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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Eutrofikasie" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Eutrofikasie" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Eutrofikasie" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Eutrofikasie" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Proses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Proses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voordele_van_eutrofikasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voordele_van_eutrofikasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Voordele van eutrofikasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voordele_van_eutrofikasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Probleme_veroorsaak_deur_eutrofikasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Probleme_veroorsaak_deur_eutrofikasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Probleme veroorsaak deur eutrofikasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Probleme_veroorsaak_deur_eutrofikasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorgestelde_oplossings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorgestelde_oplossings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voorgestelde oplossings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorgestelde_oplossings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gevallestudie:_Hartebeespoortdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gevallestudie:_Hartebeespoortdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gevallestudie: Hartebeespoortdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gevallestudie:_Hartebeespoortdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Eutrofikasie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 56 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizaci%C3%B3n" title="Eutrofización – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eutrofización" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فرط المغذيات – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرط المغذيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizaci%C3%B3n" title="Eutrofización – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Eutrofización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evtrofikasiya" title="Evtrofikasiya – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Evtrofikasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Эўтрафікацыя – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эўтрафікацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Еутрофикация – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еутрофикация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofitzaci%C3%B3" title="Eutrofització – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eutrofització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizace" title="Eutrofizace – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Eutrofizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewtroffigedd" title="Ewtroffigedd – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewtroffigedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofiering" title="Eutrofiering – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Eutrofiering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophierung" title="Eutrophierung – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eutrophierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ευτροφισμός – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευτροφισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Eutrophication" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantozi%C4%9Do" title="Plantoziĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plantoziĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizaci%C3%B3n" title="Eutrofización – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eutrofización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofeerumine" title="Eutrofeerumine – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eutrofeerumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizazio" title="Eutrofizazio – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eutrofizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پرغذایی – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرغذایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehev%C3%B6ityminen" title="Rehevöityminen – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rehevöityminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophisation" title="Eutrophisation – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eutrophisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizaci%C3%B3n" title="Eutrofización – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eutrofización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="איטרופיקציה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איטרופיקציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="सुपोषण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सुपोषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etwofizasyon" title="Etwofizasyon – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etwofizasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofiz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Eutrofizáció – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eutrofizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BE%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էվտրոֆիկացիա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էվտրոֆիկացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofikasi" title="Eutrofikasi – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eutrofikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofau%C3%B0gun" title="Ofauðgun – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ofauðgun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizzazione" title="Eutrofizzazione – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eutrofizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A0%84%E9%A4%8A%E5%8C%96" title="富栄養化 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="富栄養化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Эвтрофтану – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эвтрофтану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%98%81%EC%96%91%ED%99%94" title="부영양화 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부영양화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эфтрофикация – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эфтрофикация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofikacija" title="Eutrofikacija – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Eutrofikacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitrofik%C4%81cija" title="Eitrofikācija – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eitrofikācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еутрофикација – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еутрофикација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അമിതപോഷണം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമിതപോഷണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofikasi" title="Eutrofikasi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eutrofikasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofi%C3%ABring" title="Eutrofiëring – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eutrofiëring" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizacion" title="Eutrofizacion – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Eutrofizacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizacja" title="Eutrofizacja – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eutrofizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Eutrofização – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eutrofização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizare" title="Eutrofizare – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eutrofizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эвтрофикация – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эвтрофикация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eutrophication" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofiz%C3%A1cia" title="Eutrofizácia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Eutrofizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evtrofikacija" title="Evtrofikacija – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evtrofikacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrofizimi" title="Eutrofizimi – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eutrofizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Цветање воде – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цветање воде" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96verg%C3%B6dning" title="Övergödning – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Övergödning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" 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href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Potomac_river_eutro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Potomac_river_eutro.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="157" /></a><figcaption>Eutrofikasie van die Potomac-rivier is duidelik uitkenbaar aan die helder groen water.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Potomac_green_water.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Potomac_green_water.JPG/240px-Potomac_green_water.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Potomac_green_water.JPG/360px-Potomac_green_water.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Potomac_green_water.JPG/480px-Potomac_green_water.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Eutrofikasie van die Potomac-rivier.