CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Minitel - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fdd6b072-4877-449c-9e38-8923e84b805f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Minitel","wgTitle":"Minitel","wgCurRevisionId":1258469282,"wgRevisionId":1258469282,"wgArticleId":287781,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Science and technology articles needing translation from French Wikipedia","Use dmy dates from October 2020","Articles needing additional references from April 2019","All articles needing additional references","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with French-language sources (fr)", "Communications in France","Orange S.A.","Legacy systems","Videotex","Information appliances","Pre–World Wide Web online services","1978 establishments in France","2012 disestablishments in France","E-commerce in France","French inventions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Minitel","wgRelevantArticleId":287781,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[] ,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1133476","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Minitel1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1414"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Minitel1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="943"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="754"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Minitel - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Minitel rootpage-Minitel skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Minitel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Minitel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Minitel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Minitel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonebook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonebook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonebook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonebook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minitel_and_the_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minitel_and_the_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Minitel and the Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minitel_and_the_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minitel_in_other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minitel_in_other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Minitel in other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minitel_in_other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minitel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84" title="مينيتل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مينيتل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%ED%85%94" title="미니텔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미니텔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C" title="מיניטל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיניטל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB" title="ミニテル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミニテル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Минитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Minitel" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1133476#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Minitel" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Minitel"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Minitel"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Minitel" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Minitel" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&oldid=1258469282" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Minitel&id=1258469282&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMinitel"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMinitel"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Minitel&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Minitel" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1133476" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French videotex service</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minitel" class="extiw" title="fr:Minitel">the corresponding article</a> in French</b>.  <i><small>(March 2024)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at [[:fr:Minitel]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|fr|Minitel}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Minitel" title="Talk:Minitel">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Minitel</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minitel1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Minitel1.jpg/200px-Minitel1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Minitel1.jpg/300px-Minitel1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Minitel1.jpg/400px-Minitel1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="707" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Minitel 1, built in 1982</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Postes,_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphes_et_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phones_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postes, télégraphes et téléphones (France)">Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">1982<span class="noprint">; 42 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1982</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">30 June 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">30 June 2012</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Minitel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Discontinued</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">10 million monthly connections (2009)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Minitel</b>, officially known as <b>TELETEL</b>, was an interactive <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">videotex</a> online service accessible through telephone lines. It was the world's first and most successful mass-market online service prior to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed in <a href="/wiki/Cesson-S%C3%A9vign%C3%A9" title="Cesson-Sévigné">Cesson-Sévigné</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> by government-owned <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com" class="mw-redirect" title="France Télécom">France Télécom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The service was initially launched on an experimental basis on 15 July 1980 in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a> and extended to other regions in autumn 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Mediapart_lemonde_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mediapart_lemonde-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was commercially introduced throughout France in 1982 by the PTT (<a href="/wiki/Postes,_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphes_et_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9phones" title="Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones">Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones</a>; since 1991, divided into France Télécom and <a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">La Poste</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-RiseAndFall_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-RiseAndFall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its inception, users were able to make online purchases, book train tickets, access business information services, search the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_directory" title="Telephone directory">telephone directory</a>, maintain a mailbox, and utilize chat functionalities similar to those now supported by the World Wide Web. </p><p>In February 2009, France Télécom reported that the Minitel network still maintained 10 million monthly connections. The service was discontinued by France Télécom on 30 June 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-RiseAndFall_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-RiseAndFall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Independent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Officially known as TELETEL, the name Minitel is derived from the French title <i>Médium interactif par numérisation d'information téléphonique</i> (Interactive medium for digitized information by telephone).<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minitel-CnAM_44045-IMG_5396-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Minitel-CnAM_44045-IMG_5396-gradient.jpg/220px-Minitel-CnAM_44045-IMG_5396-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Minitel-CnAM_44045-IMG_5396-gradient.jpg/330px-Minitel-CnAM_44045-IMG_5396-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Minitel-CnAM_44045-IMG_5396-gradient.jpg/440px-Minitel-CnAM_44045-IMG_5396-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>1985 TELIC-1 Alcatel Minitel terminal with non-AZERTY keyboard</figcaption></figure> <p>Videotex was a crucial element in the telecommunications sector of many industrialized countries, with numerous national post, telephone, and telegraph companies and commercial ventures launching pilot projects. It was viewed as a major force in advancing towards an information society.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1978, Postes, Télégraphes et Téléphones (PTT) initiated the design of the Minitel network. By distributing <a href="/wiki/Electronic_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic terminal">terminals</a> capable of accessing a nationwide electronic directory of telephone and address information, the PTT aimed to increase the utilization of the country’s 23 million phone lines and reduce the costs associated with printing <a href="/wiki/Telephone_directory" title="Telephone directory">phone books</a> and employing <a href="/wiki/Directory_assistance" title="Directory assistance">directory assistance</a> personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein19860309-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of terminals were given for free (officially loans, and property of the PTT) to telephone subscribers. </p><p>The telephone company prioritized ease of use. The French government's decision to provide free Minitel terminals to every household was a key factor in the widespread adoption and success of Minitel.