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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inclusion_of_Gentiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusion_of_Gentiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Inclusion of Gentiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusion_of_Gentiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Split_with_Jewish_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Split_with_Jewish_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Split with Jewish Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Split_with_Jewish_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarly_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scholarly views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Distortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_"Pauline_Christianity"_thesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_"Pauline_Christianity"_thesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism of the "Pauline Christianity" thesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_"Pauline_Christianity"_thesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_pejorative_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_pejorative_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>As a pejorative term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_pejorative_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pauline Christianity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مسيحية بولسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيحية بولسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinisme" title="Paulinisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paulinisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinismus" title="Paulinismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paulinismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinische_Theologie" title="Paulinische Theologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paulinische Theologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_paulino" title="Cristianismo paulino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo paulino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%ADla_penso" title="Paŭla penso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŭla penso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مسیحیت پولسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت پولسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christologie_paulinienne" title="Christologie paulinienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christologie paulinienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlizam" title="Pavlizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pavlizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan_Paulus" title="Kekristenan Paulus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan Paulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensiero_paolino" title="Pensiero paolino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pensiero paolino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianit%C3%A0_paolina" title="Cristianità paolina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cristianità paolina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristianisma_paoliniana" title="Kristianisma paoliniana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kristianisma paoliniana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مسيحيه بولسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مسيحيه بولسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulinismo" title="Paulinismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paulinismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Паулианство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паулианство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlus_Hristiyanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Pavlus Hristiyanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pavlus Hristiyanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Павлінізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павлінізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of Christianity developed from the doctrines of the Apostle Paul</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1445" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="Second Epistle to the Corinthians">2 Corinthians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Ephesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Colossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="First Epistle to the Thessalonians">1 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">1 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">2 Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Philemon" title="Epistle to Philemon">Philemon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related literature</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles#Lost_Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Lost epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Coptic Apocalypse of Paul">Coptic Apocalypse of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul_and_Thecla" title="Acts of Paul and Thecla">Paul and Thecla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Apostle_Paul" title="Prayer of the Apostle Paul">Prayer of Paul</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:100%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">See also</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bible" title="Category:Bible">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Malmesbury Bible"><img alt="The Malmesbury Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/180px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/270px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/360px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canons</a> and books</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament (OT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament (NT)</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">Antilegomena</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapters_and_verses_of_the_Bible" title="Chapters and verses of the Bible">Chapters and verses</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_apocrypha" title="Jewish apocrypha">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">NT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a> and development</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">Authorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Hebrew_Bible_canon" title="Development of the Hebrew Bible canon">Hebrew canon</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon" title="Development of the Old Testament canon">Old Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">New Testament canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_Torah" title="Composition of the Torah">Composition of the Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_authorship" title="Mosaic authorship">Mosaic authorship</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Johannine works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Translations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_manuscript" title="Biblical