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Eutrofikasie</b> of <b>voedingstofverryking</b> verwys na die stadige toename in die konsentrasie van <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof">stikstof</a> en ander plantvoedingstowwe. Dit kan natuurlik voorkom, maar dit gebeur ál meer en meer weens menslike aktiwiteite. Die toename in fosfor en stikstof lei tot groot biologiese aktiwiteit en hoë konsentrasies <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>. Eutrofikasie veroorsaak dat <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> <a href="/wiki/Groen" title="Groen">groen</a> en troebel raak en dat die volume van water verklein weens die ophoping van organiese materiaal. </p><p>Eutrofiese mere sal natuurlikerwys 75 g – 250 g koolstof per <a href="/wiki/Vierkante_meter" title="Vierkante meter">vierkante meter</a> per <a href="/wiki/Jaar" title="Jaar">jaar</a> produseer, terwyl mere wat eutrofikasie weens menslike aktiwiteite ondergaan 75 g – 750 g koolstof per vierkante meter per jaar kan produseer. In <a href="/wiki/Suider-Afrika" title="Suider-Afrika">Suider-Afrika</a> is daar baie damme wat eutrofies raak. 'n Voorbeeld is die <a href="/wiki/Karibadam" title="Karibadam">Karibadam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, waar 'n dik, groen <a href="/wiki/Varing" title="Varing">varinglaag</a>, bekend as die <a href="/wiki/Watervaring" title="Watervaring">watervaring</a>, dikwels die oppervlak bedek. Die suurstofkonsentrasie in die onderste water is só laag dat die <a href="/wiki/Vis" title="Vis">visse</a> begin vrek. </p><p>Dit is nie slegs varswatergebiede wat eutrofikasie ondergaan nie, maar ook kusgebiede kan deur dié proses getref word. Op 'n globale skaal is die inset van organiese materiaal deur riviere na die <a href="/wiki/Oseaan" title="Oseaan">oseane</a> vandag twee keer soveel as in prehistoriese tye, en die byvoeging van stikstof en fosfor lei ook tot eutrofikasie van marienestelsels. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proses">Proses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Proses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Proses"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sy eenvoudigste vorm geskied die eutrofikasieproses soos volg: </p> <ul><li>In die boonste laag water vloei die konsentrasie voedingstowwe, wat in hierdie omgewing aanleiding gee tot die ontwikkeling van mikroplantegroei (hoofsaaklik fitoplankton en <a href="/wiki/Alg" title="Alg">alge</a>) en die <a href="/wiki/So%C3%B6plankton" title="Soöplankton">soöplankton</a> na hierdie laag lok om die fitoplankton te vreet. Hierdie toename in plantegroei maak die water minder deursigtig, sodat die sonlig nie tot op die bodem kan deurdring nie. Die plante op die bodem of onderste laag van die meer, dam of reservoir begin vrek, omrede hulle nie kan fotosinteer nie. Die verwelking en vrektes van die bodemplante lei weer tot die dood van ander organismes vir wie die bodemplante as <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> en voedselbron dien.</li></ul> <ul><li>Die <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> van die boonste waterlaag is afhanklik van die aktiwiteit van die toenemende plantbiomassa (veral alge). Saans geskied geen <a href="/wiki/Fotosintese" title="Fotosintese">fotosintese</a> nie, maar die respirasie duur onverpoos voort. In die <a href="/wiki/Somer" title="Somer">somer</a> en die vroeë oggendure van warm dae daal die suurstofgehalte in die boonste waterlae en die vrektes van die aërobiese organismes wat hierdie lae bewoon en <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstof</a> benodig kan bespeur word. Die soöplankton vrek dus ook.</li></ul> <ul><li>Dooie organismes val op die bodem van die reservoir of watermassa en word ontbind deur aërobiese bakterie. Die dooie bodemplante kan egter nie meer volhoubaar suurstof verskaf om die ontbindingsproses aan die gang te hou nie. Suurstof word meer uit die water onttrek om die ontbinding van die dooie organismes te bewerkstellig. Daar vind nou ook 'n wanbalans plaas tussen die suurstofproduksie en -verbruik op die bodem. Weens die suurstoftekort begin die bodemdiere ook nou vrek.</li></ul> <ul><li>Noudat die diepste bodem suurstofvry is, begin die anaërobiese afbreking van dooie organismes wat sterk giftige verbindings soos waterstofsulfied, karbolsuur en <a href="/wiki/Metaan" title="Metaan">metaan</a> laat ontstaan. As gevolg van die eutrofikasieproses is die vernietiging van die grootste deel van die plante- en dierelewe van die watermassa afgehandel, en die hele ekostelsel is verander, sodat die watergehalte erg aangetas word en nie meer vir bad- of <a href="/wiki/Drinkwater" title="Drinkwater">drinkwater</a> geskik is nie.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voordele_van_eutrofikasie">Voordele van eutrofikasie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Voordele van eutrofikasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Voordele van eutrofikasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Volgens Fanie Brink (onafhanklike landbou-ekonoom en biobrandstofkenner) is alge die mees ekonomiese produk vir die opwekking van bio-elektrisiteit. Ondersoeke moet wel nog bepaal tot watter mate eutrofikasie benut kan word vir bio-energieverskaffing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Oortollige alge kan vir bemesting gebruik word.