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By providing a popular service on simple, free equipment, Minitel achieved high <a href="/wiki/Market_penetration" title="Market penetration">market penetration</a> and avoided the <a href="/wiki/Chicken_and_egg_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken and egg problem">chicken and egg problem</a> that hindered the widespread adoption of similar systems in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange for the terminal, Minitel users received only the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_pages" title="Yellow pages">yellow pages</a> (classified as commercial listings with advertisements), while the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_directory" title="Telephone directory">white pages</a> were freely accessible on Minitel and could be searched faster than through a paper directory. </p><p>In the early 1980s, parallel to the US development of the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, France launched the Minitel project to bring data networking into homes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the PTT, during the first eight years of nationwide operation, 8 billion <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">francs</a> were spent on purchasing terminals, resulting in a profit of 3.5 billion <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">F</a> after deducting payments to information providers such as newspapers. Additionally, an average of 500 million francs was saved annually by printing fewer phone books. </p><p>A trial involving 55 residential and business telephone customers using experimental terminals commenced in Saint-Malo on 15 July 1980, two days after a presentation to President <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a> on 13 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Mediapart_lemonde_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mediapart_lemonde-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trial expanded to 2,500 customers in other regions in autumn 1980. Beginning in May 1981, 4,000 experimental terminals with a different design were distributed in <a href="/wiki/Ille-et-Vilaine" title="Ille-et-Vilaine">Ille-et-Vilaine</a>, and commercial service using Minitel terminals was launched in 1982. By the end of 1983, there were 120,000 Minitel terminals in France. It became highly successful in 1984 when the French government distributed free Minitel terminals to households.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minitel became a financial success for the PTT, as using the service cost the 2022 equivalent of 30 <a href="/wiki/Euro_cent" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro cent">euro cent</a> per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikrobitti-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telephone company primarily provided the white pages, while establishing infrastructure for other entities to offer services.<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minitel facilitated access to various categories including the phone directory (free), mail-order retail companies, airline or train ticket purchases, information services, databases, message boards, online dating services,<sup id="cite_ref-brubach19950312_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brubach19950312-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and computer games.<sup id="cite_ref-ager1998_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ager1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1985, games and electronic messaging accounted for 42 percent of Minitel traffic,<sup id="cite_ref-ager1998_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ager1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with messaging alone representing 17 percent of traffic by 1988. The platform became particularly popular among young people, who would engage in late-night sessions playing text-based online <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikrobitti-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By early 1986, 1.4 million terminals were connected to the Minitel network, with plans to distribute an additional million by the end of the year. This expansion faced opposition from newspapers concerned about competition from an electronic network. In 1980, <i><a href="/wiki/Ouest-France" title="Ouest-France">Ouest-France</a></i> expressed the concern that Minitel would "separate people from each other and endanger social relationships."<sup id="cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikrobitti-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To mitigate opposition from the newspapers, they were permitted to establish the first consumer services on Minitel. <i><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></i> offered 24-hour online news, including results from events at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> in Los Angeles that occurred overnight in France.<sup id="cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein19860309-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providers promoted their services in their own publications, which helped to market the Minitel network.<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newspapers were founded specifically to create Minitel services.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-RiseAndFall_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-RiseAndFall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1988, three million terminals were installed, with 100,000 new units being added monthly. The telephone directory received 23 million calls per month, with 40,000 updates daily. Approximately six thousand other services were available, with around 250 new ones being added each month.<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pixelated_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pixelated-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of Minitel led to the proliferation of numerous <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start-up ventures</a>, similar to the later <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> of World Wide Web-related companies. Many of these small enterprises encountered challenges due to an oversaturated market or poor business practices, such as inadequate infrastructure for online retailers. By the late 1980s, the Minitel system had become widespread in France, with numerous products displaying their Minitel numbers as a direct marketing tool.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite initial expectations, <i>messageries roses</i> ("pink messages"), adult chat services facilitated by operators posing as receptive women, gained significant traction, causing some discomfort among government officials who preferred to focus on the growing business applications of messaging. Extensive street advertising promoted services such as "3615 Sextel," "Jane," "kiss," "3615 penthouse," and "men."<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other pornographic sites faced criticism for their potential accessibility to minors. While the government opted against implementing coercive measures, it underscored the responsibility of parents, rather than governmental intervention, in regulating children's online activities. The government did impose a tax on pornographic online services. </p><p>Numerous services were covertly operated by conservative newspapers, which publicly expressed disapproval the sex industry. The majority of operators were not the scantily-clad women depicted in the advertisements, but were men engaged in their regular occupations.<sup id="cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikrobitti-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1990s, it provided over 20,000 services, including home banking and specialized databases. Minitel was widespread in French homes a decade before the Internet became known in the US. France Télécom, maintained steady income from Minitel and cautiously approached the Internet to protect its business model.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This slow adaptation paralleled the hesitant adoption of high-definition TV in the U.S., where companies resisted new technologies to safeguard profits. France's struggle with Internet adoption reflected typical free-market issues, rather than those associated with centralized economies.