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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Soldiers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soldiers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soldiers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruiting_volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruiting_volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Recruiting volunteers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruiting_volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motivations_of_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations_of_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Motivations of soldiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivations_of_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_paperwork_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_paperwork_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>The paperwork war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_paperwork_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Medical conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Prisoners of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft_riots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft_riots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Draft riots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft_riots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financing_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Financing the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tariffs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariffs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Tariffs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariffs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_grants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_grants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Land grants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_grants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cotton_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cotton_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Cotton trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cotton_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_and_business_leaders_and_military_inventors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_and_business_leaders_and_military_inventors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Industrial and business leaders and military inventors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_and_business_leaders_and_military_inventors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methodists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Methodists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unionists_in_Southern_and_Border_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unionists_in_Southern_and_Border_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Unionists in Southern and Border states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unionists_in_Southern_and_Border_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unionists in Southern and Border states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unionists_in_Southern_and_Border_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guerrilla_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerrilla_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Guerrilla warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerrilla_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missouri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missouri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Missouri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missouri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kentucky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kentucky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Kentucky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kentucky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Union states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Union_states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Union states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Union_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Union territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Surveys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_and_legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_and_legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Constitutional and legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_and_legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Economic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_and_cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_and_cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Intellectual and cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_and_cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>Medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.7</span> <span>Race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.8</span> <span>Religion and ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_demographic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_demographic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.9</span> <span>Social and demographic history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_demographic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soldiers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soldiers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.10</span> <span>Soldiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soldiers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.11</span> <span>State and local</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.12</span> <span>Women and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.13</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Union (American Civil War)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="الاتحاد (الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد (الحرب الأهلية الأمريكية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_(Guerra_de_Secesi%C3%B3n)" title="Xunión (Guerra de Secesión) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xunión (Guerra de Secesión)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ttifaq_(AB%C5%9E)" title="İttifaq (ABŞ) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İttifaq (ABŞ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A2n-pang_(L%C3%A2m-pak_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng)" title="Liân-pang (Lâm-pak Chiàn-cheng) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liân-pang (Lâm-pak Chiàn-cheng)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_(%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Саюз (ЗША) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саюз (ЗША)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7_(%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Съюз (Американска гражданска война) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съюз (Американска гражданска война)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unvaniezh_(Brezel_diabarzh_stadunanat)" title="Unvaniezh (Brezel diabarzh stadunanat) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unvaniezh (Brezel diabarzh stadunanat)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_(Guerra_Civil_dels_Estats_Units)" title="Unió (Guerra Civil dels Estats Units) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió (Guerra Civil dels Estats Units)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unie_(americk%C3%A1_ob%C4%8Dansk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka)" title="Unie (americká občanská válka) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Unie (americká občanská válka)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionen" title="Unionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Unionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstaaten" title="Nordstaaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordstaaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unioon_(Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_kodus%C3%B5da)" title="Unioon (Ameerika Ühendriikide kodusõda) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Unioon (Ameerika Ühendriikide kodusõda)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BC%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Ένωση (Αμερικανικός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένωση (Αμερικανικός Εμφύλιος Πόλεμος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_(guerra_de_Secesi%C3%B3n)" title="Unión (guerra de Secesión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión (guerra de Secesión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_(Usona_Enlanda_Milito)" title="Unio (Usona Enlanda Milito) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unio (Usona Enlanda Milito)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_(%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="اتحادیه (جنگ داخلی آمریکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحادیه (جنگ داخلی آمریکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(guerre_de_S%C3%A9cession)" title="Union (guerre de Sécession) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union (guerre de Sécession)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9_(%EB%82%A8%EB%B6%81_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81)" title="연방 (남북 전쟁) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연방 (남북 전쟁)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7)" title="यूनियन (अमेरिकी गृहयुद्ध) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूनियन (अमेरिकी गृहयुद्ध)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(Perang_Saudara_Amerika)" title="Union (Perang Saudara Amerika) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Union (Perang Saudara Amerika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_(guerra_civile_americana)" title="Unione (guerra civile americana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione (guerra civile americana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%93" title="האיחוד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האיחוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_(CFA)" title="Unio (CFA) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unio (CFA)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85junga_(JAV)" title="Sąjunga (JAV) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąjunga (JAV)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_(amerikai_polg%C3%A1rh%C3%A1bor%C3%BA)" title="Unió (amerikai polgárháború) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Unió (amerikai polgárháború)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_(Perang_Saudara_Amerika)" title="Kesatuan (Perang Saudara Amerika) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan (Perang Saudara Amerika)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordelijke_staten" title="Noordelijke staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noordelijke staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionen_(Den_amerikanske_borgerkrigen)" title="Unionen (Den amerikanske borgerkrigen) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Unionen (Den amerikanske borgerkrigen)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstatane" title="Nordstatane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nordstatane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_(Stany_Zjednoczone)" title="Unia (Stany Zjednoczone) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unia (Stany Zjednoczone)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_(Guerra_Civil_Americana)" title="União (Guerra Civil Americana) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União (Guerra Civil Americana)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statele_din_Nord" title="Statele din Nord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statele din Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Союз (США) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Союз (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Union (American Civil War)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ania_(americk%C3%A1_ob%C4%8Dianska_vojna)" title="Únia (americká občianska vojna) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Únia (americká občianska vojna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Унија (Амерички грађански рат) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Унија (Амерички грађански рат)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoisvaltiot" title="Pohjoisvaltiot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjoisvaltiot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstaterna" title="Nordstaterna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordstaterna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Союз (США) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Союз (США)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C)" title="یونین (امریکی خانہ جنگی) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونین (امریکی خانہ جنگی)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_bang_mi%E1%BB%81n_B%E1%BA%AFc_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Liên bang miền Bắc Hoa Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên bang miền Bắc Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive 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.mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>United States of America</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Union</span></li></ul> </li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1861–1865</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1861%E2%80%931863).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Union (American Civil War)"><img alt="The flag of the United States of America from 1861 to 1863, with 34 stars for all the 34 states. In 1863 a 35th star was added to represent the new state of West Virginia (the loyal northwestern counties of Virginia), and in 1864 a 36th star for Nevada (previously the Nevada Territory)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1863-1865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States#Historical_progression_of_designs" title="Flag of the United States">Top: 1861–1863<br />Bottom: 1863–1865</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_(1782).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Union (American Civil War)"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States of America during the war" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg/85px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg/128px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg/170px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States"> Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><i><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></i><div><i>Out of many, one</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a> (<i>de facto</i>)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Four_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Four_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg/Four_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Four_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFour_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFour_Ruffles_and_Flourishes_and_Hail_Columbia.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><br /><a href="/wiki/My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee" title="My Country, 'Tis of Thee">My Country, 'Tis of Thee</a> (<i>de facto</i>)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="127" data-mwtitle="Rufst_du,_mein_Vaterland_(1938).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga/Rufst_du%2C_mein_Vaterland_%281938%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the division of the states in the American Civil War (1861–1865):   Northern free states loyal to the United States   Southern slave states which seceded and formed the Confederacy   Southern slave states which remained in the Union (border states)[a]   U.S. territories, with the exception of the Indian Territory (later Oklahoma)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg/250px-US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg/375px-US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg/500px-US_map_1864_Civil_War_divisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the division of the states in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#204A87; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Northern and Western free states loyal to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A40000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Southern slave states which seceded and formed the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#729FCF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Southern slave states which remained in the Union (<a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-MIandKTGovernments_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIandKTGovernments-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> U.S. territories, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Recognized government of the United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federal presidential constitutional republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Speaker_of_the_House" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Speaker of the House">Speaker of the House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861–1863 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Galusha A. Grow</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1863–1865 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1861–1864 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1864–1865 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern states</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">secession</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1860–1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln inauguration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March 7, 1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 12–13, 1861</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1863</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 13–16, 1863</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Savannah campaign</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1864</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March 29 – April 9, 1865</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 14, 1865</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conclusion_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Conclusion of the American Civil War">Ceasefire Agreement of the Confederacy</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 9 – November 6, 1865</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Union</b>, colloquially known as <b>the North</b>, refers to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> when eleven Southern <a href="/wiki/Slave_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave states">slave states</a> <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">seceded</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> (CSA), also known as the Confederacy or South, during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The Union was led by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, the 16th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, and sought to preserve the nation, a constitutional <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal union</a>. </p><p>In the context of the Civil War, "Union" is also often used as a synonym for "the northern states loyal to the United States government".