manuscript">manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targumim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetus_Latina" title="Vetus Latina">Vetus Latina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Luther Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_English" title="Bible translations into English">English Bibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bible_translations_by_language" title="List of Bible translations by language">by language</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Archeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">Artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_the_Bible" title="Dating the Bible">Dating</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_consistency_of_the_Bible" title="Internal consistency of the Bible">Internal consistency</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Names</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biblia_Hebraica_Stuttgartensia" title="Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia">Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rahlfs%27_edition_of_the_Septuagint" title="Alfred Rahlfs' edition of the Septuagint">Rahlfs' Septuagint</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Novum Testamentum Graece</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis" title="Documentary hypothesis">Documentary hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels#The_synoptic_problem" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Categories_of_New_Testament_manuscripts" title="Categories of New Testament manuscripts">NT textual categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">Textual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_criticism_(biblical_studies)" title="Source criticism (biblical studies)">Source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_criticism" title="Form criticism">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redaction_criticism" title="Redaction criticism">Redaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_criticism" title="Canonical criticism">Canonical</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interpretation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist nowrap"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(exegesis)" title="Pardes (exegesis)">Pardes</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretation_of_the_Bible" title="Allegorical interpretation of the Bible">Allegorical interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical-grammatical_method" title="Historical-grammatical method">Historical-grammatical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Literalism</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_the_Bible" title="Ethics in the Bible">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Bible" title="Capital punishment in the Bible">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_homosexuality" title="The Bible and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Rape in the Hebrew Bible">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpents_in_the_Bible" title="Serpents in the Bible">Serpents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Sex in the Hebrew Bible">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_slavery" title="The Bible and slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_the_Bible" title="Islamic view of the Bible">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_narratives_in_the_Quran" title="Biblical narratives in the Quran">Quranic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">Infallibility</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Criticism of the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_authority" title="Biblical authority">Biblical authority</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bible-related_topics" title="Outline of Bible-related topics">Outline of Bible-related topics</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/32px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/48px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/64px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bible" title="Portal:Bible">Bible portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bible_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bible_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bible sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/200px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/300px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg/400px-File%22-Saint_Paul_Writing_His_Epistles%22_by_Valentin_de_Boulogne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Artist depiction of <i>Saint Paul Writing His Epistles</i>, 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas). Most scholars think Paul actually dictated his letters to a secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pauline Christianity</b> or <b>Pauline theology</b> (also <b>Paulism</b> or <b>Paulanity</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIde199325_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIde199325-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> otherwise referred to as <b>Gentile Christianity</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Klutz_2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a> and form of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic-Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Apostle Paul</a> through <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">his writings</a> and those <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">New Testament writings</a> traditionally attributed to him. Paul's beliefs had some overlap with <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a>, but they deviated from this Jewish Christianity in their emphasis on inclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a> into God's <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> and in his rejection of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversies#Early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversies">circumcision</a> as an unnecessary token of upholding the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Klutz_2002_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klutz_2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen_2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seifrid_1992-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a>, which is rooted in the first centuries of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">history of Christianity</a>, relies heavily on Pauline theology and beliefs and considers them to be amplifications and explanations of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">teachings of Jesus</a>. Since the 18th century, a number of scholars have proposed that Paul's writings contain teachings that are different from the original teachings of Jesus and those of the earliest Jewish Christians, as documented in the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical gospels">canonical gospels</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>, and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there has been increasing acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Jewish_Christianity" title="Paul the Apostle and Jewish Christianity">Paul as a fundamentally Jewish figure</a> in line with the original disciples in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> over past misinterpretations, manifested though movements like "Paul Within Judaism".