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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Time_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Time paradox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Alternative future, history, timelines, and dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Butterfly_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Butterfly_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Butterfly effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Butterfly_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Time tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Time war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghost_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghost_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ghost story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghost_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Time travel in fiction</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84%EC%97%AC%ED%96%89%EB%AC%BC" title="시간여행물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시간여행물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaggio_nel_tempo_nella_fantascienza" title="Viaggio nel tempo nella fantascienza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viaggio nel tempo nella fantascienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="സമയയാത്ര കല്പിതകഥകളിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമയയാത്ര കല്പിതകഥകളിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podr%C3%B3%C5%BCe_w_czasie_jako_motyw_literacki_i_filmowy" title="Podróże w czasie jako motyw literacki i filmowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podróże w czasie jako motyw literacki i filmowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viagem_no_tempo_na_fic%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Viagem no tempo na ficção – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viagem no tempo na ficção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83l%C4%83toria_%C3%AEn_timp_%C3%AEn_fic%C8%9Biune" title="Călătoria în timp în ficțiune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Călătoria în timp în ficțiune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikamatkustus_fiktiossa" title="Aikamatkustus fiktiossa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aikamatkustus fiktiossa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Time_Warp_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Time Warp (disambiguation)">Time Warp (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poster_for_the_1960_film_The_Time_Machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Poster_for_the_1960_film_The_Time_Machine.jpg/290px-Poster_for_the_1960_film_The_Time_Machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Poster_for_the_1960_film_The_Time_Machine.jpg/435px-Poster_for_the_1960_film_The_Time_Machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Poster_for_the_1960_film_The_Time_Machine.jpg/580px-Poster_for_the_1960_film_The_Time_Machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Poster for the <a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine_(1960_film)" title="The Time Machine (1960 film)">1960 film adaptation</a> of H. G. Wells' 1895 novella <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i></figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf">Spatial anomalies in fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes in fiction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation in fiction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormholes in fiction</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time travel in fiction</a> </p> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:normal;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sf-userbox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/16px-Sf-userbox.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/24px-Sf-userbox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/32px-Sf-userbox.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Science fiction">Science fiction portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spatial_anomalies_in_fiction" title="Template:Spatial anomalies in fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spatial_anomalies_in_fiction" title="Template talk:Spatial anomalies in fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spatial_anomalies_in_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spatial anomalies in fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a> is a common theme in <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a>, mainly since the late 19th century, and has been <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction" title="List of time travel works of fiction">depicted in a variety of media</a>, such as literature, television, film, and advertisements.<sup id="cite_ref-Nahin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Time_travel#History_of_the_time_travel_concept" title="Time travel">concept of time travel by mechanical means</a> was popularized in <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>' 1895 story, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, time travel stories focus on the consequences of traveling into the past or the future.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The premise for these stories often involves changing history, either intentionally or by accident, and the ways by which altering the past changes the future and creates an altered present or future for the time traveler upon their return.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theguardian1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other instances, the premise is that the past cannot be changed or that the future is determined, and the protagonist's actions turn out to be inconsequential or intrinsic to events as they originally unfolded.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some stories focus solely on the paradoxes and alternate timelines that come with time travel, rather than time traveling.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They often provide some sort of social commentary, as time travel provides a "necessary distancing effect" that allows science fiction to address contemporary issues in metaphorical ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Redmond_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Redmond-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanisms">Mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a> in modern fiction is sometimes achieved by <a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">space and time warps</a>, stemming from the scientific theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Time_travel#History_of_the_time_travel_concept" title="Time travel">Stories from antiquity</a> often featured time travel into the future through a time slip brought on by traveling or sleeping, in other cases, time travel into the past through supernatural means, for example brought on by <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a> or spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitting_2010_p138_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitting_2010_p138-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_slip">Time slip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Time slip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_slip" title="Time slip">Time slip</a></div> <p>A time slip is a <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> in which a person, or group of people, seem to <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">travel through time</a> by unknown means.<sup id="cite_ref-io9._Time_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-io9._Time-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of a time slip has been used in 19th century fantasy, an early example being <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>'s 1819 <i><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a></i>, where the mechanism of time travel is an extraordinarily long sleep.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s 1889 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Connecticut_Yankee_in_King_Arthur%27s_Court" title="A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court">A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court</a></i> had considerable influence on later writers.