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</button> <ul id="toc-History_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mundane_Manifesto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mundane_Manifesto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mundane Manifesto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mundane_Manifesto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursor_movements:_1930s–1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_movements:_1930s–1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Precursor movements: 1930s–1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_movements:_1930s–1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s–2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Concept_Mars_colony.jpg/220px-Concept_Mars_colony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Concept_Mars_colony.jpg/330px-Concept_Mars_colony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Concept_Mars_colony.jpg/440px-Concept_Mars_colony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>An artist's depiction of a fictional Mars colony, with solar arrays and underground greenhouses. Depictions of space travel within the Solar System is considered acceptable by proponents of mundane science fiction because it is plausible within current technologies.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mundane science fiction</b> (<b>MSF</b>) is a niche <a href="/wiki/Literary_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary movement">literary movement</a> within <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> that developed in the early 2000s, with principles codified by the "Mundane Manifesto"<sup id="cite_ref-mundane_manifesto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundane_manifesto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2004, signed by author <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Ryman" title="Geoff Ryman">Geoff Ryman</a> and the "2004 class" of the <a href="/wiki/Clarion_West_Writers_Workshop" title="Clarion West Writers Workshop">Clarion West Writers Workshop</a>. The movement proposes "mundane science fiction" as its own <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> of science fiction, typically characterized by its setting on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>; a lack of <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">interstellar travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">intergalactic travel</a> or human contact with <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrials</a>; and a believable use of technology and science as it exists at the time the story is written or a plausible extension of existing technology. There is debate over the boundaries of MSF and over which works can be considered canonical. <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Rucker" title="Rudy Rucker">Rudy Rucker</a> has noted MSF's similarities to <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a> and Ritch Calvin has pointed out MSF's similarities to <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a>. Some commentators have identified science fiction films and television series which embody the MSF ethos of near-future <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>. </p><p>MSF has garnered a mixed reception from the science fiction community. While some science fiction authors have defended the proposed subgenre, others have argued that MSF is contrary to the longstanding imaginative tradition of science fiction, or questioned the need for a new subgenre. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_origins">History and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mundane_Manifesto">Mundane Manifesto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mundane Manifesto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MSF movement, which was inspired by an idea from British computer programmer <a href="/wiki/Julian_Todd" title="Julian Todd">Julian Todd</a>, was founded in 2004 during the 2004 <a href="/wiki/Clarion_West_Writers_Workshop" title="Clarion West Writers Workshop">Clarion West</a> class by novelist <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Ryman" title="Geoff Ryman">Geoff Ryman</a> among others.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beliefs of the movement were later codified as the Mundane Manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The authors of the Manifesto stated<sup id="cite_ref-mundane_manifesto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundane_manifesto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that they were "pissed off and needing a tight girdle of discipline to restrain our sf imaginative silhouettes".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryman and his collaborators believed that much of science fiction was too <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escapist</a>, and they thought that setting their stories in a world closer to our own would give the narratives more political and social power.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kit Reed's 2004 interview with Ryman states that the "young writers decided they wanted to limit themselves to the most likely future. This meant facing up to what we know is coming, dealing with it, and imagining good futures that are likely."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryman explained the MSF Manifesto in a speech to BORÉAL’s 2007 Science Fiction convention in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-thirdstar_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thirdstar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryman claims that the MSF Manifesto was "jokey" and that it was not intended to be a "serious" statement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors of the MSF Manifesto, apart from Ryman, are anonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_movements:_1930s–1970s"><span id="Precursor_movements:_1930s.E2.80.931970s"></span>Precursor movements: 1930s–1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursor movements: 1930s–1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Yaszek" title="Lisa Yaszek">Lisa Yaszek</a> states that in the early 1930s, the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i>, scientist and science journalist <a href="/wiki/T._O%27Conor_Sloane" title="T. O'Conor Sloane">T. O'Conor Sloane</a>, wrote <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'mundane science fiction' before that term ever existed, and he banned faster-than-light travel from science fiction stories" in the magazine, so writers began using "<a href="/wiki/Oneiric_(film_theory)" title="Oneiric (film theory)">dream narratives</a>... as a way to travel through time and space and time."