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, recognizing the emerging global Internet society, the French government partially privatized France Télécom, ending its telephone monopoly and introducing competition in the telecommunications sector. This led to reduced prices for telephone communications, allowing more affordable dial-up Internet access by the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minitel became quickly outpaced by the development of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France Télécom estimated that by the end of 1999, almost 9 million terminals, including web-enabled personal computers (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>), had access to the network, which was used by 25 million people out of a total population of 60 million. Developed by 10,000 companies, nearly 26,000 different services were available by 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Pixelated_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pixelated-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finances">Finances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Payment methods included credit cards for purchases and telephone bills, with rates contingent upon the websites visited. Initially, users subscribed to individual services, but adoption surged following the introduction of a "kiosk" model by the telephone company, named after <a href="/wiki/Newsagent%27s_shop" title="Newsagent's shop">newsagent shops</a>. Charges for Minitel usage and voice calls were amalgamated on the monthly telephone bill without itemized breakdown. Service providers typically received two-thirds of the $10 per hour fee paid by customers as of 1988. </p><p>Since the telephone company managed bill collection and users who failed to settle bills risked losing telephone service, the <a href="/wiki/Customer_acquisition_cost" title="Customer acquisition cost">customer acquisition cost</a> for service providers remained low. The consolidated billing system fostered <a href="/wiki/Impulse_shopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse shopping">impulse shopping</a>, as users, while browsing, often discovered and utilized additional services beyond their original intention. Given the anonymity of users and services, Minitel usage was prevalent in workplaces where companies covered telephone expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, France Télécom generated 620 million francs (approximately <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$70 million</span>) in revenue from Minitel. Throughout the year, 2,000 private companies collectively earned 289 million francs (about <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$35 million</span>), while Libération, a prominent newspaper, garnered 2.5 million francs (about US$300,000) from the service in September.<sup id="cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein19860309-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the increasing prevalence of the World Wide Web, Minitel connections remained stable in the late 1990s, with a consistent monthly volume of 100 million connections alongside 150 million online directory inquiries. </p><p>In response to the rising incidence of cybercrime, France Telecom has developed a new contract specifying that all Minitel service operators must identify themselves by providing their name and address. This measure aims to enhance security and accountability within the network.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, Minitel returned <span class="nowrap">€832 million</span> (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$1,121 million</span>) in revenue, with <span class="nowrap">€521 million</span> allocated by France Télécom to service providers. Notably, Minitel sales in the late 1990s constituted nearly 15 percent of total sales for <a href="/wiki/La_Redoute" title="La Redoute">La Redoute</a> and <a href="/wiki/3_Suisses" title="3 Suisses">3 Suisses</a>, prominent mail order companies in France. By 2005, the most popular Minitel application was <a href="/wiki/Teleroute" title="Teleroute">Teleroute</a>, an online real-time freight exchange, which accounted for nearly 8 percent of Minitel usage. </p><p>In December 1985 Minitel users made more than 22 million calls, up 400 percent in one year.<sup id="cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein19860309-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994 they made 1,913 million Minitel calls, used the system for 110 million hours, and spent 6.6 billion francs.<sup id="cite_ref-ager1998_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ager1998-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, there were 351 million calls for 18.5 million hours of connection, generating <span class="nowrap">€206 million</span> of revenue, of which <span class="nowrap">€145 million</span> were redistributed to 2,000 service providers (these numbers were declining at around 30 percent per year). There were still six million terminals owned by France Télécom, which had been left with their users in order to avoid recycling problems. </p><p>Key utilization of Minitel included banking and financial services, which leveraged Minitel's security features, as well as access to professional databases. France Télécom cited 12 million updates to personal <a href="/wiki/Carte_Vitale" title="Carte Vitale">carte vitale</a> healthcare cards were facilitated through Minitel.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2007, revenue exceeded <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$100 million</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pixelated_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pixelated-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend persisted into 2010, with revenues reaching <span class="nowrap">€30 million</span>, of which 85 percent was allocated to service providers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonebook">Phonebook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonebook"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annuaire%C3%89lectroniqueSaintMalo980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Annuaire%C3%89lectroniqueSaintMalo980.jpg/220px-Annuaire%C3%89lectroniqueSaintMalo980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Annuaire%C3%89lectroniqueSaintMalo980.jpg/330px-Annuaire%C3%89lectroniqueSaintMalo980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Annuaire%C3%89lectroniqueSaintMalo980.jpg/440px-Annuaire%C3%89lectroniqueSaintMalo980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1575" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>The Saint Malo "Annuaire Electronique" in July 1980</figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular service of the Minitel was the Annuaire Electronique. It garnered significant popularity, with approximately half of the network's calls directed on it in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein19860309-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May of that same year, a nationwide white pages directory covering all 24 million telephone subscribers was introduced, accessible through the phone number 11.<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the adoption of the new French numbering system on 18 October 1996, access to the phone directory transitioned to 3611. Companies had the option to include up to three lines of supplementary information and a rudimentary website. Advertisement space within the Minitel phone directory was managed by the Office d'Annonces (ODA), today known as Solocal / Pages Jaunes Groupe based in Sèvres, France.<sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, the "Minitel Website" for the Paris Sony Stores contained already over 100 pages. Today the 3611 Minitel Directory is replaced by the online white or yellow pages. </p><p>On 11 February 2009, France Télécom and PagesJaunes jointly announced the cancellation of plans to discontinue the Minitel service in March 2009, despite its continued high usage of its directory assistance service, which was still accessed over a million times monthly.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France Télécom retired the service on 30 June 2012, attributing the decision to operational costs and declining customer interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg/220px-TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg/330px-TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg/440px-TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Teletel on a Thomson videotex terminal</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xtel_gnulinux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Xtel_gnulinux.jpg/220px-Xtel_gnulinux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Xtel_gnulinux.jpg/330px-Xtel_gnulinux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Xtel_gnulinux.jpg/440px-Xtel_gnulinux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Minitel could be emulated on Linux with Xtel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Minitel utilized <a href="/wiki/Computer_terminal" title="Computer terminal">computer terminals</a> featuring a <a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">text-only</a> monochrome screen, a keyboard, and a <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>, all integrated into a single tabletop unit. These terminals had the capability to display basic graphics using a predefined set of <a href="/wiki/Block_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Block graphics">block graphics</a> characters. Color units were eventually offered for an additional fee, they saw limited adoption. Aftermarket printers were also available to users.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stoner198803_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operating over the existing <a href="/wiki/Transpac_(network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpac (network)">Transpac</a> network, Minitel terminals connected to the system by dialing a short code number, initiating a connection to a PAVI (<i>Point d'Accès VIdéotexte</i>, meaning "videotext access point") via the subscriber's analog telephone line. The PAVI was then digitally linked to the destination servers of the relevant company or administration through Transpac. The surge in popularity of the service led to a temporary disruption in June 1985, lasting two weeks, when an increase in connection attempts per second revealed a dormant software bug.