early scholars of family history applied <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>'s biological <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a> in their theory of the evolution of family systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American anthropologist, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a>, published <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Society" title="Ancient Society">Ancient Society</a></i> in 1877, based on his theory of the three stages of human progress, from <a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">savagery</a> through <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarism</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morgan's book was the "inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>' book", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State</a></i>, published in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engels expanded Morgan's hypothesis that economic factors caused the transformation of primitive community into a class-divided society.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engels' theory of <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resource</a> control and later that of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> was used to explain the cause and effect of change in family structure and function. The popularity of this theory was largely unmatched until the 1980s, when other sociological theories, particularly <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural functionalism</a>, gained acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book, <i><a href="/wiki/Centuries_of_Childhood" title="Centuries of Childhood">Centuries of Childhood</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Ari%C3%A8s" title="Philippe Ariès">Philippe Ariès</a>, published in France in 1960, had a great influence on the revival of the field of family history studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._95._1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._95.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ariès used the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> data to draw the conclusion that the concept of childhood was a concept that emerged in modern <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear families">nuclear families</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._95._1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._95.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_childhood" title="History of childhood">history of childhood</a> is a growing subfield.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_methodology">Research methodology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the early 20th century, scholars have begun to unify methods of gathering data.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One notable book by W.I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki, <i>Polish Peasant in Europe and America</i> (1918), was influential in establishing the precedence of systematic <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_study" title="Longitudinal study">longitudinal</a> data analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gathering church files, court records, letters, architectural and archeological evidence, art and iconography, and food and material culture increased the objectivity and reproducibility of family reconstruction studies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of current family systems additionally employ qualitative observations, interviews, focus groups, and quantitative surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_of_origin">Family of origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family of origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pater_Familias" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater Familias">Pater Familias</a></div> <p>In most cultures of the world, the beginning of family history is set in <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i>, the ancient Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> describes the epic destruction of four previous <a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesiod_1985_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesiod_1985-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> that was the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> was eventually replaced by the current <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>; a time when gods made man live in "hopeless misery and toil."<sup id="cite_ref-Hesiod_1985_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesiod_1985-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesiod's second poem <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, described the Greek gods' relationships and family ties.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greeks believed that among them, were descendants of gods who qualified for priesthood or other privileged social status.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Judeo-Christian tradition originates in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>. The first man and woman created by God gave rise to all of the humanity. The Bible reflects the patriarchal worldview and often refers to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>. In biblical times, men sought to prove their descent from the family of the prophet Moses in order to be accepted into the priesthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> families would include everyone within a household under the authoritarian role of the father, the <a href="/wiki/Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">pater familias</a>; this included grown children and the slaves of the household.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children born outside of marriage, from common and legal <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>, could not inherit the father's property or name; instead, they belong to the social group and family of their mothers'.<sup id="cite_ref-Letourneau_1904_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letourneau_1904-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most ancient cultures like those of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, kept records of successors in the ruling <a href="/wiki/Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties">dynasties</a> to legitimize their power as <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divine</a> in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> king and the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> claimed that they were direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun God">Sun God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and until the <a href="/wiki/British_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="British Civil War">British Civil War</a>, monarchs in England were considered second only to God and <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">as God's representative on earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other cultures, such as the Inca of South America, the Kinte of Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> of New Zealand, did not have a written language and kept the history of their descent as an oral tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many cultures used other symbols to document their history of descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Totem_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Totem poles">Totem poles</a> are indigenous to the people of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. The symbolic representation of the pole goes back to the history of their <a href="/wiki/Ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestors">ancestors</a> and the family identity, in addition to being tied with the spiritual world.