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id="toc-Species_and_species_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_and_species_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Species and species groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_and_species_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Origin and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Timeline of genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Flatfish</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%AD" title="السمك المفلطح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السمك المفلطح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambalakimil%C9%99r" title="Kambalakimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kambalakimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Камбалападобныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камбалападобныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Писиеподобни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Писиеподобни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%BDsi" title="Platýsi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Platýsi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fladfisk" title="Fladfisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fladfisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattfische" title="Plattfische – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plattfische" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BCt%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81h%C3%AD" title="Łóóʼtʼą́hí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łóóʼtʼą́hí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lestalised_(kalad)" title="Lestalised (kalad) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lestalised (kalad)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ple%C5%ADronektoformaj" title="Pleŭronektoformaj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pleŭronektoformaj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronektiforme" title="Pleuronektiforme – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pleuronektiforme" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%81%D8%B4%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="کفشک‌ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کفشک‌ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%90%EB%AF%B8%EB%AA%A9" title="가자미목 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가자미목" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosnatice" title="Plosnatice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plosnatice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_datar" title="Ikan datar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikan datar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfiskar" title="Flatfiskar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flatfiskar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סוליתאים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוליתאים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კამბალასნაირნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კამბალასნაირნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Камбала сымалдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Камбала сымалдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plek%C5%A1nia%C5%BEuv%C4%97s" title="Plekšniažuvės – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plekšniažuvės" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lep%C3%A9nyhalalak%C3%BAak" title="Lepényhalalakúak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lepényhalalakúak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%AD" title="السمك المفلطح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السمك المفلطح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectoidei" title="Pleuronectoidei – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pleuronectoidei" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platvissen" title="Platvissen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Platvissen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E7%9B%AE" title="カレイ目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カレイ目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platfasker" title="Platfasker – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Platfasker" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyndrefisker" title="Flyndrefisker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flyndrefisker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyndrefisk" title="Flyndrefisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flyndrefisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattfisch" title="Plattfisch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plattfisch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C4%85drokszta%C5%82tne" title="Flądrokształtne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flądrokształtne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" title="Pleuronectiformes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pleuronectiformes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiforme" title="Pleuronectiforme – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleuronectiforme" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Камбалообразные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Камбалообразные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Flatfish" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flatfish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pljosnatice" title="Pljosnatice – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the album by Flook, see <a href="/wiki/Flatfish_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatfish (album)">Flatfish (album)</a>. For the move in shogi, see <a href="/wiki/Flatfish_(shogi)" title="Flatfish (shogi)">Flatfish (shogi)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Flatfish<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Late Paleocene–Recent</span><sup id="cite_ref-EoF_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.94953846154px; width:20.050461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.94953846154px; width:20.050461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:200.94953846154px; width:18.050461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BonyFlatfish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BonyFlatfish.jpg/250px-BonyFlatfish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BonyFlatfish.jpg/330px-BonyFlatfish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/BonyFlatfish.jpg/500px-BonyFlatfish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="381" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Illustration of different flatfish by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Brehm" title="Alfred Brehm">Brehm</a> (1865), including <a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pleuronectoidei" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carangiformes" title="Carangiformes">Carangiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pleuronectoidei</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Cuvier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuvier">Cuvier</a>, 1817<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Pleuronectes_platessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuronectes platessa">Pleuronectes platessa</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGW-2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGW-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Polynemidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynemidae">Polynemidae</a> (threadfins)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Psettodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psettodidae">Psettodidae</a> (spiny turbots)</dd> <dd>Superfamily Citharoidea <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Citharidae" title="Citharidae">Citharidae</a> (largescale flounders)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Superfamily Pleuronectoidea <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scophthalmidae" title="Scophthalmidae">Scophthalmidae</a> (turbots)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paralichthyidae" title="Paralichthyidae">Paralichthyidae</a> (large-tooth flounders)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pleuronectidae" title="Pleuronectidae">Pleuronectidae</a> (righteye flounders)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bothidae" title="Bothidae">Bothidae</a> (lefteye flounders)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Superfamily Soleoidea <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Paralichthodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralichthodidae">Paralichthodidae</a> (measles flounders)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Poecilopsettidae" title="Poecilopsettidae">Poecilopsettidae</a> (bigeye flounders)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhombosoleidae" title="Rhombosoleidae">Rhombosoleidae</a> (rhombosoleids)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Achiropsettidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiropsettidae">Achiropsettidae</a> (southern flounders)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samaridae" title="Samaridae">Samaridae</a> (crested flounders)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Achiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiridae">Achiridae</a> (American soles)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soleidae" title="Soleidae">Soleidae</a> (true soles)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynoglossidae">Cynoglossidae</a> (tonguefishes)</dd></dl></dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Heterosamata <small>Jordan & Evermann, 1896</small></li> <li>Pleuronectiformes <small>Regan, 1910</small></li> <li>Soleiformes <small>Regan, 1910</small></li> <li>Polynemoidei <small>Regan, 1909</small></li> <li>Pleuronectoideo <small>Girard <i>et al</i>, 2020</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>flatfish</b> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned</a> <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal fish</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">superorder</a> <b>Pleuronectoidei</b>, also called the Heterosomata. In many species, both eyes lie on one side of the head, one or the other migrating through or around the head during development. Some species face their left sides upward, some face their right sides upward, and others face either side upward. The most primitive members of the group, the <a href="/wiki/Threadfin" title="Threadfin">threadfins</a>, do not resemble the flatfish but are their closest relatives. </p><p>Many important <a href="/wiki/Food_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fish">food fish</a> are in this order, including the <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">soles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>. Some flatfish can <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> themselves on the ocean floor. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to their highly distinctive morphology, flatfishes were previously treated as belonging to their own order, Pleuronectiformes. However, more recent taxonomic studies have found them to group within a diverse group of nektonic marine fishes known as the <a href="/wiki/Carangiformes" title="Carangiformes">Carangiformes</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Carangidae" title="Carangidae">jacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a>. Specifically, flatfish are most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Threadfin" title="Threadfin">threadfins</a>, which are now also placed in the suborder Pleuronectoidei. Together, the group is most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Archerfish" title="Archerfish">archerfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beachsalmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Beachsalmon">beachsalmons</a> within <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxotoidei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxotoidei (page does not exist)">Toxotoidei</a>. Due to this, they are now treated as a suborder of the Carangiformes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over 800 described species are placed into 16 families.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they were treated as an order, the flatfishes are divided into two suborders, Psettodoidei and Pleuronectoidei, with > 99% of the species diversity found within the Pleuronectoidei.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest families are <a href="/wiki/Soleidae" title="Soleidae">Soleidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bothidae" title="Bothidae">Bothidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonguefish" title="Tonguefish">Cynoglossidae</a> with more than 150 species each. There also exist two monotypic families (<a href="/wiki/Paralichthodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralichthodidae">Paralichthodidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oncopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncopteridae">Oncopteridae</a>). Some families are the results of relatively recent splits. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Achiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiridae">Achiridae</a> were classified as a subfamily of Soleidae in the past, and the <a href="/wiki/Samaridae" title="Samaridae">Samaridae</a> were considered a subfamily of the Pleuronectidae.<sup id="cite_ref-RandallHawaii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandallHawaii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CopperChapleau_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopperChapleau-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The families <a href="/wiki/Paralichthodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralichthodidae">Paralichthodidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poecilopsettidae" title="Poecilopsettidae">Poecilopsettidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhombosoleidae" title="Rhombosoleidae">Rhombosoleidae</a> were also traditionally treated as subfamilies of Pleuronectidae, but are now recognised as families in their own right.<sup id="cite_ref-CopperChapleau_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CopperChapleau-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nelson-2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGW-2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGW-2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Paralichthyidae" title="Paralichthyidae">Paralichthyidae</a> has long been indicated to be paraphyletic, with the formal description of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopsettidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclopsettidae (page does not exist)">Cyclopsettidae</a> in 2019 resulting in the split of this family as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of some groups is in need of a review. The last <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> covering the entire order was <a href="/wiki/John_Roxborough_Norman" title="John Roxborough Norman">John Roxborough Norman</a>'s <i>Monograph of the Flatfishes</i> published in 1934. In particular, <i><a href="/wiki/Tephrinectes_sinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tephrinectes sinensis">Tephrinectes sinensis</a></i> may represent a family-level lineage and requires further evaluation e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_species" class="mw-redirect" title="New species">New species</a> are described with some regularity and <a href="/wiki/Undescribed_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Undescribed species">undescribed species</a> likely remain.<sup id="cite_ref-RandallHawaii_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandallHawaii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">Hybrids</a> are well known in flatfishes. The Pleuronectidae have the largest number of reported hybrids of marine fishes.<sup id="cite_ref-hybridsole_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybridsole-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Intergeneric_hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergeneric hybrid">intergeneric hybrids</a> are between the <a href="/wiki/European_plaice" title="European plaice">European plaice</a> (<i>Pleuronectes platessa</i>) and <a href="/wiki/European_flounder" title="European flounder">European flounder</a> (<i>Platichthys flesus</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between the <a href="/wiki/English_sole" title="English sole">English sole</a> (<i>Parophrys vetulus</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Starry_flounder" title="Starry flounder">starry flounder</a> (<i>Platichthys stellatus</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>. The offspring of the latter species pair is popularly known as the hybrid sole and was initially believed to be a valid species in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-hybridsole_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybridsole-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flatfishes are found in oceans worldwide, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, through the tropics, to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Species diversity is centered in the Indo-West Pacific and declines following both latitudinal and longitudinal gradients away from the Indo-West Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species are found in depths between 0 and 500 m (1,600 ft), but a few have been recorded from depths in excess of 1,500 m (4,900 ft). None have been confirmed from the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abyssal">abyssal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hadal_zone" title="Hadal zone">hadal zones</a>. An observation of a flatfish from the <a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste">Bathyscaphe Trieste</a> at the bottom of the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a> at a depth of almost 11 km (36,000 ft) has been questioned by fish experts, and recent authorities do not recognize it as valid.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the deepwater species, <i><a href="/wiki/Symphurus_thermophilus" title="Symphurus thermophilus">Symphurus thermophilus</a></i> lives congregating around "ponds" of <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a> on the seafloor. No other flatfish is known from hydrothermal vents.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species will enter <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> or fresh water, and a smaller number of soles (families <a href="/wiki/Achiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiridae">Achiridae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soleidae" title="Soleidae">Soleidae</a>) and tonguefish (<a href="/wiki/Cynoglossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynoglossidae">Cynoglossidae</a>) are entirely restricted to fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg/220px-Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Flatfish are asymmetric, with both eyes lying on the same side of the head</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Platichthys_flesus_-_en.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platichthys_flesus_-_en.pdf/page1-220px-Platichthys_flesus_-_en.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platichthys_flesus_-_en.pdf/page1-330px-Platichthys_flesus_-_en.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Platichthys_flesus_-_en.pdf/page1-440px-Platichthys_flesus_-_en.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1343" /></a><figcaption>European flounder, like other flatfish, experience an eye migration during their lifetime.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most obvious characteristic of the flatfish is its <a href="/wiki/Asymmetry" title="Asymmetry">asymmetry</a>, with both eyes lying on the same side of the head in the adult fish. In some families, the eyes are usually on the right side of the body (dextral or right-eyed flatfish), and in others, they are usually on the left (sinistral or left-eyed flatfish). The primitive <a href="/wiki/Spiny_turbot" title="Spiny turbot">spiny turbots</a> include equal numbers of right- and left-sided individuals, and are generally less asymmetrical than the other families.