<sup id="cite_ref-James_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first novel to include both travel to the past and travel to the future and return to the present is the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> 1843 novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Time slip is one of the main plot devices of time travel stories, another being a <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">time machine</a>. The difference is that in time slip stories, the protagonist typically has no control and no understanding of the process (which is often never explained at all) and is either left marooned in a past or future time and must make the best of it, or is eventually returned by a process as unpredictable and uncontrolled as the journey out.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plot device is also popular in children's literature.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_in_Paris" title="Midnight in Paris">Midnight in Paris</a></i> similarly presents time travel as occurring without explanation, as the director "eschews a 'realist' internal logic that might explain the time travel, while also foregoing experimental time Distortion techniques, in favor of straightforward editing and a fantastical narrative set-up".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_from_the_future">Communication from the future</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communication from the future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In literature, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> from the future is a <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> in some <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> stories. <a href="/wiki/Forrest_J._Ackerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Forrest J. Ackerman">Forrest J. Ackerman</a> noted in his 1973 anthology of the best fiction of the year that "the theme of getting hold of tomorrow's newspaper is a recurrent one".<sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early example of this device can be found in <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>'s 1932 <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Queer_Story_of_Brownlow%27s_Newspaper" title="The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper">The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper</a>", which tells the tale of a man who receives such a paper from 40 years in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1944 film <i><a href="/wiki/It_Happened_Tomorrow" title="It Happened Tomorrow">It Happened Tomorrow</a></i> also employs this device, with the protagonist receiving the next day's newspaper from an elderly colleague (who is possibly a ghost).<sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ackerman's anthology also highlights a 1972 short story by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a>, "What We Learned From This Morning's Newspaper".<sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that story, a block of homeowners wake to discover that on November 22, they have received <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> for the coming December 1.<sup id="cite_ref-Nahin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38">: 38 </span></sup> As characters learn of future events affecting them through a newspaper delivered a week early, the ultimate effect is that this "so upsets the future that spacetime is destroyed".<sup id="cite_ref-Nahin_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> The television series <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Edition" title="Early Edition">Early Edition</a></i>, similar to the film <i>It Happened Tomorrow</i>, also revolved around a character who daily received the next day's newspaper, and sought to change some event therein forecast to happen.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nahin_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 235">: 235 </span></sup> </p><p>A newspaper from the future can be a fictional edition of a real newspaper, or an entirely fictional newspaper. <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a>'s 1932 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gap_in_the_Curtain" title="The Gap in the Curtain">The Gap in the Curtain</a></i>, is similarly premised on a group of people being enabled to see, for a moment, an item in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> newspaper from one year in the future. During the <a href="/wiki/2006_Swedish_general_election" title="2006 Swedish general election">Swedish general election of 2006</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_People%27s_Party_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal People's Party (Sweden)">Swedish liberal party</a> used election posters which looked like news items, called <i>Framtidens nyheter</i> ("News of the future"), featuring a future Sweden that had become what the party wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A communication from the future raises questions about the ability of humans to control their destiny.<sup id="cite_ref-Nahin_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Visual_novel" title="Visual novel">visual novel</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Steins;Gate" title="Steins;Gate">Steins;Gate</a></i> features characters sending short text messages backwards in time to avert disaster, only to find their problems are exacerbated due to not knowing how individuals in the past will actually utilize the information.<sup id="cite_ref-famitsu-preview_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-famitsu-preview-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-famitsu-review_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-famitsu-review-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precognition">Precognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Precognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a> has been explored as a form of time travel in fiction. Author <a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">J. B. Priestley</a> wrote of it both in fiction and non-fiction, analysing testimonials of precognition and other "temporal anomalies" in his book <i>Man and Time</i>. His books include time travel to the future through dreaming, which upon waking up results in memories from the future. Such memories, he writes, may also lead to the feeling of <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a></i>, that the present events have already been experienced, and are now being re-experienced.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infallible precognition, which describes the future as it truly is, may lead to <a href="/wiki/Causal_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal loop">causal loops</a>, one form of which is explored in <a href="/wiki/Newcomb%27s_paradox" title="Newcomb's paradox">Newcomb's paradox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film <i><a href="/wiki/12_Monkeys_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="12 Monkeys (film)">12 Monkeys</a></i> heavily deals with themes of predestination and the <a href="/wiki/Cassandra_(metaphor)" title="Cassandra (metaphor)">Cassandra complex</a>, where the protagonist who travels back in time explains that he can't change the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Klosterman_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klosterman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protagonist of the short story <i><a href="/wiki/Story_of_Your_Life" title="Story of Your Life">Story of Your Life</a></i> experiences life as a superimposition of the <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a> and the totality of her life, future included, as a consequence of learning an <a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">alien language</a>. The mental faculty is speculation based on the <a href="/wiki/Sapir%E2%80%93Whorf_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapir–Whorf hypothesis">Sapir–Whorf hypothesis</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_loop">Time loop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Time loop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_loop" title="Time loop">Time loop</a></div> <p>A "time loop" or "temporal loop" is a <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">plot device</a> in which periods of time are repeated and re-experienced by the characters, and there is often some hope of breaking out of the cycle of repetition.