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>European <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> had long and well-documented kinship relationships, sometimes taking their roots in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1538, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> mandated that churches begin the record-keeping practice that soon spread throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's <i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i> from 1086, is one of the oldest European genealogy records. In ancient and medieval times, the history of one's ancestors guaranteed religious and secular prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a> puts notable emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were two distinct family patterns that emerged in <a href="/wiki/Christian_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Europe">Christian Europe</a> throughout the Middle Ages. In most of Southern and Eastern Europe, marriage occurred between two individuals who had lived with their parents for a long period of time. The man involved was older, usually in his late twenties, and the girl was often still a teenager. Their household would contain several generations, an occurrence demographers denote as a "complex" household. In contrast, areas in Northwestern Europe gave rise to a familial structure that was unique for the time period. The man and woman were typically around the same age, and would wait until they were in their early twenties to marry. Following the marriage, the couple would set up their own independent household (termed a "nuclear" household structure). This led to a lower birthrate, as well as greater levels of economic stability for the new couple. This also served as a check on the increasing population in Europe. Many women in this region during this time period would never marry at all.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <i><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended families</a></i> were the basic family unit in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholic culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic countries">countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1632, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> was the first state in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> mandating a civil law that christenings, marriages, and burials were to be recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-Family_Chronicle_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Family_Chronicle-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians of the family have made extensive use of genealogical data of the sort collected by organizations of descendants such as the National Society of Old Plymouth Colony Descendants, The Society of Mayflower Descendants, Daughters of the American Revolution, National Society Sons of the American Revolution, and Society of the Descendants of the Founding Fathers of New England.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, a major scholarly organization in England founded in 1964, regularly consulted genealogists in developing their database for the history of the English family and statistical analysis of long-term demographic trends.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_household">Evolution of household</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolution of household"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization of the pre-industrial family is now believed to be similar to modern types of family.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sociologists used to believe that the nuclear family was the product of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, but evidence highlighted by historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Peter Laslett</a> suggests that the causality is reversed and that industrialization was so effective in North-western Europe specifically because the pre-existence of the nuclear family fostered its development.<sup id="cite_ref-Kretzer_2002_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kretzer_2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Family types of pre-industrial Europe belonged into two basic groups, the "simple household system" (the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>), and the "joint family system" (the <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kretzer_2002_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kretzer_2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple household system featured a relatively late age of marriage for both men and women and the establishment of a separate household after the marriage or <a href="/wiki/Neolocality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolocality">neolocality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kretzer_2002_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kretzer_2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A joint family household system was characterized by earlier marriage for women, co-residence with the husband's family or <a href="/wiki/Patrilocality" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilocality">patrilocality</a>, and co-residing of multiple generations. Many households consisted of unrelated <a href="/wiki/Servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant">servants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Apprentice">apprentices</a> residing for periods of years, and at that time, belonging to the family.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to shorter life expectancy and high mortality rates in the pre-industrialized world, much of the structure of a family depended on the average age of the marriage of women. Late marriages, as occurred in the simple household system, left little time for three-generation families to form. Conversely, in the joint family household system, early marriages allowed for multi-generational families to form.<sup id="cite_ref-Kretzer_2002_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kretzer_2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-industrial family had many functions including food production, <a href="/wiki/Landholding" class="mw-redirect" title="Landholding">landholding</a>, regulation of <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a>, reproduction, socialization and education of its members. External roles allowed for participation in religion and politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._96_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._96-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social status was also strictly connected to one's family.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, in the absence of government institutions, the family was the only resource to cope with sickness and aging.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._96_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._96-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the industrial revolution and new work and living conditions, families changed, transferring to public institutions responsibility for food production and the education and welfare of its aging and sick members.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._120_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-industrial families became more private, nuclear, domestic and based on the emotional bonding between husband and wife, and between parents and children.<sup id="cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._120_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._120-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stone" title="Lawrence Stone">Lawrence Stone</a> identifies three major types of family structure in England: in about 1450–1630, the open lineage family dominated. The Renaissance era, 1550–1700, brought the restricted patriarchal nuclear family. The early modern world 1640-1800 emphasized the closed domesticated nuclear family.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone's conclusions have been disputed by other historians;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Laslett and Alan MacFarlane believe the nuclear family became common in England beginning in the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-materialist and postmodern values have become research topics related to the family.