CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1134266238",accountID:"3694053",trustKey:"66686",xpid:"VwAOVVZWCxAJXVVWBQMAV1E=",licenseKey:"NRJS-de31e878b1ccb3e4911",applicationID:"994422715"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <title>Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space - SpaceNews</title> <meta name="description" content="Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/"},"author":[{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/#/schema/person/image/bdbf9d9bf3598e5ec0310f461e579c3d"}],"headline":"Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman – Leading Women in Space","datePublished":"2024-06-13T20:04:08+00:00","dateModified":"2024-06-27T16:07:40+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/"},"wordCount":119,"publisher":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?fit=1500%2C1125&ssl=1","keywords":["Leading Women in Space"],"articleSection":["Video"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/","url":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/","name":"Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space - SpaceNews","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?fit=1500%2C1125&ssl=1","datePublished":"2024-06-13T20:04:08+00:00","dateModified":"2024-06-27T16:07:40+00:00","description":"Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/#primaryimage","url":"https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?fit=1500%2C1125&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?fit=1500%2C1125&ssl=1","width":1500,"height":1125,"caption":"Dr. Candace Givens Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://spacenews.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman – Leading Women in Space"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://spacenews.com/#website","url":"https://spacenews.com/","name":"SpaceNews","description":"Covering the business and politics of space","publisher":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://spacenews.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://spacenews.com/#organization","name":"SpaceNews","alternateName":"SN","url":"https://spacenews.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://spacenews.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/logo2x2.jpg?fit=200%2C200&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/logo2x2.jpg?fit=200%2C200&ssl=1","width":200,"height":200,"caption":"SpaceNews"},"image":{"@id":"https://spacenews.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/SpaceNewsInc/","https://x.com/SpaceNews_Inc","https://www.linkedin.com/company/668857/","https://twitter.com/SpaceNews_Inc"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://spacenews.com/#/schema/person/image/bdbf9d9bf3598e5ec0310f461e579c3d","name":"SpaceNews Editor","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://spacenews.com/#/schema/person/image/dc02c0abaccf3e284b29776b7e6bedc5","url":"https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sn_author.png?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sn_author.png?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1","width":150,"height":150,"caption":"SpaceNews Editor"},"url":"https://spacenews.com/author/spacenews-editor/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//spacenews.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//apogee.spacenews.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//elevate.spacenews.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//i0.wp.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//c0.wp.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="SpaceNews » Feed" href="https://spacenews.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="SpaceNews » Comments Feed" href="https://spacenews.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/calendar" title="SpaceNews » iCal Feed" href="https://spacenews.com/events/?ical=1" /> <link rel="preload" href="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/spacenews/assets/font/Zilla_Slab/ZillaSlab-SemiBold.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/spacenews/assets/font/Albert_Sans/AlbertSans-VariableFont_wght.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-integration-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-subscriptions/vendor/woocommerce/subscriptions-core/build/index.css?ver=7.6.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-stripe-blocks-checkout-style-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-gateway-stripe/build/upe_blocks.css?ver=fea74077a20387ad88e55aa2b1d75946' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack_related-posts-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/13.9.1/modules/related-posts/related-posts.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block-styles-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.min.css?ver=7.2.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>img.wp-smiley,img.emoji{display: inline !important;border: none !important;box-shadow: none !important;height: 1em !important;width: 1em !important;margin: 0 0.07em !important;vertical-align: -0.1em !important;background: none !important;padding: 0 !important;}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}:root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme :root :where(.wp-block-image figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-plain{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video :where(figcaption){color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}:root :where(.wp-block-template-part.has-background){margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='activecampaign-form-block-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/activecampaign-subscription-forms/activecampaign-form-block/build/style-index.css?ver=1732602130' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-memberships-blocks-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-memberships/assets/css/blocks/wc-memberships-blocks.min.css?ver=1.26.9' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='publisher-media-kit-tabs-block-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/publisher-media-kit//dist/blocks/tabs-block.css?ver=ae40650db20af6e1a5dd' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>:root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary: var(--color--primary);--wp--preset--color--primary-dark: var(--color--primary-dark);--wp--preset--color--primary-light: var(--color--primary-light);--wp--preset--color--text-primary: var(--color--text-primary);--wp--preset--color--text-secondary: var(--color--text-secondary);--wp--preset--color--text-tertiary: var(--color--text-tertiary);--wp--preset--color--text-inactive: var(--color--text-inactive);--wp--preset--color--text-interactive: var(--color--text-interactive);--wp--preset--color--text-inverted: var(--color--text-inverted);--wp--preset--color--border-dark: var(--color--border-dark);--wp--preset--color--border-medium: var(--color--border-medium);--wp--preset--color--border-light: var(--color--border-light);--wp--preset--color--background-dark: var(--color--background-dark);--wp--preset--color--background-medium: var(--color--background-medium);--wp--preset--color--background-light: var(--color--background-light);--wp--preset--color--background-white: var(--color--background-white);--wp--preset--color--button-primary: var(--color--button-primary);--wp--preset--color--button-secondary: var(--color--button-secondary);--wp--preset--color--green: var(--color--green);--wp--preset--color--yellow: var(--color--yellow);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--color--red);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--grad-1: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 15,21,30) 0%,rgb( 0,0,0) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-2: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 239,237,230) 0%,rgb( 199,197,190) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-3: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 17,17,17 ) 0%,rgb( 85,85,85 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-4: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 68,68,68 ) 0%,rgb( 136,136,136 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-5: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 119,119,119 ) 0%,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 100% );--wp--preset--gradient--grad-6: linear-gradient( 135deg,rgb( 221,221,221 ) 0%,rgb( 255,255,255 ) 100% );--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--xsmall: var(--font-size--xsmall);--wp--preset--font-size--xlarge: var(--font-size--xlarge);--wp--preset--font-size--2-xlarge: var(--font-size--2xlarge);--wp--preset--font-size--3-xlarge: var(--font-size--3xlarge);--wp--preset--font-size--4-xlarge: var(--font-size--4xlarge);--wp--preset--font-size--5-xlarge: var(--font-size--5xlarge);--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans: var(--font-family--albert-sans);--wp--preset--font-family--zilla-slab: var(--font-family--zilla-slab);--wp--preset--font-family--inter: "Inter",sans-serif;--wp--preset--font-family--cardo: Cardo;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255,255,255,1),6px 6px rgba(0,0,0,1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0,0,0,1);}:root{--wp--style--global--content-size: var(--layout--content-size);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--layout--wide-size);}:where(body){margin: 0;}.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft{float: left;margin-right: 2em;}.wp-site-blocks > .alignright{float: right;margin-left: 2em;}.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter{justify-content: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*,div){margin: 0;}body{padding-top: 0px;padding-right: 0px;padding-bottom: 0px;padding-left: 0px;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(.wp-element-button,.wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-primary-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-dark) !important;}.has-primary-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-light) !important;}.has-text-primary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-primary) !important;}.has-text-secondary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-secondary) !important;}.has-text-tertiary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-tertiary) !important;}.has-text-inactive-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-inactive) !important;}.has-text-interactive-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-interactive) !important;}.has-text-inverted-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-inverted) !important;}.has-border-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-dark) !important;}.has-border-medium-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-medium) !important;}.has-border-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-light) !important;}.has-background-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-dark) !important;}.has-background-medium-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-medium) !important;}.has-background-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-light) !important;}.has-background-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-white) !important;}.has-button-primary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--button-primary) !important;}.has-button-secondary-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--button-secondary) !important;}.has-green-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--green) !important;}.has-yellow-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow) !important;}.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-primary-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-dark) !important;}.has-primary-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-light) !important;}.has-text-primary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-primary) !important;}.has-text-secondary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-secondary) !important;}.has-text-tertiary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-tertiary) !important;}.has-text-inactive-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-inactive) !important;}.has-text-interactive-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-interactive) !important;}.has-text-inverted-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-inverted) !important;}.has-border-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-dark) !important;}.has-border-medium-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-medium) !important;}.has-border-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-light) !important;}.has-background-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-dark) !important;}.has-background-medium-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-medium) !important;}.has-background-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-light) !important;}.has-background-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-white) !important;}.has-button-primary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--button-primary) !important;}.has-button-secondary-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--button-secondary) !important;}.has-green-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green) !important;}.has-yellow-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow) !important;}.