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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_East_Asian_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_East_Asian_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Traditional East Asian cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_East_Asian_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_and_commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_and_commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultivation and commercialization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation_and_commercialization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation and commercialization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_and_commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_and_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_and_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Canada and United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_and_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Goji</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="توت القوجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توت القوجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji" title="Goji – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Goji" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%C5%BEi" title="Godži – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Godži" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Γκότζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκότζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baya_de_goji" title="Baya de goji – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baya de goji" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گوجی‌بری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوجی‌بری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_de_goji" title="Baie de goji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baie de goji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goxi" title="Goxi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Goxi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%B0%EC%9E%90" title="구기자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구기자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keci" title="Keci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacche_di_goji" title="Bacche di goji – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacche di goji" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji_beri" title="Goji beri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Goji beri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გოჯი ბერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გოჯი ბერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji_bogy%C3%B3" title="Goji bogyó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Goji bogyó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%89_(%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%87)" title="جوجى (فواكه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوجى (فواكه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji" title="Goji – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Goji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%93u-g%C4%AB" title="Gēu-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gēu-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji" title="Goji – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Goji" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji" title="Goji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Goji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji" title="Goji – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Goji" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83tin%C4%83_de_garduri" title="Cătină de garduri – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cătină de garduri" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji" title="Goji – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Goji" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goji" title="Goji – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Goji" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="گوندي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گوندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B8" title="Гоџи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гоџи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojimarja" title="Gojimarja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gojimarja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojib%C3%A4r" title="Gojibär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gojibär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80_(%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81)" title="గోజీ (పండు) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గోజీ (పండు)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaeujgij" title="Gaeujgij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gaeujgij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_kh%E1%BB%9Fi" title="Củ khởi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Củ khởi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2617260#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_medlar&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Red medlar">Red medlar</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fruit of Lycium barbarum</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Goji_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Goji (disambiguation)">Goji (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycium_barbarum_-_Wolfberries_China_7-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lycium_barbarum_-_Wolfberries_China_7-05.jpg/220px-Lycium_barbarum_-_Wolfberries_China_7-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lycium_barbarum_-_Wolfberries_China_7-05.jpg/330px-Lycium_barbarum_-_Wolfberries_China_7-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lycium_barbarum_-_Wolfberries_China_7-05.jpg/440px-Lycium_barbarum_-_Wolfberries_China_7-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><i>Lycium barbarum</i> berries (Tibetan goji) from <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycium_chinense(siamak_sabet)_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lycium_chinense%28siamak_sabet%29_%281%29.jpg/220px-Lycium_chinense%28siamak_sabet%29_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lycium_chinense%28siamak_sabet%29_%281%29.jpg/330px-Lycium_chinense%28siamak_sabet%29_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lycium_chinense%28siamak_sabet%29_%281%29.jpg/440px-Lycium_chinense%28siamak_sabet%29_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Lycium chinense</i> berries (Chinese wolfberry)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Goji</b>, <b>goji berry</b>, or <b>wolfberry</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">枸杞</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">gǒuqǐ</span></i>) is the sweet fruit of either <i><a href="/wiki/Lycium_barbarum" title="Lycium barbarum">Lycium barbarum</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Lycium_chinense" title="Lycium chinense">Lycium chinense</a></i>, two closely related species of <a href="/wiki/Lycium" title="Lycium">boxthorn</a> in the nightshade family, <a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flint-1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. barbarum</i> and <i>L. chinense</i> fruits are similar but can be distinguished by differences in taste and sugar content.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both of these species are native to East Asia,<sup id="cite_ref-Flint-1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flint-1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been long used in traditional <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">East Asian cuisine</a>. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> of the genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Lycium" title="Lycium">Lycium</a></i>, are given the common names, <i>desert-thorn</i> and <i>Berlandier's wolfberry</i> for the species, <i>Lycium berlandieri</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2024a_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2024a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fruit has also been an ingredient in East Asian traditional medicine, namely <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Japanese medicine">Japanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean medicine</a> since at least the 3rd century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee-2014_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kawahara-2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawahara-2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopeias</a>, the fruit of the plant is called by the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <i>lycii fructus</i> and the leaves are called <i>herba lycii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lycii_fructus-2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lycii_fructus-2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ray_Upton-2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray_Upton-2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since about 2000, goji berry and derived products have become common in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> as health foods or <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> remedies, extending from exaggerated and unproven claims about their health benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBCNews-2007_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBCNews-2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDC-2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDC-2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_naming">Etymology and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus name <i>Lycium</i> was assigned by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> in 1753.<sup id="cite_ref-ITIS-2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <i>lycium</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word λυκιον (<i>lykion</i>), used by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (23–79) and <a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> (ca. 40–90) for a plant known as dyer's buckthorn, which was probably a <i><a href="/wiki/Rhamnus_(plant)" title="Rhamnus (plant)">Rhamnus</a></i> species. The Greek word refers to the ancient region of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> (Λυκία) in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, where that plant grew.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin-2004_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-2004-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huxley-1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huxley-1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common English name, <i>wolfberry</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ITIS-2011_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRCS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRCS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has an unknown origin. It may have arisen from the mistaken assumption that the Latin name <i>Lycium</i> was derived from Greek λύκος (<i>lycos</i>), meaning "wolf".<sup id="cite_ref-Smal-2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smal-2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross-2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the English-speaking world, the name <i>goji berry</i> has been used since around 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKFSA-2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKFSA-2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKFAS-2007_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKFAS-2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>goji</i> is an approximation of the pronunciation of <i>gǒuqǐ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%B8%E6%9D%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:枸杞">枸杞</a>), the name for the berry-producing plant <i>L. chinense</i> in several Chinese dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Gross-2007_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japanese, it is known as 枸杞 (<i>kuko</i>), usually written in kana as クコ.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In technical botanical nomenclature, <i>L. barbarum</i> is called <b>matrimony vine</b>, while <i>L. chinense</i> is <b>Chinese desert-thorn</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-ITIS-2011_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITIS-2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, various common names are used for <i>Lycium</i> species and varieties, such as desert-thorn, boxthorn, matrimony vine, and wolfberry.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2024a_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2024a-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_East_Asian_cuisine">Traditional East Asian cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional East Asian cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Young wolfberry <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are harvested commercially as a <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leaf vegetable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The berries are used in dishes as either a <a href="/wiki/Garnish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garnish (food)">garnish</a> or a source of sweetness.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goji_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goji_berries.jpg/220px-Goji_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goji_berries.jpg/330px-Goji_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Goji_berries.jpg/440px-Goji_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Fresh goji berries (the wrinkling is due to <a href="/wiki/Postharvest" title="Postharvest">postharvest</a> dehydration)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lycium_chinense_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lycium_chinense_MHNT.jpg/265px-Lycium_chinense_MHNT.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lycium_chinense_MHNT.jpg/398px-Lycium_chinense_MHNT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lycium_chinense_MHNT.jpg/530px-Lycium_chinense_MHNT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6141" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption>Dried goji berries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WolfberrySeedOil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/WolfberrySeedOil.png/220px-WolfberrySeedOil.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/WolfberrySeedOil.png/330px-WolfberrySeedOil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/WolfberrySeedOil.png/440px-WolfberrySeedOil.png 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Oil extracted from the seeds of <i><a href="/wiki/Lycium_barbarum" title="Lycium barbarum">Lycium barbarum</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the early 21st century, the dried fruit, occasionally compared to <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, has been marketed as a health food, with unsupported <a href="/wiki/Health_claim" title="Health claim">health claims</a> about its benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross-2007_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKFSA-2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKFSA-2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of those claims, dried and fresh goji berries were included in many snack foods and <a href="/wiki/Food_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Food supplements">food supplements</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Granola" title="Granola">granola</a> bars.