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Probleme_veroorsaak_deur_eutrofikasie">Probleme veroorsaak deur eutrofikasie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Probleme veroorsaak deur eutrofikasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Probleme veroorsaak deur eutrofikasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Plaasdameutrofikasie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/7/7f/Plaasdameutrofikasie.JPG/350px-Plaasdameutrofikasie.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/7/7f/Plaasdameutrofikasie.JPG/525px-Plaasdameutrofikasie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/af/thumb/7/7f/Plaasdameutrofikasie.JPG/700px-Plaasdameutrofikasie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Eutrofikasie is 'n natuurlike proses wat deur verstedeliking en landbou- en nywerheidsgebruike versnel kan word, soos te sien by hierdie plaasdam.</figcaption></figure> <p>Eutrofikasie is die verryking van water met plantvoedingstowwe. Dit is 'n natuurlike proses wat deur verstedeliking en landbou- en nywerheidsgebruike versnel kan word; hierdie versnelling staan as 'kulturele eutrofikasie' bekend. Kunsmis, (rou en behandelde) riool en veemis uit kampies en krale, maar ook ontbossing, kan ook lei tot die opbou, deursypeling, verspoeling en/of uitloging van grondnitrate en -fosfate na stroompies, riviere en die grondwater, totdat 'n groot watermassa in 'n laagliggende deel bereik word. So verhoog die konsentrasie grondnitrate en -fosfate in byvoorbeeld 'n dam. Die storting of uitloging van uitvloeisel wat ryk aan oplosbare voedingstowwe soos fosfate en stikstof is, bevorder die oormatige groei van alge en ander waterplante. Dit gee aanleiding tot 'n toenemende verswakking in watergehalte en verminder die water se geskiktheid vir alle gebruike behalwe vir besproeiing (hoewel die eutrofikasiesiklus slegs voortgesit en vererger word). Dit belemmer ontspanningsbenutting en beïnvloed die behandeling en vervoer van water. </p><p>Die oormatige toename in alge, waterplante of albei in die opgegaarde water gee aanleiding tot die volgende probleme: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watersuiwering" title="Watersuiwering">Watersuiweringskoste</a> styg as gevolg van die blokkasie van filtreerders, die verhoogde chemiese dosering vir koagulasie (stolling) en die meer gesofistikeerde behandelingsprosesse wat nodig is om smake, reuke en ander newe-effekte wat deur alge in die water veroorsaak word, te verwyder.</li></ul> <ul><li>Hoër peile van bedryfs- en beheerkundigheid word vereis om veilige drinkbare water te lewer.</li></ul> <ul><li>Gifstowwe wat deur sekere soorte alge soos mikrosistis ('n <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> van bloualge) voortgebring word, kan veeverliese en visvrektes tot gevolg hê. Hierdie toksiene kan moontlik ook dodelik vir die mens wees. 'n Bloei van giftige alge kan vrektes onder vee en vis veroorsaak. Gevalle is by die mens opgeteken van maag- en dermontsteking wat veroorsaak is deur 'n giftige stof wat deur mikrosistis voortgebring word. Bloualge kan by die mens ook die volgende siektes veroorsaak: <a href="/wiki/Hooikoors" title="Hooikoors">hooikoors</a>, veluitslag, oog-irritasies, braking, gastro-enteritis, <a href="/wiki/Diarree" title="Diarree">diarree</a>, koors en spier- en gewrigpyne.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar bestaan ook bewyse van gesondheidsrisiko's wat voortspruit uit die toename van die bevolkingsdigtheid van die mollusk (slaksoorte) of dipteran (vliegsoorte)-vektore van malaria, filariase, lewerslakbesmetting en skistosomiase (bilharzia/slakkoors/rooiwater). Buitesellulêre samestellings wat deur alge in die water vrygestel word, is verdagte voorlopers van kankerwekkende trihalometane.</li></ul> <ul><li>Omvattende suurstofonttrekking van die dieper lae van stilstaande waterliggame soos damme en mere (deur onder meer die ontbinding of verrotting van dooie waterplante, wat suurstof verbruik) kan versteurings in die biologiese aktiwiteit en waterchemie veroorsaak en die vermoë om gewenste visspesies te onderhou, beïnvloed. Sedimente van ontbindende alge en waterplante kan aanleiding gee tot veranderinge in die verskeidenheid visspesies en die oorheersing van ongewenste bodemvreters.</li></ul> <ul><li>Alge aan kanaalvoerings veroorsaak verlies van waterkapasiteit, wat met die besproeiing van gewasse kan inmeng. Beperkings op watervoorsiening is ondervind vanweë die oormatige ontwikkeling (in die 1980’s en vroeër) van alge in verspreidingskanale op Staatswaterskemas soos Hartebeespoort, Kalkfontein, Vaalharts, Albasini, Loskop en Rooikraal. Die algbestryding in die kanale onderkant die Hartebeespoortdam gedurende 1981 het ongeveer R55 000 bedra. Inkomste is ook verloor omdat die hoeveelheid water wat voorsien kon word, ingekort moes word.</li></ul> <ul><li>Die natuurskoongehalte van die wateroppervlakte word verminder. Estetiese probleme word hoofsaaklik deur die vrektes van alge veroorsaak, wat onaangename reuke afgee. Probleme van hierdie aard word geredelik deur die publiek opgemerk, wat sterk druk vir die nodige optrede kan uitoefen.