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_etymology">Definition and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pauline Christianity or Pauline theology, also called "Paulism" or "Paulanity",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIde199325_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIde199325-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> through <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">his writings</a>. Paul's beliefs were strongly rooted in the earliest Jewish Christianity, but they deviated from this Jewish Christianity in their emphasis on inclusion of the Gentiles into God's New Covenant and in his rejection of circumcision as an unnecessary token of upholding the Law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lietzmann" title="Hans Lietzmann">Hans Lietzmann</a>, the term "Pauline Christianity" first came into use in the 20th century among scholars who proposed different strands of thought within <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>, wherein Paul was a powerful influence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marxist writer <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> (1891–1937), who stressed the similarities between <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Primitive Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, used the phrase 'Christo-Paulinism' not only to indicate Paul's greater importance but also to distinguish between theological and ideological beliefs and the organization of the institutional Church.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expression is also used by modern Christian scholars, such as John Ziesler<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christopher Mount,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose interest is in the recovery of Christian origins, and the importance of Paul for <a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">paleo-orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">restorationism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paul_and_the_inclusion_of_Gentiles">Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paul and the inclusion of Gentiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></div> <p>The first Christians were Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200579-80_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200579-80-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Paul and the author of the Acts of the Apostles, he initially persecuted those early Christians, but then converted, and, years later, was called to <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytise</a> among Gentiles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inclusion_of_Gentiles">Inclusion of Gentiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inclusion of Gentiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creed</a> about Jesus' death and resurrection which Paul probably used was <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15">1 Corinthians 15</a>, verses 3–5 (plus possible additional verses). Probably originating from the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem apostolic community</a>, the antiquity of the creed has been noted by many biblical scholars:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received, that Christ died for our sins according to the Scriptures, and that He was buried, and that He was raised on the third day according to the Scriptures, and that He appeared to Cephas, then to the twelve,...</p></blockquote> <p>There has been widespread acknowledgement of the view of <a href="/wiki/W._D._Davies" title="W. D. Davies">W. D. Davies</a> that the essential Jewishness of Paul's Christian perspective has been underplayed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Davies' view, Paul replaced the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>, with Christ.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2021)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pauline_Christianity#Dubious" title="Talk:Pauline Christianity">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>In the view of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Paula Fredriksen</a> and other notable NT scholars cited by them, writing with lived experience of the Jewish context, Paul did not replace Torah or Halakha with Christ for Jewish believers, but simply taught gentiles that observing the <a href="/wiki/Noachide" class="mw-redirect" title="Noachide">noachide</a> covenant as righteous among the nations was sufficient (along with faith in Christ), to merit a share in the world to come. This was a view shared by the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> and taught in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (with the except of the element of faith in Christ), but denied by (mostly gentile born) <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a> who taught conversion to Judaism as a requisite for salvation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, his <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">epistle to the Romans</a> 13 teaches the obligations of a righteous gentile under the Noachide covenant, with Romans 14-15 expansive commentary on dietary ethics. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rowland" title="Christopher Rowland">Christopher Rowland</a>, "the problems with which he wrestles in his letters were probably typical of many which were facing the Christian sect during this period".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1985196_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1985196-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Krister Stendahl</a>, the main concern of Paul's writings on Jesus' role, and salvation by faith, is the problem of the inclusion of gentile (Greek) Torah observers into God's covenant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Westerholm.2015_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westerholm.2015-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inclusion of Gentiles into early Christianity posed a problem for the Jewish identity of the early Christians. Many of the Jewish Christians were fully faithful religious Jews, only differing in their acceptance of Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_messiah_claimants" title="List of Jewish messiah claimants">Messiah</a>. Observance of the Jewish commands, including circumcision, was regarded as a token of the membership of this covenant, and the early Jewish Christians insisted on keeping those observances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new converts did not follow all "Jewish Law" and refused to be <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">circumcised</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as circumcision was considered repulsive during the period of <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul objected strongly to the insistence on keeping all of the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">Jewish commandments</a>, considering it a great threat to his doctrine of salvation through faith in Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-175_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-175-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Paul, Jesus' death and resurrection solved this problem of the exclusion of the gentiles from God's covenant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Dying for our sins' refers to the problem of gentile Torah-observers, who, despite their faithfulness, cannot fully observe commandments, including circumcision, and are therefore 'sinners', excluded from God's covenant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199788–89,_92_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199788–89,_92-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jesus' death and resurrection solved this problem of the exclusion of the gentiles from God's covenant, as indicated by Rom 3:21-26.