<sup id="cite_ref-AUP_note_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUP_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this meaning, the Union included 20 <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">free states</a> (in the north and west) and four southern <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border slave states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> was a new formation comprising mostly state units, together with units from the regular <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>. Keeping the southern border states in the Union was considered essential to its winning the war.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> provided the industrial resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies and financing the war. They provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, and training camps. Army hospitals were also set up across the Union. Most Northern states had <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Republican Party">Republican</a> governors who energetically supported the war effort and suppressed anti-war subversion, particularly that that arose in 1863–64.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> strongly supported the war at the beginning in 1861, but by 1862, was split between the <a href="/wiki/War_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="War Democrats">War Democrats</a> and the anti-war element known as Peace Democrats, led by the extremist "<a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Democrats made major electoral gains in 1862 in state elections, most notably in New York. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio. In 1864, the Republicans and War Democrats joined to campaign under the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a> banner, which also attracted most soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket against Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>. </p><p>The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> ravaged the countryside. Almost all military actions took place in the South. Prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers' wives, widows, and orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered in order to escape the draft and to take advantage of generous cash bounties on offer from states and localities. Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially in parts of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, with its massive <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">anti-draft riots of July 1863</a> and in some remote districts such as the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Region" title="Coal Region">Coal Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a>.. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_War_Map_-_Federal_Union_and_Southern_States.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Civil_War_Map_-_Federal_Union_and_Southern_States.png/220px-Civil_War_Map_-_Federal_Union_and_Southern_States.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Civil_War_Map_-_Federal_Union_and_Southern_States.png/330px-Civil_War_Map_-_Federal_Union_and_Southern_States.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Civil_War_Map_-_Federal_Union_and_Southern_States.png/440px-Civil_War_Map_-_Federal_Union_and_Southern_States.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>The division of <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> states during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, which lasted from 1861 to 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>In the context of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the Union, or the United States, is sometimes referred to as "the North", both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was often called "the South". The Union (the United States) never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacy's secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States. In foreign affairs, the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term "Union" occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union.</a> The subsequent <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of "We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." <i>Union</i>, for the United States of America, is then repeated in such clauses as the <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a> clause in Article IV, Section 3. </p><p>Even before the Civil War began the phrase "preserve the Union" was commonplace, and a "union of states" had been used to refer to the entire United States of America. Using the term "Union" to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the pre-existing political entity.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the American Civil War, the United States was known as the "United States' federal union", a union of states controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-charlesdanieldrake_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlesdanieldrake-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newyorkreview_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorkreview-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was opposite to the CSA's first government, a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> of independent states, functioning similarly to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wwgaunt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwgaunt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usgovernmentprintingoffice_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgovernmentprintingoffice-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-johntishiyama_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johntishiyama-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederates generally saw the Union as being opposed to slavery, occasionally referring to them as abolitionists, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> as the "abolition fleet" and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> as "abolition forces".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Landis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Landis (page does not exist)">Michael Landis</a> called for an end to the use of the term "Union", writing "The employment of 'Union' instead of 'United States,' implicitly supports the Lost Cause, Confederate view of secession wherein the nation of the United States collapsed.... In reality, however, the United States never ceased to exist.... The dichotomy of 'Union v. Confederacy' lends credibility to the Confederate experiment and undermines the legitimacy of the United States as a political entity."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Army_University" title="Army University">Army University</a> Press noted that it was replacing usages of the word "Union" with "Federal Government" or "U.S. Government". The Army University Press stated this was "more historically accurate" as "the term 'Union' always referred to all the states together."<sup id="cite_ref-AUP_note_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUP_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_and_strength">Size and strength</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size and strength"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advantages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Advantages.jpg/280px-Advantages.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Advantages.jpg/420px-Advantages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Advantages.jpg/560px-Advantages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1108" /></a><figcaption>The United States had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war, and the ratio grew steadily in favor of the United States. In the chart, "cauc men" means white men (<a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the Confederacy, the loyal areas of the United States had a relatively large industrialized and urbanized area in the Northeast, and more advanced commercial, transportation and financial systems than the rural slaveholding South.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of five to two at the start of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Year by year, the rebel Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources and population. Meanwhile, the United States turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force. However, much of the US strength had to be used to garrison former-Confederate areas, and to protect railroads and other vital points. The loyal states' great advantages in population and industry would prove to be vital long-term factors in its victory over the rebel Confederacy, but it took a long time for the Union to fully mobilize these resources. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: auto; font-size: 100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_(1782).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Great Seal of the United States of America during the American Civil War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg/128px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg/192px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg/256px-Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281782%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> <br /> in the <br /> <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware in the American Civil War">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota in the American Civil War">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Hampshire in the American Civil War">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Dual governments</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories and D.C.</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakota in the American Civil War">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Utah Territory in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_states_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Template:Union states in the American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_states_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Union states in the American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_states_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Union states in the American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The attack on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism. Historian <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> writes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Anger swept the land. From every side came news of mass meetings, speeches, resolutions, tenders of business support, the muster of companies and regiments, the determined action of governors and legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> McClintock states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the time, Northerners were right to wonder at the near unanimity that so quickly followed long months of bitterness and discord. It would not last throughout the protracted war to come—or even through the year—but in that moment of unity was laid bare the common Northern nationalism usually hidden by the fierce battles more typical of the political arena."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian Michael Smith argues that as the war ground on year after year, the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">American republicanism</a> grew stronger and generated fears of corruption in high places. Voters became afraid of power being centralized in Washington, extravagant spending, and war profiteering.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Democratic candidates emphasized these fears. The candidates added that rapid modernization was putting too much political power in the hands of Eastern financiers and industrialists. They warned that the abolition of slavery would bring a flood of freed blacks into the labor market of the North. </p><p>Republicans responded with charges of defeatism. They indicted Copperheads for criminal conspiracies to free Confederate <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> and played on the spirit of nationalism and the growing hatred of the slave owners, as the guilty party in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_Lincoln">President Lincoln</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: President Lincoln"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</a></div> <p>Historians have <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">overwhelmingly praised</a> the "political genius" of Abraham Lincoln's performance as president.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first priority was military victory. This required that he master entirely new skills as a strategist and diplomat. He oversaw supplies, finances, manpower, the selection of generals, and the course of overall strategy. Working closely with state and local politicians, he rallied public opinion and (at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg</a>) articulated a national mission that has defined America ever since. Lincoln's charm and willingness to cooperate with political and personal enemies made Washington work much more smoothly than <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_VA" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond, VA">Richmond</a>, the Confederate capital, and his wit smoothed many rough edges. Lincoln's cabinet proved much stronger and more efficient than Davis's, as Lincoln channeled personal rivalries into a competition for excellence rather than mutual destruction. With <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a> at <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a>, and (from 1862) <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>, Lincoln had a powerful <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">cabinet</a> of determined men. Except for monitoring major appointments and decisions, Lincoln gave them free rein to end the Confederate rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congress">Congress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Republican Congress passed many major laws that reshaped the nation's economy, financial system, tax system, land system, and higher education system. These included: the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill tariff">Morrill tariff</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead Act">Homestead Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Railroad_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Railroad Act">Pacific Railroad Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Banking Act">National Banking Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln paid relatively little attention to this legislation as he focused on war issues but he worked smoothly with powerful Congressional leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a> (on taxation and spending), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> (on foreign affairs), <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Lyman Trumbull</a> (on legal issues), <a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Justin Smith Morrill</a> (on land grants and tariffs) and <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt Fessenden">William Pitt Fessenden</a> (on finances).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military and reconstruction issues were another matter. Lincoln, as the leader of the moderate and conservative factions of the Republican Party, often crossed swords with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, led by Stevens and Sumner. Author, Bruce Tap, shows that Congress challenged Lincoln's role as commander-in-chief through the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War</a>. It was a joint committee of both houses that was dominated by the Radical Republicans, who took a hard line against the Confederacy. During the 37th and 38th Congresses, the committee investigated every aspect of Union military operations, with special attention to finding commanders culpable for military defeats. It assumed an inevitable Union victory. Failure was perceived to indicate evil motivations or personal failures. The committee distrusted graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point, since many of the academy's alumni were leaders of the enemy army. Members of the committee much preferred political generals with a satisfactory political record. Some of the committee suggested that West-Pointers who engaged in strategic maneuver were cowardly or even disloyal. It ended up endorsing incompetent but politically correct generals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition">Opposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:~abe2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/~abe2.jpg/170px-~abe2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/~abe2.jpg/255px-~abe2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/~abe2.jpg/340px-~abe2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>Anti-Lincoln Copperhead pamphlet from 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>The opposition came from <a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperhead Democrats</a>, who were strongest in the Midwest and wanted to allow Confederate secession. In the East, opposition to the war was strongest among Irish Catholics, but also included business interests connected to the South typified by <a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">August Belmont</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> was deeply split. In 1861 most Democrats supported the war. However, the party increasingly split down the middle between the moderates who supported the war effort, and the peace element, including Copperheads, who did not. It scored major gains in the 1862 elections, and elected the moderate <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> as governor of New York. <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1862">They gained 28 seats in the House of Representatives</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Galusha_Grow" class="mw-redirect" title="Galusha Grow">Speaker of the House's seat</a> but Republicans retained control of both the House and the Senate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/250px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/375px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Emancipation_proclamation.jpg/500px-Emancipation_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Lincoln met with his <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> for the first reading of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> draft on July 22, 1862.