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Judith Stacy in 1990, "We are living, I believe, through a transitional and contested period of family history, a period 'after' the modern family order."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019, there are more than 110 million single people in the United States. More than 50% of the American adult population is single compared to 22% in 1950. Jeremy Greenwood, Professor of economics at the University of Pennsylvania has explored how technological progress has affected the family. In particular, he discusses how technological advance has led to more married women working, a decline in fertility, an increase in the number of single households, social change, longer lifespans, and a rise in the fraction of life spent in retirement.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Elyakim_Kislev" title="Elyakim Kislev">Elyakim Kislev</a> lists some of the major drivers for the decline in the family institution: women’s growing independence, risk aversion in an age of divorce, demanding careers, rising levels of education, individualism, secularization, popular media, growing transnational mobility, and urbanization processes.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top" width="45%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_family_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="American family structure">American family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex family">Complex family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Custom_and_Myth/The_Early_History_of_the_Family" class="extiw" title="s:Custom and Myth/The Early History of the Family">Custom and Myth / The Early History of the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_economics" title="Family economics">Family economics</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top" width="45%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Family history">Family history</a>, in genealogy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_joint_family" title="Hindu joint family">Hindu joint family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._95.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._95._1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._95._1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._95._1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._95._1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hareven 1991, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van den Berghe 1979, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van den Berghe 1979, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_family" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=family">"family"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=family&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dfamily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamara K. Hareven, "The history of the family and the complexity of social change," <i>American Historical Review,</i> Feb 1991, Vol. 96 Issue 1, pp. 95–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cynthia Comacchio, "'The History of Us': Social Science, History, and the Relations of Family in Canada," <i>Labour / Le Travail,</i> Fall 2000, Vol. 46, pp. 167–220, with very thorough coverage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jfh.sagepub.com/"><i>Journal of Family History</i>, quarterly since 1976</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Dublin, "Women, Work, and Family: The View from the United States," <i>Journal of Women's History</i>, Autumn 99, Vol. 11 Issue 3, pp. 17–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D'Ann Campbell, <i>Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era</i> (1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenatwarwitham0000camp/mode/1up">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Jo Maynes and Ann Beth Waltner, <i>The Family: A World History</i> (Oxford University Press, 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=38304">online review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551887/sociology/222961/Founding-the-discipline#ref=ref748622">"Sociology/Founding the discipline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sociology%2FFounding+the+discipline&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F551887%2Fsociology%2F222961%2FFounding-the-discipline%23ref%3Dref748622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan 1877</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia" class="citation web cs1">Encyclopedia, Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146165/cultural-anthropology/38786/Marxism-and-the-collectors#ref=ref423234">"Cultural Anthropology"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Anthropology&rft.aulast=Encyclopedia&rft.aufirst=Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F146165%2Fcultural-anthropology%2F38786%2FMarxism-and-the-collectors%23ref%3Dref423234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/index.htm">"The Marxists Internet Archive"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Family Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familychronicle.com/HistoryOfGenealogy.html">the original</a> on 2010-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Genealogy&rft.pub=Family+Chronicle&rft.aulast=Potter-Phillips&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familychronicle.com%2FHistoryOfGenealogy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151101141404/http://www.roman-empire.net/society/society.html">"The Illustrated History of the Roman Empire"</a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444390759" title="Special:BookSources/9781444390759"><bdi>9781444390759</bdi></a>. <q>Christianity placed great emphasis on the family and on all members from children to the aged</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Families+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+Worlds&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444390759&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Beryl+Rawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiesner, Merry E. “The Family.” <i>Gender in History: Global Perspectives</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard2006" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, Colin Pritchard (2006). <i>Mental Health Social Work: Evidence-Based Practice</i>. Routledge. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134365449" title="Special:BookSources/9781134365449"><bdi>9781134365449</bdi></a>. <q>in cultures with stronger 'extended family traditions', such as Asian and Catholic countries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mental+Health+Social+Work%3A+Evidence-Based+Practice&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781134365449&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=Colin+Pritchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> John W. Adams and Alice Bee Kasakoff, "Migration and the family in colonial New England: The view from genealogies." <i>Journal of Family History</i> 9.1 (1984): 24-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd DeWitt Bockstruck, "Four Centuries of Genealogy: A Historical Overview." <i>RQ</i> 23#2 (1983): 162-70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25827121">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._TaylorRalph_J._Crandall1986" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Taylor; Ralph J. 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Mercer UP. pp. 18–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865541689" title="Special:BookSources/9780865541689"><bdi>9780865541689</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generations+and+Change%3A+Genealogical+Perspectives+in+Social+History&rft.pages=18-20&rft.pub=Mercer+UP&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780865541689&rft.au=Robert+M.+Taylor&rft.au=Ralph+J.