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other distinguishing features of the order are the presence of protrusible eyes, another adaptation to living on the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">seabed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthos</a>), and the extension of the dorsal fin onto the head. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polynemus_paradiseus_Ford_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polynemus_paradiseus_Ford_42.jpg/220px-Polynemus_paradiseus_Ford_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polynemus_paradiseus_Ford_42.jpg/330px-Polynemus_paradiseus_Ford_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Polynemus_paradiseus_Ford_42.jpg/440px-Polynemus_paradiseus_Ford_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Polynemus" title="Polynemus">Polynemus</a></i>, a threadfin, belongs to the same group as flatfish, but looks completely different</figcaption></figure> <p>The most basal members of the group, the <a href="/wiki/Threadfin" title="Threadfin">threadfins</a>, do not closely resemble the flatfishes. </p><p>The surface of the fish facing away from the sea floor is pigmented, often serving to <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> the fish, but sometimes with striking coloured patterns. Some flatfishes are also able to change their pigmentation to match the background, in a manner similar to some <a href="/wiki/Cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopods">cephalopods</a>. The side of the body without the eyes, facing the seabed, is usually colourless or very pale.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, flatfishes rely on their camouflage for avoiding predators, but some have <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematic</a> traits such as conspicuous <a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">eyespots</a> (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Microchirus_ocellatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Microchirus ocellatus">Microchirus ocellatus</a></i>) and several small tropical species (at least <i><a href="/wiki/Aseraggodes" title="Aseraggodes">Aseraggodes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pardachirus" title="Pardachirus">Pardachirus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zebrias" title="Zebrias">Zebrias</a></i>) are poisonous.<sup id="cite_ref-RandallHawaii_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RandallHawaii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juveniles of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soleichthys_maculosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soleichthys maculosus (page does not exist)">Soleichthys maculosus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Mimic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimic">mimic</a> toxic flatworms of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudobiceros" title="Pseudobiceros">Pseudobiceros</a></i> in both colours and swimming mode.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, a few <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a> species have been reported to mimic flatfishes in colours, shape and swimming mode.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounders</a> and spiny turbots eat smaller fish, and have well-developed teeth. They sometimes seek prey in the midwater, away from the bottom, and show fewer extreme adaptations than other families. The <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">soles</a>, by contrast, are almost exclusively bottom-dwellers, and feed on invertebrates. They show a more extreme asymmetry, and may lack teeth on one side of the jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flatfishes range in size from <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarphops_oligolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarphops oligolepis (page does not exist)">Tarphops oligolepis</a></i>, measuring about 4.5 cm (1.8 in) in length, and weighing 2 g (0.071 oz), to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_halibut" title="Atlantic halibut">Atlantic halibut</a>, at 2.5 m (8.2 ft) and 316 kg (697 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; font-size:125%;">Commercial fish</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_walleye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/75px-Blue_walleye.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/113px-Blue_walleye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/150px-Blue_walleye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Large predatory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#Species" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonito#Species" title="Bonito">bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel#Species" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon#Species" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Etymology" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Commercial_species" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Species" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden#Taxonomy" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Species" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alosidae" title="Alosidae">shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat#Species" title="Sprat">sprat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod#Species" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel#Commercial_species" title="Eel">eel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Species_and_species_groups">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock#Species" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> Mixed</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Species" title="Carp">carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#Species" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_fish" title="Template:Common fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_fish" title="Template talk:Common fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_and_species_groups">Species and species groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Species and species groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brill_(fish)" title="Brill (fish)">Brill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_dab" title="Common dab">Dab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanddab" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanddab">Sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megrim" title="Megrim">Megrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">Plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonguefish" title="Tonguefish">Tonguefish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">Turbot</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flatfishes lay eggs that hatch into larvae resembling typical, symmetrical, fish. These are initially elongated, but quickly develop into a more rounded form. The larvae typically have protective spines on the head, over the gills, and in the pelvic and pectoral fins. They also possess a <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladder</a>, and do not dwell on the bottom, instead dispersing from their hatching grounds as <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoF_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoF-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The length of the planktonic stage varies between different types of flatfishes, but eventually they begin to metamorphose into the adult form. One of the eyes migrates across the top of the head and onto the other side of the body, leaving the fish blind on one side. The larva also loses its swim bladder and spines, and sinks to the bottom, laying its blind side on the underlying surface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_evolution">Origin and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientists have been proposing since the 1910s that flatfishes evolved from <a href="/wiki/Percoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Percoidea">percoid</a> ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Regan_1910_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regan_1910-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been some disagreement whether they are a monophyletic group. Some palaeontologists think that some percomorph groups other than flatfishes were "experimenting" with head asymmetry during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bannikov&Zorzin_2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bannikov&Zorzin_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bannikov&Zorzin_2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bannikov&Zorzin_2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain molecular studies conclude that the primitive family of <a href="/wiki/Psettodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psettodidae">Psettodidae</a> evolved their flat bodies and asymmetrical head independently of other flatfish groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_et.al_2013_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_et.al_2013-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_et.al_2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_et.al_2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scientists, however, argue that pleuronectiformes are <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duarte-Ribeiro_et.al.2024_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duarte-Ribeiro_et.al.2024-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fossil record indicates that flatfishes might have been present before the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>, based on fossil <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otoliths</a> resembling those of modern pleuronectiforms dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Thanetian" title="Thanetian">Thanetian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a> stages (57-53 million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarzhans1999_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzhans1999-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flatfishes have been cited as dramatic examples of evolutionary adaptation. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i>, explains the flatfishes' evolutionary history thus: </p> <blockquote><p>...bony fish as a rule have a marked tendency to be flattened in a vertical direction.... It was natural, therefore, that when the ancestors of [flatfish] took to the sea bottom, they should have lain on one <i>side</i>.... But this raised the problem that one eye was always looking down into the sand and was effectively useless. In evolution this problem was solved by the lower eye 'moving' round to the upper side.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amphistium.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amphistium.JPG/220px-Amphistium.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amphistium.JPG/330px-Amphistium.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amphistium.JPG/440px-Amphistium.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption>Fossil of <i><a href="/wiki/Amphistium" title="Amphistium">Amphistium</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the unusual morphology of flatfishes was enigmatic up to the 2000s, and early researchers suggested that it came about as a result of <a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">saltation</a> rather than gradual evolution through natural selection, because a partially migrated eye were considered to have been maladaptive. This started to change in 2008 with a study on the two fossil genera <i><a href="/wiki/Amphistium" title="Amphistium">Amphistium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Heteronectes" title="Heteronectes">Heteronectes</a></i>, dated to about 50 million years ago. These genera retain primitive features not seen in modern types of flatfishes. In addition, their heads are less asymmetric than modern flatfishes, retaining one eye on each side of their heads, although the eye on one side is closer to the top of the head than on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NaEvo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaEvo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more recently described fossil genera <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quasinectes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quasinectes (page does not exist)">Quasinectes</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Bannikov&Zorzin_2019_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bannikov&Zorzin_2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anorevus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anorevus (page does not exist)">Anorevus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Bannikov&Zorzin_2020_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bannikov&Zorzin_2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been proposed to show similar morphologies and have also been classified as "stem pleuronectiforms". Suchs findings lead Friedman to conclude that the evolution of flatfish morphology "happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution via <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>—not suddenly, as researchers once had little choice but to believe."<sup id="cite_ref-NaEvo_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaEvo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To explain the survival advantage of a partially migrated eye, it has been proposed that primitive flatfishes like <i>Amphistium</i> rested with the head propped up above the seafloor (a behaviour sometimes observed in modern flatfishes), enabling them to use their partially migrated eye to see things closer to the seafloor.<sup id="cite_ref-Janvier_2008_p169-170_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janvier_2008_p169-170-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While known basal genera like <i>Amphistium</i> and <i>Heteronectes</i> support a gradual acquisition of the flatfish morphology, they were probably not direct ancestors to living pleuronectiforms, as fossil evidence indicate that most flatfish lineages living today were present in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> and contemporaneous with them.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_2008_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the more primitive forms were eventually outcompeted.<sup id="cite_ref-NaEvo_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaEvo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The European plaice is the principal commercial flatfish in Europe."><img alt="The European plaice is the principal commercial flatfish in Europe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg/239px-Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg/359px-Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg/478px-Pleuronectes_platessa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/European_plaice" title="European plaice">European plaice</a> is the principal commercial flatfish in Europe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lined_sole.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="American soles are found in both freshwater and marine environments of the Americas."><img alt="American soles are found in both freshwater and marine environments of the Americas." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lined_sole.jpg/264px-Lined_sole.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lined_sole.jpg/396px-Lined_sole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lined_sole.jpg/529px-Lined_sole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/American_sole" title="American sole">American soles</a> are found in both freshwater and marine environments of the Americas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_2007_071.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halibut are the largest of the flatfishes, and provide lucrative fisheries."><img alt="Halibut are the largest of the flatfishes, and provide lucrative fisheries." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alaska_2007_071.jpg/240px-Alaska_2007_071.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alaska_2007_071.jpg/360px-Alaska_2007_071.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Alaska_2007_071.jpg/480px-Alaska_2007_071.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a> are the largest of the flatfishes, and provide lucrative fisheries.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The turbot is a large, left-eyed flatfish found in sandy shallow coastal waters around Europe."><img alt="The turbot is a large, left-eyed flatfish found in sandy shallow coastal waters around Europe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg/243px-Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg/364px-Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg/485px-Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3539" data-file-height="2627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a> is a large, left-eyed flatfish found in sandy shallow coastal waters around Europe.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flatfish-lefteyed-flounder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flatfish (left‐eyed flounder)"><img alt="Flatfish (left‐eyed flounder)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flatfish-lefteyed-flounder.jpg/270px-Flatfish-lefteyed-flounder.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flatfish-lefteyed-flounder.jpg/405px-Flatfish-lefteyed-flounder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flatfish-lefteyed-flounder.jpg/540px-Flatfish-lefteyed-flounder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flatfish (left‐eyed flounder)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flatfish is considered a <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of the high concentration of oils within its liver. Its lean flesh makes for a unique flavor that differs from species to species. Methods of cooking include grilling, pan-frying, baking and deep-frying. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_genera">Timeline of genera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Timeline of genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_1t1vnrelixuzj2d9e7ps64sjtvuooon"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Quaternary" coords="451,660,502,684" title="Quaternary" alt="Quaternary" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neogene" coords="351,660,436,684" title="Neogene" alt="Neogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleogene" coords="118,660,216,684" title="Paleogene" alt="Paleogene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Holocene" coords="460,631,512,655" title="Holocene" alt="Holocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Pleist." coords="434,631,519,655" title="Pleist." 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href="/wiki/Pleist." coords="434,39,519,63" title="Pleist." alt="Pleist." /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Plio." coords="422,39,493,63" title="Plio." alt="Plio." /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Miocene" coords="341,39,426,63" title="Miocene" alt="Miocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Oligocene" coords="232,39,330,63" title="Oligocene" alt="Oligocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Eocene" coords="124,39,202,63" title="Eocene" alt="Eocene" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paleocene" coords="0,39,98,63" title="Paleocene" alt="Paleocene" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_1t1vnrelixuzj2d9e7ps64sjtvuooon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/1t1vnrelixuzj2d9e7ps64sjtvuooon.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pleuronectoidei" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pleuronectoidei">Pleuronectoidei</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinistral_and_dextral" title="Sinistral and dextral">Sinistral and dextral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EoF-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoF_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoF_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoF_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoF_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoF_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoF_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChapleau,_FrancoisAmaoka,_Kunio1998" class="citation book cs1">Chapleau, Francois; Amaoka, Kunio (1998). 