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nataliya Krynytska states that in the 1940s and 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet literature">Soviet literature</a> had a genre called "near-future science fiction".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing the context for the emergence of MSF, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cokinos" title="Christopher Cokinos">Christopher Cokinos</a> cites <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Brown_(author)" title="Christopher Brown (author)">Chris Nakashima-Brown</a> in noting that a considerable body of science fiction entails fantasies about escape from scientific reality: "the escape from the subtly <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilistic</a> dominion of reason in the post-<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> West, into a generically unbound <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jungian</a> Disneyland...". He argues that in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age of Science Fiction</a>, stodgy tales of <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> "bland prose" and "formulas of planetary <a href="/wiki/Romance_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance fiction">romances</a>, über-<a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a>, and cold equations" dominated. He also points out that SF writer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Disch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Disch">Thomas Disch</a> has similarly opined that the preference for weak, implausible depictions of science in sci fi is an "American aspect of our 'lie-loving' culture" used by readers for escapism. Some Golden Age writers, however, such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> did transcend these formulas and developed nuanced characters and stories.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cokinos goes on to state that in the 1960s, various authors launched science fiction's <a href="/wiki/New_Wave_of_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave of Science Fiction">New Wave</a>, when "stylistic experimentation" in the writing and new topics meant less formulas and clichés. The authors had a profound "skepticism about science and technology", and there was an examination of "inner space" (<a href="/wiki/J._G._Ballard" title="J. G. Ballard">J. G. Ballard</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminist</a>...critiques, and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">Dune</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, BBC TV critic Hugh Montgomery notes that J.G. Ballard believed that the Golden Age’s focus on advanced interstellar spaceships was "clichéd and unilluminating", preferring to write stories about humans’ "next five minutes" and "near future", which is "immediately recognisable to us, but invariably with a pretty unpleasant twist or three."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight" title="Damon Knight">Damon Knight</a>'s essay entitled "Goodbye, Henry J. Kostkos, Goodbye", from the 1972 Clarion II workshop, he criticizes "old guard" science fiction, including space operas and stories about travel between stars and <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonization</a>. Knight states that "it [would] perhaps be better to stay on this planet, clean it up a little, and reduce our numbers to some reasonable figure".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s–2000s"><span id="1990s.E2.80.932000s"></span>1990s–2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1990s–2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nader Elhefnawy's book <i>The End of Science Fiction?</i>, he cites <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(journalist)" title="John Horgan (journalist)">John Horgan</a>'s 1996 book <i>The End of Science</i>, which claims that science will not achieve a new scientific revolution of similar significance to past revolutions to claim that this may lessen science fiction writers' potential use of new scientific discoveries as a source of inspiration. Elhefnawy says this "end of science" may be behind Ryman et al's disinterest in hypothetical future science such as FTL travel and their shift to MSF.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ritch Calvin argues that the goals of MSF were predated by sociologist Wayne Brekhus, who in 2000 published "A Mundane Manifesto", calling for "analytically interesting studies of the socially uninteresting." He argues for a focus on the "mundane" because the "extraordinary draws disproportionate theoretical attention from researchers", which weakens the development of theory and creates a distorted image of reality. He stated that he hoped that the humanities would also focus on the mundane.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calvin noted that in 2001, the sci-fi website Futurismic came out against the traditional forms of SF, and instead called for an examination of the impact of scientific discoveries on human society. Futurismic is against all "fantasy, horror, and space opera, as well as off-world SF, distant futures, aliens, alternate histories, and time travel". Futurismic accepts fiction that is mundane, "post-cyberpunk sf, satirical/<a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">gonzo</a> futurism, and realistic near future hard sf."