</li></ul> <ul><li>Die ontspanningsgebruik van wateroppervlakke vir sportsoorte soos bootry, hengel en waterski word nadelig beïnvloed.</li></ul> <ul><li>Die waarde van oewereiendomme daal vanweë die negatiewe estetiese eienskappe van algbelaaide watermassas. Die gevolge van eutrofikasie kan die waarde van omliggende grond beïnvloed aangesien die lewensvatbaarheid van oewerontwikkeling wat in die begin belowend gelyk het, bedreig kan word.</li></ul> <ul><li>Kankerwekkende trihalometane kan gevorm word wanneer water uit geëutrofiseerde bronne gedurende watersuiwering gechloreer word.</li></ul> <ul><li>Die alge verstop boerderye se siwwe, inlaatkleppe en spruitpype van waterpompe. Dit verhoog ook die produksiekoste, omdat die boer meer gereeld instandhouding van die besproeiingsinfrastruktuur moet doen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Verhoogde soutkonsentrasies in die water veroorsaak die neerslag van sediment en verminder troebelheid. Onder sekere omstandighede word die groei van alge en ander waterplante deur die gevolglike dieper ligindringing bevorder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorgestelde_oplossings">Voorgestelde oplossings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Voorgestelde oplossings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Voorgestelde oplossings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Eutrofikasiebestuurstrategie het ernstige ekonomiese implikasies. Die verwydering van fosfate uit afvalwater sal 'n groot kapitaalbesteding vereis om afvalwaterbehandelingsaanlegte te bou of te verbeter en dit sal ook die indiensneming van beter, gekwalifiseerde operateurs meebring. Besluitnemers op die gebied van waterhulpbronbeplanning en -bestuur sal gevolglik realistiese voorspellings van die gevolge van alternatiewe keuses vereis. </p><p>Die verkieslikste wyse om eutrofikasie te verminder is om voedingstofladings by die oorsprong daarvan te beheer. Die meeste ontwikkelingswerk en toepassings in die praktyk is op hierdie benadering gegrond. Ongelukkig is beheer by die oorsprong nie altyd doenlik nie. Ander benaderings word gevolglik bestudeer en in beperkte mate geïmplementeer. Die volgende is 'n oorsig van die algemeenste maatreëls wat toegepas word (na Vollenweider, R.A. 1981. 'Eutrophication – a global problem'): </p> <ol><li>Voorkomingsmaatreëls buite reservoirs: <ol><li>Behandeling van afvalwater, bv. deur die verwydering van fosfate en stikstof.</li> <li>Volledige wegkering van afvalwater, bv. deur kringkanalisering.</li> <li>Voedingstofverwydering deur voorafopdamming</li> <li>Besinking van fosfate in strome en riviere stroom-op van damme.</li> <li>Opvanggebiedbeskerming, bv. deur herbebossing en deur beperkinge op die gebruik van kunsmis en op die daarstelling van potensiële voedingstofbronne in rivieropvanggebiede.</li> <li>Die vervanging van fosfate in wasmiddels vir wasgoed deur bestanddele wat minder skadelik vir die omgewing is.</li></ol></li> <li>Herstelmaatreëls binne reservoirs: <ol><li>Fisiese manipulasie, bv. deur destratifikasie, hipolimnetiese belugting, onttrekking van hipolimnetiese water en wysiging van uitspoelingsregimes.</li> <li>Chemiese manipulasie, bv. deur voedingstofbesinking binne die watermassa en deur die sediment onaktief te maak en te verwyder.</li> <li>Biologiese manipulasie, bv. deur meganiese versameling van die biomassa (makrofiete, alge en vis), aanwending van giftige stowwe (onkruiddoders, algdoders en plaagdoders) en regstreekse manipulasie van die voedselketting.</li></ol></li> <li>Verbeteringsmaatreëls by of na die punt van onttrekking uit reservoirs: <ol><li>Fisiese verwydering van alge en makrofiete, bv. deur mikrofiltrering en flottering.</li> <li>Voorafchlorering om alge dood te maak, gevolg deur die fisiese verwydering van dooie alge deur sedimentering, flottering en filtrering.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksidasie" title="Oksidasie">Oksidasie</a> om (waterstofsulfied) H<sub>2</sub>S, (yster) Fe<sup>2+</sup> en (mangaan) Mn<sup>2+</sup>-ione te verwyder.</li> <li>Geaktiveerdekoolstofbehandeling om opgeloste organiese verbindings en voorlopers van trihalometane te verwyder.</li> <li>Die gebruik van osoon as 'n ontsmettingsmiddel in plaas van chloor om die kanse van trihalometaanvorming in waterbehandeling te verminder.