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-primary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary) !important;}.has-primary-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-dark) !important;}.has-primary-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary-light) !important;}.has-text-primary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-primary) !important;}.has-text-secondary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-secondary) !important;}.has-text-tertiary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-tertiary) !important;}.has-text-inactive-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-inactive) !important;}.has-text-interactive-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-interactive) !important;}.has-text-inverted-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--text-inverted) !important;}.has-border-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-dark) !important;}.has-border-medium-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-medium) !important;}.has-border-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--border-light) !important;}.has-background-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-dark) !important;}.has-background-medium-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-medium) !important;}.has-background-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-light) !important;}.has-background-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--background-white) !important;}.has-button-primary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--button-primary) !important;}.has-button-secondary-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--button-secondary) !important;}.has-green-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--green) !important;}.has-yellow-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--yellow) !important;}.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-grad-1-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--grad-1) !important;}.has-grad-2-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--grad-2) !important;}.has-grad-3-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--grad-3) !important;}.has-grad-4-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--grad-4) !important;}.has-grad-5-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--grad-5) !important;}.has-grad-6-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--grad-6) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-xsmall-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xsmall) !important;}.has-xlarge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--xlarge) !important;}.has-2-xlarge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--2-xlarge) !important;}.has-3-xlarge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--3-xlarge) !important;}.has-4-xlarge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--4-xlarge) !important;}.has-5-xlarge-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--5-xlarge) !important;}.has-albert-sans-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--albert-sans) !important;}.has-zilla-slab-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--zilla-slab) !important;}.has-inter-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--inter) !important;}.has-cardo-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--cardo) !important;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.css?ver=1732602131' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-ads-frontend-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/includes/../dist/frontend.css?ver=1732602131' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-block-styles-stylesheet-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/block_styles.css?ver=4.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-reader-auth-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.css?ver=5.5.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-memberships-block-patterns-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/memberships-gate-block-patterns.css?ver=5.5.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-popups-view-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.css?ver=1732602133' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='publisher_media_kit_shared-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/publisher-media-kit/dist/css/shared-style.css?ver=1.3.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='publisher_media_kit_frontend-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/publisher-media-kit/dist/css/style.css?ver=1.3.5' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-layout-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/woocommerce/9.3.3/assets/css/woocommerce-layout.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='woocommerce-layout-inline-css' type='text/css'>.infinite-scroll .woocommerce-pagination{display: none;}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='woocommerce-smallscreen-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/woocommerce/9.3.3/assets/css/woocommerce-smallscreen.css' type='text/css' media='only screen and (max-width: 768px)' /> <style id='woocommerce-inline-inline-css' type='text/css'>.woocommerce form .form-row .required{visibility: visible;}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-memberships-frontend-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-memberships/assets/css/frontend/wc-memberships-frontend.min.css?ver=1.26.9' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-style-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/style.css?ver=1.74.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='spacenews-style-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/spacenews/css/dist/style.css?ver=0.29.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-print-style-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/print.css?ver=0.29.2' type='text/css' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-font-import-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Zilla+Slab:ital@0;1&display=swap' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-font-alternative-import-css' href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Albert+Sans:ital@0;1&display=swap' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-sponsors-style-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/styles/newspack-sponsors.css?ver=0.29.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sharedaddy-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/13.9.1/modules/sharedaddy/sharing.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='social-logos-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/13.9.1/_inc/social-logos/social-logos.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script>var jquery_placeholder_url = 'https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/gravity-forms-placeholders-master/jquery.placeholder-1.0.1.js';</script><script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack_related-posts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var related_posts_js_options = {"post_heading":"h4"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/13.9.1/_inc/build/related-posts/related-posts.min.js" id="jetpack_related-posts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//apogee.spacenews.com/emit/9128.js?ver=1.0.0" id="broadstreet-analytics-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script data-cfasync='false' type="text/javascript" src="//elevate.spacenews.com/init-2.min.js?v=1.46.7&ver=6.6.2" id="broadstreet-init-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LfIGy0qAAAAAEUJEuvvj7UAtEGksHbkwTWruSIU" id="newspack-recaptcha-api-js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/woocommerce/9.3.3/assets/js/jquery-blockui/jquery.blockUI.min.js" id="jquery-blockui-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wc-add-to-cart-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wc_add_to_cart_params = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","wc_ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%","i18n_view_cart":"View cart","cart_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/cart\/","is_cart":"","cart_redirect_after_add":"yes"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/woocommerce/9.3.3/assets/js/frontend/add-to-cart.min.js" id="wc-add-to-cart-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/woocommerce/9.3.3/assets/js/js-cookie/js.cookie.min.js" id="js-cookie-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="woocommerce-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var woocommerce_params = {"ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","wc_ajax_url":"\/?wc-ajax=%%endpoint%%"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/woocommerce/9.3.3/assets/js/frontend/woocommerce.min.js" id="woocommerce-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script>   <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-B6YF8ZXGJE" id="google_gtagjs-js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_gtagjs-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["spacenews.com"]}); gtag("js", new Date()); gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true); gtag("config", "G-B6YF8ZXGJE"); /* ]]> */ </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/gravity-forms-placeholders-master/gf.placeholders.js?ver=1.0" id="_gf_placeholders-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://spacenews.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://spacenews.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/442960" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://spacenews.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <meta name="generator" content="WooCommerce 9.3.3" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://spacenews.com/?p=442960' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://spacenews.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fcandace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://spacenews.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fcandace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.138.0" /><meta name="tec-api-version" content="v1"><meta name="tec-api-origin" content="https://spacenews.com"><link rel="alternate" href="https://spacenews.com/wp-json/tribe/events/v1/" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); // Set page targeting. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("slug", "candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("category", ["video"]); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("tag", ["leading-women-in-space"]); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("author", ["SpaceNews Editor"]); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("ID", "442960"); googletag.enableServices(); } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript">!(function(o,_name){o[_name]=o[_name]||function $(){($.q=$.q||[]).push(arguments)},o[_name].v=o[_name].v||2;!(function(o,t,n,f,e,i){function c(f,e){(f=(function(t,n){try{if(n=(t=o.localStorage).getItem("_aQS02NTU3QThCRjJCMTU4RTUyRUMwNjYxRDgtMQ"))return JSON.parse(n).lgk||[];if((t.getItem("v4ac1eiZr0")||"").split(",")[4]>0)return[[_name+"-engaged","true"]]}catch(f){}})())&&typeof f.forEach===n&&(e=o[t].pubads())&&f.forEach((function(o){o&&o[0]&&e.setTargeting(o[0],o[1]||"")}))}(i=o[t]=o[t]||{}).cmd=i.cmd||[],typeof i.pubads===n?c():typeof i.cmd.unshift===n?i.cmd.unshift(c):i.cmd.push(c)})(window,"googletag","function");})(window,decodeURI('%61%64%6di%72al'));!(function(t,c,i){i=t.createElement(c),t=t.getElementsByTagName(c)[0],i.async=1,i.src="https://oldfashionedoffer.com/public/db84721baf4f37cfe452e232538d2f79a684.index.js",t.parentNode.insertBefore(i,t)})(document,"script");</script> <style>.stellar_dispatch-notice{background-color:;color:;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-colors">:root{--newspack-theme-color-primary: #0f151e;--newspack-theme-color-primary-variation: #000000;--newspack-theme-color-secondary: #efede6 !important;--newspack-theme-color-secondary-variation: #c7c5be;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-5: #0a1019;--newspack-theme-color-primary-darken-10: #050b14;}.more-link:hover,.nav1 .main-menu > li > a + svg,form.search-form button:active,form.search-form button:hover,form.search-form button:focus,.entry-footer a,.comment .comment-metadata > a:hover,.comment .comment-metadata .comment-edit-link:hover,.site-info a:hover,.comments-toggle:hover,.comments-toggle:focus,.logged-in.page-template-single-wide.woocommerce-account .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li a:hover,.logged-in.page-template-single-wide.woocommerce-account .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li a:hover:visited,.logged-in.page-template-single-feature.woocommerce-account .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li a:hover,.logged-in.page-template-single-feature.woocommerce-account .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li a:hover:visited{color: #0f151e;}.mobile-sidebar,.mobile-sidebar button:hover,.mobile-sidebar a,.mobile-sidebar a:visited,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 .sub-menu > li > a,.mobile-sidebar .nav1 ul.main-menu > li > a,.wp-block-file .wp-block-file__button,body.h-db.h-dh .site-header .nav3 .menu-highlight a,.comment .comment-author .post-author-badge,.woocommerce .onsale,.woocommerce-store-notice,.logged-in.page-template-single-wide.woocommerce-account .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li.is-active a,.logged-in.page-template-single-feature.woocommerce-account .woocommerce-MyAccount-navigation ul li.is-active a{color: white;}.mobile-sidebar nav + nav,.mobile-sidebar nav + .widget,.mobile-sidebar .widget + .widget{border-color: white;}@media only screen and (min-width: 782px){.h-db .featured-image-beside .entry-header,.h-db.h-sub.single-featured-image-beside .middle-header-contain{color: white;}}.wp-block-button:not(.is-style-outline) .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):not(:hover),.button,.button:visited,button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"],.wp-block-search__button{color: black;}input[type="checkbox"]::before{background-image: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 24 24' width='24' height='24'%3E%3Cpath d='M16.7 7.1l-6.3 8.5-3.3-2.5-.9 1.2 4.5 3.4L17.9 8z' fill='black'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/svg%3E");}.site-header .highlight-menu .menu-label,.entry-content a,.author-bio .author-link,.is-style-outline .wp-block-button__link,.wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline,.is-style-outline > .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color):not(:hover){color:dimgray;}.site-footer{background: #0f151e;}.site-footer,.site-footer a,.