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book review of "Dust", scholar Paul McAuley described <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>'s 1990 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)" title="Jurassic Park (novel)">Jurassic Park</a></i> as an example of mundane science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_ethos">Style and ethos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Style and ethos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MSF is a postulated science fiction subgenre<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:60</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that exists between science fiction and the mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American SF author <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kress" title="Nancy Kress">Nancy Kress</a> defines MSF as a strict form of hard SF. She states that "[h]ard SF has several varieties, starting with really hard, which does not deviate in any way from known scientific principles in inventing the future"; she says "this is also called by some “mundane SF.”"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Manifesto, MSF writers believe it is unlikely that <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial life in popular culture">alien intelligence</a> will overcome the physical constraints on interstellar travel any better than we can. As such, the Manifesto imagines a future on Earth and within the Solar System. The Manifesto states that alternative universes, parallel worlds, magic and the supernatural (including <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">telekinesis</a>), time travel and teleportation are similarly avoided. MSF rarely involves <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">interstellar travel</a> or communication with alien civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-dwalter_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwalter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the MSF ethos, unfounded speculation about interstellar travel can lead to an illusion of a universe abundant with planets as hospitable to life as Earth, which encourages wasteful attitude to the abundance on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MSF thus focuses on stories set on or near the Earth, with a believable use of technology and science as it exists at the time the story is written<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or which is a plausible extension of existing technology. MSF works explore topics such as enhanced genomes, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MSF claims to describe change "already in effect" and claims "ideological significance".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boundaries between the proposed mundane subgenre and other genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">dystopias</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> are not defined. With MSF, the canonical works are vaguer than with <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Aliette_de_Bodard" title="Aliette de Bodard">Aliette de Bodard</a> said in an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> that "Science fiction has moved into the mainstream in step with the infusion of science into the everyday; thus, it can risk losing its outlandish feel, even as other fictional forms borrow its tropes."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its issue on mundane science fiction, British science fiction magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Interzone_(magazine)" title="Interzone (magazine)">Interzone</a></i> attempted a checklist of topics that cannot be included for a work to be considered "mundane": <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light</a> travel, <a href="/wiki/Psionic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psionic">psionic</a> powers, <a href="/wiki/Nanobot" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanobot">nanobots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">aliens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">computer consciousness</a>, profitable <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">space travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading" title="Mind uploading">mind uploading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleportation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time travel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception_and_controversy">Reception and controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Rudy_Rucker" title="Rudy Rucker">Rudy Rucker</a>, author of the 1983 <i>Transrealist Manifesto</i>, blogged a response to the Mundane Manifesto. Rucker stated that he "prefer[s] to continue searching for ways to be less and less Mundane". He pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">alternate universes</a> are "quite popular in modern physics" and stated that perhaps other worlds exist in other dimensions. He noted that fiction writers outside of SF use stories about time travel, so while implausible, it was worth exploring. While Rucker also rejected SF's "<a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escapist</a>" tendencies, and called for <a href="/wiki/Transrealism_(literature)" title="Transrealism (literature)">transrealism</a>, he argued that elements of SF which MSF advocates reject are "symbolic of <a href="/wiki/Archetypal" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypal">archetypal</a> modes of perception" that are needed in SF.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the March 2008 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction" title="Asimov's Science Fiction">Asimov's Science Fiction</a></i> magazine, in writer <a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Kelly" title="James Patrick Kelly">Jim Kelly</a>'s ongoing "On the Net" column he agreed with many elements of MSF. At the same time, he wondered, "how was Mundane SF all that different from what had up until then been called <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>?".