</li></ol></li></ol> <p>Die resultate wat deur hierdie maatreëls behaal is het gewissel tussen uiterste sukses en volslae mislukking. Volgens die suksesse is omkering van die eutrofikasieproses wel moontlik. Die minder suksesvolle gevalle dui egter daarop dat voldoende kennis oor eutrofikasiebeheer nog nie beskikbaar is nie. Kritiese ontleding is nodig om die redes vir die mislukkings te bepaal. </p><p>Omdat die aantal stedelike gebiede in die Derde Wêreld vinnig vermeerder, moet besondere aandag gegee word aan die ontwikkeling van laevlaktegnologie vir fosfaatverwydering, wat gelyk staan met die peil van kundigheid wat vir die bedryf van waterversorgingswerke in hierdie gebiede beskikbaar is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gevallestudie:_Hartebeespoortdam">Gevallestudie: Hartebeespoortdam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Gevallestudie: Hartebeespoortdam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gevallestudie: Hartebeespoortdam"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Plastic_bag_litter_in_Crocodile_river,_Pelindaba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Plastic_bag_litter_in_Crocodile_river%2C_Pelindaba.jpg/350px-Plastic_bag_litter_in_Crocodile_river%2C_Pelindaba.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Plastic_bag_litter_in_Crocodile_river%2C_Pelindaba.jpg/525px-Plastic_bag_litter_in_Crocodile_river%2C_Pelindaba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Plastic_bag_litter_in_Crocodile_river%2C_Pelindaba.jpg/700px-Plastic_bag_litter_in_Crocodile_river%2C_Pelindaba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Besoedeling by die Krokodilrivier lei na die Hartebeespoortdam</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:South_Africa-Hartbeespoot_dam06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_Africa-Hartbeespoot_dam06.jpg/350px-South_Africa-Hartbeespoot_dam06.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_Africa-Hartbeespoot_dam06.jpg/525px-South_Africa-Hartbeespoot_dam06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/South_Africa-Hartbeespoot_dam06.jpg/700px-South_Africa-Hartbeespoot_dam06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Stille waters, diepe grond...</figcaption></figure> <p>Teen Januarie 2013 (in die somertyd) was die Hartbeespoortdam die skoonste in dekades nadat meer as 2 400 ton rommel met die hand verwyder is en 190 ton ongewenste vis gevang en aan die plaaslike inwoners te koop aangebied is. Die hele projek het 70 heeltydse werksgeleenthede geskep. Uit 'n retrospeksie het die hiasintprobleem reeds voor die 1980's begin, as gevolg van rommel en rioolafval wat ná swaar reën in die dam se opvangsgebied daarheen gevloei het. Die gifstowwe wat gebruik is as kitsoplossing om die hiasinte dood te maak, het veroorsaak dat die verrottende plantmateriaal die vis- en dierelewe benadeel het (onder andere dié wat die alge gevreet het), maar het terselfdertyd ook 'n stank vrygestel. Nou is kompos van die hiasinte en alge gemaak – waarmee geskikte plante op die damwal gevestig is.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die hoofoorsaak, die fosfaatprobleem, talm wel nog. 'n 'Suksesverhaal' is die Hartbeespoortdam dus nie: dit is slegs 'n herhaling van die geskiedenis. </p><p>Volgens die Departement van Waterwese se <i>Bestuur van die waterhulpbronne van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika</i> (1986) is die waterhiasinte in 1977/78 in die Hartbeespoortdam goedkoper, teen 'n koste van slegs R220 000, chemies bestry: "<i>Vroeër is waterhiasinte etlike jare lank met die hand verwyder of stukkend gekap deur spesiale skuite te gebruik, teen 'n totale beraamde koste van tussen R600 000 en R1 miljoen.</i>" </p><p>Op 12 Januarie 1999 is die uitslag van toetse deur die Departement Waterwese van die Hartbeespoortdam bekend gemaak. Die water was in 'n haglike toestand, die waterhiasinte gevaarlik baie, en die inwoners/vakansiegangers is gewaarsku om nie water uit die dam te drink nie.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van die menings van die inwoners was dat, indien die waterhiasinte in die dam totaal uitgeroei sou word, dit die dam sou doodmaak, aangesien die visse nie in besoedelde water sal kan oorleef nie. Solank die waterhiasinte nie die 5%-perk oorskry nie, sal dit die water van skadelike afvalstowwe suiwer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By die Hartbeespoortdam het daar ondertussen deur eutrofikasie teen 2004 'n bevolkingsontploffing van <a href="/wiki/Karp" title="Karp">karp</a> en tot 'n mindere mate <a href="/wiki/Baber" class="mw-redirect" title="Baber">babers</a> ontstaan, sodat byna al die algevretende insekte opgevreet is. Daar is nie meer <a href="/wiki/Krokodil" title="Krokodil">krokodille</a> in die dam wat hierdie visbevolking kan laat daal nie. Dit het die reeds bestaande bloualge verder laat aankweek op die oortollige fosfaat in die dam. Oplaas is 'n projek geloods om die oorbevolking vis uit die dam te haal (200 ton was beoog).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Harties" se vullis en alge het ondertussen ook in Roodekoppies ingespoel (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die skoonmaakproses het eers in laat-2007 begin. R22,5 miljoen is deur die Departement Waterwese en Bosbou goedgekeur sodat waterstudies gedoen kon word.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Teen 2008 was slegs 3 ton vis uitgehaal weens sabotasie deur die publiek wat die visnette beskadig het (deur middel van bote wat die nette "ernstig beskadig" het).