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1862 election for the Indiana legislature was especially hard-fought. Though the Democrats gained control of the legislature, they were <a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">unable to impede the war effort.</a> Republican Governor <a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Oliver P. Morton</a> was able to maintain control of the state's contribution to the war effort despite the Democratic majority.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington was especially helpful in 1864 in arranging furloughs to allow Hoosier soldiers to return home so they could vote in elections.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across the North in 1864, the great majority of soldiers voted Republican. Men who had been Democrats before the war often abstained or voted Republican.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the federal draft laws tightened, there was serious unrest among Copperhead strongholds, such as the Irish in the Pennsylvania coal mining districts. The government needed the coal more than the draftees, so it ignored the largely non-violent draft dodging there.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violent <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> of 1863 were suppressed by the U.S. Army firing grape shot down cobblestone city streets.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Democrats nominated <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George McClellan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrat</a> for the 1864 presidential but imposed an anti-war platform on him. In terms of Congress the opposition against the war was nearly powerless—as was the case in most states. In Indiana and Illinois pro-war governors circumvented anti-war legislatures elected in 1862. For 30 years after the war the Democrats carried the burden of having opposed the martyred Lincoln, who was viewed by many as the salvation of the Union and the destroyer of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copperheads">Copperheads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Copperheads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperheads (politics)</a></div> <p>The Copperheads were a large faction of northern Democrats who opposed the war, demanding an immediate peace settlement. They said they wanted to restore "the Union as it was" (that is, with the South and with slavery) but they realized that the Confederacy would never voluntarily rejoin the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowden_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowden-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent Copperhead was Ohio's <a href="/wiki/Clement_Vallandigham" title="Clement Vallandigham">Clement L. Vallandigham</a>, a Congressman and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in Ohio. He was defeated in an intense election for governor in 1863. Republican prosecutors in the Midwest accused some Copperhead activists of treason in a series of trials in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copperheadism was a grassroots movement, strongest in the area just north of the Ohio River, as well as some urban ethnic <a href="/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Wards of the United States">wards</a>. Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. It looked back to <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonian Democracy">Jacksonian Democracy</a> for inspiration—with ideals that promoted an agrarian rather than industrialized concept of society. Weber (2006) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by fighting the draft, encouraging desertion and forming conspiracies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other historians say the Copperheads were a legitimate opposition force unfairly treated by the government, adding that the draft was in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copperheadism was a major issue in the 1864 presidential election—its strength waxed when Union armies were doing poorly and waned when they won great victories. After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> in September 1864, military success seemed assured and Copperheadism collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowden_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowden-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soldiers">Soldiers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruiting_volunteers">Recruiting volunteers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recruiting volunteers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgetown_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Georgetown_1861.jpg/220px-Georgetown_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Georgetown_1861.jpg/330px-Georgetown_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Georgetown_1861.jpg/440px-Georgetown_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3701" data-file-height="2519" /></a><figcaption>Union soldiers on the Mason's Island, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> in 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>Enthusiastic young men clamored to join the Union army in 1861. They came with family support for reasons of patriotism and excitement. Washington decided to keep the small regular army intact; it had only 16,000 men and was needed to guard the frontier. Its officers could, however, join the temporary new volunteer army that was formed, with expectations that their experience would lead to rapid promotions. The problem with volunteering, however, was its serious lack of planning, leadership, and organization at the highest levels. Washington called on the states for troops, and every northern governor set about raising and equipping regiments, and sent the bills to the War Department. The men could elect the junior officers, while the governor appointed the senior officers, and Lincoln appointed the generals. Typically, politicians used their local organizations to raise troops and were in line (if healthy enough) to become colonel. The problem was that the War Department, under the disorganized leadership of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a>, also authorized local and private groups to raise regiments. The result was widespread confusion and delay. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, for example, had acute problems. When Washington called for 10 more regiments, enough men volunteered to form 30. However, they were scattered among 70 different new units, none of them a complete regiment. Not until Washington approved gubernatorial control of all new units was the problem resolved. Allan Nevins is particularly scathing of this in his analysis: "A President more exact, systematic and vigilant than Lincoln, a Secretary more alert and clearheaded than Cameron, would have prevented these difficulties."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_soldiers_entrenched_along_the_west_bank_of_the_Rappahannock_River_at_Fredericksburg,_Virginia_(111-B-157).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Union_soldiers_entrenched_along_the_west_bank_of_the_Rappahannock_River_at_Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia_%28111-B-157%29.jpg/220px-Union_soldiers_entrenched_along_the_west_bank_of_the_Rappahannock_River_at_Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia_%28111-B-157%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Union_soldiers_entrenched_along_the_west_bank_of_the_Rappahannock_River_at_Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia_%28111-B-157%29.jpg/330px-Union_soldiers_entrenched_along_the_west_bank_of_the_Rappahannock_River_at_Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia_%28111-B-157%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Union_soldiers_entrenched_along_the_west_bank_of_the_Rappahannock_River_at_Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia_%28111-B-157%29.jpg/440px-Union_soldiers_entrenched_along_the_west_bank_of_the_Rappahannock_River_at_Fredericksburg%2C_Virginia_%28111-B-157%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Union soldiers Marye's Heights during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Second Battle of Fredericksburg">Second Battle of Fredericksburg</a> in May 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of 1861, 700,000 soldiers were drilling in Union camps. The first wave in spring was called up for only 90 days, then the soldiers went home or reenlisted. Later waves enlisted for three years. </p><p>The new recruits spent their time drilling in company and regiment formations. The combat in the first year, though strategically important, involved relatively small forces and few casualties. Sickness was a much more serious cause of hospitalization or death. </p><p>In the first few months, men wore low quality uniforms made of "shoddy" material, but by fall, sturdy wool uniforms—in blue—were standard. The nation's factories were converted to produce the rifles, cannons, wagons, tents, telegraph sets, and the myriad of other special items the army needed. </p><p>While business had been slow or depressed in spring 1861, because of war fears and Southern boycotts, by fall business was hiring again, offering young men jobs that were an alternative way to help win the war. Nonpartisanship was the rule in the first year, but by summer 1862, many Democrats had stopped supporting the war effort, and volunteering fell off sharply in their strongholds. </p><p>The calls for more and more soldiers continued, so states and localities responded by offering cash bonuses. By 1863, a draft law was in effect, but few men actually were drafted and served, since the law was designed to get them to volunteer or hire a substitute. Others hid away or left the country. With the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> taking effect in January 1863, localities could meet their draft quota by sponsoring regiments of ex-slaves organized in the South.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg/220px-4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg/330px-4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg/440px-4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4520" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/4th_United_States_Colored_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="4th United States Colored Infantry">Fourth United States Colored Infantry</a> at Fort Lincoln, 1865</figcaption></figure> <p>Michigan was especially eager to send thousands of volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the cities of Grand Rapids and Niles shows an overwhelming surge of nationalism in 1861, whipping up enthusiasm for the war in all segments of society, and all political, religious, ethnic, and occupational groups. However, by 1862 the casualties were mounting, and the war was increasingly focused on freeing the slaves in addition to preserving the Union. <a href="/wiki/Copperheads_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copperheads (politics)">Copperhead Democrats</a> called the war a failure, and it became an increasingly partisan Republican effort.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michigan voters remained evenly split between the parties in the presidential election of 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motivations_of_soldiers">Motivations of soldiers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Motivations of soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perman (2010) says historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer, and die over four years: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that, no matter what he thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes affected his reasons for continuing to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_paperwork_war">The paperwork war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The paperwork war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the whole, the national, state, and local governments handled the avalanche of paperwork effectively. Skills developed in insurance and financial companies formed the basis of systematic forms, copies, summaries, and filing systems used to make sense of masses of human data. The leader in this effort, <a href="/wiki/John_Shaw_Billings" title="John Shaw Billings">John Shaw Billings</a>, later developed a system of mechanically storing, sorting, and counting numerical information using <a href="/wiki/Punch_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch card">punch cards</a>. Nevertheless, old-fashioned methodology had to be recognized and overcome. An illustrative case study came in New Hampshire, where the critical post of <a href="/wiki/State_adjutant_general" title="State adjutant general">state adjutant general</a> was held in 1861–64 by elderly politician <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Colby" title="Anthony Colby">Anthony C. Colby</a> (1792–1873) and his son Daniel E. Colby (1816–1891). They were patriotic, but were overwhelmed with the complexity of their duties. The state lost track of men who enlisted after 1861; it had no personnel records or information on volunteers, substitutes, or draftees, and there was no inventory of weaponry and supplies. <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Head" title="Nathaniel Head">Nathaniel Head</a> (1828–1883) took over in 1864, obtained an adequate budget and office staff, and reconstructed the missing paperwork. As result, widows, orphans, and disabled veterans received the postwar payments they had earned.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_conditions">Medical conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Medical conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg/220px-After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg/330px-After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg/440px-After_Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4409" data-file-height="3214" /></a><figcaption>A field hospital following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savage%27s_Station" title="Battle of Savage's Station">Battle of Savage's Station</a> in 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>More soldiers died of disease than from battle injuries, and even larger numbers were temporarily incapacitated by wounds, disease, and accidents. The Union responded by building army hospitals in every state. </p><p>The hygiene of the camps was poor, especially at the beginning of the war when men who had seldom been far from home were brought together for training with thousands of strangers. First came epidemics of the childhood diseases of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_pox" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken pox">chicken pox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumps" title="Mumps">mumps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a>, and especially, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>. Operations in the South meant a dangerous and new disease environment, bringing <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. There were no antibiotics, so the surgeons prescribed coffee, whiskey, and quinine. Harsh weather, bad water, inadequate shelter in winter quarters, poor policing of camps, and dirty camp hospitals took their toll.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a common scenario in wars from time immemorial, and conditions faced by the Confederate army were even worse. What was different in the Union was the emergence of skilled, well-funded medical organizers who took proactive action, especially in the much enlarged United States Army Medical Department,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">United States Sanitary Commission</a>, a new private agency.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous other new agencies also targeted the medical and morale needs of soldiers, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Christian_Commission" title="United States Christian Commission">United States Christian Commission</a>, as well as smaller private agencies, such as the Women's Central Association of Relief for Sick and Wounded in the Army (WCAR), founded in 1861 by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitney_Bellows" title="Henry Whitney Bellows">Henry Whitney Bellows</a>, a Unitarian minister, and the social reformer <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a>. Systematic funding appeals raised public consciousness as well as millions of dollars. Many thousands of volunteers worked in the hospitals and rest homes, most famously poet <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>, a famous landscape architect, was the highly efficient executive director of the Sanitary Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>States could use their own tax money to support their troops, as Ohio did. Under the energetic leadership of Governor <a href="/wiki/David_Tod" title="David Tod">David Tod</a>, a <a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrat</a> who won office on a coalition "Union Party" ticket with Republicans, Ohio acted vigorously. Following the unexpected carnage at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">battle of Shiloh</a> in April 1862, Ohio sent three steamboats to the scene as floating hospitals equipped with doctors, nurses, and medical supplies. The state fleet expanded to 11 hospital ships, and the state set up 12 local offices in main transportation nodes, to help Ohio soldiers moving back and forth.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christian Commission comprised 6,000 volunteers who aided chaplains in many ways.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, its agents distributed Bibles, delivered sermons, helped with sending letters home, taught men to read and write, and set up camp libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army learned many lessons and modernized its procedures,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and medical science—especially surgery—made many advances.