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Retrieved 18 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellChanetChenLee2019" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Matthew A.; Chanet, Bruno; Chen, Jhen-Nien; Lee, Mao-Ying; Chen, Wei-Jen (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-03971070/file/Campbell%20et%20al%202019%20Zool%20Scripta.pdf">"Origins and relationships of the Pleuronectoidei: Molecular and morphological analysis of living and fossil taxa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zoologica Scripta</i>. <b>48</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">640–</span>656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzsc.12372">10.1111/zsc.12372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-6409">1463-6409</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202856805">202856805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoologica+Scripta&rft.atitle=Origins+and+relationships+of+the+Pleuronectoidei%3A+Molecular+and+morphological+analysis+of+living+and+fossil+taxa&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E640-%3C%2Fspan%3E656&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202856805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1463-6409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fzsc.12372&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft.au=Chanet%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jhen-Nien&rft.au=Lee%2C+Mao-Ying&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wei-Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-03971070%2Ffile%2FCampbell%2520et%2520al%25202019%2520Zool%2520Scripta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamieson, A.J., and Yancey, P. H. (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biolbull.org/content/222/3/171.full">On the Validity of the Trieste Flatfish: Dispelling the Myth.</a></i> <a href="/wiki/The_Biological_Bulletin" title="The Biological Bulletin">The Biological Bulletin</a> 222(3): 171-175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Munroe, T.A.; and Hashimoto, J. (2008). <i>A new Western Pacific Tonguefish (Pleuronectiformes: Cynoglossidae): The first Pleuronectiform discovered at active Hydrothermal Vents.</i> Zootaxa 1839: 43–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duplain, R.R.; Chapleau, F; and Munroe, T.A. (2012). <i>A New Species of Trinectes (Pleuronectiformes: Achiridae) from the Upper Río San Juan and Río Condoto, Colombia.</i> Copeia 2012 (3): 541-546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kottelat, M. (1998). <i>Fishes of the Nam Theun and Xe Bangfai basins, Laos, with diagnoses of twenty-two new species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae, Balitoridae, Cobitidae, Coiidae and Odontobutidae).</i> Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat. 9(1):1-128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monks, N. (2007). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brackishfaq.webspace.virginmedia.com/Projects/FAQ/4h.html">Freshwater flatfish, order Pleuronectiformes.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140815222521/http://brackishfaq.webspace.virginmedia.com/Projects/FAQ/4h.html">Archived</a> 2014-08-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Retrieved 18 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elst, R. van der (1997) <i>A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of South Africa.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1868253944" title="Special:BookSources/978-1868253944">978-1868253944</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debelius, H. 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(2014). "Mitochondrial genomic investigation of flatfish monophyly". <i>Gene</i> <b>551</b>(2): p. 176-182. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.053">doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.053</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duarte-Ribeiro_et.al.2024-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duarte-Ribeiro_et.al.2024_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duarte-Ribeiro E, Rosas-Puchuri U, Friedman M, Woodruff G.C., Hughes L.C., Carpenter K.E., White W.T., Pogonoski J.J., Westneat M, Diaz de Astarloa J.M., Williams J.T., Santos M.D., Domínguez-Domínguez O, Ortí G, Arcila D & Betancur-R R. (2024). "Phylogenomic and comparative genomic analyses support a single evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry". <i>Nature Genetics</i> <b>56</b>: p. 1069-1072. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-024-01784-w">doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01784-w</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarzhans1999-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzhans1999_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarzhans W. (1999). "A comparative morphological treatise of recent and fossil otoliths of the order Pleuronectiformes". <i>Piscium Catalogus. Otolithi Piscium 2</i>. <a href="//doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1725.5043" class="extiw" title="doi:10.13140/2.1.1725.5043">doi:10.13140/2.1.1725.5043</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a> (1991). <i>The Blind Watchmaker</i>. London: Penguin Books. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014481-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014481-1"><bdi>0-14-014481-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blind+Watchmaker&rft.place=London&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-14-014481-1&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman_2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_2008_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_2008_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman M. (2008). "The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry". <i>Nature</i> <b>454</b>(7201): p. 209–212. <a href="//doi.org/10.1038/nature07108" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1038/nature07108">doi:10.1038/nature07108</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NaEvo-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NaEvo_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaEvo_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NaEvo_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080711035445/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/07/080709-evolution-fish.html">"Odd Fish Find Contradicts Intelligent-Design Argument"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. July 9, 2008. 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"Squint of the fossil flatfish". <i>Nature</i> <b>454</b>(7201): p. 169–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/flatfish">"Flatfish BBC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flatfish+BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffood%2Fflatfish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatfish" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSepkoski2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sepkoski, Jack (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723131237/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class">"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera"</a>. <i>Bulletins of American Paleontology</i>. <b>364</b>: 560. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class">the original</a> on July 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletins+of+American+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+compendium+of+fossil+marine+animal+genera&rft.volume=364&rft.pages=560&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sepkoski&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu%2Fjack%2Fshowgenera.php%3Ftaxon%3D611%26rank%3Dclass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlatfish" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gibson, Robin N (Ed) (2008) Flatfishes: biology and exploitation. Wiley.</li> <li>Munroe, Thomas A (2005) "Distributions and biogeography." Flatfishes: Biology and Exploitation: 42–67.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flatfish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/science/publications/uww-msm/articles/plaice-plie-eng.htm">Information on Canadian fisheries of plaice</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flatfish413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Flatfish" title="Template:Flatfish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Flatfish" title="Template talk:Flatfish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Flatfish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Flatfish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flatfish413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flatfish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Generally<br />larger<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">flatfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Hippoglossus" title="Hippoglossus">True</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(2 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_halibut" title="Atlantic halibut">Atlantic halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_halibut" title="Pacific halibut">Pacific halibut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_flounder" title="Kamchatka flounder">Arrowtooth halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotted_halibut" title="Shotted halibut">Shotted halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_halibut" title="Greenland halibut">Greenland halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_halibut" title="Spotted halibut">Spotted halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_flounder" class="mw-redirect" title="California flounder">California halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_flounder" title="Olive flounder">Bastard halibut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">Plaice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="(4_species)117" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(4 