<sup id="cite_ref-sfencyclopedia_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfencyclopedia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time loops are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Causal_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal loop">causal loops</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Klosterman_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klosterman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sfencyclopedia_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfencyclopedia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these two concepts are distinct. Although similar, causal loops are unchanging and self-originating, whereas time loops are constantly resetting. In a time loop when a certain condition is met, such as a death of a character or a clock reaching a certain time, the loop starts again, with one or more characters retaining the memories from the previous loop.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories with time loops commonly center on the character learning from each successive loop through time.<sup id="cite_ref-sfencyclopedia_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfencyclopedia-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiencing_time_in_reverse">Experiencing time in reverse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Experiencing time in reverse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some media, certain characters are presented as moving through time backwards. This is a very old concept, with some accounts asserting that English mythological figure <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> lived backwards, and appeared to be able to prophesy the future because for him it was a memory. This tradition has been reflected in certain modern fictional accounts of the character.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Piers_Anthony" title="Piers Anthony">Piers Anthony</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/Bearing_an_Hourglass" title="Bearing an Hourglass">Bearing an Hourglass</a></i>, the second of eight books in the <i><a href="/wiki/Incarnations_of_Immortality" title="Incarnations of Immortality">Incarnations of Immortality</a></i> series, the character of <a href="/wiki/Incarnations_of_Immortality#Characters" title="Incarnations of Immortality">Norton</a> becomes the incarnation of Time and continues his life living backwards in time.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2016 film <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Strange_(2016_film)" title="Doctor Strange (2016 film)">Doctor Strange</a></i> has the character use the Time Stone, one of the <a href="/wiki/Infinity_Gems" title="Infinity Gems">Infinity Stones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a>, to reverse time, experiencing time backwards while so doing.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Tenet_(film)" title="Tenet (film)">Tenet</a></i>, characters time travel without jumping back, but by experiencing past reality in reverse, and at the same speed, after going through a 'turnstile' device and until they revert to normal time flow by going through such a device again.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, two versions of the time traveller coexist (and must not meet, lest they mutually destruct): the one that had been 'traveling forward' (existing normally) until entering a turnstile and the one traveling backward from the turnstile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_thermodynamics" title="Laws of thermodynamics">laws of thermodynamics</a> are reversed for time traveling people and objects, so that for example backward travel requires the use of a <a href="/wiki/Respirator" title="Respirator">respirator</a>. Objects left behind by time travellers obey 'reverse thermodynamics;' for example, bullets shot or even simply deposited while traveling backward fly back into (forward traveling) guns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Record">Record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Protagonists do not travel in time but perceive other times through a <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">record</a>. Depending on the technology, they can minimally consult the record or maximally interact with it as a <a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">simulated reality</a> that can deviate causally from the original timeline from the point of interaction. A record can be consulted multiple times, thus providing a <a href="#Time_loop">time loop</a> mechanism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle" title="The Man in the High Castle">The Man in the High Castle</a></i> features books reporting on an alternate timeline. The <a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)" title="The Man in the High Castle (TV series)">TV series</a> transposes the mechanism of the books to <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreels</a>. Incidentally, the alternate timeline is the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historic timeline</a>, as opposed to the alternate history of the works, so that the records also function as <a href="/wiki/Meta-reference" title="Meta-reference">meta-references</a> to the timeline experienced by the authors and the consumers of the works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The plot of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Source_Code_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source Code (film)">Source Code</a></i> features a simulated and time-looped reality based on the memories of a dead man.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_paradox">Time paradox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Time paradox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Temporal paradox</a></div> <p>The idea of changing the past is logically <a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradictory</a>, creating situations like the <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather paradox">grandfather paradox</a>, where time travellers go back in time and change the past in a way that affects their future, such as by killing their grandparents.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The engineer <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Nahin" title="Paul J. Nahin">Paul J. Nahin</a> states that "even though the consensus today is that the past cannot be changed, science fiction writers have used the idea of changing the past for good story effect".<sup id="cite_ref-Nahin_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 267">: 267 </span></sup> Time travel to the past and precognition without the ability to change events may result in <a href="/wiki/Causal_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal loop">causal loops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klosterman_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klosterman-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The possibility of characters changing the past gave rise to the idea of "time police", people who prevent such changes from occurring by engaging in time travel to reverse the changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions"><span id="Alternative_future.2C_history.2C_timelines.2C_and_dimensions"></span>Alternative future, history, timelines, and dimensions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative future, history, timelines, and dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes in fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></div> <p>An alternative future or alternate future is a possible <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a> that never comes to pass, typically when someone travels into the <a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a> and alters it so that the events of the alternative future cannot occur or when a communication from the future to the past effected a change that alters the future.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nahin_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup> Alternative histories may exist "side by side", with the time traveller arriving at different dimensions as he changes time.