<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelly states that too many of his favorite works fall outside the tenets of MSF.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Kelly and Calvin mention the criticism by British author <a href="/wiki/Ian_McDonald_(British_author)" title="Ian McDonald (British author)">Ian McDonald</a>, and his fundamental objection, that much good science fiction is being written without any awareness of or need for the manifesto. <a href="/wiki/Niall_Harrison" title="Niall Harrison">Niall Harrison</a> argued that <i>Interzone</i> #216's collection of MSF stories does not develop "a convincing case for mundane sf."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cokinos" title="Christopher Cokinos">Chris Cokinos</a> described The Mundane Manifesto as <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentric</a>. He noted that the concern in MSF about wasting the abundance of Earth is influenced by the "...moral climate that permeates North American and British <a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">nature writing</a>", adding that MSF is intended "more as compass than chimera".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, writer Kate McKinney Maddalena noted that the MSF blog was first used as a forum for debate about the new subgenre and that by 2009, bloggers were identifying MSF from the SF literature, and looking for newly published MSF ("mundane spotting"). Maddelena added that Ryman's naming of MSF "only marks (and encourages) a high point in SF’s social and ecological consciousness and conscience.” <sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2009, SF writer <a href="/wiki/Claire_L._Evans" title="Claire L. Evans">Claire L. Evans</a> called it a "controversial recent sub-genre";<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while stating MSF was a "useful category for an already-existing genre of science fiction". Evans disagreed with MSF in that it was often "the wildest, least likely prognostications that come to pass". She also criticized Ryman for disrespecting SF’s tradition of creating prophecies, thus influencing real life, which she stated means he "completely misses the point of [science fiction]".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2015 interview, when science fiction author Scott H. Jucha was asked his views about MSF, in light of Jucha's depiction of interstellar colonization in his <i>The Silver Ships</i> series, he said he has "two opinions on the Mundane Science Fiction Movement’s premise." Jucha says that as "someone focused on our environment, I believe space exploration and habitation throughout our system will yield inventions that will aid our planet’s resource management, recycling efficiency, and environmental cleanup." At the same time, Jucha supports "science fiction speculation" arguing that "[w]ho would have thought that sixty or seventy years ago, we would have landed on the Moon or [now] be planning a <a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">mission to Mars</a>…".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julian_Bleecker_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Julian_Bleecker_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Julian_Bleecker_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Julian_Bleecker_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Julian_Bleecker_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Julian_Bleecker_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Julian_Bleecker_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>MSF has been called the inverse of "<a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">design fiction</a>", a type of writing advocated by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bleecker" title="Julian Bleecker">Julian Bleecker</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Commentary on MSF continued in the 2010s. In 2011 a <i>Fantastic Worlds</i> journal critic criticized the "very selective" use of science in MSF and its depressing nature.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Emmet Byrne and Susannah Schouweiler called MSF the <a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a> of science fiction, a reference to a realist Danish film manifesto.<sup id="cite_ref-walkerart.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerart.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byrne and Schouweiler also called MSF the inverse of "<a href="/wiki/Design_fiction" title="Design fiction">design fiction</a>", a type of writing advocated by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bleecker" title="Julian Bleecker">Julian Bleecker</a> which explores the "symbiotic relationship between science fiction and science fact" by focusing on a specific artifact.<sup id="cite_ref-walkerart.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walkerart.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a> defines design fiction as the "deliberate use of <a href="/wiki/Diegesis" title="Diegesis">diegetic</a> prototypes to suspend disbelief about change".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 <a href="/wiki/Linda_Nagata" title="Linda Nagata">Linda Nagata</a> noted the relationship between hard science fiction and MSF, but stated, "the term 'mundane' has the 'implication of "boring'? To me, the term is another marketing disaster."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2013, The New Museum's digital art arm Rhizome published <a href="/wiki/Martine_Syms" title="Martine Syms">Martine Syms</a>' "The Mundane Afrofuturist Manifesto", which asserts that "Mundane Afrofuturism is the ultimate laboratory for <a href="/wiki/Worldbuilding" title="Worldbuilding">worldbuilding</a> outside of imperialist, capitalist, white <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Roger Luckhurst, a professor in Modern and Contemporary Literature at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a>, stated the MSF movement was developed because writers did not want "…to imagine shiny, hard futures [but [rather] give a] sense of sliding from one version of our present into something slightly alienated".