<sup id="cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epstein19860309-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the widely recognised dial number for accessing Minitel services was 3615, with 3617 reserved for premium services. Minitel service names typically incorporated these numbers as prefixes to signify their association with the system. Billboard advertisements during this period often featured minimal content, comprising an image, company name, and a "3615" number. The inclusion of the "3615" number implied the promotion of a Minitel service. A notable instance of this cultural reference can be observed in the title of the film <i><a href="/wiki/3615_code_P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="3615 code Père Noël">3615 code Père Noël</a></i>, where a child endeavors to contact <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> using Minitel, to inadvertently connect with a local criminal. The film faced accusations of plagiarizing the storyline from <i><a href="/wiki/Home_Alone" title="Home Alone">Home Alone</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minitel used a <a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">full-duplex</a> data transmission method facilitated by its modem. The downlink operated at a speed of 1200 bit/s (equivalent to 9 KB/min), while the uplink operated at 75 bit/s (equivalent to 0.6 KB/min). This configuration enabled relatively swift downloads by the standards of its time. Referred to colloquially as "1275", the system was more accurately designated as <a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.23" title="ITU-T V.23">V.23</a>. Originally designed for general-purpose data communications, it found widespread application in Minitel and analogous services worldwide. </p><p>Technically, <i>Minitel</i> refers to the terminals, while the network is known as <b>Télétel</b>. </p><p>Minitel terminals were equipped with an <a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a> keyboard, reflective of the standard keyboard layout in France, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a> layout more commonly used in English-speaking regions. Some early models deviated from this convention, featuring an ABCDEF keyboard arrangement . </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minitel_and_the_Internet">Minitel and the Internet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Minitel and the Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impact of Minitel on the development of the Internet in France remains a topic of significant debate, partly because Minitel offered over a thousand services, many of which are now available on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986, French university students effectively organized a national strike utilizing Minitel, showcasing an early instance of digital communication tools being employed for technological political objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government's allegiance to the domestically developed Minitel impeded the uptake of the Internet in France. Despite reaching a peak of nine million terminals in the 1990s, there remained 810,000 terminals in the country as late as 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resources within France Télécom were directed towards Minitel development, diverting attention from Internet-related initiatives. The sustained emphasis on Minitel by France Telecom did not significantly impact the adoption or advancement of internet-based companies in France. By 2018, the country is comparable with the other western countries in terms of high-speed internet penetration in households.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minitel_in_other_countries">Minitel in other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Minitel in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minitel" title="Special:EditPage/Minitel">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><b>Belgium:</b> Minitel was launched by <a href="/wiki/Belgacom" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgacom">Belgacom</a> and delivered services led by Teleroute. Although it was used by businesses, it was rarely used by the public. The main reason was that the terminals were not offered for free as in France and that usage of the service was expensive (50 Euro cents a minute). Moreover, there was never much promotion thereof by Belgacom.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Brazil:</b> <a href="/wiki/Telebr%C3%A1s" title="Telebrás">Telebrás</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">videotex</a> service called "Videotexto" or "VTX" during the 1980s and 1990s with services provided by local telephone companies such as <a href="/wiki/Telesp" title="Telesp">Telesp</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B4nica_Vivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefônica Vivo">Telefônica Vivo</a>). Services included chats, games, telephone list search, and electronic banking, among others. The Minitel protocol is still used by some cable TV companies to provide general information to their customers.</li> <li><b>Canada:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a> experimented with a Minitel-like system known as <a href="/wiki/Alex_(videotex_service)" title="Alex (videotex service)">Alex</a> with terminals called AlexTel. The system was conceptually similar to Minitel, but used the Canadian <a href="/wiki/NAPLPS" title="NAPLPS">NAPLPS</a> protocols and North American <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a> <a href="/wiki/RJ-11" class="mw-redirect" title="RJ-11">RJ-11</a> standard telephone connectors. Originally launched experimentally in the <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> area, Alex was then launched in most areas served by Bell Canada (primarily <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>) with offers of a free trial period and terminal. The principal information offering was the telephone directory. Although branded as a "bilingual" (English and French Canadian) service, the majority of other services offered were the experimental ones originally offered in Quebec and completely Francophone. Retention rates were reportedly close to zero. The service closed down shortly after exiting the experimental stage. <a href="/wiki/Telidon" title="Telidon">Telidon</a> was an earlier Canadian text and graphics service using the same technological underpinnings.</li> <li><b>Finland:</b> In 1986, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PTL-Tele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PTL-Tele (page does not exist)">PTL-Tele</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Sonera" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonera">Sonera</a> (now part of <a href="/wiki/Telia_Company" title="Telia Company">Telia Company</a>) launched the on-line service called TeleSampo. TeleSampo included not only videotex services, but also many other Ascii-based Value Added Services (VAS). Roughly at the same time, HPY HTF (now <a href="/wiki/Elisa_(company)" title="Elisa (company)">Elisa</a>) launched a videotex service called Infotel <small>(<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleSampo_ja_Infotel" class="extiw" title="fi:TeleSampo ja Infotel">fi</a>)</small>. TeleSampo service was switched off in 2004.</li> <li><b>Germany:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Bildschirmtext" title="Bildschirmtext">Bildschirmtext</a>" (BTX) that existed between 1983 and 2001 is almost as old as Minitel and technically very similar, but it was largely unsuccessful because consumers had to buy expensive decoders to use it. The <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost" title="Deutsche Bundespost">German postal service</a> held a monopoly on the decoders that prevented competition and lower prices. Few people bought the boxes, so there was little incentive for companies to post content, which in turn did nothing to further box sales. When the monopoly was loosened, it was too late because PC-based online services had started to appear. Some post offices in Germany offered BTX boxes for public use, allowing access to BTX without owning a box.<sup id="cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikrobitti-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Ireland:</b> Minitel was introduced to Ireland by <a href="/wiki/Eir_(telecommunications)" title="Eir (telecommunications)">Eir</a> (then called <a href="/wiki/Telecom_%C3%89ireann" title="Telecom Éireann">Telecom Éireann</a>) in 1988. The system was based on the French model and Irish services were even accessible from France via the code "36 19 Irlande". A number of major Irish businesses came together to offer a range of online services, including directory information, shopping, banking, hotel reservations, airline reservations, news, weather and information services. The system was also the first platform in Ireland to offer users access to e-mail outside of a corporate setting. Despite being cutting edge for its time, the system failed to capture a large market and was ultimately withdrawn due to lack of commercial interest. The rise of the internet and other global online services in the early to mid-1990s played a major factor in the death of Irish Minitel. Minitel Ireland's terminals were technically identical to their French counterparts, except that they had a <a href="/wiki/Qwerty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qwerty">Qwerty</a> keyboard and an <a href="/wiki/RJ-11" class="mw-redirect" title="RJ-11">RJ-11</a> telephone jack which is the standard telephone connector in Ireland. Terminals could be rented for 5.00 <a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pounds</a> (6.35 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euros</a>) per month or purchased for 250.00 Irish pounds (317.43 euros) in 1992.</li> <li><b>Italy:</b> In 1985, the national telephone operator <i>SIP</i> – <i>Società italiana per l'esercizio telefonico</i> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a>) launched the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Videotel (page does not exist)">Videotel</a> <small>(<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotel" class="extiw" title="it:Videotel">it</a>)</small> service. The system use was charged on a per-page basis. Due to the excessive cost of the hardware and the expensive services, diffusion was very low, leading to the diffusion of a <a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a>-oriented movement. The service was shut down in 1994.