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer .widget-title,.site-footer .widgettitle,.site-info{color: white;}.site-footer a:hover,.site-footer .widget a:hover{opacity: 0.7;}.site-info .widget-area .wrapper,.site-info .site-info-contain:first-child{border-top-color: #00010a;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="newspack-theme-colors-variables">:root{--newspack-primary-color: #0f151e;--newspack-secondary-color: #efede6;--newspack-cta-color: #dd3333;--newspack-header-color: #3366ff;--newspack-primary-menu-color:;--newspack-footer-color: #0f151e;--newspack-primary-contrast-color: white;--newspack-secondary-contrast-color: black;--newspack-cta-contrast-color: white;--newspack-header-contrast-color: white;--newspack-primary-menu-contrast-color: white;--newspack-footer-contrast-color: white;}</style> <style type="text/css" id="custom-theme-fonts">:root{--newspack-theme-font-heading: "Zilla Slab","Georgia","serif";}:root{--newspack-theme-font-body: "Albert Sans";}.tags-links span:first-child,.cat-links,.page-title,.highlight-menu .menu-label{text-transform: uppercase;}</style> <style>.sponsor-label .flag,amp-script .sponsor-label .flag{background: #d1d1d1;color: black;}</style> <noscript><style>.woocommerce-product-gallery{opacity: 1 !important;}</style></noscript>  <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman – Leading Women in Space" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In this, the first episode of the SpaceNews Leading Women in Space series, correspondent Debra Werner speaks with Candace Givens, Sector VP Mission Assurance, Northrop Grumman." /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-06-13T20:04:08+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-06-27T16:07:40+00:00" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpaceNews" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=1200%2C1125&ssl=1" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1125" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Dr. Candace Givens Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpaceNews_Inc" /> <meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman – Leading Women in Space" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=1200%2C1125&ssl=1&w=640" /> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Dr. Candace Givens Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />  <style id='wp-fonts-local' type='text/css'>@font-face{font-family:Inter;font-style:normal;font-weight:300 900;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/Inter-VariableFont_slnt,wght.woff2') format('woff2');font-stretch:normal;}@font-face{font-family:Cardo;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce/assets/fonts/cardo_normal_400.woff2') format('woff2');}</style> <link rel="icon" href="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-SN_forza_star-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-SN_forza_star.png?fit=192%2C192&ssl=1" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-SN_forza_star.png?fit=180%2C180&ssl=1" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-SN_forza_star.png?fit=270%2C270&ssl=1" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css">.wp-block-group.pattern-homepage-event-coverage .wp-block-image img{width: 50%!important;}.single-featured-image-behind .newspack_global_ad.global_below_header{margin-bottom: -1.5rem;margin-top: .25rem;}.newspack_global_ad.global_below_header{padding-top: 5px;}.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.bwp.beyondwords-player{margin-top: 0px;}.wp-block-group.pattern-homepage-event-coverage .wp-block-image img{width: 250px!important;}.entry-meta{font-family: 'Albert Sans';}.wp-block-pullquote,.wp-block.wp-block-pullquote{background: none;}.tribe-common.tribe-events.tribe-events-widget .tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-row{border-left: solid 1px #d9d9d9;border-right: solid 1px #d9d9d9;}.tribe-common.tribe-events.tribe-events-widget{margin: 0 0 0 1rem;}.tribe-common.tribe-events.tribe-events-widget .tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title a{font-size: .95rem;}.spacenews-sidebar .widget.widget_block{border-top: solid 0px #d9d9d9;border-top: solid 0px var(--color--border-medium);padding: 12px 0 0 12px;}.tribe-common.tribe-events.tribe-events-widget .tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title{padding: 10px 10px 10px 12px;}.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles.wpnbha.ts-4 article{padding: 0 16px 18px 0;}.wp-block-button.is-style-arrow .wp-element-button{text-align: center;font-size: 1.1rem;}.pattern-most-popular.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles.wpnbha.ts-2 article:nth-child(2n){border-right: none;border-right: none;padding-left: 16px;}.pattern-most-popular.wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles.wpnbha.ts-2>div{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;border: solid 1px #d9d9d9;border-bottom: none;}.grecaptcha-badge{visibility: hidden;}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding: .25em 2.375em;}</style> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-442960 single-format-standard wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive theme-newspack-theme woocommerce-no-js tribe-no-js singular hide-homepage-title hide-site-tagline h-nsub h-db h-ll h-dh h-stk has-tertiary-menu has-sidebar af-widget cat-video primary-cat-video has-featured-image single-featured-image-default" data-amp-auto-lightbox-disable> <aside id="mobile-sidebar-fallback" class="mobile-sidebar"> <div class="mobile-sidebar-header"> <a href="https://spacenews.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"> <img class="custom-logo" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/spacenews/assets/svg/spacenews_logo.svg" alt="SpaceNews" /> </a> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> </div> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-ctas" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-507577" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-507577"><a href="https://spacenewsawards.com/">Icon Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-141105" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-141105"><a href="https://spacenews.com/newsletters/">Sign up for our newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-139806" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-139806"><a href="https://spacenews.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to the Magazine</a></li> </ul> </nav> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://spacenews.com/"> <label for="search-form-1"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-1" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary" class="main-menu"><li id="menu-item-147264" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147264"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/news-archive/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-498044" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-498044"><a>More Categories</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState498044 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState498044 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState498044: !setState498044 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-498044"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState498044 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-442335" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-442335"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section-artificial-intelligence/">AI</a></li> <li id="menu-item-147266" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147266"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/civil1/">Civil</a></li> <li id="menu-item-147265" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147265"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/commercial-archive/">Commercial</a></li> <li id="menu-item-147267" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147267"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/launch-archive/">Launch</a></li> <li id="menu-item-147270" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147270"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/militaryspace-archive/">Military</a></li> <li id="menu-item-147269" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147269"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/opinion-archive/">Opinion</a></li> <li id="menu-item-147268" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147268"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/policy-politics-archive/">Policy & Politics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-147271" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147271"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/sponsored-content-archive/">Sponsored</a></li> <li id="menu-item-498250" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-498250"><a href="/stellar-dispatch/">Post a Press Release</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState498250 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState498250 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState498250: !setState498250 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-498250"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState498250 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-506054" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-506054"><a href="https://spacenews.com/spaceref/">Latest Press Releases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-427017" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-427017"><a href="https://spacenews.com/video/">Video</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState427017 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState427017 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState427017: !setState427017 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-427017"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState427017 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-507221" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-507221"><a href="/commercial-space-transformers-video-series/">Commerical Space Transformers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-464021" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-464021"><a href="https://spacenews.com/newsmaker-forum/">Leading Women</a></li> <li id="menu-item-463727" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-463727"><a href="https://spacenews.com/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-147272" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-147272"><a href="/">More</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState147272 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState147272 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState147272: !setState147272 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-147272"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState147272 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-194097" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-194097"><a href="https://spacenews.com/first-up-audio/">SpaceNews First Up Audio</a></li> <li id="menu-item-214870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-214870"><a href="https://spacenewsawards.com/">SpaceNews Icon Awards</a></li> <li id="menu-item-147363" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-147363"><a href="/events/">Events Calendar</a></li> <li id="menu-item-498469" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-498469"><a href="https://spacenews.com/event-calendar-submission/">Event Calendar Submission</a></li> <li id="menu-item-203204" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-203204"><a href="https://spacenews.com/about-us/">About SpaceNews</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-142084" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-142084"><a href="/media-kit-24/">Media Kit</a></li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu" > <ul id="menu-social-links" class="social-links-menu"><li id="menu-item-133918" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-133918"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/SpaceNewsInc/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-206215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-206215"><a href="https://twitter.com/SpaceNews_Inc"><span class="screen-reader-text">X</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-141109" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-141109"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/spacenews/"><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-466237" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-466237"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/spacenewsinc/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-133920" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-133920"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SpaceNewsInc"><span class="screen-reader-text">YouTube</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-140256" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-140256"><a href="https://spacenews.com/feed/"><span class="screen-reader-text">RSS Feed</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2,8.667V12c5.515,0,10,4.485,10,10h3.333C15.333,14.637,9.363,8.667,2,8.667z M2,2v3.333 c9.19,0,16.667,7.477,16.667,16.667H22C22,10.955,13.045,2,2,2z M4.5,17C3.118,17,2,18.12,2,19.5S3.118,22,4.5,22S7,20.88,7,19.5 S5.882,17,4.5,17z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav> </aside> <aside id="desktop-sidebar-fallback" class="desktop-sidebar dir-left"> <button class="desktop-menu-toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> Close </button> </aside> <div id="page" class="site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#main">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" class="site-header hide-header-search" [class]="searchVisible ? 'show-header-search site-header ' : 'hide-header-search site-header'"> <div class="middle-header-contain"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="site-branding"> <a href="https://spacenews.com/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"> <img class="custom-logo" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/spacenews/assets/svg/spacenews_35.svg" alt="SpaceNews" /> </a> <div class="site-identity"> <p class="site-description"> Covering the business and politics of space </p> </div> </div> <div class="nav-wrapper desktop-only"> <div id="tertiary-nav-contain"> <nav class="tertiary-menu nav3" aria-label="Tertiary Menu" toolbar-target="tertiary-nav-contain" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-ctas-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-507577"><a href="https://spacenewsawards.com/">Icon Awards</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-141105"><a href="https://spacenews.com/newsletters/">Sign up for our newsletters</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-139806"><a href="https://spacenews.