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Butterfly_effect">Butterfly effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Butterfly effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect_in_popular_culture" title="Butterfly effect in popular culture">Butterfly effect in popular culture</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">butterfly effect</a> is the notion that small events can have large, widespread consequences. The term describes events observed in <a href="/wiki/Chaotic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaotic systems">chaos theory</a> where a very small change in initial conditions has vastly different results. The term was coined by mathematician <a href="/wiki/Edward_Norton_Lorenz" title="Edward Norton Lorenz">Edward Lorenz</a> years after the phenomenon was first described.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The butterfly effect has found its way into popular imagination. For example, in Ray Bradbury's 1952 short story <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sound_of_Thunder" title="A Sound of Thunder">A Sound of Thunder</a></i>, the killing of an insect millions of years in the past drastically changes the world and in the 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Butterfly_Effect" title="The Butterfly Effect">The Butterfly Effect</a></i>, the protagonist's small changes to his past results in extreme consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_tourism">Time tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Time tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A "distinct subgenre" of stories explore time travel as a means of tourism,<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with travelers curious to visit periods or events such as the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian Era">Victorian Era</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion of Christ">Crucifixion of Christ</a>, or to meet historical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stableford_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stableford-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theme can be addressed from two or three directions. An early example of present-day tourists travelling back to the past is <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s 1952 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Sound_of_Thunder" title="A Sound of Thunder">A Sound of Thunder</a></i>, in which the protagonists are <a href="/wiki/Big_game_hunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Big game hunter">big game hunters</a> who travel to the distant past to hunt <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early example of another type, in which tourists from the future visit the present, is <a href="/wiki/Catherine_L._Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine L. Moore">Catherine L. Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kuttner" title="Henry Kuttner">Henry Kuttner</a>'s 1946 <i><a href="/wiki/Vintage_Season" title="Vintage Season">Vintage Season</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bova_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bova-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final type in which there are people time-traveling to the future is experienced in the second book of <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a></i> series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Restaurant_at_the_End_of_the_Universe" title="The Restaurant at the End of the Universe">The Restaurant at the End of the Universe</a></i>, which, as the title indicates, includes a restaurant that exists at the end of the universe. In the restaurant, people time-traveling from all over the space-time continuum (especially the rich) came to the restaurant to view the explosion of the universe put on repeat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_war">Time war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Time war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Temporal_war_fiction" title="Category:Temporal war fiction">Category:Temporal war fiction</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i> describes a time war as a fictional war that is "fought across time, usually with each side knowingly using time travel ... to establish the ascendancy of one or another version of history". Time wars are also known as "change wars" and "temporal wars".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Clifford_D._Simak" title="Clifford D. Simak">Clifford D. Simak</a>'s 1951 <i><a href="/wiki/Time_and_Again_(Simak_novel)" title="Time and Again (Simak novel)">Time and Again</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_T._Davies" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell T. Davies">Russell T. Davies</a>' 2005 revival of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrington_J._Bayley" title="Barrington J. Bayley">Barrington J. Bayley</a>'s 1974 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_Chronopolis" title="The Fall of Chronopolis">The Fall of Chronopolis</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Costello" title="Matthew Costello">Matthew Costello</a>'s 1990 <i>Time of the Fox</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nahin_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 267">: 267 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghost_story">Ghost story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ghost story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researcher Barbara Bronlow wrote that traditional <a href="/wiki/Ghost_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost stories">ghost stories</a> are in effect an early form of time travel, since they depict living people of the present interacting with (dead) people of the past. She noted as an instance that <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Marlow">Christopher Marlow</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Faustus_(play)" title="Doctor Faustus (play)">Doctor Faustus</a></i> called up <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a> and met her arising from her grave.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_time_loops" title="List of films featuring time loops">List of films featuring time loops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction" title="List of time travel works of fiction">List of time travel works of fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Time viewer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nahin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nahin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahin_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahin_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahin_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahin_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahin_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nahin_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNahin1999" class="citation book cs1">Nahin, Paul J. (1999). <i>Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387985718" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387985718"><bdi>978-0-387985718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Machines%3A+Time+Travel+in+Physics%2C+Metaphysics%2C+and+Science+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-387985718&rft.aulast=Nahin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahin2011" class="citation book cs1">Nahin, Paul J. (2011). <i>Time Travel: A Writer's Guide to the Real Science of Plausible Time Travel</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421401201" title="Special:BookSources/9781421401201"><bdi>9781421401201</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Travel%3A+A+Writer%27s+Guide+to+the+Real+Science+of+Plausible+Time+Travel&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781421401201&rft.aulast=Nahin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2016" class="citation web cs1">Sterling, Bruce (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/science-fiction/Time-travel">"Science fiction – Time travel"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Science+fiction+%E2%80%93+Time+travel&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fscience-fiction%2FTime-travel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuiper-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuiper2012" class="citation book cs1">Kuiper, Kathleen (2012). <i>Prose: Literary Terms and