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_plaice" title="European plaice">European plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_plaice" title="American plaice">American plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_plaice" title="Alaska plaice">Alaska plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale-eye_plaice" title="Scale-eye plaice">Scale-eye plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pleuronectes" title="Category:Pleuronectes">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">Turbot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Scophthalmus_maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scophthalmus maximus">True</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(1 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">Scophthalmus maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scophthalmus" title="Category:Scophthalmus">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Spiny_turbot" title="Spiny turbot">Spiny</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(3 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psettodidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Psettodidae">Psettodidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_turbot" title="Diamond turbot">Diamond turbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornyhead_turbot" title="Hornyhead turbot">Hornyhead turbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_turbot" title="New Zealand turbot">New Zealand turbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocellated_turbot" title="Ocellated turbot">Ocellated turbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_turbot" title="Spotted turbot">Spotted turbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psammodiscus_ocellatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indonesian ocellated flounder"><img alt="Indonesian ocellated flounder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Psammodiscus_ocellatus.jpg/140px-Psammodiscus_ocellatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Psammodiscus_ocellatus.jpg/210px-Psammodiscus_ocellatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Psammodiscus_ocellatus.jpg/280px-Psammodiscus_ocellatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="177" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancylopsetta_dilecta_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Three-eye flounder"><img alt="Three-eye flounder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ancylopsetta_dilecta_2.jpg/140px-Ancylopsetta_dilecta_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ancylopsetta_dilecta_2.jpg/210px-Ancylopsetta_dilecta_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ancylopsetta_dilecta_2.jpg/280px-Ancylopsetta_dilecta_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="496" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winter flounder"><img alt="Winter flounder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg/140px-Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg/210px-Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg/280px-Pseudopleuronectes_americanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="159" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="True turbot"><img alt="True turbot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg/140px-Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg/210px-Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg/280px-Psetta_maxima_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3539" data-file-height="2627" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Generally<br />smaller<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">flatfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Soleidae" title="Soleidae">True</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(135 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_sole" title="Common sole">Common (Dover) sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardachirus_marmoratus" title="Pardachirus marmoratus">Finless sole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soleichthys_heterorhinos" title="Soleichthys heterorhinos">Soleichthys heterorhinos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solenette" title="Solenette">Yellow sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soleidae" title="Category:Soleidae">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Achiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiridae">American</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(28 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achiridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiridae">Achiridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_soles" title="Category:American soles">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynoglossidae">Tongue</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(138 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_cynoglossus" title="Cynoglossus cynoglossus">Bengal tongue sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_canariensis" title="Cynoglossus canariensis">Canary tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_dubius" title="Cynoglossus dubius">Carrot tonguesole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_suyeni" title="Cynoglossus suyeni">Cynoglossus suyeni</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_durbanensis" title="Cynoglossus durbanensis">Durban tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_attenuatus" title="Cynoglossus attenuatus">Fourline tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_bilineatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynoglossus bilineatus">Fourlined tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_cadenati" title="Cynoglossus cadenati">Ghanaian tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_carpenteri" title="Cynoglossus carpenteri">Hooked tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_arel" title="Cynoglossus arel">Largescale tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_acaudatus" title="Cynoglossus acaudatus">Natal tongue-fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_browni" title="Cynoglossus browni">Nigerian tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_gilchristi" title="Cynoglossus gilchristi">Ripplefin tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_feldmanni" title="Cynoglossus feldmanni">River tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_dispar" title="Cynoglossus dispar">Roundhead tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_capensis" title="Cynoglossus capensis">Sand tonguefish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_acutirostris" title="Cynoglossus acutirostris">Sharpnose tonguesole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_broadhursti" title="Cynoglossus broadhursti">Southern tongue sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_puncticeps" title="Cynoglossus puncticeps">Speckled tonguesole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symphurus_thermophilus" title="Symphurus thermophilus">Symphurus thermophilus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynoglossus_abbreviatus" title="Cynoglossus abbreviatus">Three-lined tongue sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cynoglossidae" title="Category:Cynoglossidae">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_sole" title="Butter sole">Butter sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curlfin_sole" title="Curlfin sole">Curlfin sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_sole" title="Deepsea sole">Deepsea sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_sole" title="Dusky sole">Dusky sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_sole" title="English sole">English sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_sole" title="Flathead sole">Flathead sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_sole" title="Lemon sole">Lemon sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_sole" title="New Zealand sole">New Zealand sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_rock_sole" title="Northern rock sole">Northern rock sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_sand_sole" title="Pacific sand sole">Pacific sand sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrale_sole" title="Petrale sole">Petrale sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_sole" title="Rex sole">Rex sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_sole" title="Rock sole">Rock sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughscale_sole" title="Roughscale sole">Roughscale sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_sole" title="Slender sole">Slender sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_lemon_sole" title="Southern lemon sole">Southern lemon sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speckled_sole" title="Speckled sole">Speckled sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_sole" title="Yellowfin sole">Yellowfin sole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Bothidae" title="Bothidae">Lefteye</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(158 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crested_flounder" title="Crested flounder">Crested flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowery_flounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowery flounder">Flowery flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_flounder" title="Leopard flounder">Leopard flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_fish" title="Plate fish">Plate fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_scaldfish" title="Mediterranean scaldfish">Mediterranean scaldfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twospot_flounder" title="Twospot flounder">Twospot flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(lefteye_flounder)" title="Witch (lefteye flounder)">Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bothidae" title="Category:Bothidae">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Pleuronectidae" title="Pleuronectidae">Righteye</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(101 