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to the Magazine</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <button class="mobile-menu-toggle" on="tap:mobile-sidebar.toggle"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="20" height="20" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /><path d="M3 18h18v-2H3v2zm0-5h18v-2H3v2zm0-7v2h18V6H3z" /></svg> <span>Menu</span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="bottom-header-contain desktop-only"> <div class="wrapper"> <div id="site-navigation"> <nav class="main-navigation nav1 dd-menu" aria-label="Top Menu" toolbar-target="site-navigation" toolbar="(min-width: 767px)"> <ul id="menu-primary-1" class="main-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147264"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/news-archive/">News</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-498044"><a>More Categories</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState498044 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState498044 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState498044: !setState498044 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-498044"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState498044 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-442335"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section-artificial-intelligence/">AI</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147266"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/civil1/">Civil</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147265"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/commercial-archive/">Commercial</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147267"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/launch-archive/">Launch</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147270"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/militaryspace-archive/">Military</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147269"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/opinion-archive/">Opinion</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147268"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/policy-politics-archive/">Policy & Politics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-147271"><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/sponsored-content-archive/">Sponsored</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-498250"><a href="/stellar-dispatch/">Post a Press Release</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState498250 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState498250 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState498250: !setState498250 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-498250"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState498250 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-506054"><a href="https://spacenews.com/spaceref/">Latest Press Releases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-427017"><a href="https://spacenews.com/video/">Video</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState427017 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState427017 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState427017: !setState427017 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-427017"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState427017 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-507221"><a href="/commercial-space-transformers-video-series/">Commerical Space Transformers</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-464021"><a href="https://spacenews.com/newsmaker-forum/">Leading Women</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-463727"><a href="https://spacenews.com/webinars/">Webinars</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-147272"><a href="/">More</a><button aria-expanded="false" class="submenu-expand" [class]="setState147272 ? 'submenu-expand open-dropdown' : 'submenu-expand'" [aria-expanded]="setState147272 ? 'true' : 'false'" on="tap:AMP.setState( { setState147272: !setState147272 } )" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle-parent-id="toggle-147272"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M7.41 8.59L12 13.17l4.59-4.58L18 10l-6 6-6-6 1.41-1.41z"></path><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="setState147272 ? 'Close dropdown menu' : 'Open dropdown menu'">Open dropdown menu</span> </button> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-194097"><a href="https://spacenews.com/first-up-audio/">SpaceNews First Up Audio</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-214870"><a href="https://spacenewsawards.com/">SpaceNews Icon Awards</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-147363"><a href="/events/">Events Calendar</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-498469"><a href="https://spacenews.com/event-calendar-submission/">Event Calendar Submission</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-203204"><a href="https://spacenews.com/about-us/">About SpaceNews</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-142084"><a href="/media-kit-24/">Media Kit</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="header-search-contain"> <button id="search-toggle" on="tap:AMP.setState( { searchVisible: !searchVisible } ), search-form-2.focus" aria-controls="search-menu" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="screen-reader-text" [text]="searchVisible ? 'Close Search' : 'Open Search'"> Open Search </span> <span class="search-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> <span class="close-icon"><svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19 6.41L17.59 5 12 10.59 6.41 5 5 6.41 10.59 12 5 17.59 6.41 19 12 13.41 17.59 19 19 17.59 13.41 12z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg></span> </button> <div id="header-search" [aria-expanded]="searchVisible ? 'true' : 'false'" aria-expanded="false"> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://spacenews.com/"> <label for="search-form-2"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> </label> <input type="search" id="search-form-2" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"> <svg class="svg-icon" width="28" height="28" aria-hidden="true" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27C15.41 12.59 16 11.11 16 9.5 16 5.91 13.09 3 9.5 3S3 5.91 3 9.5 5.91 16 9.5 16c1.61 0 3.09-.59 4.23-1.57l.27.28v.79l5 4.99L20.49 19l-4.99-5zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z" /><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /></svg> <span class="screen-reader-text"> Search </span> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sticky-bg"></div> </header> <div class='newspack_global_ad global_below_header fixed-height'> <div class="newspack-broadstreet-ad" style='flex: 1 1 100%; width: 100%; height: auto;'><broadstreet-zone zone-id="161573" keywords="not_home_page,not_landing_page,is_article_page,video,candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space,post" soft-keywords="true" zone-alias="SN_top_page_970x250"></broadstreet-zone></div> </div> <div id="content" class="site-content"> <section id="primary" class="content-area category-video tag-leading-women-in-space"> <main id="main" class="site-main"> <header class="entry-header"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="screen-reader-text">Posted in</span><a href="https://spacenews.com/section/video/" rel="category tag">Video</a></span> <h1 class="entry-title "> Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman – Leading Women in Space </h1> <div class="entry-subhead"> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="author-avatar"><img width="80" height="80" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sn_author-150x150.png" class="avatar avatar-80 photo wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sn_author.png?resize=150%2C150&ssl=1 150w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sn_author.png?resize=200%2C200&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sn_author.png?w=228&ssl=1 228w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sn_author-150x150.png?w=370&ssl=1 370w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/sn_author-150x150.png?w=400&ssl=1 400w" /></span> <span class="byline"> <span>by</span> <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://spacenews.com/author/spacenews-editor/">SpaceNews Editor</a></span> </span> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-06-13T16:04:08-04:00">June 13, 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-06-27T12:07:40-04:00">June 27, 2024</time></span> </div> <div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-x"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-x-442960" class="share-x sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=x" target="_blank" title="Click to share on X" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on X (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-442960" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-442960" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Candace%20Givens%2C%20Northrop%20Grumman%20-%20Leading%20Women%20in%20Space&body=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fcandace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="bb5f201c84" data-email-share-track-url="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=email"><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-custom share-custom-clipboard"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-custom share-custom-clipboard sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=custom-1675113905" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Clipboard" ><span style="background-image:url("/wp-content/themes/spacenews/assets/svg/link.svg");"></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Clipboard (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> </header> <div class="main-content"> <figure class="post-thumbnail"> <img width="1200" height="900" src="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1" class="attachment-newspack-featured-image size-newspack-featured-image wp-post-image" alt="Dr. Candace Givens Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space" data-hero-candidate="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?w=1500&ssl=1 1500w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=1024%2C768&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=1200%2C900&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=800%2C600&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=600%2C450&ssl=1 600w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=400%2C300&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?resize=200%2C150&ssl=1 200w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/UPDATED-Leading-Women-Intro-Template-2000-x-1500-px-1.png?fit=1200%2C900&ssl=1&w=370 370w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </figure> <article id="post-442960" class="post-442960 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-video tag-leading-women-in-space entry"> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In this, the first episode of the SpaceNews Leading Women in Space series, correspondent Debra Werner speaks with Candace Givens, Sector VP Mission Assurance, Northrop Grumman. <p>Through this series SpaceNews is shining a spotlight on some of the extraordinary women at the helm of space programs and organizations. We’re delving into their backgrounds, discussing their accomplishments and highlighting their ongoing work at prime contractors, startups, government agencies, and federally funded research and development centers. We’re speaking with women in key leadership roles. <p>Watch a new episode every Thursday through August on <a href="http://spacenews.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SpaceNews.com</a> and on the SpaceNews <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@SpaceNewsInc">YouTube channel</a>. <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe title="Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman" width="780" height="439" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/b_Yd6EzYz1s?