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are products of whole and ground wolfberry seeds and seed oil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing_controversies">Marketing controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marketing controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exaggerated claims about the health benefits of goji berry and derived products have triggered strong reactions from government regulatory agencies. In 2019–2020, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) placed two goji product distributors on notice with <a href="/wiki/FDA_warning_letter" title="FDA warning letter">warning letters</a> about unproven therapeutic benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advertisers' statements were in violation of the United States Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act [21 USC/321 (g)(1)]<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2024_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2024-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because they "establish[ed] the product as a drug intended for use in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease" when goji ingredients have had no such scientific evaluation. Additionally stated by the FDA, the goji products are "not <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe_and_effective" title="Generally recognized as safe and effective">generally recognized as safe and effective</a> for the referenced conditions" and therefore must be treated as a "new drug" under Section 21(p) of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2019_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2020_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New drugs may not be legally marketed in the United States without prior approval of the FDA.<sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2019_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USDA-2020_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA-2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2007, marketing statements for a goji juice product were the subject of an investigative report by consumer advocacy program <i><a href="/wiki/Marketplace_(Canadian_TV_program)" title="Marketplace (Canadian TV program)">Marketplace</a></i> produced by Canadian <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcaster</a> <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBCNews-2007_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBCNews-2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the interview, Earl Mindell (then working for direct-marketing company <i><a href="/wiki/FreeLife" title="FreeLife">FreeLife</a> International, Inc.</i>) falsely claimed the <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Sloan-Kettering_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center">Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center</a> in New York had completed clinical studies showing that use of wolfberry juice would prevent 75% of human breast cancer cases.<sup id="cite_ref-CBCNews-2007_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBCNews-2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the extreme claims used to market goji berries or its juice, often referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Superfood" title="Superfood">superfruit</a>", is the unsupported story that a Chinese man named <a href="/wiki/Li_Qing_Yuen" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Qing Yuen">Li Qing Yuen</a>, who was said to have consumed wolfberries daily, lived to the age of 256 years (1677–1933). This claim apparently originated in a 2003 booklet by <a href="/wiki/Earl_Mindell" title="Earl Mindell">Earl Mindell</a>, who claimed also that goji had <a href="/wiki/Anticarcinogen" title="Anticarcinogen">anti-cancer</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-Mindell-2003_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mindell-2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The booklet contained false and unverified claims.<sup id="cite_ref-CBCNews-2007_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBCNews-2007-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross-2007_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 May 2009, a <a href="/wiki/Class_action_lawsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Class action lawsuit">class action lawsuit</a> was filed against FreeLife in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court">United States District Court</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. This lawsuit alleged false claims, misrepresentations, false and deceptive advertising and other issues regarding FreeLife's Himalayan Goji Juice, GoChi, and TaiSlim products. This lawsuit sought remedies for consumers who had purchased the products over years.<sup id="cite_ref-USDC-2009_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDC-2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A settlement agreement was reached on 28 April 2010, where FreeLife took steps to ensure that its goji products were not marketed as "unheated" or "raw", and made a contribution to an educational organization.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with many other novel "health" foods and supplements, the lack of clinical evidence and poor quality control in the manufacture of consumer products prevent goji from being clinically recommended or applied.<sup id="cite_ref-Potterat-2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potterat-2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the numerous effects claimed by <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, there has been considerable <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> to investigate biological properties of the fruit <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>. The composition of the fruits, seeds, roots, and other constituents, such as <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, has been analyzed, and <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracts</a> are under study.<sup id="cite_ref-Potterat-2010_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potterat-2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biological effects that have been confirmed is that some compounds found within the berry has been shown to lower blood sugar, as of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross-2007_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_with_drugs">Interaction with drugs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interaction with drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a> testing suggests that unidentified wolfberry <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a> in goji tea may inhibit <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of medications, such as those processed by the <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Liver_function_tests" title="Liver function tests">liver enzymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such drugs include <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a> and drugs for <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedlinePlus-2024-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pesticide_and_fungicide_residues">Pesticide and fungicide residues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pesticide and fungicide residues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Organochloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochloride">Organochlorine</a> <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> are conventionally used in commercial wolfberry cultivation to mitigate infestation by insects. China's Green Food Standard, administered by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture's <a href="/wiki/China_Green_Food_Development_Center" title="China Green Food Development Center">China Green Food Development Center</a>, permits some pesticide and herbicide use.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a> (where many "Himalayan" or "Tibetan"-branded berries supposedly originate) conventionally uses fertilizers and pesticides, making organic claims for berries originating there dubious.