+Crandall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEph7G3gMFe0C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hareven_1991-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hareven 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kretzer_2002-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kretzer_2002_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kretzer_2002_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kretzer_2002_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kretzer_2002_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kretzer 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._96-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._96_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._96_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hareven 1991, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wrigley 1977, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hareven_1991,_p._120-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._120_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hareven_1991,_p._120_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hareven 1991, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Stone, <i>The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England 1500-1800</i> (1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanmacfarlane.com/TEXTS/stonesex.pdf">Review by of Stone's book by Alan Macfarlane, 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifstudies.org/blog/the-real-roots-of-the-nuclear-family/">The Real Roots of the Nuclear Family</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKislev2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kislev, Elyakim. (2017-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-017-9921-7">"Happiness, Post-materialist Values, and the Unmarried"</a>. <i>Journal of Happiness Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (8): 2243–2265. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10902-017-9921-7">10.1007/s10902-017-9921-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7780">1573-7780</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148812711">148812711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Happiness+Studies&rft.atitle=Happiness%2C+Post-materialist+Values%2C+and+the+Unmarried&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2243-2265&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148812711%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-7780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10902-017-9921-7&rft.aulast=Kislev&rft.aufirst=Elyakim.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10902-017-9921-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarvin_B._SussmanSuzanne_K._SteinmetzGary_W._Peterson2013" class="citation book cs1">Marvin B. 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Springer. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781475753677" title="Special:BookSources/9781475753677"><bdi>9781475753677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Marriage+and+the+Family&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781475753677&rft.au=Marvin+B.+Sussman&rft.au=Suzanne+K.+Steinmetz&rft.au=Gary+W.+Peterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0GjmBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2019" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Jeremy (2019). <i>Evolving Households: The Imprint of Technology on Life</i>. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262039239" title="Special:BookSources/9780262039239"><bdi>9780262039239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolving+Households%3A+The+Imprint+of+Technology+on+Life&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780262039239&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKislev2019" class="citation book cs1">Kislev, Elyakim (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520299146"><i>Happy Singlehood: The Rising Acceptance and Celebration of Solo Living</i></a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Happy+Singlehood%3A+The+Rising+Acceptance+and+Celebration+of+Solo+Living&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Kislev&rft.aufirst=Elyakim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucpress.edu%2Fbook.php%3Fisbn%3D9780520299146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States#Further_reading" title="Family in the United States">Family in the United States § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtsonAlan_C._AcockDavid_M._KleinKatherine_R._Allen2006" class="citation book cs1">Bengtson, Vern L.; Alan C. Acock; David M. Klein; Katherine R. Allen; Peggye Dilworth-Anderson (2006). <i>Sourcebook of family theory & research</i>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4129-4085-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4129-4085-0"><bdi>1-4129-4085-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+family+theory+%26+research&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4129-4085-0&rft.aulast=Bengtson&rft.aufirst=Vern+L.&rft.au=Alan+C.+Acock&rft.au=David+M.+Klein&rft.au=Katherine+R.+Allen&rft.au=Peggye+Dilworth-Anderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Coleman, Marilyn and Lawrence Ganong, eds. <i>The Social History of the American Family: An Encyclopedia</i> (4 vol, 2014). 600 articles by scholars; 2144pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Social-History-American-Family-Encyclopedia/dp/1452286167/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2007" class="citation book cs1">Daly, Kerry (2007). <i>Qualitative methods for family studies & human development</i>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1402-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1402-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-1402-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qualitative+methods+for+family+studies+%26+human+development&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1402-4&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllens2006" class="citation book cs1">Ellens, J. Harold (2006). <i>Sex in the Bible: a new consideration</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98767-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98767-1"><bdi>0-275-98767-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+in+the+Bible%3A+a+new+consideration&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-275-98767-1&rft.aulast=Ellens&rft.aufirst=J.+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Field, Corinne T., and Nicholas L. Syrett, eds. <i>Age in America: The Colonial Era to the Present</i> (New York University Press, 2015). viii, 338 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2019" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Jeremy (2019). <i>Evolving Households: The Imprint of Technology on Life</i>. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262039239" title="Special:BookSources/9780262039239"><bdi>9780262039239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolving+Households%3A+The+Imprint+of+Technology+on+Life&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780262039239&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansonDouglas_E._Oakman2002" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, K. C.; Douglas E. Oakman (2002). <i>Palestine in the Time of Jesus: Social Structures and Social Conflicts</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-3470-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-3470-5"><bdi>0-8006-3470-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+in+the+Time+of+Jesus%3A+Social+Structures+and+Social+Conflicts&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8006-3470-5&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rft.au=Douglas+E.+Oakman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHareven1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hareven, Tamara K. (February 1991). "The History of the Family and the Complexity of Social Change". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>96</b> (1). American Historical Association: 95–124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2164019">10.2307/2164019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2164019">2164019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Family+and+the+Complexity+of+Social+Change.