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div></figure><h3 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-left">Sponsored By</h3><figure class="wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized"><a href="https://www.omniseal-solutions.com/blogs/space-satellite-application-omniseal-seals-chemical-thrusters"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="780" height="171" src="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/logo.png?resize=780%2C171&ssl=1" alt="" class="wp-image-443379" style="width:671px;height:auto" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/logo.png?w=1500&ssl=1 1500w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/logo.png?resize=300%2C66&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/logo.png?resize=1024%2C225&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/logo.png?resize=768%2C168&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/logo.png?resize=1200%2C263&ssl=1 1200w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/logo.png?resize=400%2C88&ssl=1 400w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/logo.png?w=370&ssl=1 370w" sizes="(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px" /></a></figure> <div id='jp-relatedposts' class='jp-relatedposts' > <h3 class="jp-relatedposts-headline"><em>Related</em></h3> </div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="tags-links"><span>Tagged: </span><a href="https://spacenews.com/tag/leading-women-in-space/" rel="tag">Leading Women in Space</a></span> </footer> <div class="author-bios"> </div> </article> <div class="article-footer-share"><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-x"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-x-442960" class="share-x sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=x" target="_blank" title="Click to share on X" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on X (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-442960" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-442960" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-email"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-email sd-button share-icon no-text" href="mailto:?subject=%5BShared%20Post%5D%20Candace%20Givens%2C%20Northrop%20Grumman%20-%20Leading%20Women%20in%20Space&body=https%3A%2F%2Fspacenews.com%2Fcandace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space%2F&share=email" target="_blank" title="Click to email a link to a friend" data-email-share-error-title="Do you have email set up?" data-email-share-error-text="If you're having problems sharing via email, you might not have email set up for your browser. You may need to create a new email yourself." data-email-share-nonce="bb5f201c84" data-email-share-track-url="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=email"><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-custom share-custom-clipboard"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-custom share-custom-clipboard sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://spacenews.com/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space/?share=custom-1675113905" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Clipboard" ><span style="background-image:url("/wp-content/themes/spacenews/assets/svg/link.svg");"></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Clipboard (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div></div> </div> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area spacenews-sidebar"> <div class='newspack_global_ad sidebar_sidebar-1 sidebar_sidebar-1-before hook-before fixed-height'> <div class="newspack-broadstreet-ad" style='flex: 1 1 100%; width: 100%; height: auto;'><broadstreet-zone zone-id="161570" keywords="not_home_page,not_landing_page,is_article_page,video,candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space,post" soft-keywords="true" zone-alias="SpaceNews_Top_Right"></broadstreet-zone></div> </div> <section id="block-13" class="widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"><div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:60%"><h4 class="wp-block-heading">Stellar Dispatch</h4></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"><p class="has-text-align-left has-small-font-size" style="padding-top:0.4rem;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><a href="/spaceref/">all dispatches </a>>></p></div></div></section><section id="block-28" class="widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"><div class="wp-block-column has-background-medium-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-column-is-layout-3 wp-block-column-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-newspack-blocks-homepage-articles is-style-borders wpnbha ts-1 is-style-borders has-text-align-left" style="" > <style id="newspack-blocks-inline-css" type="text/css">.wpnbha article .entry-title{font-size: 1.2em;}.wpnbha .entry-meta{display: flex;flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;margin-top: 0.5em;}.wpnbha article .entry-meta{font-size: 0.8em;}.wpnbha article .avatar{height: 25px;width: 25px;}.wpnbha .post-thumbnail{margin: 0;margin-bottom: 0.25em;}.wpnbha .post-thumbnail img{height: auto;width: 100%;}.wpnbha .post-thumbnail figcaption{margin-bottom: 0.5em;}.wpnbha p{margin: 0.5em 0;}</style> <div data-posts data-current-post-id="442960"> <article data-post-id="509353" class="tag-optimax tag-starris-space-systems category-press-release type-post post-has-image" > <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://spacenews.com/optimax-names-new-ceo-and-president/" rel="bookmark">Optimax names Joseph Spilman CEO and Pete Kupinski president聽</a></h2> </div> </article> <article data-post-id="509177" class="category-news-archive category-press-release type-post post-has-image" > <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://spacenews.com/spacenews-appoints-mike-gruss-as-chief-content-and-strategy-officer-to-lead-transformative-growth/" rel="bookmark">SpaceNews Appoints Mike Gruss as Chief Content and Strategy Officer to Lead Transformative Growth</a></h2> </div> </article> <article data-post-id="508041" class="tag-eoi-space category-press-release type-post post-has-image" > <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://spacenews.com/eoi-space-achieves-milestone-with-successful-testing-of-flight-propulsion-system/" rel="bookmark">EOI Space Achieves Milestone with Successful Testing of Flight Propulsion System</a></h2> </div> </article> <article data-post-id="507939" class="tag-antaris tag-seakr-engineering category-press-release type-post post-has-image" > <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://spacenews.com/antaris-and-seakr-engineering-llc-collaborate-to-drive-speed-and-efficiency-in-satellite-development/" rel="bookmark">Antaris™ and SEAKR Engineering LLC Collaborate to Drive Speed and Efficiency in Satellite Development</a></h2> </div> </article> <article data-post-id="507549" class="tag-proteus-space tag-saic category-press-release type-post post-has-image" > <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://spacenews.com/proteus-space-secures-major-investment-and-partnership-with-saic/" rel="bookmark">Proteus Space Secures Major Investment and Partnership with SAIC</a></h2> </div> </article> <article data-post-id="507357" class="tag-astroport-space-technologies tag-orbit-fab category-press-release type-post post-has-image" > <div class="entry-wrapper"> <h2 class="entry-title"><a href="https://spacenews.com/astroport-and-orbit-fab-join-forces-for-lunar-exploration-breakthrough/" rel="bookmark">Astroport and Orbit Fab Join Forces for Lunar Exploration Breakthrough</a></h2> </div> </article> </div> </div></div></div></section><section id="block-29" class="widget widget_block"><div style="height:12px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div></section><section id="block-30" class="widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"><div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:60%"><h4 class="wp-block-heading">Upcoming Events</h4></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33.33%"><p class="has-text-align-left has-small-font-size" style="padding-top:0.4rem;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><a href="/events/">all events</a> >></p></div></div></section><div class="tribe-compatibility-container" > <div class="tribe-common tribe-events tribe-events-view tribe-events-view--widget-events-list tribe-events-widget" data-js="tribe-events-view" data-view-rest-url="https://spacenews.com/wp-json/tribe/views/v2/html" data-view-manage-url="1" data-view-breakpoint-pointer="d86ef8db-adb6-4e4d-b3f4-089e4200542f" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list"> <script data-js="tribe-events-view-data" type="application/json"> {"slug":"widget-events-list","prev_url":"","next_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/?post_type=tribe_events&eventDisplay=widget-events-list&paged=2","view_class":"Tribe\\Events\\Views\\V2\\Views\\Widgets\\Widget_List_View","view_slug":"widget-events-list","view_label":"View","view":null,"should_manage_url":true,"id":null,"alias-slugs":null,"title":"Candace Givens, Northrop Grumman - Leading Women in Space - SpaceNews","limit":"5","no_upcoming_events":true,"featured_events_only":false,"jsonld_enable":false,"tribe_is_list_widget":false,"admin_fields":{"title":{"label":"Title:","type":"text","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-title","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][title]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"limit":{"label":"Show:","type":"number","default":5,"min":1,"max":10,"step":1,"classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-limit","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][limit]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"metadata_section":{"type":"fieldset","classes":"tribe-common-form-control-checkbox-checkbox-group","label":"Display:","children":{"cost":{"type":"checkbox","label":"Price","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-cost","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][cost]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"venue":{"type":"checkbox","label":"Venue","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-venue","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][venue]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"street":{"type":"checkbox","label":"Street","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-street","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][street]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"city":{"type":"checkbox","label":"City","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-city","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][city]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"region":{"type":"checkbox","label":"State (US) Or Province (Int)","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-region","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][region]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"zip":{"type":"checkbox","label":"Postal Code","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-zip","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][zip]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"country":{"type":"checkbox","label":"Country","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-country","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][country]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"phone":{"type":"checkbox","label":"Phone","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-phone","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][phone]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"organizer":{"type":"checkbox","label":"Organizer","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-organizer","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][organizer]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"website":{"type":"checkbox","label":"Website","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-website","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][website]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null}},"dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-metadata_section","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][metadata_section]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"taxonomy_section":{"type":"section","classes":["calendar-widget-filters-container"],"label":"Filters:","children":{"filters":{"type":"taxonomy-filters","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-filters","label":"","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][filters]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null,"list_items":[]},"operand":{"type":"fieldset","classes":"tribe-common-form-control-checkbox-radio-group","label":"Operand:","selected":"OR","children":[{"type":"radio","label":"Match any","button_value":"OR","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-operand","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][operand]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},{"type":"radio","label":"Match all","button_value":"AND","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-operand","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][operand]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null}],"dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-operand","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][operand]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null}},"dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-taxonomy_section","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][taxonomy_section]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"taxonomy":{"type":"taxonomy","classes":"calendar-widget-add-filter","label":"Add a filter:","placeholder":"Select a Taxonomy Term","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-taxonomy","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][taxonomy]","options":[],"value":null},"no_upcoming_events":{"label":"Hide this widget if there are no upcoming events.","type":"checkbox","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-no_upcoming_events","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][no_upcoming_events]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"featured_events_only":{"label":"Limit to featured events only","type":"checkbox","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-featured_events_only","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][featured_events_only]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null},"jsonld_enable":{"label":"Generate JSON-LD data","type":"checkbox","classes":"","dependency":"","id":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list-5-jsonld_enable","name":"widget-tribe-widget-events-list[5][jsonld_enable]","options":[],"placeholder":"","value":null}},"venue":false,"country":false,"street":false,"city":false,"region":false,"zip":false,"phone":false,"cost":false,"organizer":false,"website":false,"operand":"OR","filters":false,"events":[10007802,10007801,10007797,10007792,10007803],"url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/?post_type=tribe_events&eventDisplay=widget-events-list","url_event_date":false,"bar":{"keyword":"","date":""},"today":"2024-11-26 00:00:00","now":"2024-11-26 10:56:01","rest_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/wp-json\/tribe\/views\/v2\/html","rest_method":"POST","rest_nonce":"","today_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/?post_type=tribe_events&eventDisplay=widget-events-list&name=candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space","today_title":"Click to select today's date","today_label":"Today","prev_label":"","next_label":"","date_formats":{"compact":"Y-m-d","month_and_year_compact":"Y-m","month_and_year":"F Y","time_range_separator":" - ","date_time_separator":" @ "},"messages":[],"start_of_week":"1","header_title":"","header_title_element":"h1","content_title":"","breadcrumbs":[],"before_events":"<p><em>SpaceNews<\/em> provides this calendar as a free resource to our users.