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verder sou die sediment uitgepomp moes word. Valhekke in die dam is gebruik om die alge te keer. Die giftige alge moes ook uitgepomp word. Die hoofoorsaak is egter die hoë konsentrasies stikstof en fosfaat in die water wat veroorsaak word deur die invloei (deur die Krokodilrivier) van kunsmis, waspoeier en ander skoonmaakmiddels, asook rioolafval.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drywende planteilande is ook gevestig om die toename in vriendelike waterorganismes aan te moedig. Daagliks is 500 tot 800 kg ongewenste vissoorte ook gevang om “vriendelike” vissoorte soos kurper, wat alge vreet, se getalle te vermeerder. Daar is bereken dat 50% van die water wat die Hartbeespoortdam invloei, gesuiwerde riool is, en tussen 200 tot 350 ton fosfaat jaarliks van rioolwerke die dam inspoel.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tempelhoff bly egter sinies oor die manier hoe die projek aangepak is: slegs die gevolge van eutrofikasie is behandel, maar die oorsake self is nie teengewerk nie: die besoedeling lê by die opvangsgebiede, by die sytakke van die Krokodilrivier en die ander riviere hoër op wat uiteindelik na die Hartbeespoortdam lei.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">Detritus</a>, dooie organiese materiaal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Afrikaans">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">af</span>) </span> Departement van Waterwese. 1986. <i>Bestuur van die waterhulpbronne van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika</i> Pretoria: Staatsdrukker.</li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Afrikaans">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">af</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151114065625if_/http://www.satnt.ac.za/index.php/satnt/article/download/972/2013">Toerien, D.F. 1986. Besoedeling van waterbronne. <i>S.A. Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie</i> 5(1):22-27</a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Goudie, A. & Viles, H. 1997. 'Eutrophication'. In: <i>The earth transformed: an introduction to human impact on the environment</i>. Oxford: Blackwood Publishing, p. 146, 150-3, 221.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eutrofikasie&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20151115070424/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2015/02/09/SA/15/vidBiobrandstof-SA_32_0_546321217.html">"Booysen, V. 2015. Biobrandstof 'se toekoms in gevaar': Lae ruolieprys maak produksie onekonomies. <i>Die Burger</i>, 09 Februarie 2015"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2015/02/09/SA/15/vidBiobrandstof-SA_32_0_546321217.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 15 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Booysen%2C+V.+2015.+Biobrandstof+%E2%80%98se+toekoms+in+gevaar%E2%80%99%3A+Lae+ruolieprys+maak+produksie+onekonomies.+Die+Burger%2C+09+Februarie+2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.87%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fdieburger%2F2015%2F02%2F09%2FSA%2F15%2FvidBiobrandstof-SA_32_0_546321217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Afrikaans">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">af</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterwise.co.za/site/water/environment/substances-afrikaans.html">Waterwise.co.za: Middels wat besoedeling in riviere veroorsaak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024041407/http://www.waterwise.co.za/site/water/environment/substances-afrikaans.html">Geargiveer</a> 24 Oktober 2015 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20151115070423/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2015/06/01/SK/8/ajSagtevrugte_32_0_101623567.html">"Janse van Rensburg, A. 2015. Vrugte kos dalk meer oor alge in water. <i>Die Burger</i>, 1 Junie:8"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/dieburger/2015/06/01/SK/8/ajSagtevrugte_32_0_101623567.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 15 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janse+van+Rensburg%2C+A.+2015.+Vrugte+kos+dalk+meer+oor+alge+in+water.+Die+Burger%2C+1+Junie%3A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.87%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fdieburger%2F2015%2F06%2F01%2FSK%2F8%2FajSagtevrugte_32_0_101623567.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2013/01/07/B1/6/tscharties.html">"Harties is veel skoner ná projek"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145920/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2013/01/07/B1/6/tscharties.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harties+is+veel+skoner+n%C3%A1+projek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2013%2F01%2F07%2FB1%2F6%2Ftscharties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/1999/03/29/5/15.html">"Landwye netwerk om gevaarlike water te suiwer. <i>Beeld</i>, 29 Maart 1999"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145930/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/1999/03/29/5/15.