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul insists that salvation is received by the grace of God; according to Sanders, this insistence is in line with Judaism of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BCE</span> until 200 CE, which saw God's covenant with Israel as an act of grace of God. Observance of the Law is needed to maintain the covenant, but the covenant is not earned by observing the Law, but by the grace of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper.2014_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper.2014-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Split_with_Jewish_Christianity">Split with Jewish Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Split with Jewish Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a></div> <p>There was a slowly growing schism between Christians and Jews, rather than a sudden split. Even though it is commonly thought that Paul established a Gentile church, it took centuries for a complete break to manifest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1991_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1991-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lyon">bishop of Lyon</a>, wrote in the latter half of the 2nd century that the <a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a> rejected Paul as an <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">apostate from the law</a>, using only a version of the Gospel according to St. Matthew, known as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Gospel of the Ebionites</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unbalanced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">unbalanced</a> toward certain viewpoints</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Pauline_Christianity" title="Talk:Pauline Christianity">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Paul had a strong influence on early Christianity, transmuting Jesus the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messianism">Jewish messiah</a> into the universal<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Soter" title="Soter">savior</a>. This thesis is founded on differences between the views of Paul and the earliest <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christianity</a>, and also between the picture of Paul in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> and his own writings. In this view, Paul is to be taken as pro-<a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_views">Scholarly views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scholarly views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a></div> <p>There are considerable differences of scholarly opinion concerning how far Paul did in fact influence Christian doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 19th-century German theologian and <a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Christian_Baur" title="Ferdinand Christian Baur">Ferdinand Christian Baur</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Tübingen school">Tübingen school</a> whose view was widely influential, Paul was utterly opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a>, based upon his view that <a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Acts was late and unreliable</a> and who contended that Catholic Christianity was a synthesis of the views of Paul and the <a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizing</a> church in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Harnack" title="Adolf von Harnack">Adolf von Harnack</a>, the Tübingen position has been generally abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ultradispensationalism" title="Ultradispensationalism">Ultradispensationalists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_William_Bullinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethelbert William Bullinger">E. W. Bullinger</a> viewed the distinction abhorred by the Ebionites as positive and essential doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pauline Christianity was essentially based on Rome and made use of the administrative skills which Rome had honed. Its system of organization with a single bishop for each town was, in <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a>'s view, the means by which it obtained its hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Goulder" title="Michael Goulder">Michael Goulder</a> wrote widely on a theory of Christian origins that sees a fundamental opposition between <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> on one side and the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> Christians <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Just">James</a>, Jesus' brother, on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been seen as reviving Baur's hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distortion">Distortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some literary critics of Christianity argue that Paul distorted the original and true faith, or claim that Christianity is largely his invention. The former include such secular commentators<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>. Nietzsche's <a href="/wiki/The_Antichrist_(book)#Paul_and_the_promise_of_eternal_life" title="The Antichrist (book)">criticisms</a> are based upon his moral objections to Paul's thought. Other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Alain Badiou</a>, also agree with this interpretation, but hold much more positive opinions about Paul's theological influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchists</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammon_Hennacy" title="Ammon Hennacy">Ammon Hennacy</a>, believe Paul distorted <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Jesus' teachings</a>. Tolstoy claims Paul was instrumental in the church's "deviation" from Jesus' teaching and practices,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Hennacy believed "Paul spoiled the message of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_the_"Pauline_Christianity"_thesis"><span id="Criticism_of_the_.22Pauline_Christianity.22_thesis"></span>Criticism of the "Pauline Christianity" thesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism of the "Pauline Christianity" thesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christians themselves disagree as to how far there was tension between Paul and the Jerusalem Church. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, and conservative Protestants, contend that Paul's writings were a legitimate interpretation of the Gospel. The idea that Paul invented Christianity is disputed by numerous Christian writers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Christopher Rowland, Pauline Christianity is the development of thinking about Jesus in a gentile missionary context. Rowland contends that "the extent of his influence on Christian thought has been overestimated",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1985194_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1985194-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluding that Paul did not materially alter Jesus' teachings. </p><p>Hurtado notes that Paul regarded his <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological views</a> and the Jerusalem Church's as essentially similar. According to Hurtado, this "work[s] against the claims by some scholars that Pauline Christianity represents a sharp departure from the religiousness of Judean 'Jesus movements'."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_pejorative_term">As a pejorative term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: As a pejorative term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> use of the expressions "Pauline Christianity", "Paulism," or "Paulanity," refers to the idea that Paul's supporters, as a distinct group, had an undue influence on the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">formation of the canon of scripture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also sometimes used to refer to the notion that certain bishops, especially the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Bishop of Rome</a>, influenced the debates which determined the dogma of early Christianity, thus elevating a Pauline interpretation of the Gospel, to the detriment of other interpretations (including those held by the <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcionites</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Antinomianism_in_the_New_Testament" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Authorship of the Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Development of the Christian biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdispensationalism" title="Hyperdispensationalism">Hyperdispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuism" title="Jesuism">Jesuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline mysticism">Pauline mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul the Apostle and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Christ" title="Law of Christ">Law of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism#Paul_and_Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Paul and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_women" title="Paul the Apostle and women">Paul the Apostle and women</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a wider meaning "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">catholic</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among the most radical is <a href="/wiki/George_Albert_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="George Albert Wells">G. A. Wells</a>, a professor of German rather than of theology or history, whose view is that <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Jesus was a mythical figure</a> and that Christianity was in good part invented by Paul.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Citations to web-sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Westerholm.2015-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Westerholm.2015_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Westerholm (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.directionjournal.org/44/1/new-perspective-on-paul-in-review.html"><i>The New Perspective on Paul in Review</i></a>, Direction, Spring 2015 · Vol. 44 No. 1 · pp. 4–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=514&letter=C&search=circumcision#2">"CIRCUMCISION - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=CIRCUMCISION+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D514%26letter%3DC%26search%3Dcircumcision%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper.2014-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper.2014_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordan Cooper, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.patheos.com/blogs/justandsinner/krister-stendahl-and-the-new-perspective-on-paul/"><i>E.P. Sanders and the New Perspective on Paul</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations to printed sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen L Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a>, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. pp. 316–320. Harris cites <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:11&version=nrsv">Galatians 6:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2016:22&version=nrsv">Romans 16:22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Colossians%204:18&version=nrsv">Colossians 4:18</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%203:17&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 3:17</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philemon%201:19&version=nrsv">Philemon 19</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Joseph Barber Lightfoot</a> in his <i>Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians</i> writes: "At this point [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:11&version=nrsv">Galatians 6:11</a>] the apostle takes the pen from his <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%202:2&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 2:2</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Thessalonians%203:17&version=nrsv">2 Thessalonians 3:17</a>) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. <i>pelikois grammasin</i>), that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIde199325-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIde199325_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIde199325_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIde1993">Ide 1993</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klutz_2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klutz_2002_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlutz2002" class="citation book cs1">Klutz, Todd (2002) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6fyCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"Part II: Christian Origins and Development – Paul and the Development of Gentile Christianity"</a>. In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). <i>The Early Christian World</i>. Routledge Worlds (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 