<\/p>\n<p>Event submissions are reviewed before posting, <strong>so they will not show until approved.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The calendar is not maintained on a daily basis and some events may have changed or are no longer happening. Please double-check the event websites for the most up-to-date information.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/event-calendar-submission\/\">Add your event<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","after_events":"\n\n","display_events_bar":false,"disable_event_search":false,"live_refresh":false,"ical":{"display_link":true,"link":{"url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/?post_type=tribe_events&eventDisplay=widget-events-list&ical=1","text":"Export Events","title":"Use this to share calendar data with Google Calendar, Apple iCal and other compatible apps"}},"container_classes":["tribe-common","tribe-events","tribe-events-view","tribe-events-view--widget-events-list","tribe-events-widget"],"container_data":[],"is_past":false,"breakpoints":{"xsmall":500,"medium":768,"full":960},"breakpoint_pointer":"d86ef8db-adb6-4e4d-b3f4-089e4200542f","is_initial_load":true,"public_views":{"list":{"view_class":"Tribe\\Events\\Views\\V2\\Views\\List_View","view_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/events\/list\/","view_label":"List"},"month":{"view_class":"Tribe\\Events\\Views\\V2\\Views\\Month_View","view_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/events\/month\/","view_label":"Month"},"day":{"view_class":"Tribe\\Events\\Views\\V2\\Views\\Day_View","view_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/events\/today\/","view_label":"Day"},"summary":{"view_class":"Tribe\\Events\\Pro\\Views\\V2\\Views\\Summary_View","view_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/events\/summary\/","view_label":"Summary"},"week":{"view_class":"Tribe\\Events\\Pro\\Views\\V2\\Views\\Week_View","view_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/events\/week\/","view_label":"Week"},"map":{"view_class":"Tribe\\Events\\Pro\\Views\\V2\\Views\\Map_View","view_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/events\/map\/","view_label":"Map"}},"show_latest_past":false,"compatibility_classes":["tribe-compatibility-container"],"view_more_text":"View Calendar","view_more_title":"View more events.","view_more_link":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/events\/","widget_title":"Upcoming Events","hide_if_no_upcoming_events":true,"display":{"cost":false,"venue":false,"street":false,"city":false,"region":false,"zip":false,"country":false,"phone":false,"organizer":false,"website":false},"subscribe_links":{"gcal":{"block_slug":"hasGoogleCalendar","label":"Google Calendar","single_label":"Add to Google Calendar","visible":true},"ical":{"block_slug":"hasiCal","label":"iCalendar","single_label":"Add to iCalendar","visible":true},"outlook-365":{"block_slug":"hasOutlook365","label":"Outlook 365","single_label":"Outlook 365","visible":true},"outlook-live":{"block_slug":"hasOutlookLive","label":"Outlook Live","single_label":"Outlook Live","visible":true}},"display_recurring_toggle":false,"_context":{"slug":"widget-events-list"}}</script> <header class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__header"> <h2 class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__header-title tribe-common-h6 tribe-common-h--alt"> Upcoming Events </h2> </header> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__events"> <div class="tribe-common-g-row tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-row" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag tribe-common-g-col"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-datetime" datetime="2024-11-26"> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-month"> Nov </span> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-daynum tribe-common-h2 tribe-common-h4--min-medium"> 26 </span> </time> </div> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-wrapper tribe-common-g-col"> <article class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event post-10007802 tribe_events type-tribe_events status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry entry" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-details"> <header class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-header"> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime-wrapper tribe-common-b2 tribe-common-b3--min-medium"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime" datetime="2024-11-26"> <span class="tribe-event-date-start">1:30 pm</span> - <span class="tribe-event-time">5:00 pm</span> </time> </div> <h3 class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title tribe-common-h7"> <a href="https://spacenews.com/event/space-get-together-charleroi/" title="Space get together – Charleroi" rel="bookmark" class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title-link tribe-common-anchor-thin" > Space get together – Charleroi </a> </h3> </header> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="tribe-common-g-row tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-row" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag tribe-common-g-col"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-datetime" datetime="2024-11-27"> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-month"> Nov </span> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-daynum tribe-common-h2 tribe-common-h4--min-medium"> 27 </span> </time> </div> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-wrapper tribe-common-g-col"> <article class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event post-10007801 tribe_events type-tribe_events status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry entry" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-details"> <header class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-header"> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime-wrapper tribe-common-b2 tribe-common-b3--min-medium"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime" datetime="2024-11-27"> <span class="tribe-event-date-start">Wednesday, November 27 @ 8:00 am</span> - <span class="tribe-event-date-end">Thursday, November 28 @ 5:00 pm</span> </time> </div> <h3 class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title tribe-common-h7"> <a href="https://spacenews.com/event/2nd-earth-observation-commercialisation-forum/" title="2nd Earth Observation Commercialisation Forum" rel="bookmark" class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title-link tribe-common-anchor-thin" > 2nd Earth Observation Commercialisation Forum </a> </h3> </header> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="tribe-common-g-row tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-row" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag tribe-common-g-col"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-datetime" datetime="2024-12-04"> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-month"> Dec </span> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-daynum tribe-common-h2 tribe-common-h4--min-medium"> 4 </span> </time> </div> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-wrapper tribe-common-g-col"> <article class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event post-10007797 tribe_events type-tribe_events status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry entry" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-details"> <header class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-header"> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime-wrapper tribe-common-b2 tribe-common-b3--min-medium"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime" datetime="2024-12-04"> <span class="tribe-event-date-start">Wednesday, December 4 @ 8:00 am</span> - <span class="tribe-event-date-end">Thursday, December 5 @ 5:00 pm</span> </time> </div> <h3 class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title tribe-common-h7"> <a href="https://spacenews.com/event/11th-annual-space-resiliency-summit/" title="11th Annual Space Resiliency Summit" rel="bookmark" class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title-link tribe-common-anchor-thin" > 11th Annual Space Resiliency Summit </a> </h3> </header> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="tribe-common-g-row tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-row" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag tribe-common-g-col"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-datetime" datetime="2024-12-06"> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-month"> Dec </span> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-daynum tribe-common-h2 tribe-common-h4--min-medium"> 6 </span> </time> </div> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-wrapper tribe-common-g-col"> <article class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event post-10007792 tribe_events type-tribe_events status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry entry" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-details"> <header class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-header"> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime-wrapper tribe-common-b2 tribe-common-b3--min-medium"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime" datetime="2024-12-06"> <span class="tribe-event-date-start">11:30 am</span> - <span class="tribe-event-time">3:30 pm</span> </time> </div> <h3 class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title tribe-common-h7"> <a href="https://spacenews.com/event/7th-spacenews-icon-awards/" title="7th SpaceNews Icon Awards" rel="bookmark" class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title-link tribe-common-anchor-thin" > 7th SpaceNews Icon Awards </a> </h3> </header> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="tribe-common-g-row tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-row" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag tribe-common-g-col"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-datetime" datetime="2025-02-04"> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-month"> Feb </span> <span class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-date-tag-daynum tribe-common-h2 tribe-common-h4--min-medium"> 4 </span> </time> </div> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-wrapper tribe-common-g-col"> <article class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event post-10007803 tribe_events type-tribe_events status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry entry" > <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-details"> <header class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-header"> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime-wrapper tribe-common-b2 tribe-common-b3--min-medium"> <time class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-datetime" datetime="2025-02-04"> <span class="tribe-event-date-start">Tuesday, February 4, 2025 @ 8:00 am</span> - <span class="tribe-event-date-end">Thursday, February 6, 2025 @ 5:00 pm</span> </time> </div> <h3 class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title tribe-common-h7"> <a href="https://spacenews.com/event/smallsat-symposium-2025/" title="SmallSat Symposium 2025" rel="bookmark" class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__event-title-link tribe-common-anchor-thin" > SmallSat Symposium 2025 </a> </h3> </header> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__view-more tribe-common-b1 tribe-common-b2--min-medium"> <a href="https://spacenews.com/events/" class="tribe-events-widget-events-list__view-more-link tribe-common-anchor-thin" title="View more events." > View Calendar </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script class="tribe-events-breakpoints"> ( function () { var completed = false; function initBreakpoints() { if ( completed ) { // This was fired already and completed no need to attach to the event listener. document.removeEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', initBreakpoints ); return; } if ( 'undefined' === typeof window.tribe ) { return; } if ( 'undefined' === typeof window.tribe.events ) { return; } if ( 'undefined' === typeof window.tribe.events.views ) { return; } if ( 'undefined' === typeof window.tribe.events.views.breakpoints ) { return; } if ( 'function' !== typeof (window.tribe.events.views.breakpoints.setup) ) { return; } var container = document.querySelectorAll( '[data-view-breakpoint-pointer="d86ef8db-adb6-4e4d-b3f4-089e4200542f"]' ); if ( ! container ) { return; } window.tribe.events.views.breakpoints.setup( container ); completed = true; // This was fired already and completed no need to attach to the event listener. document.removeEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', initBreakpoints ); } // Try to init the breakpoints right away. initBreakpoints(); document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', initBreakpoints ); })(); </script> <script data-js='tribe-events-view-nonce-data' type='application/json'>{"_tec_view_rest_nonce_primary":"21f446483b","_tec_view_rest_nonce_secondary":""}</script><section id="block-21" class="widget widget_block"><div style="height:8px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div></section> <div class='newspack_global_ad sidebar_sidebar-1 sidebar_sidebar-1-after hook-after fixed-height'> <div class="newspack-broadstreet-ad" style='flex: 1 1 100%; width: 100%; height: auto;'><broadstreet-zone zone-id="161582" keywords="not_home_page,not_landing_page,is_article_page,video,candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space,post" soft-keywords="true" zone-alias="SpaceNews_Bottom_Right"></broadstreet-zone></div> </div> </aside> </main> </section> <div class="above-footer-widgets"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="block-7" class="above-footer widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-group alignfull pattern-newsletter-subscribe is-sticky-boundary has-background is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="background-color:var(--color--background-medium)"><figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="464" height="52" src="/wp-content/themes/spacenews/assets/image/logo.png" alt="" class="wp-image-133922"/></figure> <h3 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center">Sign up for a SpaceNews newsletter</h3> <p class="has-text-align-center">Get top stories, military space news and more delivered to your inbox.