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Landwye+netwerk+om+gevaarlike+water+te+suiwer.+Beeld%2C+29+Maart+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F1999%2F03%2F29%2F5%2F15.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145921/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/1999/02/05/6/14.html">"Gerugte oor giftige alge in Harties ongegrond, sê Roos. <i>Beeld</i>, 5 Februarie 1999"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/1999/02/05/6/14.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerugte+oor+giftige+alge+in+Harties+ongegrond%2C+s%C3%AA+Roos.+Beeld%2C+5+Februarie+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F1999%2F02%2F05%2F6%2F14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145921/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2004/03/05/SN/06/01.html">"Raubenheimer, L. 2004. Vis moet dalk uit Harties gehaal word. <i>Beeld</i>, 05 Maart 2004"</a>. 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Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raubenheimer%2C+L.+2004.+Vis+moet+dalk+uit+Harties+gehaal+word.+Beeld%2C+05+Maart+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2004%2F03%2F05%2FSN%2F06%2F01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145921/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2004/03/26/SN/17/01.html">"Vreugde oor voller damme. <i>Beeld</i>, 26 Maart 2004"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2004/03/26/SN/17/01.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vreugde+oor+voller+damme.+Beeld%2C+26+Maart+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2004%2F03%2F26%2FSN%2F17%2F01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2007/09/22/KA/2/madibeng2.html">"De Wet, C. 2007. Die dam moet skoon! <i>Beeld</i>, 22 September 2007"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145929/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2007/09/22/KA/2/madibeng2.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Wet%2C+C.+2007.+Die+dam+moet+skoon%21+Beeld%2C+22+September+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2007%2F09%2F22%2FKA%2F2%2Fmadibeng2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145929/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/05/13/NW/3/dmdam.html">"Bote belemmer herstel van dam. <i>Beeld</i>, 13 Mei 2008"</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/05/13/NW/3/dmdam.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bote+belemmer+herstel+van+dam.+Beeld%2C+13+Mei+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2008%2F05%2F13%2FNW%2F3%2Fdmdam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/05/15/B1/8/etalge%20.html">"Tempelhoff, E. 2008. Harties-herstel deur 'vandale' belemmer. <i>Beeld</i>, 15 Mei 2008"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145923/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/05/15/B1/8/etalge%20.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tempelhoff%2C+E.+2008.+Harties-herstel+deur+%E2%80%98vandale%E2%80%99+belemmer.+Beeld%2C+15+Mei+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2008%2F05%2F15%2FB1%2F8%2Fetalge%2520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/05/30/NW/2/dam.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Almal moet saamwerk'. <i>Beeld</i>, 30 Mei 2008"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145930/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2008/05/30/NW/2/dam.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E2%80%98Almal+moet+saamwerk%E2%80%99.+Beeld%2C+30+Mei+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2008%2F05%2F30%2FNW%2F2%2Fdam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2010/05/30/B1/13/EliseT29Mei.html">"Tempelhoff, E. 2010. Harties-projek mors tyd en geld. <i>Beeld</i>, 30 Mei 2010"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.ph/20150605145930/http://152.111.1.88/argief/berigte/beeld/2010/05/30/B1/13/EliseT29Mei.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 5 Junie 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Junie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tempelhoff%2C+E.+2010.+Harties-projek+mors+tyd+en+geld.+Beeld%2C+30+Mei+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F152.111.1.88%2Fargief%2Fberigte%2Fbeeld%2F2010%2F05%2F30%2FB1%2F13%2FEliseT29Mei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AEutrofikasie" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156698&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156698&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156698" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979778b">cb11979778b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11979778b">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015799-4">4015799-4</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85045914">sh85045914</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01181998">01181998</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120037&CON_LNG=ENG">ph120037</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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