<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Nick Foster, a designer and futurist from California, was inspired by Ryman's MSF principles to propose a new form of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a> for films set in the future called "The Future Mundane." Just as MSF is against fanciful speculation, Foster's "The Future Mundane" is "counter to the fantasy-laden future worlds generated by our [industrial design] industry." It consists of designing everyday objects (e.g., corkscrews and milk packaging) for background characters in films; depicting technology as an "accretive space", where advanced technologies sit side by side with dusty antique devices and tools; and the technologies should not function seamlessly (they should be shown having <a href="/wiki/Glitch" title="Glitch">glitches</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Science fiction author August Cole advocates the use of "Fictional Intelligence" ("FicInt"), which he defines as “useful fictions." FicInt, a concept developed by Cole in 2015, combines “fiction writing with intelligence to imagine future scenarios in ways grounded in reality."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007 the British sci fi magazine <i>Interzone</i> devoted an issue to the subgenre.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a> states that Ryman's 2004 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Air_(novel)" title="Air (novel)">Air</a></i>, while "taken by some readers to be an example of Mundane sf" due to its author, was initially not classified by Ryman as mundane science fiction. However, in 2007, Ryman referred to it as a "Mundane fantasy" novel (it depicts an "Air technology" that has no scientific basis).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Attebery argues that <i>Air</i> is "largely mundane", and he asserts that Ryman's use of some fantasy elements (an "impossible pregnancy" and "time slippage") strengthen the novel's themes and make the story more interesting, so he says that a "test" for MSF status need not be used.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2009 short story collection <i>When It Changed: Science Into Fiction</i>, edited by Ryman, is a collection of mundane science fiction stories, each written by a science fiction author with advice from a scientist, and with an endnote by that scientist explaining the plausibility of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 a reviewer from ‘’Boing Boing’’ called <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>’s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(novel)" title="Aurora (novel)">Aurora</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Generation_ship" title="Generation ship">generation ship</a> novel, MSF's "most significant novel".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris</a>' <i>The Second Sleep</i> was described as the best MSF novel of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jeff Somers' 2015 article for <a href="/wiki/Barnes_and_Noble" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnes and Noble">Barnes and Noble</a>, he identified six novels: Geoff Ryman's <i><a href="/wiki/Air_(novel)" title="Air (novel)">Air</a></i>, which he calls "low-key, small-scale science fiction" that exemplifies the movement; Kim Stanley Robinson's <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Mars">Red Mars</a></i>, about "an attempt to terraform and establish a colony on Mars" that leads to a revolution; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Moon" title="Elizabeth Moon">Elizabeth Moon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Speed_of_Dark" class="mw-redirect" title="The Speed of Dark">The Speed of Dark</a></i>, about "genetic procedures that remove disease and deformity"; <a href="/wiki/Andy_Weir" title="Andy Weir">Andy Weir</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(Weir_novel)" title="The Martian (Weir novel)">The Martian</a></i>, about an astronaut accidentally stranded on Mars who has to learn to survive on the lifeless planet using leftover equipment; <a href="/wiki/Maureen_McHugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maureen McHugh">Maureen McHugh</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/China_Mountain_Zhang" title="China Mountain Zhang">China Mountain Zhang</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Alternate_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternate future">alternate future</a> in which the "United States has experienced a communist revolution after a period of economic decline", and China has become the superpower; and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Halting_State" title="Halting State">Halting State</a></i>, which is set in a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a>, enabling him to depict cyber-created <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">orcs</a> and dragons while still respecting the limits of MSF.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2016 edition of <i>SFX</i> (#277, September) it calls <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Soutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Soutter">Nicholas Soutter</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Water_Thief" title="The Water Thief">The Water Thief</a></i> (2012) an example of "Mundane SF future-history".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 10, 2020, Nina Munteanu listed <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_2140" title="New York 2140">New York 2140</a></i> as one of the top 15 eco-fiction novels, referring to it as "an impeccable climate-novel of mundane SF."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a> fiction can include elements of mundane science fiction. In <i>Solarpunk Futures</i> interview with <a href="/wiki/Nina_Munteanu" title="Nina Munteanu">Nina Munteanu</a> regarding her solarpunk novel <i>A Diary in the Age of Water</i>, a "climate-induced journey...