</li> <li><b>Netherlands</b>: The then state-owned phone company PTT (now <a href="/wiki/KPN" title="KPN">KPN</a>) operated two platforms: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viditel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viditel (page does not exist)">Viditel</a> <small>(<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viditel" class="extiw" title="nl:Viditel">nl</a>)</small> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotex_Nederland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Videotex Nederland (page does not exist)">Videotex Nederland</a> <small>(<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotex_Nederland" class="extiw" title="nl:Videotex Nederland">nl</a>)</small>. The main difference was that Viditel used one big central host where Videotex NL used a central access system responsible for realizing the correct connection to the required host: owned and managed by others. Viditel was introduced on 7 August 1980, and required a <i>Vidimodem</i> as well as a compatible home computer (one such example was the <a href="/wiki/Philips_P2000" title="Philips P2000">Philips P2000T</a> which had a built-in Teletext chip) or a television set which could support Teletext; the required equipment itself would cost anywhere between 3,000 and 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch guilders</a> overall. Viditel was shut down in September 1989 due to high operating costs and was succeeded by the cheaper and more widely used Videotex Nederland. The Videotex NL services offered access via several <a href="/wiki/Premium-rate_telephone_number" title="Premium-rate telephone number">premium rate numbers</a> and the information/service provider could choose the costs for accessing his service. Depending on the number used, the tariff could vary from 0–1 guilders (0.00–0.45 euro) per minute. Some private networks such as <i>Travelnet</i> (for travel-agencies) and <i>RDWNet</i> for automotive industry, used the same platform as Videotex NL but used dedicated dial-in phone numbers, dedicated access-hardware and also used authentication. Although the protocol used in France for Minitel was slightly different from the international standard one could use the "international" terminal (or PC's with the correct terminal-emulation software) to access the French services. It was possible to connect to most French Minitel services via the Dutch Videotex NL network, but the price per minute was considerably higher: most French Minitel services were reachable via the dial-in number 06-7900, which had a tariff of 1 guilder/minute (approx. €0,45/minute). Videotex Nederland was eventually shut down in 1997, and the parent company behind Videotex Nederland was subsequently renamed as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet_Internet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planet Internet (page does not exist)">Planet Media Group</a>.</li> <li><b>Singapore:</b> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Teleview" title="Singapore Teleview">Singapore Teleview</a> was first trialled by the Telecom Authority of Singapore (now <a href="/wiki/Singtel" title="Singtel">Singtel</a>) beginning in 1987, and was formally launched in 1991. The Teleview system, while similar in concept to the Minitel and Prestel, was unique in that it was able to display photographic images instead of graphical images used by Minitel and Prestel. Teleview was eventually rendered obsolete by <a href="/wiki/Serial_Line_Internet_Protocol" title="Serial Line Internet Protocol">SLIP</a>/<a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a>-based modem Internet connections in the late 1990s.</li> <li><b>South Africa:</b> Videotex was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Telkom_(South_Africa)" title="Telkom (South Africa)">Telkom</a> in 1986 and named <a href="/wiki/Beltel" title="Beltel">Beltel</a>. The Minitel was introduced later to popularise the service.</li> <li><b>Spain:</b> Videotex was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">Telefónica</a> in 1990 and named <a href="/wiki/Ibertex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibertex">Ibertex</a>. The Ibertex was based on the French model but used the German Bildschirmtext CEPT-1 profile.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sweden:</b> Swedish state-owned telephone company <a href="/wiki/Televerket_(Sweden)" title="Televerket (Sweden)">Televerket</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Telia_Company" title="Telia Company">Telia Company</a>) introduced a similar service, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teleguide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teleguide (page does not exist)">Teleguide</a> <small>(<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleguide" class="extiw" title="sv:Teleguide">sv</a>)</small>, in 1991. Teleguide was shut down in 1993 due to a contract dispute between Televerket and the vendors <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esselte" title="Esselte">Esselte</a>.</li> <li><b>United Kingdom:</b> The <a href="/wiki/Prestel" title="Prestel">Prestel</a> system was similar in concept to Minitel, using dedicated terminals or software on personal computers to access the network. The number of Prestel subscribers only reached 90 thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikrobitti-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>United States:</b> In 1991, France Télécom launched a Minitel service called "101 Online" in San Francisco; this venture was not successful.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/US_West" title="US West">US West</a> (subsequently <a href="/wiki/Qwest" title="Qwest">Qwest</a> and now <a href="/wiki/Lumen_Technologies" title="Lumen Technologies">Lumen Technologies</a>) launched a Minitel service in the <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a> markets called "CommunityLink". This joint venture of US West and France Télécom provided Minitel content to <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> owners using a Minitel-emulating software application over a dialup modem. Many of the individual services were the same as or similar to those offered by France Télécom to the French market; in fact, some chat services linked up with France Télécom's network in France. The service was fairly short-lived as competing offerings from providers like <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prodigy_(online_service)" title="Prodigy (online service)">Prodigy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> as well as independent <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a> offered more services targeted at American users for a lower price. Many of US West's Minitel offerings were charged <a href="/wiki/%C3%80_la_carte#Other_uses" title="À la carte">à la carte</a> or hourly while competitors offered monthly all-inclusive pricing and many smaller BBSes were completely free of charge as long as users called a local number. Minitel also offered services directly in the US with a <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a> based client that was sent out to customers for use with an <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a>. In 1983, the publishing company <a href="/wiki/Knight_Ridder" title="Knight Ridder">Knight Ridder</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> offered a competing service called Viewtron. The service offered news, aviation schedules and educative content, but no way of mail communication, as the publishing company thought communication should be one-way only.<sup id="cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikrobitti-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web" title="History of the World Wide Web">History of the World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_France" title="Internet in France">Internet in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Teleview" title="Singapore Teleview">Singapore Teleview</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeber2016" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, Marc (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/15/article/605629">"Self-Fulfilling History: How Narrative Shapes Preservation of the Online World"</a>. <i>Information & Culture: A Journal of History</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 54–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flac.2016.0003">10.1353/lac.2016.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2166-3033">2166-3033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+%26+Culture%3A+A+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Self-Fulfilling+History%3A+How+Narrative+Shapes+Preservation+of+the+Online+World&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=54-80&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flac.2016.0003&rft.issn=2166-3033&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F15%2Farticle%2F605629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaital1992" class="citation journal cs1">Maital, Shlomo (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20080317">"The Global Telecommunications Picture: Is America Being Outstripped? By France?"</a>. <i>The Brookings Review</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 40–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20080317">10.2307/20080317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0745-1253">0745-1253</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20080317">20080317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brookings+Review&rft.atitle=The+Global+Telecommunications+Picture%3A+Is+America+Being+Outstripped%3F+By+France%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=40-43&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0745-1253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20080317%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20080317&rft.aulast=Maital&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20080317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mediapart_lemonde-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mediapart_lemonde_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mediapart_lemonde_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuech2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Puech, Michel (20 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.mediapart.fr/michel-puech/blog/200610/le-monde-du-minitel-se-paye-le-monde">"Le monde du Minitel se paye Le Monde"</a> [The world of Minitel pays for 'Le Monde' (A wordplay: the newspaper 'Le Monde' translates as 'The World'.)]