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the long run, the wartime experiences of the numerous Union commissions modernized public welfare, and set the stage for large—scale community philanthropy in America based on fund raising campaigns and private donations.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, women gained new public roles. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Livermore" title="Mary Livermore">Mary Livermore</a> (1820–1905), the manager of the Chicago branch of the US Sanitary Commission, used her newfound organizational skills to mobilize support for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> after the war. She argued that women needed more education and job opportunities to help them fulfill their role of serving others.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sanitary Commission collected enormous amounts of statistical data, and opened up the problems of storing information for fast access and mechanically searching for data patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pioneer was <a href="/wiki/John_Shaw_Billings" title="John Shaw Billings">John Shaw Billings</a> (1838–1913). A senior surgeon in the war, Billings built two of the world's most important libraries, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_the_Surgeon_General%27s_Office" title="Library of the Surgeon General's Office">Library of the Surgeon General's Office</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>; he also figured out how to mechanically analyze data by turning it into numbers and punching onto the computer punch card, later developed by his student <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a>. Hollerith's company became <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Machines" class="mw-redirect" title="International Business Machines">International Business Machines</a> (IBM) in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">American Civil War prison camps</a></div> <p>Both sides operated prison camps; they handled about 400,000 captives, but many other prisoners were quickly released and never sent to camps. The Record and Pension Office in 1901 counted 211,000 Northerners who were captured. In 1861–63 most were immediately paroled; after the parole exchange system broke down in 1863, about 195,000 went to Confederate prison camps. Some tried to escape but few succeeded. By contrast 464,000 Confederates were captured (many in the final days) and 215,000 imprisoned. Over 30,000 Union and nearly 26,000 Confederate prisoners died in captivity. Just over 12% of the captives in Northern prisons died, compared to 15.5% for Southern prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft_riots">Draft riots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Draft riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Draft_Riots_-_Harpers_-_clash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_Harpers_-_clash.jpg/220px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_Harpers_-_clash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_Harpers_-_clash.jpg/330px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_Harpers_-_clash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/New_York_Draft_Riots_-_Harpers_-_clash.jpg/440px-New_York_Draft_Riots_-_Harpers_-_clash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>New York City draft riots</figcaption></figure> <p>Discontent with the 1863 <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_United_States#Early_drafts" title="Conscription in the United States">draft</a> law led to riots in several cities and in rural areas as well. By far the most important were the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> of July 13 to July 16, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Catholic and other workers fought police, militia and regular army units until the Army used artillery to sweep the streets. Initially focused on the draft, the protests quickly expanded into violent attacks on blacks in New York City, with many killed on the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small-scale riots broke out in ethnic German and Irish districts, and in areas along the Ohio River with many Copperheads. <a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Ohio" title="Holmes County, Ohio">Holmes County, Ohio</a> was an isolated parochial area dominated by <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> and some recent German immigrants. It was a Democratic stronghold and few men dared speak out in favor of conscription. Local politicians denounced Lincoln and Congress as despotic, seeing the draft law as a violation of their local autonomy. In June 1863, small-scale disturbances broke out; they ended when the Army sent in armed units.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Economic history of the American Civil War">Economic history of the American Civil War</a></div> <p>The Union economy grew and prospered during the war while fielding a very large army and navy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republicans in Washington had a Whiggish vision of an industrial nation, with great cities, efficient factories, productive farms, all national banks, all knit together by a modern railroad system, to be mobilized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">United States Military Railroad</a>. The South had resisted policies such as tariffs to promote industry and homestead laws to promote farming because slavery would not benefit. With the South gone and Northern Democrats weak, the Republicans enacted their legislation. At the same time they passed new taxes to pay for part of the war and issued large amounts of bonds to pay for most of the rest. Economic historians attribute the remainder of the cost of the war to inflation. Congress wrote an elaborate program of economic <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a> that had the dual purpose of winning the war and permanently transforming the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing_the_war">Financing the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Financing the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1860 the Treasury was a small operation that funded the small-scale operations of the government through land sales and customs based on a low tariff.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peacetime revenues were trivial in comparison with the cost of a full-scale war but the Treasury Department under Secretary <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> showed unusual ingenuity in financing the war without crippling the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many new taxes were imposed and always with a patriotic theme comparing the financial sacrifice to the sacrifices of life and limb. The government paid for supplies in real money, which encouraged people to sell to the government regardless of their politics. By contrast l, the Confederacy gave paper promissory notes when it seized property, so that even loyal Confederates would hide their horses and mules rather than sell them for dubious paper. Overall, the Northern financial system was highly successful in raising money and turning patriotism into profit, while the Confederate system impoverished its patriots.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States needed $3.1 billion to pay for the immense armies and fleets raised to fight the Civil War—over $400 million just in 1862 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from tariffs, the largest revenue by far came from <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Excise tax in the United States">new excise taxes</a>—a sort of <a href="/wiki/Value_added_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Value added tax">value added tax</a>—that was imposed on every sort of manufactured item. Second came much higher tariffs, through several <a href="/wiki/Morrill_tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill tariff">Morrill tariff</a> laws. Third came the nation's first income tax; only the wealthy paid and it was repealed at war's end. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg/240px-Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg/360px-Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg/480px-Demand_Legal_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>1862 Greenbacks</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from taxes, the second major source of income was government bonds. For the first time, bonds in small denominations were sold directly to the people, with publicity and patriotism as key factors, as designed by banker <a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke" title="Jay Cooke">Jay Cooke</a>. State banks lost their power to issue banknotes. Only national banks could do that and Chase made it easy to become a national bank; it involved buying and holding federal bonds and financiers rushed to open these banks. Chase numbered them, so that the first one in each city was the "First National Bank".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third, the government printed paper money called "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Note" title="United States Note">greenbacks</a>". They led to endless controversy because they caused inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North's most important war measure was perhaps the creation of a system of national banks that provided a sound currency for the industrial expansion. Even more important, the hundreds of new banks that were allowed to open were required to purchase government bonds. Thereby the nation monetized the potential wealth represented by farms, urban buildings, factories, and businesses, and immediately turned that money over to the Treasury for war needs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tariffs">Tariffs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tariffs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secretary Chase, though a long-time free-trader, worked with Morrill to pass a second tariff bill in summer 1861, raising rates another 10 points in order to generate more revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These subsequent bills were primarily revenue driven to meet the war's needs, though they enjoyed the support of protectionists such as Carey, who again assisted Morrill in the bill's drafting. The <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Tariff" title="Morrill Tariff">Morrill Tariff</a> of 1861 was designed to raise revenue. The tariff act of 1862 served not only to raise revenue but also to encourage the establishment of factories free from British competition by taxing British imports. Furthermore, it protected American factory workers from low paid European workers, and as a major bonus attracted tens of thousands of those Europeans to immigrate to America for high wage factory and craftsman jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Customs revenue from tariffs totaled $345 million from 1861 through 1865 or 43% of all federal tax revenue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_grants">Land grants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Land grants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. government owned vast amounts of fertile land (mostly from the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 and the Oregon Treaty with Britain in 1846). The challenge was to make the land useful to people and to provide the economic basis for the wealth that would pay off the war debt. Land grants went to railroad construction companies to open up the western plains and link up to California. Together with the free lands provided farmers by the Homestead Law the low-cost farm lands provided by the land grants sped up the expansion of commercial agriculture in the West. </p><p>The 1862 Homestead Act opened up the public domain lands for free. Land grants to the railroads meant they could sell tracts for family farms (80 to 200 acres) at low prices with extended credit. In addition the government sponsored fresh information, scientific methods and the latest techniques through the newly established <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> and the Morrill Land Grant College Act.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agriculture was the largest single industry and it prospered during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prices were high, pulled up by a strong demand from the army and from Britain (which depended on American wheat for a fourth of its food imports). The war acted as a catalyst that encouraged the rapid adoption of horse-drawn machinery and other implements. The rapid spread of recent inventions such as the reaper and mower made the work force efficient, even as hundreds of thousands of farmers were in the army. Many wives took their place and often consulted by mail on what to do; increasingly they relied on community and extended kin for advice and help.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Union used hundreds of thousands of animals. The Army had plenty of cash to purchase them from farmers and breeders but especially in the early months the quality was mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horses were needed for cavalry and artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mules pulled the wagons. The supply held up, despite an unprecedented epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">glanders</a>, a fatal disease that baffled veterinarians.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the South, the Union army shot all the horses it did not need to keep them out of Confederate hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cotton_trade">Cotton trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cotton trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Treasury started buying cotton during the war, for shipment to Europe and northern mills. The sellers were Southern planters who needed the cash, regardless of their patriotism. The Northern buyers could make heavy profits, which annoyed soldiers like Ulysses Grant. He blamed Jewish traders and <a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">expelled them from his lines in 1862</a> but Lincoln quickly overruled this show of anti-semitism. Critics said the cotton trade helped the South, prolonged the war and fostered corruption. Lincoln decided to continue the trade for fear that Britain might intervene if its textile manufacturers were denied raw material. Another goal was to foster latent Unionism in Southern border states. Northern textile manufacturers needed cotton to remain in business and to make uniforms, while cotton exports to Europe provided an important source of gold to finance the war.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_and_business_leaders_and_military_inventors">Industrial and business leaders and military inventors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Industrial and business leaders and military inventors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_W._Baldwin" title="Matthias W. Baldwin">Matthias W. Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bates_IV" title="Benjamin Bates IV">Benjamin Bates IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Bausch" title="John Jacob Bausch">John Jacob Bausch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Colby" title="Gardner Colby">Gardner Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Colt" title="Samuel Colt">Samuel Colt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Cooke" title="Jay Cooke">Jay Cooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Corliss" title="George Henry Corliss">George Henry Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cornell" title="William Wesley Cornell">William Wesley Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Corning" title="Erastus Corning">Erastus Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crerar_(industrialist)" title="John Crerar (industrialist)">John Crerar (industrialist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I._du_Pont" title="Charles I. du Pont">Charles I. du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">John Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Halliday" title="William P. Halliday">William P. Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tyler_Henry" title="Benjamin Tyler Henry">Benjamin Tyler Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Kemble" title="Gouverneur Kemble">Gouverneur Kemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Knight" title="Benjamin Knight">Benjamin Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Knight_(industrialist)" title="Robert Knight (industrialist)">Robert Knight (industrialist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Lapham" title="Benedict Lapham">Benedict Lapham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Leavitt_(banker)" title="David Leavitt (banker)">David Leavitt (banker)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lenthall_(shipbuilder)" title="John Lenthall (shipbuilder)">John Lenthall (shipbuilder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lomb" title="Henry Lomb">Henry Lomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mason_(locomotive_builder)" title="William Mason (locomotive builder)">William Mason (locomotive builder)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Metcalf_(manufacturer)" title="William Metcalf (manufacturer)">William Metcalf (manufacturer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Packer" title="Asa Packer">Asa Packer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Parker_Parrott" title="Robert Parker Parrott">Robert Parker Parrott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pratt_(industrialist)" title="Daniel Pratt (industrialist)">Daniel Pratt (industrialist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pullman" title="George Pullman">George Pullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Sharps" title="Christian Sharps">Christian Sharps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sinton" title="David Sinton">David Sinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Smith_(inventor)" title="Horace Smith (inventor)">Horace Smith (inventor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Miner_Spencer" title="Christopher Miner Spencer">Christopher Miner Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Steere" title="Henry J. Steere">Henry J. Steere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_A._Straw" title="Ezekiel A. Straw">Ezekiel A. Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Thomson" title="John Edgar Thomson">John Edgar Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt">Cornelius Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Warner_(inventor)" title="Ezra Warner (inventor)">Ezra Warner (inventor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Wesson" title="Daniel B. Wesson">Daniel B. Wesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollin_White" title="Rollin White">Rollin White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Whitney" title="Amos Whitney">Amos Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Winchester" title="Oliver Winchester">Oliver Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Winslow" title="John F. Winslow">John F. Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Worthington_(businessman)" title="George Worthington (businessman)">George Worthington (businessman)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Protestant religion was quite strong in the North in the 1860s. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Christian_Commission" title="United States Christian Commission">United States Christian Commission</a> sent agents into the Army camps to provide psychological support as well as books, newspapers, food and clothing. Through prayer, sermons and welfare operations, the agents ministered to soldiers' spiritual as well as temporal needs as they sought to bring the men to a Christian way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most churches made an effort to support their soldiers in the field and especially their families back home. Much of the political rhetoric of the era had a distinct religious tone.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Protestant clergy in America took a variety of positions. In general, the pietistic denominations such as the Methodists, Northern Baptists and Congregationalists strongly supported the war effort. Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans and conservative Presbyterians generally avoided any discussion of the war, so it would not bitterly divide their membership. The Quakers, while giving strong support to the abolitionist movement on a personal level, refused to take a denominational position. Some clergymen who supported the Confederacy were denounced as Copperheads, especially in the border regions.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodists">Methodists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Methodists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Northerners had only recently become religious (following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>) and religion was a powerful force in their lives. No denomination was more active in supporting the Union than the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a>. Carwardine<sup id="cite_ref-Carwardine_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carwardine-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that for many Methodists, the victory of Lincoln in 1860 heralded the arrival of the kingdom of God in America. They were moved into action by a vision of freedom for slaves, freedom from the persecutions of godly abolitionists, release from the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>'s evil grip on the American government and the promise of a new direction for the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Carwardine_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carwardine-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methodists formed a major element of the popular support for the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a> with their hard line toward the white South. Dissident Methodists left the church.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Reconstruction the Methodists took the lead in helping form Methodist churches for Freedmen and moving into Southern cities even to the point of taking control, with Army help, of buildings that had belonged to the southern branch of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Methodist family magazine <i>Ladies' Repository</i> promoted Christian family activism. Its articles provided moral uplift to women and children. It portrayed the War as a great moral crusade against a decadent Southern civilization corrupted by slavery. It recommended activities that family members could perform in order to aid the Union cause.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian Stephen M. Frank reports that what it meant to be a father varied with status and age. He says most men demonstrated dual commitments as providers and nurturers and believed that husband and wife had mutual obligations toward their children. The war privileged masculinity, dramatizing and exaggerating, father-son bonds. Especially at five critical stages in the soldier's career (enlistment, blooding, mustering out, wounding and death) letters from absent fathers articulated a distinctive set of 19th-century ideals of manliness.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Children">Children</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were numerous children's magazines, such as <i>Merry's Museum</i>, <i>The Student and Schoolmate</i>, <i>Our Young Folks</i>, <i>The Little Pilgrim</i>, <i>Forrester's Playmate</i> and <i>The Little Corporal</i>. They showed a Protestant religious tone and "promoted the principles of hard work, obedience, generosity, humility, and piety; trumpeted the benefits of family cohesion; and furnished mild adventure stories, innocent entertainment, and instruction".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their pages featured factual information and anecdotes about the war along with related quizzes, games, poems, songs, short oratorical pieces for "declamation", short stories and very short plays that children could stage. They promoted patriotism and the Union war aims, fostered kindly attitudes toward freed slaves, blackened the Confederates cause, encouraged readers to raise money for war-related humanitarian funds, and dealt with the death of family members.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1866, the Milton Bradley Company was selling "The Myriopticon: A Historical Panorama of the Rebellion" that allowed children to stage a neighborhood show that would explain the war. It comprised colorful drawings that were turned on wheels and included pre-printed tickets, poster advertisements, and narration that could be read aloud at the show.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caring for war orphans was an important function for local organizations as well as state and local government.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical state was Iowa, where the private "Iowa Soldiers Orphans Home Association" operated with funding from the legislature and public donations. It set up orphanages in Davenport, Glenwood and Cedar Falls. The state government funded pensions for the widows and children of soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orphan schools like the Pennsylvania Soldiers' Orphan School, also spoke of the broader public welfare experiment that began as part of the aftermath of the Civil War. These orphan schools were created to provide housing, care, and education for orphans of Civil War soldiers. They became a matter of state pride, with orphans were paraded around at rallies to display the power of a patriotic schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All the northern states had free public school systems before the war but not the border states. West Virginia set up its system in 1863. Over bitter opposition it established an almost-equal education for black children, most of whom were ex-slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of black refugees poured into St. Louis, where the Freedmen's Relief Society, the Ladies Union Aid Society, the Western Sanitary Commission, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Missionary_Association" title="American Missionary Association">American Missionary Association</a> (AMA) set up schools for their children.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unionists_in_Southern_and_Border_states">Unionists in Southern and Border states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Unionists in Southern and Border states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Southern Unionist</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Unionist politician (American Civil War)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob-henry-harmon-hanging-1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jacob-henry-harmon-hanging-1862.jpg/220px-Jacob-henry-harmon-hanging-1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jacob-henry-harmon-hanging-1862.jpg/330px-Jacob-henry-harmon-hanging-1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jacob-henry-harmon-hanging-1862.jpg/440px-Jacob-henry-harmon-hanging-1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Confederate soldiers hanging pro-Union <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_bridge_burnings" title="East Tennessee bridge burnings">bridge-burning conspirators</a></figcaption></figure> <p>People loyal to the U.S. federal government and opposed to secession living in the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border states (Civil War)">border states</a> (where slavery was legal) and states under Confederate control, were termed <a href="/wiki/Southern_Unionist" title="Southern Unionist">Unionists</a>. Confederates sometimes styled them "Homemade Yankees". However, Southern Unionists were not necessarily northern sympathizers and many of them, although opposing secession, supported the Confederacy once it was formed. <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> never supported the Confederacy fully, and Unionists there became powerful state leaders, including governors <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_G._Brownlow" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. Brownlow">William G. Brownlow</a>. Likewise, large pockets of eastern Kentucky were Unionist and helped keep the state from seceding.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In western Virginia the counties that bordered Ohio and Pennsylvania were Unionist strongholds, though the interior counties supported Richmond and the Confederacy. With the aid of the Union army, and support in Congress, a <a href="/wiki/Restored_Government_of_Virginia" title="Restored Government of Virginia">Unionist government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a> was able to create a new state, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a>, in 1863. The new state government however had control of no more than half its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union army remained in West Virginia until 1869, dealing with unrest and resistance to the new state.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly 100,000 Unionists from the South served in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the Civil War and Unionist regiments were raised from every Confederate state except for South Carolina. Among such units was the <a href="/wiki/1st_Alabama_Cavalry_Regiment_(Union)" title="1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment (Union)">1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment</a>, which served as William Sherman's personal escort on his march to the sea. Southern Unionists were extensively used as anti-guerrilla paramilitary forces.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> (1865–1877), many Southern Unionists became "<a href="/wiki/Scalawags" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalawags">Scalawags</a>", a derogatory term for white Southern supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerrilla_warfare">Guerrilla warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Guerrilla warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides organized military conflict, the border states were beset by <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>. In states bitterly divided, neighbors frequently used the excuse of war to settle personal grudges and took up arms against neighbors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Missouri">Missouri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Missouri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri in the Civil War">Missouri in the Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lawrence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Lawrence.png/220px-Battle_of_Lawrence.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Lawrence.png/330px-Battle_of_Lawrence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Battle_of_Lawrence.png/440px-Battle_of_Lawrence.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Quantrill's 1863 raid burned the town of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Massacre" title="Lawrence Massacre">Lawrence</a> and killed 164 defenders.</figcaption></figure> <p>Missouri was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between Union and Confederate forces, and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Missouri was the scene of brutal guerrilla warfare during the Civil War. Roving insurgent bands such as <a href="/wiki/Quantrill%27s_Raiders" title="Quantrill's Raiders">Quantrill's Raiders</a> and the men of <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bill_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Bill Anderson">Bloody Bill Anderson</a> terrorized the countryside, striking both military installations and civilian settlements. Because of the widespread attacks and the protection offered by Confederate sympathizers, Federal leaders issued <a href="/wiki/General_Order_%E2%84%96_11_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Order № 11 (1863)">General Order No. 11</a> in 1863, and evacuated areas of Jackson, Cass, and Bates counties. They forced the residents out to reduce support for the guerrillas. Union cavalry could sweep through and track down Confederate guerrillas, who no longer had places to hide and people and infrastructure to support them. On short notice, the army forced almost 20,000 people, mostly women, children and the elderly, to leave their homes. Many never returned and the affected counties were economically devastated for years after the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families passed along stories of their bitter experiences down through several generations—future U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>'s grandparents were caught up in the raids, and he would tell of how they were kept in concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some marauding units became organized criminal gangs after the war. In 1882, the bank robber and ex-Confederate guerrilla <a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a> was killed in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph, Missouri">Saint Joseph, Missouri</a>. Vigilante groups appeared in remote areas where law enforcement was weak, to deal with the lawlessness left over from the guerrilla warfare phase. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Bald_Knobbers" title="Bald Knobbers">Bald Knobbers</a> were the term for several law-and-order vigilante groups in the <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a>. In some cases, they too turned to illegal gang activity.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kentucky">Kentucky</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kentucky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky in the Civil War">Kentucky in the Civil War</a></div> <p>In response to the growing problem of locally organized guerrilla campaigns throughout 1863 and 1864, in June 1864, Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Burbridge" title="Stephen G. Burbridge">Stephen G. Burbridge</a> was given command over the state of Kentucky. This began an extended period of military control that would last through early 1865, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> authorized by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. To pacify Kentucky, Burbridge rigorously suppressed disloyalty and used economic pressure as coercion. His guerrilla policy, which included public execution of four guerrillas for the death of each unarmed Union citizen, caused the most controversy. After a falling out with Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Bramlette" title="Thomas E. Bramlette">Thomas E. Bramlette</a>, Burbridge was dismissed in February 1865. Confederates remembered him as the "Butcher of Kentucky".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union_states">Union states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Union states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C._in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, D.C. in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> <p>List of Wikipedia articles on Union states and major cities: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Delaware in the American Civil War">Delaware</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indianapolis in the American Civil War">Indianapolis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a>†* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexington_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lexington in the American Civil War">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisville in the American Civil War">Louisville</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a>* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota in the American Civil War">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a>†* <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="St. Louis in the American Civil War">St. Louis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Hampshire in the American Civil War">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York City in the American Civil War">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cincinnati in the American Civil War">Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cleveland in the American Civil War">Cleveland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harrisburg_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Harrisburg in the American Civil War">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Philadelphia in the American Civil War">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pittsburgh in the American Civil War">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a>†*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div> <p>* <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a> with slavery in 1861 </p><p>†Had two state governments, one Unionist one Confederate, both claiming to be the legitimate government of their state. Kentucky's and Missouri's Confederate governments never had significant control after 1862, though the Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war. </p><p>West Virginia separated from Virginia and became part of the Union during the war, on June 20, 1863. Nevada also joined the Union during the war, becoming a state on October 31, 1864. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_territories">Union territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Union territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Union-controlled territories in April 1861 were:<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (disputed with the Confederacy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada Territory</a> (became a state in 1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a> (split off in 1863)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Utah Territory in the American Civil War">Utah Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a> (split off in 1863) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a> (split off in 1864)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> saw its own civil war, as the major tribes held slaves and endorsed the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">American Civil War prison camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Confederacy" title="Central Confederacy">Central Confederacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MIandKTGovernments-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MIandKTGovernments_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MIandKTGovernments_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Missouri and Kentucky both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Confederate government of Kentucky</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Confederate government of Missouri</a>. In 1863, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> separated from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and became another border state.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AUP_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AUP_note_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AUP_note_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Books/Books-and-Manuscript-Guide/">"Books and Manuscript Submission Guide"</a>. <i>Army University Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Army+University+Press&rft.atitle=Books+and+Manuscript+Submission+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armyupress.army.mil%2FBooks%2FBooks-and-Manuscript-Guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/abraham-lincoln-papers/articles-and-essays/abraham-lincoln-and-emancipation/#:~:text=Lincoln%20is%20said%20to%20have,address%20the%20issue%20of%20emancipation.">"Abraham Lincoln and Emancipation"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln" class="citation book cs1">Lincoln, Abraham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8uoqDwAAQBAJ&q=%22I+think+to+lose+Kentucky+is+nearly+the+same+as+to+lose+the+whole+game.+Kentucky+gone,+we+cannot+hold+Missouri,+nor+as+I+think,+Maryland.+These+all+against+us,+and+the+job+on+our+hands+is+too+large+for+us.%22&pg=PA94"><i>The Papers And Writings Of Abraham Lincoln, Volume 2: 1860–1865</i></a>. Jazzybee Verlag. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783849679682" title="Special:BookSources/9783849679682"><bdi>9783849679682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+And+Writings+Of+Abraham+Lincoln%2C+Volume+2%3A+1860%E2%80%931865&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Jazzybee+Verlag&rft.isbn=9783849679682&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8uoqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522I%2Bthink%2Bto%2Blose%2BKentucky%2Bis%2Bnearly%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Bas%2Bto%2Blose%2Bthe%2Bwhole%2Bgame.%2BKentucky%2Bgone%2C%2Bwe%2Bcannot%2Bhold%2BMissouri%2C%2Bnor%2Bas%2BI%2Bthink%2C%2BMaryland.%2BThese%2Ball%2Bagainst%2Bus%2C%2Band%2Bthe%2Bjob%2Bon%2Bour%2Bhands%2Bis%2Btoo%2Blarge%2Bfor%2Bus.%2522%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithEngle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Michael T.; Engle, Stephen D. (2018). "Review of 'Gathering to Save a Nation : Lincoln and the Union's War Governors', EngleStephen D". <i>Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association</i>. <b>59</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">361–</span>363. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-6816">0024-6816</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26564816">26564816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+History%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Louisiana+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Review+of+%27Gathering+to+Save+a+Nation+%3A+Lincoln+and+the+Union%27s+War+Governors%27%2C+EngleStephen+D&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E363&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26564816%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0024-6816&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+T.&rft.au=Engle%2C+Stephen+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Benjamin P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Epsf5z_bL6UC"><i>Abraham Lincoln: A Biography</i></a>. SIU Press. p. 377. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809328871" title="Special:BookSources/9780809328871"><bdi>9780809328871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=377&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780809328871&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEpsf5z_bL6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Benjamin P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Epsf5z_bL6UC"><i>Abraham Lincoln: A Biography</i></a>. SIU Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809328871" title="Special:BookSources/9780809328871"><bdi>9780809328871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780809328871&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEpsf5z_bL6UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampp,_Kenneth_M.1980" class="citation news cs1">Stampp, Kenneth M. (1980). "The Concept of a Perpetual Union". <i>The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War</i>. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Imperiled+Union%3A+Essays+on+the+Background+of+the+Civil+War&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+a+Perpetual+Union&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Stampp%2C+Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charlesdanieldrake-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charlesdanieldrake_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Daniel_Drake1864" class="citation book cs1">Charles Daniel Drake (1864). <i>Union and Anti-Slavery speeches, delivered during the Rebellion, etc</i>. p. 219–220, 222, 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+and+Anti-Slavery+speeches%2C+delivered+during+the+Rebellion%2C+etc&rft.pages=219-220%2C+222%2C+241&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Charles+Daniel+Drake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newyorkreview-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newyorkreview_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The New-York Review</i>. George Dearborn & Company. 1841. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New-York+Review&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=George+Dearborn+%26+Company&rft.date=1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwgaunt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wwgaunt_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._W._Gaunt1864" class="citation book cs1">W. W. Gaunt (1864). <i>The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America: From the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861 to Its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive. 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D & S Publishers, Indian Rocks Beach. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statutes+at+Large+of+the+Provisional+Government+of+the+Confederate+States+of+America%3A+From+the+Institution+of+the+Government%2C+February+8%2C+1861+to+Its+Termination%2C+February+18%2C+1862%2C+Inclusive.+Arranged+in+Chronological+Order%2C+Together+with+the+Constitution+for+the+Provisional+Government+and+the+Permanent+Constitution+of+the+Confederate+States%2C+and+the+Treaties+Concluded+by+the+Confederate+States+with+Indian+Tribes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=D+%26+S+Publishers%2C+Indian+Rocks+Beach&rft.date=1864&rft.au=W.+W.+Gaunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usgovernmentprintingoffice-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usgovernmentprintingoffice_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._RushWilliam_W._Epley2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Rush; William W. Epley (2007). <i>Multinational Operations, Alliances, and International Military Cooperation</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 21, 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multinational+Operations%2C+Alliances%2C+and+International+Military+Cooperation&rft.pages=21%2C+27&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Robert+S.+Rush&rft.au=William+W.+Epley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johntishiyama-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-johntishiyama_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_T._Ishiyama2011" class="citation book cs1">John T. Ishiyama (2011). <i>Comparative Politics: Principles of Democracy and Democratization</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Principles+of+Democracy+and+Democratization&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.au=John+T.+Ishiyama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://civilwartalk.com/threads/did-the-southern-soldier-fight-and-die-to-preserve-slavery.117485/page-22#post-1198090"><i>The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies</i></a>. 1. Vol. 14. September 6, 2015. pp. <span class="nowrap">185–</span>1, 015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+of+the+rebellion%3A+a+compilation+of+the+official+records+of+the+Union+and+Confederate+armies&rft.series=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E185-%3C%2Fspan%3E1%2C+015&rft.date=2015-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcivilwartalk.com%2Fthreads%2Fdid-the-southern-soldier-fight-and-die-to-preserve-slavery.117485%2Fpage-22%23post-1198090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandis2015" class="citation news cs1">Landis, Michael (September 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/proposal-change-vocabulary-we-use-when-talking-about-civil-war-180956547/">"A Proposal to Change the Words We Use When Talking About the Civil War"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Proposal+to+Change+the+Words+We+Use+When+Talking+About+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fproposal-change-vocabulary-we-use-when-talking-about-civil-war-180956547%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald,_David_HerbertRandall,_J.G.1961" class="citation book cs1">Donald, David Herbert; Randall, J.G. (1961). <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction</i> (2nd ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+and+Reconstruction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Donald%2C+David+Herbert&rft.au=Randall%2C+J.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_W._Gallagher2001" class="citation book cs1">Gary W. Gallagher (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKUvcBMZ4y8C&pg=PA22"><i>The American Civil War: The War in the East 1861 – May 1863</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841762395" title="Special:BookSources/9781841762395"><bdi>9781841762395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Civil+War%3A+The+War+in+the+East+1861+%E2%80%93+May+1863&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781841762395&rft.au=Gary+W.+Gallagher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKUvcBMZ4y8C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins,_Allan1959" class="citation book cs1">Nevins, Allan (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforunionvol202nevi"><i>The War for the Union: The Improvised War 1861–1862</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforunionvol202nevi/page/74">74–75</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+the+Union%3A+The+Improvised+War+1861%E2%80%931862&rft.pages=74-75&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Nevins%2C+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarforunionvol202nevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClintock,_Russell2008" class="citation book cs1">McClintock, Russell (2008). <i>Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession</i>. p. 255.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+and+the+Decision+for+War%3A+The+Northern+Response+to+Secession&rft.pages=255&rft.date=2008&rft.au=McClintock%2C+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 254–274 provide details of support across the North.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Michael_Thomas2011" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael Thomas (2011). <i>The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemy+Within%3A+Fears+of+Corruption+in+the+Civil+War+North&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Smith%2C+Michael+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin,_Doris_Kearns2005" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teamofrivalspoli00good"><i>Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684824901" title="Special:BookSources/9780684824901"><bdi>9780684824901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Team+of+Rivals%3A+The+Political+Genius+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780684824901&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Doris+Kearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteamofrivalspoli00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludsn,_Phillip_Shaw1994" class="citation book cs1">Paludsn, Phillip Shaw (1994). <i>The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Paludsn%2C+Phillip+Shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard P. Curry, <i>Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress</i> (1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Cook, "Stiffening Abe: William Pitt Fessenden and the Role of the Broker Politician in the Civil War Congress", <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i>, June 2007, Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>8 Issue 2, pp 145–167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Tap, "Inevitability, masculinity, and the American military tradition: the committee on the conduct of the war investigates the American Civil War", <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i>, (2004) 5#2 pp 19–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M. Stampp, <i>Indiana Politics during the Civil War</i> (1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525082358/http://www.questia.com/library/book/indiana-politics-during-the-civil-war-by-kenneth-m-stampp.jsp">Archived</a> May 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_E._Woodworth2011" class="citation book cs1">Steven E. Woodworth (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisgreatstruggl00wood"><i>This Great Struggle: America's Civil War</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thisgreatstruggl00wood/page/311">311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442210875" title="Special:BookSources/9781442210875"><bdi>9781442210875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Great+Struggle%3A+America%27s+Civil+War&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781442210875&rft.au=Steven+E.+Woodworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthisgreatstruggl00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_W._White2014" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan W. White (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IW5wAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116"><i>Emancipation, the Union Army, and the Reelection of Abraham Lincoln</i></a>. LSU Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807154588" title="Special:BookSources/9780807154588"><bdi>9780807154588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emancipation%2C+the+Union+Army%2C+and+the+Reelection+of+Abraham+Lincoln&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780807154588&rft.au=Jonathan+W.+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIW5wAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnold Shankman, "Draft Resistance in Civil War Pennsylvania." <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i> (1977) pp: 190–204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/viewFile/43334/43055">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert M. Sandow, <i>Deserter Country:Civil War Opposition in the Pennsylvania Appalachians</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Cook1974" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Cook (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbsMAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863</i></a>. 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"The Politics of Dissent: Civil War Democrats in Connecticut". <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>56</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">538–</span>554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F365104">10.2307/365104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/365104">365104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Dissent%3A+Civil+War+Democrats+in+Connecticut&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E538-%3C%2Fspan%3E554&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F365104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F365104%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cowden&rft.aufirst=Joanna+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis J. Wertheim, "The Indianapolis Treason Trials, the Elections of 1864 and the Power of the Partisan Press." <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> 1989 85(3): 236–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer L. Weber, <i>Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North</i> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank L. Klement, <i>Lincoln's Critics: The Copperheads of the North</i> (1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins,_Allan1959" class="citation book cs1">Nevins, Allan (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforunionvol202nevi"><i>War for the Union: Vol. 5. The Improvised War, 1861–1862</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforunionvol202nevi/page/235">235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+for+the+Union%3A+Vol.+5.