[of] four generations of women...against a global giant that controls and manipulates Earth’s water", she added elements of mundane science fiction to add the "gritty realism of “the mundane” to the story.<sup id="cite_ref-Munteanu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munteanu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She says the "diary-aspect of the book characterizes it as “mundane science fiction” in that it presents "an “ordinary” setting for characters to play out" in.<sup id="cite_ref-Munteanu_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munteanu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_television">Films and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Films and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, Christopher Cokinos stated that films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gattaca" title="Gattaca">Gattaca</a></i> (1997), about a society based on <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> and ranking, and <i><a href="/wiki/Moon_(2009_film)" title="Moon (2009 film)">Moon</a></i> (2009), about a lonely one-man mining operation on the Moon, "fit the Mundane Manifesto’s interest in near-future realism, even if they don’t directly deal with the beauties and heartbreaks of the Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples Cokinos cited are French filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Chris_Marker" title="Chris Marker">Chris Marker</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Sans_Soleil" title="Sans Soleil">Sans Soleil</a></i> (1983) and the film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Men" title="Children of Men">Children of Men</a></i> (2006), which shows a "heart-wrenching film of a grim, near-future Earth".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Film reviewer Rick Norwood states that <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Traveler%27s_Wife_(film)" title="The Time Traveler's Wife (film)">The Time Traveler's Wife</a></i> is a "very good example" of MSF.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/After_Yang" title="After Yang">After Yang</a></i> is a 2021 film by <a href="/wiki/Kogonada" title="Kogonada">Kogonada</a> about a couple who buy a realistic, sophisticated android named Yang who they treat like a member of the family. Yang helps look after their adopted Chinese daughter Mika and give her a culturally-appropriate upbringing. Yang teaches her about her Chinese heritage and helps her feel less anxious about being adopted. When Yang starts malfunctioning and has to be taken to the android repair shop, Mika misses his emotional support. When they learn he cannot be fixed, the entire family has to come to terms with losing Yang's presence in their lives. <i>Paste</i> reviewer Elijah Gonzalez states that the appeal of this film's "mundane science fiction" is that its "low-key" approach "shrink[s] the scope of conflict, [so that] relatively commonplace concerns gain increased impact, emulating the worries we deal with in the here and now." Gonzalez states that by "combining the [sci-fi] genre’s ability to realize far-flung technology with Kogonoda’s precise imagery, <i>After Yang</i> proves that there is fertile ground for moving, mundane science fiction."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, UK television critic Hugh Montgomery identified MSF television series and films which are set in the near future and which use plausible technologies; his list includes <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Mirror" title="Black Mirror">Black Mirror</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%E2%80%99s_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="The Handmaid’s Tale">The Handmaid’s Tale</a></i> (a dystopian drama set in a totalitarian, misogynist theocracy); <i><a href="/wiki/Osmosis_(TV_series)" title="Osmosis (TV series)">Osmosis</a></i> (about a <a href="/wiki/Dating_app" title="Dating app">dating app</a> that requires a bodily implant for users); <i><a href="/wiki/Years_and_Years_(TV_series)" title="Years and Years (TV series)">Years and Years</a></i> (a family drama set over the next 15 years, in a world facing ecological disasters); and <i>Children of Men</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_genres">Related genres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ritch Calvin's opinion, MSF shares "characteristics with cyberpunk, postcyberpunk, and near-future science fiction". For instance, William Gibson’s novels show a "near future urban" world, while Bruce Sterling’s <i><a href="/wiki/Schismatrix" title="Schismatrix">Schismatrix</a></i> depicts the impacts of global capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lab_lit" title="Lab lit">Lab lit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_science_fiction" title="Pastoral science fiction">Pastoral science fiction</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mundane_manifesto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mundane_manifesto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mundane_manifesto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Ryman" title="Geoff Ryman">Geoff Ryman</a> <i>et al</i>. (2004), "The Mundane Manifesto". The manifesto was originally posted to the internet on a site no longer extant, but is available multiple places, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfgenics.wordpress.com/2013/07/04/geoff-ryman-et-al-the-mundane-manifesto/">SFGenics</a> (retrieved 9 Nov. 2021).