. <i>Mediapart</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802215802/https://blogs.mediapart.fr/michel-puech/blog/200610/le-monde-du-minitel-se-paye-le-monde">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediapart&rft.atitle=Le+monde+du+Minitel+se+paye+Le+Monde&rft.date=2010-06-20&rft.aulast=Puech&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.mediapart.fr%2Fmichel-puech%2Fblog%2F200610%2Fle-monde-du-minitel-se-paye-le-monde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-RiseAndFall-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-RiseAndFall_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-RiseAndFall_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-RiseAndFall_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18610692">"Minitel: The rise and fall of the France-wide web"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110112742/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18610692">Archived</a> 10 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hugh Schofield, <i>BBC News Magazine</i> (Paris), 27 June 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2011/07/21/97001-20110721FILWWW00446-le-minitel-disparaitra-en-juin-2012.php">"Le Minitel disparaîtra en juin 2012"</a> [Minitel will disappear in June 2012]. <i>Le Figaro</i> (in French). Agence France Presse. 21 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111195352/https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2011/07/21/97001-20110721FILWWW00446-le-minitel-disparaitra-en-juin-2012.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Le+Minitel+dispara%C3%AEtra+en+juin+2012&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fflash-actu%2F2011%2F07%2F21%2F97001-20110721FILWWW00446-le-minitel-disparaitra-en-juin-2012.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?u=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2011/07/21/97001-20110721FILWWW00446-le-minitel-disparaitra-en-juin-2012.php">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160318235402/http://translate.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Fflash-actu%2F2011%2F07%2F21%2F97001-20110721FILWWW00446-le-minitel-disparaitra-en-juin-2012.php">Archived</a> 18 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichfield2012" class="citation news cs1">Lichfield, John (9 June 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-france-fell-out-of-love-with-minitel-7831816.html">"How France Fell Out of Love with Minitel"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/how-france-fell-out-of-love-with-minitel-7831816.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=How+France+Fell+Out+of+Love+with+Minitel&rft.date=2012-06-09&rft.aulast=Lichfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fhow-france-fell-out-of-love-with-minitel-7831816.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoner198803-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stoner198803_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoner1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Stoner, Mark (March 1988). "French Connections with Minitel: The Future Has Arrived in France". <i>Online</i>. Vol. 12, no. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online&rft.atitle=French+Connections+with+Minitel%3A+The+Future+Has+Arrived+in+France&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1988-03&rft.aulast=Stoner&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCats-BarilJelassi1994" class="citation journal cs1">Cats-Baril, William L.; Jelassi, Tawfik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/249607">"The French Videotex System Minitel: A Successful Implementation of a National Information Technology Infrastructure"</a>. <i>MIS Quarterly</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F249607">10.2307/249607</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0276-7783">0276-7783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/249607">249607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIS+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+French+Videotex+System+Minitel%3A+A+Successful+Implementation+of+a+National+Information+Technology+Infrastructure&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0276-7783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F249607%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F249607&rft.aulast=Cats-Baril&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Jelassi%2C+Tawfik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F249607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epstein19860309-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epstein19860309_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1986" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Nadine (9 March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/09/magazine/et-voila-le-minitel.html?pagewanted=all">"Et Voila! Le Minitel"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713013127/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/09/magazine/et-voila-le-minitel.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Et+Voila%21+Le+Minitel&rft.date=1986-03-09&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F03%2F09%2Fmagazine%2Fet-voila-le-minitel.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumbull2004" class="citation book cs1">Trumbull, Gunnar (2004). <i>Silicon and the State: French innovation policy in the Internet age</i>. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-8596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-8596-5"><bdi>978-0-8157-8596-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+and+the+State%3A+French+innovation+policy+in+the+Internet+age&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-8596-5&rft.aulast=Trumbull&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuroseRoss2017" class="citation book cs1">Kurose, James F.; Ross, Keith W. (2017). <i>Computer networking: a top-down approach</i> (7 ed.). Boston Munich: Pearson Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-359414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-359414-0"><bdi>978-0-13-359414-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+networking%3A+a+top-down+approach&rft.place=Boston+Munich&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-13-359414-0&rft.aulast=Kurose&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rft.au=Ross%2C+Keith+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikrobitti-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mikrobitti_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sani, Ilari: <i>Ranskan netti ennen nettiä</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/MikroBitti" title="MikroBitti">MikroBitti</a></i> issue #12/2022, pp. 72-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brubach19950312-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brubach19950312_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubach1995" class="citation news cs1">Brubach, Holly (12 March 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/12/magazine/styel-fashion-foreplay.html">"STYEL; Fashion Foreplay"</a>. <i>The New York Times Magazine</i>. p. 6006081. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234440/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/12/magazine/styel-fashion-foreplay.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=STYEL%3B+Fashion+Foreplay&rft.pages=6006081&rft.date=1995-03-12&rft.aulast=Brubach&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F03%2F12%2Fmagazine%2Fstyel-fashion-foreplay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ager1998-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ager1998_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ager1998_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ager1998_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAger1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ager, Dennis (1998). "electronic revolution". In Hughes, Alex; Reader, Keith (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture</i>. London: Routledege. pp. 180–182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=electronic+revolution&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+French+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=180-182&rft.pub=Routledege&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Ager&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pixelated-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pixelated_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pixelated_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pixelated_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/world/europe/after-3-decades-in-france-minitels-days-are-numbered.html?partner=rss&emc=rss">"On the Farms of France, the Death of a Pixelated Workhorse"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219225552/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/world/europe/after-3-decades-in-france-minitels-days-are-numbered.html?partner=rss&emc=rss">Archived</a> 19 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Scott Sayare, <i>New York Times</i>, 27 June 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaco2009" class="citation book cs1">Monaco, James (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/319635231"><i>How to read a film: movies, media, and beyond: art, technology, language, history, theory</i></a> (4th ed., completely rev. and expanded ed.). Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532105-0"><bdi>978-0-19-532105-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/319635231">319635231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+read+a+film%3A+movies%2C+media%2C+and+beyond%3A+art%2C+technology%2C+language%2C+history%2C+theory&rft.place=Oxford+%3B+New+York&rft.edition=4th+ed.%2C+completely+rev.