Concepts</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615304943" title="Special:BookSources/9781615304943"><bdi>9781615304943</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prose%3A+Literary+Terms+and+Concepts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781615304943&rft.aulast=Kuiper&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2016" class="citation web cs1">Sterling, Bruce (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/science-fiction/Time-travel#ref235732">"Science fiction – Time travel"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Science+fiction+%E2%80%93+Time+travel&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Sterling&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2Fscience-fiction%2FTime-travel%23ref235732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theguardian1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2011" class="citation web cs1">Flood, Alison (23 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/sep/23/time-travel-in-fiction">"Time travel in fiction: why authors return to it time and time again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Time+travel+in+fiction%3A+why+authors+return+to+it+time+and+time+again&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2011%2Fsep%2F23%2Ftime-travel-in-fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharliejane2008" class="citation web cs1">Charliejane (31 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/can-you-escape-your-fate-science-fiction-has-the-answe-350435">"Can You Escape Your Fate? Science Fiction Has The Answer!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Io9" title="Io9">io9</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=Can+You+Escape+Your+Fate%3F+Science+Fiction+Has+The+Answer%21&rft.date=2008-01-31&rft.au=Charliejane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fcan-you-escape-your-fate-science-fiction-has-the-answe-350435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redmond-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Redmond_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmond2014" class="citation book cs1">Redmond, Sean (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVQaAwAAQBAJ&q=necessary+distancing+effect&pg=PA114"><i>Liquid Metal: the Science Fiction Film Reader</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231501842" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231501842"><bdi>978-0-231501842</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>[...] the time travel motif also has an ideological function because it literally provides the necessary distancing effect that science fiction needs to be able to metaphorically address the most pressing issues and themes that concern people in the present.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liquid+Metal%3A+the+Science+Fiction+Film+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-231501842&rft.aulast=Redmond&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiVQaAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnecessary%2Bdistancing%2Beffect%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Hawking1999" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Hawking (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawking.org.uk/space-and-time-warps.html">"Space and Time Warps"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">138–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88665-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-88665-9"><bdi>978-0-521-88665-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Utopia%2C+Dystopia%2C+and+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Utopian+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88665-9&rft.aulast=Fitting&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlkon1987" class="citation book cs1">Alkon, Paul K. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffuturis00alko/page/95"><i>Origins of Futuristic Fiction</i></a>. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsoffuturis00alko/page/95">95–96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-820309323" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-820309323"><bdi>978-0-820309323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Futuristic+Fiction&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-820309323&rft.aulast=Alkon&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsoffuturis00alko%2Fpage%2F95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-io9._Time-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-io9._Time_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders2009" class="citation web cs1">Anders, Charlie Jane (12 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/tag/timeslip-romance">"Timeslip romance"</a>. <i>io9</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=Timeslip+romance&rft.date=2009-06-12&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=Charlie+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2Ftag%2Ftimeslip-romance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2007" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsaGaFoH8UYC&pg=PA146"><i>Philip K. Dick: Exhilaration and Terror of the Postmodern</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Liverpool: <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-853236184" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-853236184"><bdi>978-0-853236184</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+K.+Dick%3A+Exhilaration+and+Terror+of+the+Postmodern&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=146&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-853236184&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfsaGaFoH8UYC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2016" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Maggie (12 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/a-bride-for-rip-van-winkle-film-review-1201739913/">"Film Review: 'A Bride for Rip Van Winkle'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Film+Review%3A+%27A+Bride+for+Rip+Van+Winkle%27&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2016%2Ffilm%2Freviews%2Fa-bride-for-rip-van-winkle-film-review-1201739913%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesMendlesohn2002" class="citation book cs1">James, Edward; Mendlesohn, Farah (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWzlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Fantasy Literature</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107493735" title="Special:BookSources/9781107493735"><bdi>9781107493735</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Fantasy+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781107493735&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Mendlesohn%2C+Farah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWzlAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Schweitzer, Darrell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HG-vjhQqE_cC&pg=PA112"><i>The Fantastic Horizon: Essays and Reviews</i></a> (1st ed.). Rockville, Maryland: Borgo Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781434403209" title="Special:BookSources/9781434403209"><bdi>9781434403209</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fantastic+Horizon%3A+Essays+and+Reviews&rft.place=Rockville%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Borgo+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781434403209&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHG-vjhQqE_cC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2003" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Ann Lawson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mBA_EHrxvEC&pg=PA153"><i>The Presence of the Past in Children's Literature</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313324833" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313324833"><bdi>978-0-313324833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presence+of+the+Past+in+Children%27s+Literature&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313324833&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Ann+Lawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mBA_EHrxvEC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosslett2002" class="citation journal cs1">Cosslett, Tess (1 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/35545/pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"History from Below": Time-Slip Narratives and National Identity"</a>. <i>The Lion and the Unicorn</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.2002.0017">10.1353/uni.2002.