178–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032199344" title="Special:BookSources/9781032199344"><bdi>9781032199344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+Christian+Origins+and+Development+%E2%80%93+Paul+and+the+Development+of+Gentile+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.series=Routledge+Worlds&rft.pages=178-190&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781032199344&rft.aulast=Klutz&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6fyCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiessen_2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen_2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (September 2014). Breytenbach, Cilliers; Thom, Johan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:12796/CONTENT/novtrom2.pdf/">"Paul's Argument against Gentile Circumcision in Romans 2:17-29"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum</a></i>. <b>56</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 373–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685365-12341488">10.1163/15685365-12341488</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5365">1568-5365</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-1009">0048-1009</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24735868">24735868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Novum+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Paul%27s+Argument+against+Gentile+Circumcision+in+Romans+2%3A17-29&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=373-391&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24735868%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0048-1009&rft.eissn=1568-5365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685365-12341488&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fdownload%2Fhc%3A12796%2FCONTENT%2Fnovtrom2.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seifrid_1992-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seifrid_1992_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeifrid1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._Seifrid" title="Mark A. Seifrid">Seifrid, Mark A.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KdUkuOtOw68C&pg=PA210">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Justification by Faith' and The Disposition of Paul's Argument"</a>. <i>Justification by Faith: The Origin and Development of a Central Pauline Theme</i>. <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum" title="Novum Testamentum">Novum Testamentum, Supplements</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 210–211, 246–247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09521-7"><bdi>90-04-09521-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-9732">0167-9732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Justification+by+Faith%27+and+The+Disposition+of+Paul%27s+Argument&rft.btitle=Justification+by+Faith%3A+The+Origin+and+Development+of+a+Central+Pauline+Theme&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Novum+Testamentum%2C+Supplements&rft.pages=210-211%2C+246-247&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0167-9732&rft.isbn=90-04-09521-7&rft.aulast=Seifrid&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKdUkuOtOw68C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tabor, James D., Paul and Jesus: How the Apostle Transformed Christianity<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply "|publisher=" for an organizational publisher with "|publisher=" (July 2023)">publisher missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen2023" class="citation book cs1">Thiessen, Matthew (2023). <i>A Jewish Paul</i>. Baker Academic. pp. 4–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1540965714" title="Special:BookSources/978-1540965714"><bdi>978-1540965714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Jewish+Paul&rft.pages=4-10&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1540965714&rft.aulast=Thiessen&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Fredriksen, Paula</a> (2018). <i>Paul: The Pagans' Apostle</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300240153" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300240153"><bdi>978-0300240153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul%3A+The+Pagans%27+Apostle&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0300240153&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005160_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lietzmann, Hans, <i>History of the Early Church</i> Vol. 1 p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Leslie Houlden, <i>Jesus in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia</i>, Volume 1, ABC–CLIO, 2003, p. 595</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziesler John, <i>Pauline Christianity</i> (OUP 2001) Zielsler comments "Pauline Christianity is the earliest for which we have direct documentary evidence..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mount, Christopher, <i>Pauline Christianity – Luke, Acts and the Legacy of Paul</i>, Brill, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200579-80-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200579-80_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 79-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus—God and Man translated Lewis Wilkins and Duane Pribe (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1968) p. 90; Oscar Cullmann, The Early church: Studies in Early Christian History and Theology, ed. A. J. B. Higgins (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1966) p. 66; R. E. Brown, The Virginal Conception and Bodily Resurrection of Jesus (New York: Paulist Press, 1973) p. 81; Thomas Sheehan, First Coming: How the Kingdom of God Became Christianity (New York: Random House, 1986) pp. 110, 118; Ulrich Wilckens, Resurrection translated A. M. Stewart (Edinburgh: Saint Andrew, 1977) p. 2; Hans Grass, Ostergeschen und Osterberichte, Second Edition (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1962) p. 96; Grass favors the origin in Damascus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowland1985196-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowland1985196_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowland1985">Rowland 1985</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStendahl1963">Stendahl 1963</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1982">Dunn 1982</a>, p. n.49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinlan2004">Finlan 2004</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBokenkotter200419_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBokenkotter2004">Bokenkotter 2004</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hodges, Frederick, M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/history/hodges2/">"The Ideal Prepuce in Ancient Greece and Rome: Male Genital Aesthetics and Their Relation to Lipodermos, Circumcision, Foreskin Restoration, and the Kynodesme"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i>. <b>75</b> (Fall 2001): 375–405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119">10.1353/bhm.2001.0119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11568485">11568485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29580193">29580193</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Ideal+Prepuce+in+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+Male+Genital+Aesthetics+and+Their+Relation+to+Lipodermos%2C+Circumcision%2C+Foreskin+Restoration%2C+and+the+Kynodesme&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=Fall+2001&rft.pages=375-405&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29580193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11568485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2001.0119&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Frederick%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fhodges2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-175-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath2006174-175_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGrath2006">McGrath 2006</a>, p. 174-175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791–92_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, p. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199788–89,_92-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199788–89,_92_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, p. 88–89, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1991-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1991_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunn1991">Dunn 1991</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Paulus, der Apostel Jesu Christi</i> (Eng trans. 1873–5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> ed. F. L. Cross</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://levendwater.org/companion/append192.html">"The Pauline Epistles. - Appendix to the Companion Bible"</a>. <i>levendwater.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=levendwater.org&rft.atitle=The+Pauline+Epistles.+-+Appendix+to+the+Companion+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flevendwater.org%2Fcompanion%2Fappend192.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehrman, Bart: <i>Lost Christianities</i> (OUP) p 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <i>St. Paul versus St. Peter: A Tale of Two Missions</i> (London: SCM, 1994) and <i>Paul and the Competing Mission in Corinth</i> (Library of Pauline Studies; Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_C._Muir2000" class="citation journal cs1">Steven C. Muir (26 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookreviews.org/pdf/2134_1163.pdf">"Review of <i>St. Paul versus St. Peter: A Tale of Two Missions</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Biblical_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Review of Biblical Literature">Review of Biblical Literature</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Review+of+St.+Paul+versus+St.+Peter%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Missions&rft.date=2000-06-26&rft.au=Steven+C.+Muir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookreviews.org%2Fpdf%2F2134_1163.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wizanda.com/modules/article/view.article.php/article=52">"Articles - People Who Have Understood Paul is Anti-Christ's Teachings - Oneness - True Faith"</a>. <i>www.wizanda.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86932-5"><bdi>0-670-86932-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+the+Brother+of+Jesus%3A+The+Key+to+Unlocking+the+Secrets+of+Early+Christianity+and+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-670-86932-5&rft.aulast=Eisenman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlan2004" class="citation cs2">Finlan, Stephen (2004), <i>The Background and Content of Paul's Cultic Atonement Metaphors</i>, Society of Biblical Literature</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Background+and+Content+of+Paul%27s+Cultic+Atonement+Metaphors&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Finlan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtado2005" class="citation cs2">Hurtado, Larry (2005), <i>Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity</i>, Eerdmans</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Jesus+Christ%3A+Devotion+to+Jesus+in+Earliest+Christianity&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIde1993" class="citation cs2">Ide, Arthur Frederick (1993), <i>Battered & Bruised: All the Women of the Old Testament</i>, Monument Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battered+%26+Bruised%3A+All+the+Women+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.pub=Monument+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ide&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMack1997" class="citation cs2">Mack, Burton L. (1997) [1995], <i>Wie schreven het Nieuwe Testament werkelijk? Feiten, mythen en motieven. (Who Wrote the New Testament? The Making of the Christian Myth)</i>, Uitgeverij Ankh-Hermes bv</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wie+schreven+het+Nieuwe+Testament+werkelijk%3F+Feiten%2C+mythen+en+motieven.+%28Who+Wrote+the+New+Testament%3F+The+Making+of+the+Christian+Myth%29&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Ankh-Hermes+bv&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Burton+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2006" class="citation cs2">McGrath, Alister E. (2006), <i>Christianity: An Introduction</i>, Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0899-1"><bdi>1-4051-0899-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-0899-1&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rowland_(theologian)" title="Christopher Rowland (theologian)">Rowland, Christopher</a> (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PZfYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Christian Origins: An Account of the Setting and Character of the Most Important Messianic Sect of Judaism</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SPCK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPCK">SPCK</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780281041107" title="Special:BookSources/9780281041107"><bdi>9780281041107</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Origins%3A+An+Account+of+the+Setting+and+Character+of+the+Most+Important+Messianic+Sect+of+Judaism&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780281041107&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPZfYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendahl1963" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Stendahl, Krister</a> (July 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotthahn.com/s/01Stendahl.pdf">"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Theological_Review" title="Harvard Theological Review">Harvard Theological Review</a></i>. <b>56</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a>: 199–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000024779">10.1017/S0017816000024779</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4517">1475-4517</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508631">1508631</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/09003793">09003793</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/803348474">803348474</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170331485">170331485</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224045859/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/569543b4bfe87360795306d6/t/5a4d41fa085229a032376713/1515012617149/01Stendahl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Apostle+Paul+and+the+Introspective+Conscience+of+the+West&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-215&rft.date=1963-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000024779&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F803348474&rft.issn=1475-4517&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F09003793&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170331485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Krister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotthahn.com%2Fs%2F01Stendahl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilken2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilken, Robert Louis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iW1-JImrwQUC&pg=PA37">"Divisions Within"</a>. <i>The First Thousand Years: A Global History of Christianity</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 37–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11884-1"><bdi>978-0-300-11884-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt32bd7m.8">j.ctt32bd7m.