+The+Improvised+War%2C+1861%E2%80%931862&rft.pages=235&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Nevins%2C+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarforunionvol202nevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallman,_J._Matthew1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Matthew_Gallman" title="J. Matthew Gallman">Gallman, J. Matthew</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northfightscivil0000gall"><i>The North Fights the Civil War</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northfightscivil0000gall/page/56">56–73</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+Fights+the+Civil+War&rft.pages=56-73&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Gallman%2C+J.+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthfightscivil0000gall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E., Mitchell, "Civil War Recruiting and Recruits from Ever-Changing Labor Pools: Midland County, Michigan, as a Case Study", <i>Michigan Historical Review</i>, 35 (Spring 2009), 29–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin J. Hershock, "Copperheads and Radicals: Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era, 1860–1865", <i>Michigan Historical Review</i> (1992) 18#1 pp 28–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Bratt, "A Great Revolution in Feeling: The American Civil War in Niles and Grand Rapids, Michigan", <i>Michigan Historical Review</i> (2005) 31#2 pp 43–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Perman_and_Amy_Murrell_Taylor2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael Perman and Amy Murrell Taylor, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5rPbZT_hrncC&pg=PA178"><i>Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction</i></a>. 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"Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>41</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1895802">10.2307/1895802</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1895802">1895802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Northern+Methodism+in+the+South+during+Reconstruction&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1895802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1895802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen L. Endres, "A Voice for the Christian Family: The Methodist Episcopal 'Ladies' Repository' in the Civil War", <i>Methodist History</i>, January 1995, Vol. 33 Issue 2, pp. 84–97,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank1992" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Stephen M. (1992). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rendering Aid and Comfort': Images of Fatherhood in the Letters of Civil War Soldiers from Massachusetts and Michigan". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>26</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh%2F26.1.5">10.1353/jsh/26.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3788810">3788810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=%27Rendering+Aid+and+Comfort%27%3A+Images+of+Fatherhood+in+the+Letters+of+Civil+War+Soldiers+from+Massachusetts+and+Michigan&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh%2F26.1.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3788810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Stephen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Marten, <i>Children for the Union: The War Spirit of the Northern Home Front</i> (2004) p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Marten, "For the good, the true, and the beautiful: Northern children's magazines and the Civil War", <i>Civil War History</i>, March 1995, Vol. 41 Issue 1, pp 57–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Marten, "History in a Box: Milton Bradley's Myriopticon", <i>Journal of the History of Childhood & Youth</i>, Winter 2009, Vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>2 Issue 1, pp 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marten, <i>Children for the Union</i> pp 107, 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Gallarno, "How Iowa Cared for Orphans of Her Soldiers of the Civil War", <i>Annals of Iowa</i>, January 1926, Vol. 15 Issue 3, pp 163–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Marten, "Children and Youth during the Civil War Era", (New York University Press) Winter 2012, pp 188–195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Talbott, "Some Legislative and Legal Aspects of the Negro Question in West Virginia during the Civil War and Reconstruction", <i>West Virginia History</i>, January 1963, Vol. 24 Issue 2, pp 110–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence O. Christensen, "Black Education in Civil War St. Louis", <i>Missouri Historical Review</i>, April 2001, Vol. 95 Issue 3, pp 302–316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent Dollar et al. eds. <i>Sister States, Enemy States: The Civil War in Kentucky and Tennessee</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curry, Richard O. <i>A House Divided, A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia</i>, Univ. of Pittsburgh Press, 1964, pp. 46–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journal of the Senate of the State of West Virginia for the Sixth Session, Commencing January 21, 1868</i>, John Frew, Wheeling, 1868, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard N. Current, <i>Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy</i> (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Alex Baggett, <i>The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction</i> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Fellman, <i>Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War</i> (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Bohl, "A War on Civilians: Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri", <i>Prologue</i>, April 2004, Vol. 36 Issue 1, pp 44–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael R. Gardner, et al. <i>Harry Truman and Civil Rights: Moral Courage and Political Risks</i> (2003) p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmo Ingenthron and Hartman, <i>Bald Knobbers: Vigilantes on the Ozarks Frontier</i> (1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis De Falaise, "General Stephen Gano Burbridge's Command in Kentucky", <i>Register of the Kentucky Historical Society</i>, April 1971, Vol. 69 Issue 2, pp 101–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray C. Colton, <i>The Civil War in the Western Territories: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah</i> (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Spencer and Adam Hook, <i>The American Civil War in Indian Territory</i> (2006)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_American_Civil_War_homefront" title="Bibliography of American Civil War homefront">Bibliography of American Civil War homefront</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cashin, Joan E. ed. <i>The War Was You and Me: Civilians in the American Civil War</i> (2001),</li> <li>Fellman, Michael et al. <i>This Terrible War: The Civil War and its Aftermath</i> (2nd ed. 2007), 544-page university textbook</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaherty2009" class="citation journal cs1">Flaherty, Jane (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/civil_war_history/v055/55.2.flaherty.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Exhausted Condition of the Treasury" on the Eve of the Civil War"</a>. <i>Civil War History</i>. <b>55</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">244–</span>277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0058">10.1353/cwh.0.0058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-6271">1533-6271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144177006">144177006</a> – via Project MUSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+History&rft.atitle=%22The+Exhausted+Condition+of+the+Treasury%22+on+the+Eve+of+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E244-%3C%2Fspan%3E277&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144177006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1533-6271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcwh.0.0058&rft.aulast=Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fcivil_war_history%2Fv055%2F55.2.flaherty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ford, Lacy K., ed. <i>A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction.</i> (2005). 518 pp.  23 essays by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0631215514/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Matthew_Gallman" title="J. Matthew Gallman">Gallman, J. Matthew</a>. <i>The North Fights the Civil War: The Home Front</i> (1994), survey</li> <li>Gallman, J. Matthew. <i>Northerners at War: Reflections on the Civil War Home Front</i> (2010), essays on specialized issues</li> <li>Heidler, David and Jeanne Heidler, eds., <i>Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i> (2002) 2740 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">McPherson, James M.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom:_The_Civil_War_Era" title="Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era">Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</a></i> (1988), 900-page survey; Pulitzer prize-winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ordeal_of_the_Union" title="Ordeal of the Union">War for the Union</a></i>, an 8-volume set (1947–1971). the most detailed political, economic and military narrative; by Pulitzer Prize-winner; vol. 1–4 cover 1848–61; vol. 5. The Improvised War, 1861–62; 6. War Becomes Revolution, 1862–63; 7. The Organized War, 1863–64; 8. The Organized War to Victory, 1864–65</li> <li>Resch, John P. <i>et al.</i>, <i>Americans at War: Society, Culture and the Homefront vol 2: 1816–1900</i> (2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bogue, Allan G. <i>The Congressman's Civil War</i> (1989)</li> <li>Carman, Harry J. and <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_H._Luthin" title="Reinhard H. Luthin">Reinhard H. Luthin</a>. <i>Lincoln and the Patronage</i> (1943), details on each state</li> <li>Donald, David Herbert. <i>Lincoln</i> (1999); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/068482535X">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Engle, Stephen D. <i>Gathering to Save a Nation: Lincoln and the Union's War Governors</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2016). 725 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFish1902" class="citation journal cs1">Fish, Carl Russell (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832574">"Lincoln and the Patronage"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">53–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832574">10.2307/1832574</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1832574">1832574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lincoln+and+the+Patronage&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1902&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832574%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832574&rft.aulast=Fish&rft.aufirst=Carl+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1832574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a> <i>The Union War</i> (2011), emphasizes that the North fought primarily for nationalism and preservation of the Union</li> <li>Goodwin, Doris Kearns. <i>Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONhhui9SRsMC">excerpts and text search</a>, on Lincoln's cabinet</li> <li>Green, Michael S. <i>Freedom, Union, and Power: Lincoln and His Party during the Civil War.</i> (2004). 400 pp.</li> <li>Harris, William C. <i>Lincoln and the Union Governors</i> (Southern Illinois University Press, 2013) 162 pp.</li> <li>Hesseltine, William B. <i>Lincoln and the War Governors</i> (1948)</li> <li>Kleppner, Paul. <i>The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture</i> (1979), statistical study of voting patterns.</li> <li>Lawson, Melinda. <i>Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North</i> (University Press of Kansas, 2002).</li> <li>Luthin, Reinhard H. <i>The first Lincoln campaign</i> (1944) on election of 1860</li> <li>Neely, Mark. <i>The Divided Union: Party Conflict in the Civil War North</i> (2002)</li> <li>Paludan, Philip S. <i>The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln</i> (1994), thorough treatment of Lincoln's administration</li> <li>Rawley, James A. <i>The Politics of Union: Northern Politics during the Civil War</i> (1974).</li> <li>Richardson, Heather Cox. <i>The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War</i> (1997)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525081544/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=101573920">Archived</a> May 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Silbey, Joel. <i>A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era</i> (1977).</li> <li>Smith, Adam I. P. <i>No Party Now: Politics in the Civil War North</i> (Oxford University Press, 2006)</li> <li>Smith, Michael Thomas. <i>The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141210234538/http://jah.oxfordjournals.org/content/99/2/595.short">online review</a></li> <li>Weber, Jennifer L. <i>Copperheads: The Rise and Fall of Lincoln's Opponents in the North</i> (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0195306686">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_and_legal">Constitutional and legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Constitutional and legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hyman, Harold. <i>A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution</i> (Alfred A. Knopf, 1973)</li> <li>Neely Jr., Mark E. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fate_of_Liberty" title="The Fate of Liberty">The Fate of Liberty</a>: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties</i> (Oxford University Press, 1991); won the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History" title="Pulitzer Prize for History">Pulitzer Prize for History</a>.</li> <li>Neely Jr., Mark E. <i>Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 2011); covers the U.S. and the Confederate constitutions and their role in the conflict.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaludan1972" class="citation journal cs1">Paludan, Phillip S. (October 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1859506">"The American Civil War Considered as a Crisis in Law and Order"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>77</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1013–</span>1034. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1859506">10.2307/1859506</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1859506">1859506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+American+Civil+War+Considered+as+a+Crisis+in+Law+and+Order&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1013-%3C%2Fspan%3E1034&rft.date=1972-10&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1859506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1859506&rft.aulast=Paludan&rft.aufirst=Phillip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1859506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic">Economic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Economic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brandes, Stuart. <i>Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America</i> (1997), pp. 67–88; a scholarly history of the munitions industry; concludes profits were not excessive</li> <li>Clark Jr., John E. <i>Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat</i> (2004)</li> <li>Cotterill, R. S. "The Louisville and Nashville Railroad 1861–1865", <i>American Historical Review</i> (1924) 29#4 pp. 700–715 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1841233">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Fite, Emerson David. <i>Social and industrial conditions in the North during the Civil War</i> (1910) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wI0-AAAAYAAJ">online edition</a>, old but still quite useful</li> <li>Hammond, Bray. "The North's Empty Purse, 1861–1862", <i>American Historical Review</i>, October 1961, Vol. 67 Issue 1, pp. 1–18 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1846258">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Hill, Joseph A. "The Civil War Income Tax", <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> Vol. 8, No.<span class="nowrap"> </span>4 (July 1894), pp. 416–452 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1885003">in JSTOR</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1885007">appendix in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Lowenstein, Roger. <i>Ways and Means: Lincoln and His Cabinet and the Financing of the Civil War</i> (2022); major scholarly survey; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/08/books/review/ways-and-means-roger-lowenstein.html">online review</a></li> <li>Merk, Frederick. <i>Economic history of Wisconsin during the Civil War decade</i> (1916) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGIWAAAAYAAJ">online edition</a></li> <li>Smith, Michael Thomas. <i>The Enemy Within: Fears of Corruption in the Civil War North</i> (2011) details on Treasury Department, government contracting, and the cotton trade</li> <li>Weber, Thomas. <i>The northern railroads in the Civil War, 1861–1865</i> (1999)</li> <li>Wilson, Mark R. <i>The Business of Civil War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865.</i> (2006). 306 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801883482/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Ziparo, Jessica. <i>This grand experiment: When women entered the federal workforce in Civil War–Era Washington, DC</i> (UNC Press Books, 2017).</li> <li>Zonderman, David A. "White Workers and the American Civil War." <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History</i> (2021).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_and_cultural">Intellectual and cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Intellectual and cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aaron, Daniel. <i>The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War</i> (2nd ed. 1987)</li> <li>Brownlee, Peter John et al., eds. <i>Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130160059/http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12153&context=annals-of-iowa">online review</a></li> <li>Foote, Lorien and Kanisorn Wongsrichanalai. <i>So Conceived and So Dedicated: Intellectual Life in the Civil War Era North</i> (2015)</li> <li>Gallman, J. Matthew. <i>Defining Duty in the Civil War: Personal Choice, Popular Culture, and the Union Home Front</i> (2015) how civilians defined their roles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/614665/summary">online review</a></li> <li>Fredrickson, George M. <i>The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union</i> (1993)</li> <li>Stevenson, Louise A. <i>The Victorian Homefront: American Thought and Culture, 1860–1880</i> (1991)</li> <li>Wilson, Edmund. <i>Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War</i> (1962)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Medical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, George Worthington. <i>Doctors in Blue: The Medical History of the Union Army in the Civil War</i> (1996), 253 pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0807121053/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Clarke, Frances M. <i>War Stories: Suffering and Sacrifice in the Civil War North</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2012)</li> <li>Grant, S.