+and+expanded&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F319635231&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532105-0&rft.aulast=Monaco&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F319635231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2015" class="citation podcast cs1">Green, Carla (21 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gimletmedia.com/shows/reply-all/8whoda/10-the-french-connection">"The French Connection"</a> (Podcast). Reply All. Gimlet Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430040620/https://gimletmedia.com/shows/reply-all/8whoda/10-the-french-connection">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+French+Connection&rft.series=Reply+All&rft.pub=Gimlet+Media&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgimletmedia.com%2Fshows%2Freply-all%2F8whoda%2F10-the-french-connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumbull2004" class="citation book cs1">Trumbull, Gunnar (2004). <i>Silicon and the State: French innovation policy in the Internet age</i>. Washington/D.C: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-8597-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-8597-2"><bdi>978-0-8157-8597-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+and+the+State%3A+French+innovation+policy+in+the+Internet+age&rft.place=Washington%2FD.C&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-8597-2&rft.aulast=Trumbull&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoulaison2007" class="citation journal cs1">Moulaison, Heather L. (December 2007). "France's Burgeoning Cyberculture: The New French Paradox". <i>The French Review</i>. <b>81</b> (2): 312–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+French+Review&rft.atitle=France%27s+Burgeoning+Cyberculture%3A+The+New+French+Paradox&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=312-25&rft.date=2007-12&rft.aulast=Moulaison&rft.aufirst=Heather+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiroleRendall2017" class="citation book cs1">Tirole, Jean; Rendall, Steven (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/958799683"><i>Economics for the common good</i></a>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17516-4"><bdi>978-0-691-17516-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958799683">958799683</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+for+the+common+good&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958799683&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17516-4&rft.aulast=Tirole&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Rendall%2C+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F958799683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Minitel". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a></i>. 24 October 1989. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Minitel&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1989-10-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904034213/http://www.leskiosques.com/V3/solutions/minitel/doc/bilan_minitel_2005.pdf">"Bilan Minitel 2005"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release) (in French). France Telecom. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leskiosques.com/V3/solutions/minitel/doc/bilan_minitel_2005.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bilan+Minitel+2005&rft.pub=France+Telecom&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leskiosques.com%2FV3%2Fsolutions%2Fminitel%2Fdoc%2Fbilan_minitel_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-29/french-internet-precursor-shuts-down/4099492">"Farmers mourn death of French proto-internet"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112000801/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-29/french-internet-precursor-shuts-down/4099492">Archived</a> 12 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Agence France-Presse (AFP), <i>ABC News</i> (Australia), 29 June 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/110/article_2851.asp">"Minitel lives on"</a>. Radio France Internationale. 11 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170805105313/http://www1.rfi.fr/actuen/articles/110/article_2851.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minitel+lives+on&rft.pub=Radio+France+Internationale&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Factuen%2Farticles%2F110%2Farticle_2851.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205233023/http://www.acelgenesys.fr/html/pages/produits/imp_roul.php">"Imprimantes Rouleau Thermique"</a> (in French). Acel Genesys. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acelgenesys.fr/html/pages/produits/imp_roul.php">the original</a> on 5 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imprimantes+Rouleau+Thermique&rft.pub=Acel+Genesys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acelgenesys.fr%2Fhtml%2Fpages%2Fproduits%2Fimp_roul.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205233023/http://www.acelgenesys.fr/html/pages/produits/imp_roul.php">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310215455/https://translate.google.com/translate?u=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090205233023%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.acelgenesys.fr%2Fhtml%2Fpages%2Fproduits%2Fimp_roul.php">Archived</a> 10 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5621965">"X.25 Virtual Circuits - Transpac in France - Pre-Internet Data Networking"</a>. IEEE. November 2010. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.2010.5621965">10.1109/MCOM.2010.5621965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=X.25+Virtual+Circuits+-+Transpac+in+France+-+Pre-Internet+Data+Networking&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCOM.2010.5621965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F5621965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0Y7AQAAIAAJ&q=%223615+code+P%C3%A8re%22+minitel">"Le figaro magazine"</a>. Le Figaro. 5 June 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327203824/https://books.google.com/books?id=y0Y7AQAAIAAJ&q=%223615+code+P%C3%A8re%22+minitel">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+figaro+magazine&rft.pub=Le+Figaro&rft.date=1990-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0Y7AQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25223615%2Bcode%2BP%25C3%25A8re%2522%2Bminitel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2019" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Jason (4 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joblo.com/awfully-good-dial-code-santa-claus-3615-code-pre-nol/">"Awfully Good: Dial Code Santa Claus (3615 Code Pere Noel)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205142534/https://www.joblo.com/awfully-good-dial-code-santa-claus-3615-code-pre-nol/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awfully+Good%3A+Dial+Code+Santa+Claus+%283615+Code+Pere+Noel%29&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joblo.com%2Fawfully-good-dial-code-santa-claus-3615-code-pre-nol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnKellner2008" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Richard; Kellner, Douglas (2008). "Technopolitics, Blogs, and Emergent Media Ecologies". In Hawk, Byron; Rieder, David; Oviedo, Ollie (eds.). <i>Small Tech: The Culture of Digital Tools</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 22–37 [24]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816649778" title="Special:BookSources/9780816649778"><bdi>9780816649778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technopolitics%2C+Blogs%2C+and+Emergent+Media+Ecologies&rft.btitle=Small+Tech%3A+The+Culture+of+Digital+Tools&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=22-37+24&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780816649778&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Kellner%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cable.co.uk/broadband/speed/worldwide-speed-league/">"Worldwide Broadband Speed League 2018 | Cable.co.uk"</a>. <i>Cable</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017014214/https://www.cable.co.uk/broadband/speed/worldwide-speed-league/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cable&rft.atitle=Worldwide+Broadband+Speed+League+2018+%7C+Cable.co.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cable.co.uk%2Fbroadband%2Fspeed%2Fworldwide-speed-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/detail_minitel-on-coupe-tout-a-23h59?id=7797139">"Minitel: we cut everything at 23h59 (In French)"</a>. 30 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020349/https://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/detail_minitel-on-coupe-tout-a-23h59?id=7797139">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minitel%3A+we+cut+everything+at+23h59+%28In+French%29&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtbf.be%2Finfo%2Fsociete%2Fdetail_minitel-on-coupe-tout-a-23h59%3Fid%3D7797139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datanews.knack.be/ict/nieuws/franse-minitel-sterft-in-zomer-2012/article-normal-280329.html">"Franse Minitel sterft in zomer 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knack_(magazine)" title="Knack (magazine)">Knack</a>. 25 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209130332/https://datanews.knack.be/ict/nieuws/franse-minitel-sterft-in-zomer-2012/article-normal-280329.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franse+Minitel+sterft+in+zomer+2012&rft.pub=Knack&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatanews.knack.be%2Fict%2Fnieuws%2Ffranse-minitel-sterft-in-zomer-2012%2Farticle-normal-280329.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskalnet.net/apetxebari/serv_tele.htm">REDES DE SERVICIOS TELEMATICOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110101/http://www.euskalnet.net/apetxebari/serv_tele.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: En Ibertex se reciben páginas de información bajo la norma CEPT-1, el estándar más avanzado que existe en videotex, que permite gráficos pero no sonido.