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 21st century, high levels of <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a> residues (including <a href="/wiki/Fenvalerate" title="Fenvalerate">fenvalerate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypermethrin" title="Cypermethrin">cypermethrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acetamiprid" title="Acetamiprid">acetamiprid</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a> residues (such as <a href="/wiki/Triazole" title="Triazole">triadimenol</a> and isoprothiolane), have been detected by the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> in some imported wolfberries and wolfberry products of Chinese origin, leading to the seizure of these products.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_and_commercialization">Cultivation and commercialization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultivation and commercialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goji_dried_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Goji_dried_berries.jpg/220px-Goji_dried_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Goji_dried_berries.jpg/330px-Goji_dried_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Goji_dried_berries.jpg/440px-Goji_dried_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Dried goji berries on sale in a market in France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goji_Berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Goji_Berries.jpg/235px-Goji_Berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Goji_Berries.jpg/353px-Goji_Berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Goji_Berries.jpg/470px-Goji_Berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Defrosted goji berries</figcaption></figure> <p>Wolfberries are most often sold in <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried form</a>. </p><p>When ripe, the oblong, red berries are tender and must be picked or shaken from the vine into trays to avoid spoiling. The fruits are preserved by drying them in full sun on open trays or by mechanical dehydration, employing a progressively increasing series of heat exposure over 48 hours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>China is the main supplier of wolfberry products in the world, with total exports generating US$120 million in 2004. This production derived from 82,000 hectares (200,000 acres) farmed nationwide, yielding 95,000 tons of wolfberries.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Daily-2004_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Daily-2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of commercially produced wolfberry (50,000 tons in 2013, accounting for 45% of China's total yield) comes from <i>L. barbarum</i> plantations in the <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in Northwestern China.<sup id="cite_ref-China_Daily-2004_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Daily-2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultivation is centered in <a href="/wiki/Zhongning_County" title="Zhongning County">Zhongning County</a>, Ningxia, where wolfberry plantations typically range between 40 and 400 hectares (100–1000 acres or 500–6000 <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_units_of_measurement#Area" title="Chinese units of measurement">mu</a></i>) in area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ningxia goji has been cultivated along the fertile <a href="/wiki/Floodplains" class="mw-redirect" title="Floodplains">floodplains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> for more than 700 years. They are sometimes described commercially as "red diamonds".<sup id="cite_ref-China_Daily-2004_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China_Daily-2004-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The region has developed an industrial association of growers, processors, marketers, and scholars of wolfberry cultivation to promote the berry's commercial and export potential.<sup id="cite_ref-People'sDaily–2001_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People'sDaily–2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> goji is the variety used by practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-People'sDaily–2001_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-People'sDaily–2001-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wolfberries are celebrated each August in Ningxia with an annual festival coinciding with the berry harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-XinhuaNewsAgency_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XinhuaNewsAgency-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally held in Ningxia's capital, <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>, the festival has been based since 2000 in Zhongning County.<sup id="cite_ref-XinhuaNewsAgency_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XinhuaNewsAgency-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides Ningxia, commercial volumes of wolfberries grow in the Chinese regions of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, Qinghai, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, Shaanxi, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lycium barbarum</i> had been introduced in the United Kingdom in the 1730s by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_3rd_Duke_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll">The Duke of Argyll</a>, but the plant was mostly used for hedges and decorative gardening.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIN-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK <a href="/wiki/Food_Standards_Agency" title="Food Standards Agency">Food Standards Agency</a> (FSA) had initially placed goji berry in the Novel Foods list.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That classification would have required authorisation from the European Council and Parliament for marketing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, on 18 June 2007, the FSA concluded that there was a significant history of consumption of the fruit before 1997, indicating its safety, and thus removed it from the list.<sup id="cite_ref-UKFAS-2007_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKFAS-2007-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_and_United_States">Canada and United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada and United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first decade of the 21st century, farmers in Canada and the United States began cultivating goji on a commercial scale to meet potential markets for fresh berries, juice, and processed products.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia imports the majority of its goji berries from China, due to how expensive the Australian labour force is in comparison with the countries that have the largest share of the current market.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gouqi_jiu" title="Gouqi jiu">Gouqi jiu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Flint-1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flint-1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flint-1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlint1997" class="citation book cs1">Flint, Harrison Leigh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1_fAywb_bkC&pg=PA326">"<i>Lycium barbarum</i>"</a>. <i>Landscape plants for eastern North America: exclusive of Florida and the immediate Gulf Coast</i>. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59919-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59919-7"><bdi>978-0-471-59919-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lycium+barbarum&rft.btitle=Landscape+plants+for+eastern+North+America%3A+exclusive+of+Florida+and+the+immediate+Gulf+Coast&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-59919-7&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=Harrison+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ1_fAywb_bkC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee-2014_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee-2014_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKimKimLee2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, HW; Kim, YH; Kim, YH; Lee, GH; Lee, MY (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4161546">"Discrimination of Lycium chinense and Lycium barbarum by taste pattern and betaine analysis"</a>. <i>International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine</i>. <b>7</b> (8): 2053–9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-5901">1940-5901</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4161546">4161546</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25232386">25232386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Clinical+and+Experimental+Medicine&rft.atitle=Discrimination+of+Lycium+chinense+and+Lycium+barbarum+by+taste+pattern+and+betaine+analysis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2053-9&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4161546%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1940-5901&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25232386&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=HW&rft.au=Kim%2C+YH&rft.au=Kim%2C+YH&rft.au=Lee%2C+GH&rft.au=Lee%2C+MY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4161546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA-2024a-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDA-2024a_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDA-2024a_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/home/basicSearchResults?resultId=39ba57ad-a8a0-401c-ab9e-0a18a3df33dc">"Lycium (from Search)"</a>. US Department of Agriculture. 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lycium+%28from+Search%29&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.usda.gov%2Fhome%2FbasicSearchResults%3FresultId%3D39ba57ad-a8a0-401c-ab9e-0a18a3df33dc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawahara-2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kawahara-2011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobuo Kawahara, ed. (2011): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihs.go.jp/dpp/FHH/pdf/FHH_compar_table_with_intro_ver1_20110414.pdf">Comparative Studies on Pharmacopoeial Definitions, Requirements and Information for Crude Drugs among FHH Member Countries in 2007</a>". <i>Western Pacific Regional Forum for the Harmonization of Herbal Medicines</i> (FHH). Online document, accessed on 12 June 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lycii_fructus-2019-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lycii_fructus-2019_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edqm.eu/sites/default/files/indexlatin93e-june2017.pdf">Lycii fructus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190103192543/http://www.edqm.eu/sites/default/files/indexlatin93e-june2017.pdf">Archived</a> 3 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>European Pharmacopoea 9.3</i>, page 4812</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray_Upton-2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_Upton-2010_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray Upton et al., editors (2010): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AmericanHerbalPharmacopoeiaBotanicalPharmacognosyMicroscopicCharacterizationOfBotanicalMedicines/American%20Herbal%20Pharmacopoeia%20Botanical%20Pharmacognosy%20Microscopic%20Characterization%20of%20Botanical%20Medicines#page/n491/mode/2up/search/lycii"><i>Lycium chinense</i> Mill, <i>L. barbarum</i> L., Lycium fruit, <i>Lycii fructus</i></a>". In <i>American Herbal Pharmacopoeia Botanical Pharmacognosy: Microscopic Characterization Of Botanical Medicines</i>, page 468. Published by CRC Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MedlinePlus-2024-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MedlinePlus-2024_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/1025.html">"Lycium"</a>. <i>MedlinePlus</i>. National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 4 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Lycium&rft.date=2024-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fdruginfo%2Fnatural%2F1025.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBCNews-2007-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CBCNews-2007_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBCNews-2007_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBCNews-2007_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CBCNews-2007_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202031115/http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/2007/01/goji.html">"Getting Juiced"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i>. 17 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/marketplace/2007/01/goji.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Getting+Juiced&rft.date=2007-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fmarketplace%2F2007%2F01%2Fgoji.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDC-2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USDC-2009_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USDC-2009_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Arizona2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court">United States District Court</a> for the District of Arizona (29 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801124833/http://www.gojitrees.com/FreeLifeClassActionLawsuit%5B1%5D.pdf">"Class action lawsuit against FreeLife International, Inc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gojitrees.com/FreeLifeClassActionLawsuit%5B1%5D.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodstock+Sentinel+Review&rft.atitle=Fairground+family+first+to+gamble+on+gojis&rft.date=2008-07-30&rft.aulast=Boutin&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodstocksentinelreview.com%2F2008%2F07%2F30%2Ffairground-family-first-to-gamble-on-gojis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarp2009" class="citation news cs1">Karp, D (5 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/features/food/la-fo-goji5-2009aug05,0,1276183.story">"Goji taunts North American farmers"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times – Food</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Rural&rft.atitle=Hundreds+of+Australian+farmers+growing+goji+berries%2C+but+none+selling+yet&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft.aulast=Wainwright&rft.aufirst=Sofie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Frural%2F2015-09-30%2Frural-nsw-goji%2F6814060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoji" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goji&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wolfberry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:wolfberry">wolfberry</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9E%B8%E6%9D%9E%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:枸杞子">枸杞子</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Goji_berries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Goji berries">Goji berries</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020536">Flora of China citation for <i>L. barbarum</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements<br /> ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<sub>1</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<sub>2</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<sub>3</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<sub>5</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B<sub>6</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B<sub>7</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B<sub>9</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B<sub>12</sub>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common <br />ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)" title="Spirulina (dietary supplement)">Spirulina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum#Medicinal_uses" title="Hypericum perforatum">St John's wort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurine" title="Taurine">Taurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatgrass" title="Wheatgrass">Wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wolfberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_gluconate" title="Zinc gluconate">Zinc gluconate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyte" title="Enzyte">Enzyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a 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