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1080-6563">1080-6563</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145407419">145407419</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lion+and+the+Unicorn&rft.atitle=%22History+from+Below%22%3A+Time-Slip+Narratives+and+National+Identity&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2002-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145407419%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1080-6563&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Funi.2002.0017&rft.aulast=Cosslett&rft.aufirst=Tess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F35545%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesOrmrod2015" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Matthew; Ormrod, Joan (2015). <i>Time Travel in Popular Media:Essays on Film, Television, Literature and Video Games</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina" title="Jefferson, North Carolina">Jefferson, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476620084" title="Special:BookSources/9781476620084"><bdi>9781476620084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Travel+in+Popular+Media%3AEssays+on+Film%2C+Television%2C+Literature+and+Video+Games&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781476620084&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Ormrod%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ackerman-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ackerman_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ackerman_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ackerman_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ackerman_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Forrest_J._Ackerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Forrest J. Ackerman">Ackerman, Forrest J.</a> (1973). <i>Best Science Fiction for 1973</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ace_Books" title="Ace Books">Ace Books</a>. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Best+Science+Fiction+for+1973&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Ace+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Forrest+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0601931h.html">"The Queer Story of Brownlow's Newspaper"</a>. 10 November 1971<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2015</span> – via Project Gutenberg Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Queer+Story+of+Brownlow%27s+Newspaper&rft.date=1971-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks06%2F0601931h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1997" class="citation book cs1">Young, R. G. (1997). <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Film: Ali Baba to Zombies</i>. New York: Applause. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55783-269-6"><bdi>978-1-55783-269-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Fantastic+Film%3A+Ali+Baba+to+Zombies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Applause&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55783-269-6&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonsson2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jonsson, Gunnar (29 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/nyheter/sverige/fp-satsar-pa-lopsedlar-som-valaffischer/">"Fp [Folkpartiet] satsar på löpsedlar som valaffischer"</a> [FP [The People's Party] focuses on headlines as election posters]. <i><a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a></i> (in Swedish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagens+Nyheter&rft.atitle=Fp+%5BFolkpartiet%5D+satsar+p%C3%A5+l%C3%B6psedlar+som+valaffischer&rft.date=2006-06-29&rft.aulast=Jonsson&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dn.se%2Fnyheter%2Fsverige%2Ffp-satsar-pa-lopsedlar-som-valaffischer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-famitsu-preview-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-famitsu-preview_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famitsu.com/game/coming/1224925_1407.html"><bdi lang="ja">秋葉原に時間の扉が開かれる「シュタインズ・ゲート」</bdi></a> [The gate of time can be opened at Akihabara, "<i>Steins;Gate</i>"] (in Japanese). Famitsu. 13 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021080754/http://www.famitsu.com/game/coming/1224925_1407.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%A7%8B%E8%91%89%E5%8E%9F%E3%81%AB%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E3%81%AE%E6%89%89%E3%81%8C%E9%96%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%82%8C%E3%82%8B+%E3%80%8C%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%80%8D&rft.pub=Famitsu&rft.date=2009-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famitsu.com%2Fgame%2Fcoming%2F1224925_1407.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-famitsu-review-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-famitsu-review_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshii2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ishii, Senji (15 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/1228550_1124.html"><bdi lang="ja">時間という禁断のテーマに挑んだ本格派ノベルゲーム「シュタインズ・ゲート」インプレッション</bdi></a> [Impressions of "Steins;Gate", a novel game about the forbidden topic of time] (in Japanese). Famitsu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113055131/http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/1228550_1124.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%84%E3%81%86%E7%A6%81%E6%96%AD%E3%81%AE%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%81%AB%E6%8C%91%E3%82%93%E3%81%A0%E6%9C%AC%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%BE%E3%83%8E%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%80%8C%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%80%8D%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3&rft.pub=Famitsu&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft.aulast=Ishii&rft.aufirst=Senji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famitsu.com%2Fgame%2Fnews%2F1228550_1124.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Steins;Gate". <i>Famitsu</i> (in Japanese). Enterbrain. June 2009. p. 231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Famitsu&rft.atitle=Steins%3BGate&rft.pages=231&rft.date=2009-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2014" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Katy (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2014.07.006">"Testimonies of precognition and encounters with psychiatry in letters to J. B. Priestley"</a>. <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences</i>. <b>48</b>: <span class="nowrap">103–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2014.07.006">10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25176614">25176614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+C%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Biological+and+Biomedical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Testimonies+of+precognition+and+encounters+with+psychiatry+in+letters+to+J.+B.+Priestley&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2014.07.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25176614&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Katy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.shpsc.2014.07.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig1987" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, William Lane (October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/offices/billcraig/docs/newcomb.html">"Divine Foreknowledge and Newcomb's Paradox"</a>. <i>Philosophia</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02455055">10.1007/BF02455055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143485859">143485859</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophia&rft.atitle=Divine+Foreknowledge+and+Newcomb%27s+Paradox&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.date=1987-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02455055&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143485859%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=William+Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leaderu.com%2Foffices%2Fbillcraig%2Fdocs%2Fnewcomb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett1993" class="citation book cs1">Dummett, Michael (1993). <i>The Seas of Language</i> (1st ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 356, <span class="nowrap">370–</span>375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198240112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198240112"><bdi>978-0-198240112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seas+of+Language&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=356%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E370-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-198240112&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klosterman-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klosterman_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klosterman_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klosterman_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlosterman2009" class="citation book cs1">Klosterman, Chuck (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eatingdinosaur00klos"><i>Eating the Dinosaur</i></a></span> (1st ed.). New York: Scribner. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eatingdinosaur00klos/page/60">60–62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439168486" title="Special:BookSources/9781439168486"><bdi>9781439168486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+the+Dinosaur&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60-62&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781439168486&rft.aulast=Klosterman&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Featingdinosaur00klos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfencyclopedia-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfencyclopedia_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfencyclopedia_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfencyclopedia_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChelsea_Quinn_Yarbro" class="citation web cs1">Chelsea Quinn Yarbro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/time_loop">"Time Loop"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Time+Loop&rft.au=Chelsea+Quinn+Yarbro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Ftime_loop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesOrmrod2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matt_Jones_(writer)" title="Matt Jones (writer)">Jones, Matthew</a>; Ormrod, Joan (2015). <i>Time Travel in Popular Media: Essays on Film, Television, Literature and Video Games</i>. <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-786478071" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-786478071"><bdi>978-0-786478071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Travel+in+Popular+Media%3A+Essays+on+Film%2C+Television%2C+Literature+and+Video+Games&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-786478071&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Ormrod%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich2003" class="citation book cs1">Goodrich, Peter H. (2003). <i>Merlin: A Casebook</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 83, 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135583404" title="Special:BookSources/1135583404"><bdi>1135583404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merlin%3A+A+Casebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=83%2C+247&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1135583404&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i>Amazing Science Fiction Stories</i>. <b>58</b>: 15. 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amazing+Science+Fiction+Stories&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply either "|first=" and the actual title of the cited work, or use "|title=[untitled]" for intentional omission.">title missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2016" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Jacob (22 November 2016). <i>Marvel's Doctor Strange: The Art of the Movie</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0785198208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0785198208"><bdi>978-0785198208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marvel%27s+Doctor+Strange%3A+The+Art+of+the+Movie&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.isbn=978-0785198208&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolworthy2020" class="citation web cs1">Stolworthy, Jacob (27 August 2020). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/tenet-movie-title-meaning-scene-clue-robert-pattinson-time-travel-ending-explained-a9689046.html">"The crucial Tenet scene that reveals true meaning of movie's title"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/tenet-movie-title-meaning-scene-clue-robert-pattinson-time-travel-ending-explained-a9689046.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+crucial+Tenet+scene+that+reveals+true+meaning+of+movie%27s+title&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft.aulast=Stolworthy&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ffilms%2Fnews%2Ftenet-movie-title-meaning-scene-clue-robert-pattinson-time-travel-ending-explained-a9689046.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/time_paradoxes">"Time Paradoxes"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Time+Paradoxes&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Ftime_paradoxes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwartz1993" class="citation web cs1">Swartz, Norman (October 31, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfu.ca/~swartz/time_travel1.htm">"Time Travel: Visiting the Past"</a>. <i>Norman Swartz – Biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norman+Swartz+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.atitle=Time+Travel%3A+Visiting+the+Past&rft.date=1993-10-31&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2F~swartz%2Ftime_travel1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stableford-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stableford_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStableford2006" class="citation book cs1">Stableford, Brian (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefactscien0000stab"><i>Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. New York: Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefactscien0000stab/page/534">534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415974607" title="Special:BookSources/0415974607"><bdi>0415974607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Fact+and+Science+Fiction%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0415974607&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencefactscien0000stab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrucherWolfe2007" class="citation book cs1">Prucher, Jeffrey; Wolfe, Gene (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYzi8m8FbEsC&pg=PA4">"alternate future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brave_New_Words:_The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction">Brave New Words: The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195305678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195305678"><bdi>978-0-195305678</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=alternate+future&rft.btitle=Brave+New+Words%3A+The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Science+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-195305678&rft.aulast=Prucher&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiYzi8m8FbEsC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Journeys in Space and Time". <i><a href="/wiki/Cosmos:_A_Personal_Voyage" title="Cosmos: A Personal Voyage">Cosmos: A Personal Voyage</a></i>. 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"Sea gulls, butterflies, and grasshoppers: A brief history of the butterfly effect in nonlinear dynamics". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>. <b>72</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">425–</span>427. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AmJPh..72..425H">2004AmJPh..72..425H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.1636492">10.1119/1.1636492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Sea+gulls%2C+butterflies%2C+and+grasshoppers%3A+A+brief+history+of+the+butterfly+effect+in+nonlinear+dynamics&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E425-%3C%2Fspan%3E427&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.1636492&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004AmJPh..72..425H&rft.aulast=Hilborn&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Dizikes2008" class="citation news cs1">Peter Dizikes (June 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2008/06/08/the_meaning_of_the_butterfly/?page=full">"The meaning of the butterfly"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+meaning+of+the+butterfly&rft.date=2008-06-08&rft.au=Peter+Dizikes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fbostonglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2008%2F06%2F08%2Fthe_meaning_of_the_butterfly%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bova-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bova_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBova2003" class="citation book cs1">Bova, Ben (2003). "Introduction". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Science_Fiction_Hall_of_Fame,_Volume_Two" title="The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two">The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume Two</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Tor Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencefictionha00benb/page/">ix-xi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-765305343" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-765305343"><bdi>978-0-765305343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Science+Fiction+Hall+of+Fame%2C+Volume+Two&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=ix-xi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-765305343&rft.aulast=Bova&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/changewar">"Changewar"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Changewar&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fchangewar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Dan (2013-11-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2013/nov/25/the-day-of-the-doctor-doctor-who-recap">"Doctor Who recap: The Day of the Doctor"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Doctor+Who+recap%3A+The+Day+of+the+Doctor&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2Ftvandradioblog%2F2013%2Fnov%2F25%2Fthe-day-of-the-doctor-doctor-who-recap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronlow" class="citation journal cs1">Bronlow, Barbara H. Petrovna, Natalia; Cougland, George C.; Ramirez, Juan Mario (eds.). <i>Workshop on the Ongoing Impact of Ancient Myth on Contemporary Culture</i>: <span class="nowrap">146–</span>148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Workshop+on+the+Ongoing+Impact+of+Ancient+Myth+on+Contemporary+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.aulast=Bronlow&rft.aufirst=Barbara+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleick2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">Gleick, James</a> (2016). <i>Time Travel: A History</i>. Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307908797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307908797"><bdi>978-0-307908797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Travel%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-307908797&rft.aulast=Gleick&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahin1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Nahin" title="Paul J. Nahin">Nahin, Paul J.</a> (1999). <i>Time Machines: Time Travel in Physics, Metaphysics, and Science Fiction</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387985718" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387985718"><bdi>978-0-387985718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Machines%3A+Time+Travel+in+Physics%2C+Metaphysics%2C+and+Science+Fiction&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-387985718&rft.aulast=Nahin&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman2018" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Ryan (2018). <i>Paradoxes of Time Travel</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879333-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879333-5"><bdi>978-0-19-879333-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paradoxes+of+Time+Travel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879333-5&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATime+travel+in+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time_travel_in_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="external text" href="http://www.timetravelreviews.com">Andy's Anachronisms</a> – Exploring the themes of time travel and alternate universes in literature and entertainment.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Time travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_travel" title="Template talk:Time travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_travel73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_protection_conjecture" title="Chronology protection conjecture">Chronology protection conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">Closed timelike curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novikov_self-consistency_principle" title="Novikov self-consistency principle">Novikov self-consistency principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy#Causal_loop" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics_of_time_travel" title="Quantum mechanics of time travel">Quantum mechanics of time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of space and time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_effect" title="Butterfly effect">Butterfly effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causal_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal loop">Causal loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causality_(physics)" title="Causality (physics)">Causality (physics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_protection_conjecture" title="Chronology protection conjecture">Chronology protection conjecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_chicken_or_the_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="The chicken or the egg">The chicken or the egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandfather paradox">Grandfather paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics_of_time_travel" title="Quantum mechanics of time travel">Quantum mechanics of time travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Time viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Temporal paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_paradox#Grandfather_paradox" title="Temporal paradox">Grandfather paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_loop" title="Time loop">Time loop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time travel in fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines#Fictional" title="List of timelines">Timelines in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_travel_works_of_fiction" title="List of time travel works of fiction">Time travel in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_time_loops" title="List of films featuring time loops">Time loops in film</a></li> <li><i>Major works:</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Time_Machine" title="The Time Machine">The Time Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parallel timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alternative_future,_history,_timelines,_and_dimensions">Alternative future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" title="Many-worlds interpretation">Many-worlds interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetimes</a> in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> that<br /> can contain <a href="/wiki/Closed_timelike_curve" title="Closed timelike curve">closed timelike curves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTZ_black_hole" title="BTZ black hole">BTZ black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnikov_tube" title="Krasnikov tube">Krasnikov tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misner_space" title="Misner space">Misner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipler_cylinder" title="Tipler cylinder">Tipler cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole#Traversable_wormholes" title="Wormhole">Traversable wormholes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time machine">Time machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormhole" title="Wormhole">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction458" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction458" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topopolis" title="Topopolis">Topopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial 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