-M. "'Mortal in this season': Union Surgeons and the Narrative of Medical Modernisation in the American Civil War." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/shm/article-abstract/27/4/689/1680606?redirectedFrom=fulltext"><i>Social History of Medicine</i> (2014)</a></li> <li>Maxwell, William Quentin. <i>Lincoln's Fifth Wheel: The Political History of the U.S. Sanitary Commission</i> (1956)</li> <li>Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. <i>The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Civil-War-Medicine/dp/0765621304/">excerpt and text search</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McPherson, James M. <i>Marching Toward Freedom: The Negro's Civil War</i> (1982); first edition was <i>The Negro's Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union</i> (1965),</li> <li>Quarles, Benjamin. <i>The Negro in the Civil War</i> (1953), standard history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/030680350X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Voegeli, V. Jacque. <i>Free But Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War</i> (1967).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_ethnicity">Religion and ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Religion and ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brodrecht, Grant R. "Our Country: Northern Evangelicals and the Union during the Civil War Era." (2018). 288 pp.</li> <li>Burton, William L. <i>Melting Pot Soldiers: The Union Ethnic Regiments</i> (1998)</li> <li>Kamphoefner, Walter D. "German-Americans and Civil War Politics: A Reconsideration of the Ethnocultural Thesis." <i>Civil War History</i> 37 (1991): 232–246.</li> <li>Kleppner, Paul. <i>The Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Culture</i> (1979).</li> <li>Miller, Randall M., Harry S. Stout and Charles Reagan Wilson, eds. <i>Religion and the American Civil War</i> (1998)</li> <li>Miller, Robert J. <i>Both Prayed to the Same God: Religion and Faith in the American Civil War.</i> (2007). 260 pp</li> <li>Moorhead, James. <i>American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War, 1860–1869</i> (1978).</li> <li>Noll, Mark A. <i>The Civil War as a Theological Crisis.</i> (2006). 199 pp.</li> <li>Stout, Harry S. <i>Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War.</i> (2006). 544 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_demographic_history">Social and demographic history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Social and demographic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brownlee, Peter John, et al. <i>Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2013) 193 pp. heavily illustrated.</li> <li>Morehouse, Maggi M. and Zoe Trodd, eds. <i>Civil War America: A Social and Cultural History with Primary Sources</i> (2013), 29 short essays by scholars <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Civil-War-America-Cultural-History/dp/0415896002/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Raus, Edmund J. <i>Banners South: Northern Community at War</i> (2011), about <a href="/wiki/Cortland,_New_York" title="Cortland, New York">Cortland, New York</a></li> <li>Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. <i>Toward a Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays</i> (1991), new social history; quantitative studies</li> <li>Vinovskis, Maris A., ed. "Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations", <i>Journal of American History</i> Vol. 76, No.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1 (June 1989), pp. 34–58 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1908343">1908343</a></li> <li>Veit, Helen Zoe, ed. <i>Food in the Civil War Era: The North</i> (Michigan State University Press, 2014)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soldiers_2">Soldiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Geary James W. <i>We Need Men: The Union Draft in the Civil War</i> (1991).</li> <li>Geary James W. "Civil War Conscription in the North: A Historiographical Review." <i>Civil War History</i> 32 (September 1986): 208–228.</li> <li>Hams, Emily J. "Sons and Soldiers: Deerfield, Massachusetts, and the Civil War", <i>Civil War History</i> 30 (June 1984): 157–171</li> <li>Hess, Earl J. "The 12th Missouri Infantry: A Socio-Military Profile of a Union Regiment", <i>Missouri Historical Review</i> 76 (October 1981): 53–77.</li> <li>Cimbala, Paul A. and Randall M. Miller, eds. <i>Union Soldiers and the Northern Home Front: Wartime Experiences, Postwar Adjustments</i>. (2002)</li> <li>Costa, Dora L., and Matthew E. Kahn. "Cowards and heroes: Group loyalty in the American Civil War." <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> 118.2 (2003): 519–548. Statistical study based on sample of 32,000 Union soldiers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w8627/w8627.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrent1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Current" title="Richard N. Current">Current, Richard N.</a> (1992). <i>Lincoln's Loyalists: Union Soldiers from the Confederacy</i>. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195084659" title="Special:BookSources/0195084659"><bdi>0195084659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Loyalists%3A+Union+Soldiers+from+the+Confederacy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0195084659&rft.aulast=Current&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McPherson, James. <i>For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War</i> (1998), based on letters and diaries</li> <li>Miller, William J. <i>Training of an Army: Camp Curtin and the North's Civil War</i> (1990)</li> <li>Mitchell; Reid. <i>The Vacant Chair. The Northern Soldier Leaves Home</i> (1993).</li> <li>Rorabaugh, William J. "Who Fought for the North in the Civil War? Concord, Massachusetts, Enlistments", <i>Journal of American History</i> 73 (December 1986): 695–701 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1902983">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Roseboom, Eugene H. <i>The Civil War Era, 1850–1873</i> (1944), Ohio</li> <li>Scott, Sean A. "'Earth Has No Sorrow That Heaven Cannot Cure': Northern Civilian Perspectives on Death and Eternity during the Civil War", <i>Journal of Social History</i> (2008) 41:843–866</li> <li>Wiley, Bell I. <i>The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union</i> (1952)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_local">State and local</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: State and local"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia...1863</i> (1864), detailed coverage of events in all countries; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2FigFVIkxUC">online</a>; for online copies see <a href="/wiki/Annual_Cyclopaedia" title="Annual Cyclopaedia">Annual Cyclopaedia</a>. Each year 1861 to 1902 includes several pages on each U.S. state.</li> <li>Tucker, Spencer, ed. <i>American Civil War: A State-by-State Encyclopedia</i> (2 vol 2015) 1019pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/American-Civil-volumes-State---State/dp/1598845284/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Aley, Ginette et al. eds. <i>Union Heartland: The Midwestern Home Front during the Civil War</i> (2013)</li> <li>Bak, Richard. <i>A Distant Thunder: Michigan in the Civil War.</i> (2004). 239 pp.</li> <li>Baker, Jean H. <i>The Politics of Continuity: Maryland Political Parties from 1858 to 1870</i> (1973)</li> <li>Baum, Dale. <i>The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876</i> (1984)</li> <li>Bradley, Erwin S. <i>The Triumph of Militant Republicanism: A Study of Pennsylvania and Presidential Politics, 1860–1872</i> (1964)</li> <li>Castel, Albert. <i>A Frontier State at War: Kansas, 1861–1865</i> (1958)</li> <li>Cole, Arthur Charles. <i>The Era of the Civil War 1848–1870</i> (1919) on Illinois</li> <li>Coulter, E. Merton. <i>The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky</i> (1926),</li> <li>Current, Richard N. <i>The History of Wisconsin: The Civil War Era, 1848–1873</i> (1976).</li> <li>Dee, Christine, ed. <i>Ohio's war: the Civil War in documents</i> (2006), primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Ohios-War-Documents-Interior-ebook/dp/B0056F1AG2/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Dilla, Harriette M. <i>Politics of Michigan, 1865–1878</i> (Columbia University Press, 1912) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R295AAAAMAAJ">online at Google books</a></li> <li>Gallman, Matthew J. <i>Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia During the Civil War.</i> (1990)</li> <li>Hall, Susan G. <i>Appalachian Ohio and the Civil War, 1862–1863</i> (2008)</li> <li>Holzer, Harold. <i>State of the Union: New York and the Civil War</i> (2002) Essays by scholars</li> <li>Hubbard, Mark. <i>Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Illinoiss-War-Documents-Interior-ebook/dp/B00A28QJYG/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1380956566&sr=1-1">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Karamanski, Theodore J. <i>Rally 'Round the Flag: Chicago and the Civil War</i> (1993).</li> <li>Leech, Margaret. <i>Reveille in Washington, 1860–1865</i> (1941), Pulitzer Prize</li> <li>Miller, Richard F. ed. <i>States at War, Volume 1: A Reference Guide for Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont in the Civil War</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/States-War-Reference-Connecticut-Massachusetts-ebook/dp/B00G4BUR2A/">excerpt</a> <ul><li>Miller, Richard F. ed. <i>States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War</i> (2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/States-War-Reference-Guide-Civil/dp/1611682665/">excerpt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nation, Richard F. and Stephen E. Towne. <i>Indiana's War: The Civil War in Documents</i> (2009), primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Indianas-War-Civil-Documents-Interior/dp/0821418475/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Niven, John. <i>Connecticut for the Union: The Role of the State in the Civil War</i> (Yale University Press, 1965)</li> <li>O'Connor, Thomas H. <i>Civil War Boston</i> (1999)</li> <li>Parrish, William E. <i>A History of Missouri, Volume III: 1860 to 1875</i> (1973) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826201482" title="Special:BookSources/0826201482">0826201482</a>)</li> <li>Pierce, Bessie. <i>A History of Chicago, Volume II: From Town to City 1848–1871</i> (1940)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchouler1868" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Schouler" title="William Schouler">Schouler, William</a> (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistorymassach01schogoog"><i>A History of Massachusetts in the Civil War</i></a>. Boston: E.P. Dutton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781582180014" title="Special:BookSources/9781582180014"><bdi>9781582180014</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2662693">2662693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Massachusetts+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+Co&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2662693&rft.isbn=9781582180014&rft.aulast=Schouler&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistorymassach01schogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnion+%28American+Civil+War%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ponce, Pearl T. <i>Kansas's War: The Civil War in Documents</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Kansass-War-Documents-Interior-ebook/dp/B004WN49FS/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Raus, Edmund J. <i>Banners South: Northern Community at War</i> (2011) about <a href="/wiki/Cortland,_New_York" title="Cortland, New York">Cortland, New York</a></li> <li>Roseboom, Eugene. <i>The Civil War Era, 1850–1873,</i> History of Ohio, vol.<span class="nowrap"> </span>4 (1944) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof04witt">online</a>, Detailed scholarly history</li> <li>Siddali, Silvana R. <i>Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents</i> (2009), primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Missouris-War-Civil-Documents-Interior/dp/0821417320/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Stampp, Kenneth M. <i>Indiana Politics during the Civil War</i> (1949)</li> <li>Taylor, Paul. <i>"Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War</i> (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2013). x, 248 pp.</li> <li>Thornbrough, Emma Lou. <i>Indiana in the Civil War Era, 1850–1880</i> (1965)</li> <li>Ware, Edith E. <i>Political Opinion in Massachusetts during the Civil War and Reconstruction</i>, (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalopinion01ware">full text online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_family">Women and family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Women and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History", <i>Civil War History</i> (2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444.</li> <li>Anderson, J. L. "The Vacant Chair on the Farm: Soldier Husbands, Farm Wives, and the Iowa Home Front, 1861–1865", <i>Annals of Iowa</i> (2007) 66: 241–265</li> <li>Attie, Jeanie. <i>Patriotic Toil: Northern Women and the American Civil War</i> (1998). 294 pp.</li> <li>Bahde, Thomas. "'I never wood git tired of wrighting to you.'" <i>Journal of Illinois History</i> (2009). 12:129–155</li> <li>Cashin, Joan E. "American Women and the American Civil War" <i>Journal of Military History</i> (2017) 81#1 pp. 199–204.</li> <li>Giesberg, Judith. <i>Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front</i> (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/080783307X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Giesberg, Judith Ann. "From Harvest Field to Battlefield: Rural Pennsylvania Women and the U.S. Civil War", <i>Pennsylvania History</i> (2005). 72: 159–191</li> <li>Harper, Judith E. <i>Women during the Civil War: An Encyclopedia.</i> (2004). 472 pp.</li> <li>McDevitt, Theresa. <i>Women and the American Civil War: an annotated bibliography</i> (Praeger, 2003).</li> <li>Marten, James. <i>Children for the Union: The War Spirit on the Northern Home Front.</i> Ivan R. Dee, 2004. 209 pp.</li> <li>Massey, Mary. <i>Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War</i> (1966), overview North and South; reissued as <i>Women in the Civil War</i> (1994) <ul><li>"Bonnet Brigades at Fifty: Reflections on Mary Elizabeth Massey and Gender in Civil War History", <i>Civil War History</i> (2015) 61#4 pp. 400–444.</li> <li>Giesberg, Judith. "Mary Elizabeth Massey and the Civil War Centennial." <i>Civil War History</i> 61.4 (2015): 400–406. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/article/597668">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rodgers, Thomas E. "Hoosier Women and the Civil War Home Front", <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i> 97#2 (2001), pp. 105–128 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27792305">27792305</a></li> <li>Silber, Nina. <i>Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War.</i> (Harvard UP, 2005). 332 pp.</li> <li>Venet, Wendy Hamand. <i>A Strong-Minded Woman: The Life of Mary Livermore.</i> (U. of Massachusetts Press, 2005). 322 pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7t_an-gkYa4C&q=appleton%27s+annual+cyclopedia"><i>American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861</i> (N.Y.: Appleton's, 1864)</a>, an extensive collection of reports on each state, Congress, military activities and many other topics; annual issues from 1861 to 1901</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ8bAQAAMAAJ"><i>Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 3 1863</i> (1864)</a>, thorough coverage of the events of 1863</li> <li>Angle, Paul M. and Earl Schenck Miers, eds. <i>Tragic Years, 1860–1865: A Documentary History of the American Civil War – Vol. 1</i> 1960</li> <li>Carter, Susan B., ed. <i>The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition</i> (5 vols), 2006; online at many universities</li> <li>Commager, Henry Steele, ed. <i>The Blue and the Gray. The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants.</i> (1950), excerpts from primary sources</li> <li>Dee, Christine, ed. <i>Ohio's War: The Civil War in Documents.</i> (2007). 244 pp.</li> <li>Freidel Frank, ed. <i>Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1861–1865</i> (2 vol. 1967)</li> <li>Hesseltine, William B., ed. <i>The Tragic Conflict: The Civil War and Reconstruction</i> (1962), excerpts from primary sources</li> <li>Marten, James, ed. <i>Civil War America: Voices from the Home Front.</i> (2003). 346 pp.</li> <li>Risley, Ford, ed. <i>The Civil War: Primary Documents on Events from 1860 to 1865.</i> (2004). 320 pp.</li> <li>Siddali, Silvana R. <i>Missouri's War: The Civil War in Documents</i> (2009), 256pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Missouris-War-Civil-Documents-Interior/dp/0821417320/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Sizer, Lyde Cullen and Jim Cullen, ed. <i>The Civil War Era: An Anthology of Sources.</i> (2005). 434 pp.</li> <li>Smith, Charles Winston and Charles Judah, eds. <i>Life in the North during the Civil War: A Source History</i> (1966)</li> <li>Voss-Hubbard, Mark, ed. <i>Illinois's War: The Civil War in Documents</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=39572">online review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americancivilwarsite.tripod.com/_diaries.html">diaries, journals. reminiscences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoplescontest.psu.edu/">"The Peoples Contest: A Civil War era digital archiving project", access to primary sources from Pennsylvania, especially newspapers and other resources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_(American_Civil_War)&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External 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Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads 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War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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