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.locusmag.com/2006/Issues/01Ryman.html">"Geoff Ryman: The Mundane Fantastic: Interview excerpts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boing+Boing&rft.atitle=Kim+Stanley+Robinson%27s+%22Aurora%22%3A+space+is+bigger+than+you+think&rft.date=2015-11-02&rft.aulast=Doctorow&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboingboing.net%2F2015%2F11%2F02%2Fkim-stanley-robinsons-auro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMundane+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concatenation.org/news/news4~20.html">"Science Fiction news - Summer 2020"</a>. <i>www.concatenation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.concatenation.org&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+news+-+Summer+2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concatenation.org%2Fnews%2Fnews4~20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMundane+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomers2015" class="citation web cs1">Somers, Jeff (15 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/blog/sci-fi-fantasy/6-sci-fi-books-that-keep-it-real/">"6 Sci-Fi Books That Keep It Real"</a>. <i>www.barnesandnoble.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.barnesandnoble.com&rft.atitle=6+Sci-Fi+Books+That+Keep+It+Real&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft.aulast=Somers&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barnesandnoble.com%2Fblog%2Fsci-fi-fantasy%2F6-sci-fi-books-that-keep-it-real%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMundane+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesse_Sheidlower." class="citation web cs1">Jesse Sheidlower. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfdictionary.com/view/2335/mundane">"Historical Dictionary of Science Fiction"</a>. <i>sfdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfdictionary.com%2Fview%2F2335%2Fmundane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMundane+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunteanu2020" class="citation web cs1">Munteanu, Nina (10 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tor.com/2020/11/10/ten-eco-fiction-novels-worth-discussing/">"Ten Eco-Fiction Novels Worth Discussing"</a>. <i>www.tor.com</i>. Tor<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tor.com&rft.atitle=Ten+Eco-Fiction+Novels+Worth+Discussing&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.aulast=Munteanu&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2F2020%2F11%2F10%2Ften-eco-fiction-novels-worth-discussing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMundane+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munteanu-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munteanu_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munteanu_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunteanu2022" class="citation web cs1">Munteanu, Nina (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ninamunteanu.me/2021/12/05/on-writing-hopeful-dystopias-and-the-blur-of-fiction-with-non-fiction/">"On Writing Hopeful Dystopias and the Blur of Fiction with Non-Fiction"</a>. <i>ninamunteanu.me</i>. Nina Manteanu Writing Coach<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ninamunteanu.me&rft.atitle=On+Writing+Hopeful+Dystopias+and+the+Blur+of+Fiction+with+Non-Fiction&rft.date=2022-01&rft.aulast=Munteanu&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fninamunteanu.me%2F2021%2F12%2F05%2Fon-writing-hopeful-dystopias-and-the-blur-of-fiction-with-non-fiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMundane+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwood2009" class="citation web cs1">Norwood, Rick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfsite.com/08b/ti302.htm">"The Time Traveler's Wife A review by Rick Norwood"</a>. <i>www.sfsite.com</i>. SF Site<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Time Traveler's Wife is a very good example of mundane science fiction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sfsite.com&rft.atitle=The+Time+Traveler%27s+Wife+A+review+by+Rick+Norwood&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Norwood&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfsite.com%2F08b%2Fti302.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMundane+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2022" class="citation web cs1">Gonzalez, Elijah (20 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326121756/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/after-yang-lo-fi-sci-fi-mundane/">"The Best Movies of the Year: The Joys of After Yang's Mundane Sci-Fi"</a>. <i>Paste Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>By combining the genre's ability to realize far-flung technology with Kogonoda's precise imagery, <i>After Yang</i> proves that there is fertile ground for moving, mundane science fiction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Paste+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Best+Movies+of+the+Year%3A+The+Joys+of+After+Yang%27s+Mundane+Sci-Fi&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230326121756%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastemagazine.com%2Fmovies%2Fafter-yang-lo-fi-sci-fi-mundane%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMundane+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kelly, James Patrick. "On the Net: Mundane". <i>Asimov’s Science Fiction</i>. 2007. 2 June 2009.</li> <li>Knabe, Susan; Pearson, Wendy Gay. "<a href="//doi.org/10.3828/extr.2008.49.2.2" class="extiw" title="doi:10.3828/extr.2008.49.2.2">Introduction: Mundane Science Fiction, Harm and Healing the World</a>". <i>Extrapolation</i> (pre-2012); Brownsville Vol. 49, Iss. 2, (Summer 2008): 181–194,179-180.</li> <li>Nattermann, Udo. "Mundane Boundaries: Eco-political Elements in Three Science Fiction Stories", <i>ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment</i>, Volume 20, Issue 1, Winter 2013, Pages 112–124, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisle%2Fist012">10.1093/isle/ist012</a>.</li> <li>Rucker, Rudy. "To Be or Not to Be: Mundane SF." <i>New York Review of Science Fiction</i> 230 (October 2006): 18–19.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mundane_science_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfgenics.wordpress.com/2013/07/04/geoff-ryman-et-al-the-mundane-manifesto/">The full text of "The Mundane Manifesto"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mundane-sf.blogspot.com/">Mundane SF blog</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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