</p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"><div class="wp-block-button aligncenter is-style-primary"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://spacenews.com/newsletters/">Subscribe to newsletters</a></div></div></div></section> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer is-sticky-boundary"> <div class="footer-back-to-top"> <div class="wrapper"> <a href="#" class="footer-back-to-top__link" onclick="() => window.scrollTo({ top: 0, behavior: "smooth" })"> Back to top </a> </div> </div> <div class="footer-branding"> <div class="wrapper"> <a class="footer-logo-link" href="https://spacenews.com/" rel="home"> <img width="196" height="22" src="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/logo-footer.png?fit=196%2C22&ssl=1" class="footer-logo" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/logo-footer.png?w=196&ssl=1 196w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/logo-footer.png?fit=196%2C22&ssl=1&w=370 370w, https://i0.wp.com/spacenews.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/logo-footer.png?fit=196%2C22&ssl=1&w=400 400w" sizes="(max-width: 196px) 100vw, 196px" /> </a> </div> </div> <aside class="widget-area footer-widgets" role="complementary" aria-label="Footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="nav_menu-2" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h2 class="widget-title">About</h2><div class="menu-footer-about-container"><ul id="menu-footer-about" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-203205" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-203205"><a href="https://spacenews.com/about-us/">About SpaceNews</a></li> <li id="menu-item-140223" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-140223"><a href="https://spacenewsmediakit.com/">Advertise</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-5" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h2 class="widget-title">Subscribe</h2><div class="menu-footer-subscribe-container"><ul id="menu-footer-subscribe" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-141090" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-141090"><a href="https://spacenews.com/newsletters/">Sign up for Our Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-139653" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-139653"><a href="https://spacenews.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to the Magazine</a></li> <li id="menu-item-139654" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-139654"><a href="https://theygsgroup.com/interestform/">Get Magazine Reprints</a></li> </ul></div></section><section id="nav_menu-6" class="widget widget_nav_menu"><h2 class="widget-title">Events</h2><div class="menu-events-menu-container"><ul id="menu-events-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-147373" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-147373"><a href="https://spacenews.com/events/">View Events Calendar</a></li> </ul></div></section> <div class="social-navigation-wrapper"> <h2>Follow us on</h2> <nav class="social-navigation" aria-label="Social Links Menu"> <ul id="menu-social-links-1" class="social-links-menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-133918"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/SpaceNewsInc/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Facebook Page</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-206215"><a href="https://twitter.com/SpaceNews_Inc"><span class="screen-reader-text">X</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M22.23,5.924c-0.736,0.326-1.527,0.547-2.357,0.646c0.847-0.508,1.498-1.312,1.804-2.27 c-0.793,0.47-1.671,0.812-2.606,0.996C18.324,4.498,17.257,4,16.077,4c-2.266,0-4.103,1.837-4.103,4.103 c0,0.322,0.036,0.635,0.106,0.935C8.67,8.867,5.647,7.234,3.623,4.751C3.27,5.357,3.067,6.062,3.067,6.814 c0,1.424,0.724,2.679,1.825,3.415c-0.673-0.021-1.305-0.206-1.859-0.513c0,0.017,0,0.034,0,0.052c0,1.988,1.414,3.647,3.292,4.023 c-0.344,0.094-0.707,0.144-1.081,0.144c-0.264,0-0.521-0.026-0.772-0.074c0.522,1.63,2.038,2.816,3.833,2.85 c-1.404,1.1-3.174,1.756-5.096,1.756c-0.331,0-0.658-0.019-0.979-0.057c1.816,1.164,3.973,1.843,6.29,1.843 c7.547,0,11.675-6.252,11.675-11.675c0-0.178-0.004-0.355-0.012-0.531C20.985,7.47,21.68,6.747,22.23,5.924z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-141109"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/spacenews/"><span class="screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-466237"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/spacenewsinc/"><span class="screen-reader-text">Instagram</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-133920"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SpaceNewsInc"><span class="screen-reader-text">YouTube</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg></a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-140256"><a href="https://spacenews.com/feed/"><span class="screen-reader-text">RSS Feed</span><svg class="svg-icon" width="0" height="0" aria-hidden="true" role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M2,8.667V12c5.515,0,10,4.485,10,10h3.333C15.333,14.637,9.363,8.667,2,8.667z M2,2v3.333 c9.19,0,16.667,7.477,16.667,16.667H22C22,10.955,13.045,2,2,2z M4.5,17C3.118,17,2,18.12,2,19.5S3.118,22,4.5,22S7,20.88,7,19.5 S5.882,17,4.5,17z"></path></svg></a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="site-info"> <aside class="widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Below Footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <section id="block-39" class="widget widget_block"><div class="wp-block-newspack-blocks-wp-block-newspack-ads-blocks-ad-unit alignnone" style="text-align:inherit"> <div class='newspack_global_ad block_6745ef9221a71 fixed-height'> <div class="newspack-broadstreet-ad" style='flex: 1 1 100%; width: 100%; height: auto;'><broadstreet-zone zone-id="161586" keywords="not_home_page,not_landing_page,is_article_page,video,candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space,post" soft-keywords="true" zone-alias="out-of-page-interstitial"></broadstreet-zone></div> </div> </div></section><section id="block-38" class="widget widget_block"><script> (function(e,t,o,n,p,r,i){e.visitorGlobalObjectAlias=n;e[e.visitorGlobalObjectAlias]=e[e.visitorGlobalObjectAlias]||function(){(e[e.visitorGlobalObjectAlias].q=e[e.visitorGlobalObjectAlias].q||[]).push(arguments)};e[e.visitorGlobalObjectAlias].l=(new Date).getTime();r=t.createElement("script");r.src=o;r.async=true;i=t.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];i.parentNode.insertBefore(r,i)})(window,document,"https://diffuser-cdn.app-us1.com/diffuser/diffuser.js","vgo"); vgo('setAccount', '613045116'); vgo('setTrackByDefault', true); vgo('process'); </script></section> </div> </aside> <div class="wrapper site-info-contain"> <span class="copyright">SpaceNews © 2024. All Rights Reserved.</span> <a class="privacy-policy-link" href="https://spacenews.com/privacy-policy-2/" rel="privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a><a class="terms-conditions-link" href="https://spacenews.com/spacenews-terms-conditions/" target="">Terms & Conditions</a> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script data-cfasync='false'>window.broadstreetKeywords = ['not_home_page','not_landing_page','is_article_page','video','candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space','post'] window.broadstreetTargets = {"pagetype":["post","not_home_page"],"category":["video","candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space","post"],"url":"candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space"}; window.broadstreet = window.broadstreet || { run: [] };window.broadstreet.run.push(function () { window.broadstreet.loadNetworkJS(9128, { domain: 'apogee.spacenews.com'}); });</script> <script> ( function ( body ) { 'use strict'; body.className = body.className.replace( /\btribe-no-js\b/, 'tribe-js' ); } )( document.body ); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//b-code.liadm.com/a-0962.min.js" async="true" charset="utf-8"></script>  <script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. ","select_all_link":"Select all pages","clear_selection":"Clear Selection.","pagination":{"all":"All","next":"Next","previous":"Previous"},"select":{"rows":{"0":"","_":": Selected %d rows","1":": Selected 1 row"}},"datepicker":{"dayNames":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"dayNamesShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"dayNamesMin":["S","M","T","W","T","F","S"],"monthNames":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesShort":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthNamesMin":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"nextText":"Next","prevText":"Prev","currentText":"Today","closeText":"Done","today":"Today","clear":"Clear"}};/* ]]> */ </script> <script type='text/javascript'> (function () { var c = document.body.className; c = c.replace(/woocommerce-no-js/, 'woocommerce-js'); document.body.className = c; })(); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.WPCOM_sharing_counts = {"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space\/":442960}; </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tec-variables-skeleton-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/variables-skeleton.min.css?ver=6.2.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-common-skeleton-style-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-skeleton.min.css?ver=6.2.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-widgets-v2-events-list-skeleton-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/resources/css/widget-events-list-skeleton.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tec-variables-full-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/variables-full.min.css?ver=6.2.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-common-full-style-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/css/common-full.min.css?ver=6.2.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-widgets-v2-events-list-full-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/resources/css/widget-events-list-full.min.css?ver=6.7.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-virtual-widgets-v2-common-skeleton-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/widgets-events-common-skeleton.min.css?ver=1.15.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-virtual-widgets-v2-common-full-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/widgets-events-common-full.min.css?ver=1.15.8' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wc-blocks-style-css' href='https://c0.wp.com/p/woocommerce/9.3.3/assets/client/blocks/wc-blocks.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='jetpack-responsive-videos-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-classic-theme-helper/dist/responsive-videos/responsive-videos.css?minify=false&ver=11ee3dcea6c676a3fed7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='newspack-blocks-homepage-articles-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/homepage-articles/view.css?ver=4.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tec-events-pro-archives-style-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/custom-tables-v1/archives.min.css?ver=7.2.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css' type='text/css'>.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-column-is-layout-3 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--50) * -1);margin-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--50) * -1);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-widgets-v2-events-list-skeleton-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/widget-events-list-skeleton.min.css?ver=7.2.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='tribe-events-pro-widgets-v2-events-list-full-css' href='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/src/resources/css/widget-events-list-full.min.css?ver=7.2.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/woocommerce/9.3.3/assets/js/selectWoo/selectWoo.full.min.js" id="selectWoo-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wc-memberships-blocks-common-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wc_memberships_blocks_common = {"keywords":{"email":"Email","phone":"Phone","plan":"Plan","address":"Address","search_not_found":"We didn't find any members. Please try a different search or check for typos.","results_not_found":"No records found..."},"ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","restUrl":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/wp-json\/","restNonce":"e50a0a221c"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/woocommerce-memberships/assets/js/frontend/wc-memberships-blocks-common.min.js?ver=1.26.9" id="wc-memberships-blocks-common-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react.min.js" id="react-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react-dom.min.js" id="react-dom-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/react-jsx-runtime.min.js" id="react-jsx-runtime-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/dom-ready.min.js" id="wp-dom-ready-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/a11y.min.js" id="wp-a11y-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/url.min.js" id="wp-url-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/api-fetch.min.js" id="wp-api-fetch-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-api-fetch-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.createRootURLMiddleware( "https://spacenews.com/wp-json/" ) ); wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware = wp.apiFetch.createNonceMiddleware( "e50a0a221c" ); wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.nonceMiddleware ); wp.apiFetch.use( wp.apiFetch.mediaUploadMiddleware ); wp.apiFetch.nonceEndpoint = "https://spacenews.