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012021755">2012021755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160590164">160590164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divisions+Within&rft.btitle=The+First+Thousand+Years%3A+A+Global+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=37-46&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012021755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160590164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt32bd7m.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11884-1&rft.aulast=Wilken&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiW1-JImrwQUC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Edward and Horrell, David G. <i>Christianity at Corinth: The Quest for the Pauline Church</i> 2004</li> <li>Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. <i>Revelation and Mystery in Ancient Judaism and Pauline Christianity</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> <i>An Introduction to the New Testament</i> 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Brown, Raymond E.</a> <i>Does the NT call Jesus God?</i> Theological Studies #26, 1965</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharry1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Charry" title="Ellen Charry">Charry, Ellen T.</a> (1999), <i>By the Renewing of Your Minds: The Pastoral Function of Christian Doctrine</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Renewing+of+Your+Minds%3A+The+Pastoral+Function+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Charry&rft.aufirst=Ellen+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APauline+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D.G.</a> <i>The Theology of Paul the Apostle</i> Eerdmans 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3844-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3844-8">0-8028-3844-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(theologian)" title="James Dunn (theologian)">Dunn, James D. G.</a> <i>The Apostle of the Heretics: Paul, Valentinus, and Marcion</i>, in Porter, Stanley E.; Yoon, David, <i>Paul and Gnosis</i> BRILL 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004316690" title="Special:BookSources/9789004316690">9789004316690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> <i>Lost Christianities: The Battle for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew</i> 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jas_Elsner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jas Elsner">Elsner, Jas</a>. <i>Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph: Oxford History of Early Non-Pauline Christianity</i> 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284201-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-284201-3">0-19-284201-3</a></li> <li>Griffith-Jones, Robin. <i>The Gospel According to Paul</i> 2004.</li> <li>Holland, Tom. <i>Contours of Pauline Theology: A Radical New Survey on the Influences of Paul's Biblical Writings</i> 2004 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85792-469-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85792-469-X">1-85792-469-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_Maccoby" title="Hyam Maccoby">Maccoby, Hyam</a>. <i>The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity </i> 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-015582-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-015582-5">0-06-015582-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yung_Suk_Kim" title="Yung Suk Kim">Kim, Yung Suk</a>. <i>Christ's Body in Corinth: The Politics of a Metaphor</i> 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-6285-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-6285-7">0-8006-6285-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yung_Suk_Kim" title="Yung Suk Kim">Kim, Yung Suk</a>. <i>A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters</i>. 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-793-0">978-1-60899-793-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ronald_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Ronald MacDonald">MacDonald, Dennis Ronald</a>. <i>The Legend and the Apostle : The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon</i> Philadelphia: Westminster Press 1983</li> <li>Mount, Christopher N. <i>Pauline Christianity: Luke-Acts and the Legacy of Paul</i> 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine</a> <i>The Gnostic Paul: Gnostic Exegesis of the Pauline Letters</i> Fortress Press 1975 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-039-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-039-6">978-1-56338-039-6</a></li> <li>Pietersen, Lloyd K. <i>Polemic of the Pastorals: A Sociological Examination of the Development of Pauline Christianity</i> 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> <i>Jesus and Judaism</i> 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-2061-5">0-8006-2061-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> <i>Paul the Law and the Jewish People</i> 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Sanders" title="E. P. Sanders">Sanders, E. P.</a> <i>Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion</i> 1977 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8006-1899-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8006-1899-8">0-8006-1899-8</a></li> <li>Theissen, Gerd. <i>The Social Setting of Pauline Christianity: Essays on Corinth</i> 2004</li> <li>Westerholm, Stephen. <i>Perspectives Old and New on Paul: The "Lutheran" Paul and His Critics</i> 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4809-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4809-5">0-8028-4809-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N. T.</a> <i>What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?</i> 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4445-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4445-6">0-8028-4445-6</a></li> <li>Wilson, A. N. <i>Paul: The Mind of the Apostle</i> 1997</li> <li>Ziesler, John A. <i>Pauline Christianity, Revised</i> 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-826459-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-826459-3">0-19-826459-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pauline_Christianity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/renan/saintpaul.txt">The History of the Origins of Christianity. 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