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_smooth_flounder" title="American smooth flounder">American smooth flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_flounder" title="Arctic flounder">Arctic flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowtooth_flounder" title="Arrowtooth flounder">Arrowtooth flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded-fin_flounder" title="Banded-fin flounder">Banded-fin flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barfin_flounder" title="Barfin flounder">Barfin flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_flounder" title="Black flounder">Black flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfin_flounder" title="Blackfin flounder">Blackfin flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_flounder" title="Bering flounder">Bering flounder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes_herzensteini" title="Cleisthenes herzensteini">Cleisthenes herzensteini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes_pinetorum" title="Cleisthenes pinetorum">Cleisthenes pinetorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_flounder" title="Comb flounder">Comb flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cresthead_flounder" title="Cresthead flounder">Cresthead flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_flounder" title="Derwent flounder">Derwent flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_flounder" title="European flounder">European flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_smooth_flounder" title="Far Eastern smooth flounder">Far Eastern smooth flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_flounder" title="Flathead flounder">Flathead flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_flounder" title="Greenback flounder">Greenback flounder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypsopsetta_macrocephala" title="Hypsopsetta macrocephala">Hypsopsetta macrocephala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_ocellated_flounder" title="Indonesian ocellated flounder">Indonesian ocellated flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_flounder" title="Kamchatka flounder">Kamchatka flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_righteye_flounder" title="Large-scale righteye flounder">Large-scale righteye flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_flounder" title="Marbled flounder">Marbled flounder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marleyella_maldivensis" title="Marleyella maldivensis">Marleyella maldivensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microstomus_shuntovi" title="Microstomus shuntovi">Microstomus shuntovi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_righteye_flounder" title="Narrow-body righteye flounder">Narrow-body righteye flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhombosolea_plebeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombosolea plebeia">New Zealand flounder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peltorhamphus_tenuis" title="Peltorhamphus tenuis">Peltorhamphus tenuis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppered_flounder" title="Peppered flounder">Peppered flounder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudopleuronectes_obscurus" title="Pseudopleuronectes obscurus">Pseudopleuronectes obscurus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remo_flounder" title="Remo flounder">Remo flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridged-eye_flounder" title="Ridged-eye flounder">Ridged-eye flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_sole" title="Sakhalin sole">Sakhalin sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_flounder" title="Slime flounder">Slime flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-mouth_righteye_flounder" title="Small-mouth righteye flounder">Small-mouth righteye flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speckled_flounder" title="Speckled flounder">Speckled flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starry_flounder" title="Starry flounder">Starry flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_flounder" title="Stone flounder">Stone flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowy_flounder" title="Willowy flounder">Willowy flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_flounder" title="Winter flounder">Winter flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(righteye_flounder)" title="Witch (righteye flounder)">Witch (righteye)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_striped_flounder" title="Yellow striped flounder">Yellow striped flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowbelly_flounder" title="Yellowbelly flounder">Yellowbelly flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowtail_flounder" title="Yellowtail flounder">Yellowtail flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pleuronectidae" title="Category:Pleuronectidae">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Paralichthyidae" title="Paralichthyidae">Large tooth</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(115 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglefin_whiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglefin whiff">Anglefin whiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigmouth_sanddab" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigmouth sanddab">Bigmouth sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_halibut" title="California halibut">California halibut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cephalopsetta_ventrocellatus" title="Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus">Cephalopsetta ventrocellatus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_flounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine flounder">Fine flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-eyed_flounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-eyed flounder">Five-eyed flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-rayed_sanddab" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-rayed sanddab">Five-rayed sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippoglossina_oblonga" title="Hippoglossina oblonga">Fourspot flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_flounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray flounder">Gray flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_sanddab" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf sanddab">Gulf sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_whiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Horned whiff">Horned whiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfin_sanddab" class="mw-redirect" title="Longfin sanddab">Longfin sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimic_sanddab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimic sanddab">Mimic sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_flounder" title="Olive flounder">Olive flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_sanddab" title="Pacific sanddab">Pacific sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacock_flounder" title="Peacock flounder">Peacock flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_whiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand whiff">Sand whiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_flounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp flounder">Shrimp flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_sanddab" class="mw-redirect" title="Small sanddab">Small sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speckled_sanddab" class="mw-redirect" title="Speckled sanddab">Speckled sanddab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotfin_flounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotfin flounder">Spotfin flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancylopsetta_dilecta" title="Ancylopsetta dilecta">Three-eye flounder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thysanopsetta_naresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Thysanopsetta naresi">Thysanopsetta naresi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_whiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz whiff">Veracruz whiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paralichthyidae" title="Category:Paralichthyidae">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Achiropsettidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Achiropsettidae">Southern</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nobold">(6 species)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_armless_flounder" title="Antarctic armless flounder">Antarctic armless flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armless_flounder" title="Armless flounder">Armless flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finless_flounder" title="Finless flounder">Finless flounder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paralichthys_lethostigma" title="Paralichthys lethostigma">Paralichthys lethostigma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_flounder" title="Southern flounder">Southern flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Achiropsettidae" title="Category:Achiropsettidae">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citharidae" title="Citharidae">Citharidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaridae" title="Samaridae">Samaridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Misc</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_dab" title="Common dab">Common dab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese brill">Chinese brill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_dab" title="Deepwater dab">Deepwater dab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhead_dab" title="Longhead dab">Longhead dab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_brill" title="New Zealand brill">New Zealand brill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale-eye_plaice" title="Scale-eye plaice">Scale-eye plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_flounder" title="Summer flounder">Fluke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li>Transitional fossils <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphistium" title="Amphistium">Amphistium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronectes" title="Heteronectes">Heteronectes</a></li></ul></li> <li>As