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=rest-nonce"; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/blob.min.js" id="wp-blob-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/autop.min.js" id="wp-autop-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/block-serialization-default-parser.min.js" id="wp-block-serialization-default-parser-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/deprecated.min.js" id="wp-deprecated-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/dom.min.js" id="wp-dom-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/escape-html.min.js" id="wp-escape-html-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/element.min.js" id="wp-element-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/is-shallow-equal.min.js" id="wp-is-shallow-equal-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/keycodes.min.js" id="wp-keycodes-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/priority-queue.min.js" id="wp-priority-queue-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/compose.min.js" id="wp-compose-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/private-apis.min.js" id="wp-private-apis-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/redux-routine.min.js" id="wp-redux-routine-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/data.min.js" id="wp-data-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-data-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ ( function() { var userId = 0; var storageKey = "WP_DATA_USER_" + userId; wp.data .use( wp.data.plugins.persistence, { storageKey: storageKey } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/html-entities.min.js" id="wp-html-entities-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/rich-text.min.js" id="wp-rich-text-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/shortcode.min.js" id="wp-shortcode-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/blocks.min.js" id="wp-blocks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/moment.min.js" id="moment-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="moment-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ moment.updateLocale( 'en_US', {"months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthsShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"weekdaysShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"week":{"dow":1},"longDateFormat":{"LT":"g:i a","LTS":null,"L":null,"LL":"F j, Y","LLL":"F j, Y g:i a","LLLL":null}} ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/date.min.js" id="wp-date-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-date-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.date.setSettings( {"l10n":{"locale":"en_US","months":["January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"monthsShort":["Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"weekdays":["Sunday","Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday","Thursday","Friday","Saturday"],"weekdaysShort":["Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thu","Fri","Sat"],"meridiem":{"am":"am","pm":"pm","AM":"AM","PM":"PM"},"relative":{"future":"%s from now","past":"%s ago","s":"a second","ss":"%d seconds","m":"a minute","mm":"%d minutes","h":"an hour","hh":"%d hours","d":"a day","dd":"%d days","M":"a month","MM":"%d months","y":"a year","yy":"%d years"},"startOfWeek":1},"formats":{"time":"g:i a","date":"F j, Y","datetime":"F j, Y g:i a","datetimeAbbreviated":"M j, Y g:i a"},"timezone":{"offset":-5,"offsetFormatted":"-5","string":"America\/New_York","abbr":"EST"}} ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/primitives.min.js" id="wp-primitives-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/warning.min.js" id="wp-warning-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/components.min.js" id="wp-components-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/keyboard-shortcuts.min.js" id="wp-keyboard-shortcuts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/commands.min.js" id="wp-commands-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/notices.min.js" id="wp-notices-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/preferences-persistence.min.js" id="wp-preferences-persistence-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/preferences.min.js" id="wp-preferences-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-preferences-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ ( function() { var serverData = false; var userId = "0"; var persistenceLayer = wp.preferencesPersistence.__unstableCreatePersistenceLayer( serverData, userId ); var preferencesStore = wp.preferences.store; wp.data.dispatch( preferencesStore ).setPersistenceLayer( persistenceLayer ); } ) (); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/style-engine.min.js" id="wp-style-engine-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/token-list.min.js" id="wp-token-list-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/wordcount.min.js" id="wp-wordcount-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/dist/block-editor.min.js" id="wp-block-editor-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/publisher-media-kit//dist/blocks/tabs-block.js?ver=ae40650db20af6e1a5dd" id="publisher-media-kit-tabs-block-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/publisher-media-kit//dist/blocks/tabs-item-block.js?ver=f30a6866fccb18fa5f0a" id="publisher-media-kit-tabs-item-block-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="site_tracking-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var php_data = {"ac_settings":{"tracking_actid":613045116,"site_tracking_default":1,"site_tracking":1},"user_email":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/activecampaign-subscription-forms/site_tracking.js?ver=6.6.2" id="site_tracking-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-ads/dist/media-kit-frontend.js?ver=3.2.1" id="newspack-ads-media-kit-frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-recaptcha-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspack_recaptcha_data = {"site_key":"6LfIGy0qAAAAAEUJEuvvj7UAtEGksHbkwTWruSIU","version":"v3","api_url":"https:\/\/www.google.com\/recaptcha\/api.js?render=6LfIGy0qAAAAAEUJEuvvj7UAtEGksHbkwTWruSIU"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/other-scripts/recaptcha.js?ver=5.5.1" id="newspack-recaptcha-js" async></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-reader-activation-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspack_ras_config = {"auth_intention_cookie":"np_auth_intention","cid_cookie":"newspack-cid","authenticated_email":"","otp_auth_action":"np_otp_auth","account_url":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/my-account\/","captcha_site_key":"6LfIGy0qAAAAAEUJEuvvj7UAtEGksHbkwTWruSIU"}; var newspack_reader_data = {"store_prefix":"np_reader_1_","is_temporary":"","reader_activity":[{"action":"article_view","data":{"post_id":442960,"permalink":"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/candace-givens-northrop-grumman-leading-women-in-space\/","categories":[4203],"tags":[5854],"author":"11020"}}]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-activation.js?ver=5.5.1" id="newspack-reader-activation-js" async data-amp-plus-allowed></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-reader-auth-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspack_reader_auth_labels = {"invalid_email":"Please enter a valid email address.","invalid_password":"Please enter a password.","blocked_popup":"The popup has been blocked. Allow popups for the site and try again.","login_canceled":"Login canceled."}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-plugin/dist/reader-auth.js?ver=5.5.1" id="newspack-reader-auth-js" async data-amp-plus-allowed></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-popups-criteria-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspackPopupsCriteria = {"is_non_preview_user":"","config":{"articles_read":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read"},"articles_read_in_session":{"matchingFunction":"range","matchingAttribute":"articles_read_in_session"},"favorite_categories":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"favorite_categories"},"user_account":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"user_account"},"newsletter":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"newsletter"},"subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"not_subscribed_lists":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"newsletter_subscribed_lists"},"donation":{"matchingFunction":"default","matchingAttribute":"donation"},"active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"not_active_subscriptions":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_subscriptions"},"active_memberships":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"active_memberships"},"not_active_memberships":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"active_memberships"},"sources_to_match":{"matchingFunction":"list__in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"},"sources_to_exclude":{"matchingFunction":"list__not_in","matchingAttribute":"referrer"}}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/criteria.js?ver=1732602133" id="newspack-popups-criteria-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-popups-view-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspack_popups_view = {"debug":"","segments":{"4798":{"criteria":[{"criteria_id":"articles_read","value":{"min":"2","max":"4"}}],"priority":0}}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-popups/includes/../dist/view.js?ver=1732602133" id="newspack-popups-view-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/publisher-media-kit/dist/js/shared.js?ver=1.3.5" id="publisher_media_kit_shared-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/publisher-media-kit/dist/js/frontend.js?ver=1.3.5" id="publisher_media_kit_frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/spacenews/js/dist/main.js?ver=628b1072d38439753960" id="spacenews-main-js" defer></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-amp-fallback-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback.js?ver=0.29.2" id="newspack-amp-fallback-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspackScreenReaderText = {"open_search":"Open Search","close_search":"Close Search","expand_comments":"Expand Comments","collapse_comments":"Collapse Comments","show_order_details":"Show details","hide_order_details":"Hide details","open_dropdown_menu":"Open dropdown menu","close_dropdown_menu":"Close dropdown menu","is_amp":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/menu-accessibility.js?ver=0.29.2" id="newspack-menu-accessibility-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var newspackScreenReaderTextSponsors = {"open_info":"Learn More","close_info":"Close"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/themes/newspack-theme/js/dist/amp-fallback-newspack-sponsors.js?ver=0.29.2" id="newspack-amp-fallback-sponsors-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"80681979\",\"post\":\"442960\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"spacenews.com\",\"j\":\"1:13.9.1\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "80681979", "442960" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/jetpack/jetpack_vendor/automattic/jetpack-classic-theme-helper/dist/responsive-videos/responsive-videos.js?minify=false&ver=11ee3dcea6c676a3fed7" id="jetpack-responsive-videos-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/newspack-blocks/dist/homepage-articles/view.js?ver=592020a10b4ff0d8d3fd" id="newspack-blocks-homepage-articles-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/tribe-common.min.js?ver=6.2.0" id="tribe-common-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/utils/query-string.min.js?ver=6.2.0" id="tribe-query-string-js"></script> <script src='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-before.js'></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/c/6.6.2/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js" id="underscore-js"></script> <script src='https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/src/resources/js/underscore-after.js'></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/resources/js/views/manager.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="tribe-events-views-v2-manager-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://spacenews.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/src/resources/js/views/breakpoints.min.js?ver=6.7.1" id="tribe-events-views-v2-breakpoints-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sharing_js_options = {"lang":"en","counts":"1","is_stats_active":"1"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://c0.wp.com/p/jetpack/13.9.1/_inc/build/sharedaddy/sharing.min.js" id="sharing-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sharing-js-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-x' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-x' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomx', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=350' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-facebook' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomfacebook', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=600,height=400' ); return false; } } ); } )(); var windowOpen; ( function () { function matches( el, sel ) { return !! ( el.matches && el.matches( sel ) || el.msMatchesSelector && el.msMatchesSelector( sel ) ); } document.body.addEventListener( 'click', function ( event ) { if ( ! event.target ) { return; } var el; if ( matches( event.target, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target; } else if ( event.target.parentNode && matches( event.target.parentNode, 'a.share-linkedin' ) ) { el = event.target.parentNode; } if ( el ) { event.preventDefault(); // If there's another sharing window open, close it. if ( typeof windowOpen !== 'undefined' ) { windowOpen.close(); } windowOpen = window.open( el.getAttribute( 'href' ), 'wpcomlinkedin', 'menubar=1,resizable=1,width=580,height=450' ); return false; } } ); } )(); /* ]]> */ </script> <script> /(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1); </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-de31e878b1ccb3e4911","applicationID":"994422715","transactionName":"ZwEEYxFVWUdYUkxcX15LJ1QXXVhaFkJRW1dcAQ==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1516,"atts":"S0YHFVlPSkk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>