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMailland2016" class="citation journal cs1">Mailland, Julien (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7155452">"101 Online: American Minitel Network and Lessons from Its Failure"</a>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 6–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2015.54">10.1109/MAHC.2015.54</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15516780">15516780</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127110616/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7155452">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span> – via IEEE Xplore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=101+Online%3A+American+Minitel+Network+and+Lessons+from+Its+Failure&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6-22&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2015.54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15516780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mailland&rft.aufirst=Julien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7155452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinitel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minitel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Minitel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Minitel">Minitel</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702051125/http://www.minitel.fr/">The official website</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minitel.org">Minitel.org – Memories of Minitel and X.25 networks</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/frenchtech1" class="extiw" title="iarchive:frenchtech1">Computer Chronicles: High Tech France</a>, video circa 1990</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/december95/12kessler.html">The French Minitel: Is There Digital Life Outside of the "US ASCII" Internet? A Challenge or Convergence?</a>, D-Lib Magazine, December 1995</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050524053742/http://wired-vig.wired.com/news/technology/1,1282,42943,00.html"><i>Wired News</i>: Minitel – The Old New Thing</a>, April 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119163107/http://articles.cnn.com/2001-04-16/tech/minitel.is.back.idg_1_france-telecom-s-minitel-wanadoo-minitel-network?_s=PM:TECH"><i>CNN Tech</i>: Minitel – the Beta Internet Breaks Out</a>, April 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3012769.stm"><i>BBC News</i>: France's Minitel: 20 years young</a>, 14 May 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2003/07/14/cx_al_0714tentech.html?partner=newscom">Forbes.com: The French Minitel Goes Online</a>, 14 July 2003</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/28/world/europe/after-3-decades-in-france-minitels-days-are-numbered.html"><i>New York Times</i>: On the Farms of France, the Death of a Pixelated Workhorse</a>, 27 June 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/06/minitel/530646/"><i>The Atlantic</i>: Minitel, the Open Network Before the Internet. A state-run French computer service from the 1980s offers a cautionary tale about too much reliance on today’s private internet providers.</a>, 16 June 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minitel.us/">Minitel Research Lab, USA</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Videotex" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Videotex" title="Template:Videotex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Videotex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Videotex (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Videotex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Videotex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Videotex" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viewdata" title="Viewdata">Viewdata</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telidon" title="Telidon">Telidon</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestel" title="Prestel">Prestel</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex#Netherlands" title="Videotex">Viditel</a> (1980)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minitel</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewtron" title="Viewtron">Viewtron</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bildschirmtext" title="Bildschirmtext">Bildschirmtext</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_CitiNet" title="Boston CitiNet">Boston CitiNet</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_(videotex)" title="Captain (videotex)">Captain</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Storytime" title="Genesis Storytime">Genesis Storytime</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltel" title="Beltel">Beltel</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtex_666" title="Microtex 666">Microtex 666</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bistel" title="Bistel">Bistel</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_(videotex_service)" title="Alex (videotex service)">Alex</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex#Ireland" title="Videotex">Irish Minitel</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Teleview" title="Singapore Teleview">Singapore Teleview</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg/100px-TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg/150px-TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg/200px-TerminalT%C3%A9l%C3%A9telV%C3%A9lizy1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro_expansion_unit#Prestel_adapter" title="BBC Micro expansion unit">BBC Micro</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUPID" title="MUPID">MUPID</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NABU_Network" title="NABU Network">NABU</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Sceptre" title="AT&T Sceptre">AT&T Sceptre</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_(videotex_service)" title="Alex (videotex service)">Alextel</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Teleview#Terminal" title="Singapore Teleview">Singapore Teleview Terminal</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAPLPS" title="NAPLPS">NAPLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEPT_Recommendation_T/CD_06-01" title="CEPT Recommendation T/CD 06-01">CEPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex_character_set" title="Videotex character set">Videotex character set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiope_(teletext)" title="Antiope (teletext)">Antiope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Videotex" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Videotex"><b>Commons category</b></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minitel&oldid=1258469282">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minitel&oldid=1258469282</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_France" title="Category:Communications in France">Communications in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orange_S.A." title="Category:Orange S.A.">Orange S.A.</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legacy_systems" title="Category:Legacy systems">Legacy systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Videotex" title="Category:Videotex">Videotex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Information_appliances" title="Category:Information appliances">Information appliances</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre%E2%80%93World_Wide_Web_online_services" title="Category:Pre–World Wide Web online services">Pre–World Wide Web online services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1978_establishments_in_France" title="Category:1978 establishments in France">1978 establishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2012_disestablishments_in_France" title="Category:2012 disestablishments in France">2012 disestablishments in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:E-commerce_in_France" title="Category:E-commerce in France">E-commerce in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_inventions" title="Category:French inventions">French inventions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_articles_needing_translation_from_French_Wikipedia" title="Category:Science and technology articles needing translation from French Wikipedia">Science and technology articles needing translation from French Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2020">Use dmy dates from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2019">Articles needing additional references from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 22:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minitel&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-sj2js","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.871","walltime":"1.119","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7855,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":128688,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4514,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":138907,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 962.946 1 -total"," 28.29% 272.375 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.89% 124.121 2 Template:In_lang"," 12.43% 119.678 2 Template:Navbox"," 11.21% 107.915 5 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.17% 107.589 2 Template:Ambox"," 11.07% 106.640 1 Template:Videotex"," 10.26% 98.842 1 Template:Expand_French"," 9.80% 94.339 1 Template:Expand_language"," 8.78% 84.566 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.504","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18539907,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75c465f4c6-rj7ph","timestamp":"20241125144728","ttl":465166,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Minitel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minitel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1133476","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1133476","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-04T10:43:28Z","dateModified":"2024-11-19T22:31:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/37\/Minitel1.jpg","headline":"French videotex online service accessible through telephone lines"}</script> </body> </html>