&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-124&rft.date=1991-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2164019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2164019%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hareven&rft.aufirst=Tamara+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesiodThomas_Alan_Sinclair1985" class="citation book cs1">Hesiod; Thomas Alan Sinclair (1985). <i>Works and days</i>. Georg Olms Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-487-05414-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-487-05414-0"><bdi>3-487-05414-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Works+and+days&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-487-05414-0&rft.au=Hesiod&rft.au=Thomas+Alan+Sinclair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesiodM._L._West1997" class="citation book cs1">Hesiod; M. L. West (1997). <i>Theogony</i>. NetLibrary, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-34339-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-34339-X"><bdi>0-585-34339-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theogony&rft.pub=NetLibrary%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-585-34339-X&rft.au=Hesiod&rft.au=M.+L.+West&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzer1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kertzer, David I. (1991). "Household History and Sociological Theory". <i>Annual Review of Sociology</i>. <b>17</b> (1). Annual Reviews: 155–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.so.17.080191.001103">10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.001103</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2083339">2083339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Household+History+and+Sociological+Theory&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-179&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.so.17.080191.001103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2083339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKertzerMarzio_Barbagli2002" class="citation book cs1">Kertzer, David I.; Marzio Barbagli (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofeuropea00kert"><i>The History of the European Family: Family life in the long nineteenth century (1789-1913)</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09090-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09090-0"><bdi>0-300-09090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+European+Family%3A+Family+life+in+the+long+nineteenth+century+%281789-1913%29&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-300-09090-0&rft.aulast=Kertzer&rft.aufirst=David+I.&rft.au=Marzio+Barbagli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofeuropea00kert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetourneau1904" class="citation book cs1">Letourneau, Charles (1904). <i>The Evolution of Marriage and of the Family</i>. Scott Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Marriage+and+of+the+Family&rft.pub=Scott+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Letourneau&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMousourakis2003" class="citation book cs1">Mousourakis, George (2003). <i>The historical and institutional context of Roman law</i>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-2114-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-2114-6"><bdi>0-7546-2114-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+historical+and+institutional+context+of+Roman+law&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-2114-6&rft.aulast=Mousourakis&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Donna (2001). <i>World mythology: an anthology of the great myths and epics</i>. NTC Pub. Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-5966-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-5966-7"><bdi>0-8442-5966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+mythology%3A+an+anthology+of+the+great+myths+and+epics&rft.pub=NTC+Pub.+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8442-5966-7&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasFlorian_Znaniecki1996" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, William; Florian Znaniecki (1996). <i>The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: A Classic Work in Immigration History</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06484-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06484-4"><bdi>0-252-06484-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Peasant+in+Europe+and+America%3A+A+Classic+Work+in+Immigration+History&rft.pub=Urbana%3A+University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-252-06484-4&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Florian+Znaniecki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Berghe1979" class="citation book cs1">van den Berghe, Pierre (1979). <i>Human family systems: an evolutionary view</i>. Elsevier North Holland, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-99061-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-99061-5"><bdi>0-444-99061-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+family+systems%3A+an+evolutionary+view.&rft.pub=Elsevier+North+Holland%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-444-99061-5&rft.aulast=van+den+Berghe&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrigley1997" class="citation journal cs1">Wrigley, E. Anthony (Spring 1997). "Reflections on the History of the Family". <i>The Family</i>. <b>106</b> (2). The MIT Press.: 71–85. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20024477">20024477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Family&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+History+of+the+Family.&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-85&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20024477%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wrigley&rft.aufirst=E.+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+family" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_family" title="Conjugal family">Conjugal family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediate_family" title="Immediate family">Immediate family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_relationship#Human_relationships" title="Coefficient of relationship">First-degree relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father" title="Father">father</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother" title="Brother">brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister" title="Sister">sister</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchild">Grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece/Nephew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandparent">Great-grandparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandchild">Great-grandchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great-uncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-uncle">Great-uncle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Great-aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-aunt">Great-aunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Family-in-law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wife" title="Wife">wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent-in-law" title="Parent-in-law">Parent-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling-in-law" title="Sibling-in-law">Sibling-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Son-in-law">son-in-law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_choice" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seize_quartiers" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Mother's Day (United States)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandparents%27_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Family_Week_(UK)" title="National Family Week (UK)">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_rivalry" title="Sibling rivalry">Sibling rivalry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&oldid=1250213060">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_family&oldid=1250213060</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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