food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sole_meuni%C3%A8re" title="Sole meunière">Sole meunière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot_War" title="Turbot War">Turbot War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predator_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator fish">Predator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commercial species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fishing_topics_by_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fishing topics by subject">Fishing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries glossary">Fisheries glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_orders_of_Actinopterygii_(ray-finned_fish)211" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Actinopterygii" title="Template:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Actinopterygii" title="Template talk:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Actinopterygii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Actinopterygii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_orders_of_Actinopterygii_(ray-finned_fish)211" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant orders of <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> (ray-finned fish)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum: <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li> <li>Infraphylum: <a href="/wiki/Gnathostomata" title="Gnathostomata">Gnathostomata</a></li> <li>Superclass: <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cladistia13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cladistia" title="Cladistia">Cladistia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bichir" title="Bichir">Polypteriformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Actinopteri" title="Actinopteri">Actinopteri</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chondrostei15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chondrostei" title="Chondrostei">Chondrostei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acipenseriformes" title="Acipenseriformes">Acipenseriformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Holostei12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holostei" title="Holostei">Holostei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiiformes" title="Amiiformes">Amiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepisosteiformes" title="Lepisosteiformes">Lepisosteiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleostei</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elopomorpha" title="Elopomorpha">Elopomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elopiformes" title="Elopiformes">Elopiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonefishes" title="Bonefishes">Albuliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Anguilliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notacanthiformes" title="Notacanthiformes">Notacanthiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osteoglossomorpha" title="Osteoglossomorpha">Osteoglossomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiodontiformes" title="Hiodontiformes">Hiodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoglossiformes" title="Osteoglossiformes">Osteoglossiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Otocephala" title="Otocephala">Otocephala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clupeiformes" title="Clupeiformes">Clupeiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alepocephaliformes" title="Alepocephaliformes">Alepocephaliformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ostariophysi" title="Ostariophysi">Ostariophysi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonorynchiformes" title="Gonorynchiformes">Gonorynchiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriniformes" title="Cypriniformes">Cypriniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnotiformes" title="Gymnotiformes">Gymnotiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characiformes" title="Characiformes">Characiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Siluriformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Euteleostei" title="Euteleostei">Euteleostei</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidogalaxias" title="Lepidogalaxias">Lepidogalaxiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentiniformes" title="Argentiniformes">Argentiniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmoniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmoniformes">Salmoniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmeriformes" title="Osmeriformes">Osmeriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomiiformes" title="Stomiiformes">Stomiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxiidae" title="Galaxiidae">Galaxiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellynose_fish" title="Jellynose fish">Ateleopodiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulopiformes" title="Aulopiformes">Aulopiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myctophiformes" title="Myctophiformes">Myctophiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acanthomorpha" title="Acanthomorpha">Acanthomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lampriformes" title="Lampriformes">Lampriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percopsiformes" title="Percopsiformes">Percopsiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beardfish" title="Beardfish">Polymixiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadiformes" title="Gadiformes">Gadiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeiformes" title="Zeiformes">Zeiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachichthyiformes" title="Trachichthyiformes">Trachichthyiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryciformes" title="Beryciformes">Beryciformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Percomorpha" title="Percomorpha">Percomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiiformes" title="Ophidiiformes">Ophidiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachoididae" title="Batrachoididae">Batrachoidiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobiiformes" title="Gobiiformes">Gobiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombriformes" title="Scombriformes">Scombriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngnathiformes" title="Syngnathiformes">Syngnathiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carangiformes" title="Carangiformes">Carangiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabantiformes" title="Anabantiformes">Anabantiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synbranchiformes" title="Synbranchiformes">Synbranchiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovalentaria" title="Ovalentaria">Ovalentaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinodontiformes" title="Cyprinodontiformes">Cyprinodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheriniformes" title="Atheriniformes">Atheriniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beloniformes" title="Beloniformes">Beloniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cichliformes" title="Cichliformes">Cichliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenniiformes" title="Blenniiformes">Blenniiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugiliformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugiliformes">Mugiliformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eupercaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupercaria">Eupercaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrarchiformes" title="Centrarchiformes">Centrarchiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labriformes" title="Labriformes">Labriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acropomatiformes" title="Acropomatiformes">Acropomatiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthuriformes" title="Acanthuriformes">Acanthuriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglerfish" title="Anglerfish">Lophiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraodontiformes" title="Tetraodontiformes">Tetraodontiformes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pleuronectiformes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59577" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q59577">Q59577</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pleuronectiformes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pleuronectiformes">Pleuronectiformes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Pleuronectiformes/">Pleuronectiformes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Pleuronectiformes">Pleuronectiformes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=240">240</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/622V4">622V4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/5168">5168</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1PLEUO">1PLEUO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12084">12084</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/8f23dad0-9507-4c0c-a9dd-4dc58b951d2f">8f23dad0-9507-4c0c-a9dd-4dc58b951d2f</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/588">588</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47526">47526</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=12018">12018</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172702">172702</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000177273">NBNSYS0000177273</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8252">8252</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/e42c906e-0f42-4504-9dce-92b6682d02be">e42c906e-0f42-4504-9dce-92b6682d02be</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=883413">883413</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=36241">36241</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB0787CD-0A43-FF9D-FDAB-FB19E5B625C5">AB0787CD-0A43-FF9D-FDAB-FB19E5B625C5</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10331">10331</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox396" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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