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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Crimes involved</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crimes_involved-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crimes involved subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crimes_involved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Enver_Şimşek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Enver_Şimşek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Murder of Enver Şimşek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Enver_Şimşek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Abdurrahim_Özüdoğru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Abdurrahim_Özüdoğru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Murder of Abdurrahim Özüdoğru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Abdurrahim_Özüdoğru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Süleyman_Taşköprü" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Süleyman_Taşköprü"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Murder of Süleyman Taşköprü</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Süleyman_Taşköprü-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Habil_Kılıç" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Habil_Kılıç"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Murder of Habil Kılıç</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Habil_Kılıç-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Mehmet_Turgut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Mehmet_Turgut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Murder of Mehmet Turgut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Mehmet_Turgut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_İsmail_Yaşar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_İsmail_Yaşar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Murder of İsmail Yaşar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_İsmail_Yaşar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Theodoros_Boulgarides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Theodoros_Boulgarides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Murder of Theodoros Boulgarides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Theodoros_Boulgarides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Mehmet_Kubaşık" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Mehmet_Kubaşık"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Murder of Mehmet Kubaşık</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Mehmet_Kubaşık-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Halit_Yozgat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Halit_Yozgat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Murder of Halit Yozgat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Halit_Yozgat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Murder_of_Michèle_Kiesewetter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Murder_of_Michèle_Kiesewetter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Murder_of_Michèle_Kiesewetter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Perpetrators</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perpetrators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Perpetrators subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Perpetrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_suspicions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_suspicions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Original suspicions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_suspicions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_victims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_victims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of victims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_victims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NSU_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NSU_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>NSU trial</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-NSU_trial-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle NSU trial subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-NSU_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_proceedings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_proceedings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Court proceedings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_proceedings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suspicions_of_state_complicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suspicions_of_state_complicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Suspicions of state complicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suspicions_of_state_complicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Police_and_media_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police_and_media_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Police and media bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police_and_media_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verdict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verdict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Verdict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verdict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accomplices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accomplices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Accomplices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accomplices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National Socialist Underground murders</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2000s Neo-Nazi serial murders in Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">National Socialist Underground murders</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ddpimages_8.71706826-600x387.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Ddpimages_8.71706826-600x387.jpg/220px-Ddpimages_8.71706826-600x387.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Ddpimages_8.71706826-600x387.jpg/330px-Ddpimages_8.71706826-600x387.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Ddpimages_8.71706826-600x387.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="253" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Suspects of Bosphorus serial murders:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beate_Zsch%C3%A4pe" title="Beate Zschäpe">Beate Zschäpe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uwe_B%C3%B6hnhardt" title="Uwe Böhnhardt">Uwe Böhnhardt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Mundlos" title="Uwe Mundlos">Uwe Mundlos</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Across <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 2000 to 25 April 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Immigrants</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Serial_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial killing">Serial killing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.32_ACP" title=".32 ACP">7.65mm</a> <a href="/wiki/CZ_83" class="mw-redirect" title="CZ 83">CZ 83</a> pistol, nail bomb</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Underground" title="National Socialist Underground">National Socialist Underground</a> (Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Socialist Underground murders</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">NSU-Mordserie</i>) were a series of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> murders by the German <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorist</a> group <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Underground" title="National Socialist Underground">National Socialist Underground</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationalsozialistischer Untergrund</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviated</a> NSU). The NSU perpetrated the attacks between 2000 and 2007 throughout <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, leaving ten people dead and one wounded. The primary targets were <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">ethnic Turks</a>, though the victims also included one ethnic <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany" title="Greeks in Germany">Greek</a> and one ethnic German policewoman. </p><p>Most of the victims were small business owners, including <a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">doner kebab</a> vendors and <a href="/wiki/Greengrocer" title="Greengrocer">greengrocers</a>. They were murdered in daylight with gunshots at close range with a silenced <a href="/wiki/CZ_83" class="mw-redirect" title="CZ 83">CZ 83</a> pistol. According to the parents of a Turkish victim who worked in an Internet café, the police originally suspected foreign organised criminals. Policewoman <a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Kiesewetter" class="mw-redirect" title="Michèle Kiesewetter">Michèle Kiesewetter</a> was also shot and killed and the police officer on patrol with her was critically wounded. Other crimes, including <a href="/wiki/2004_Cologne_bombing" title="2004 Cologne bombing">a bomb attack</a>, may have been committed by the group. German authorities identified three suspects, <a href="/wiki/Uwe_B%C3%B6hnhardt" title="Uwe Böhnhardt">Uwe Böhnhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Mundlos" title="Uwe Mundlos">Uwe Mundlos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beate_Zsch%C3%A4pe" title="Beate Zschäpe">Beate Zschäpe</a> as responsible for the murders. According to the acting <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Germany">Attorney General of Germany</a>, Rainer Greisbaum, the suspects had Neo-Nazi links.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Böhnhardt and Mundlos were found dead by police after they robbed a bank on 4 November 2011. Police said they killed themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zschäpe surrendered on 11 November 2011. She was charged with murder, attempted murder, arson, and belonging to a terrorist organization. Zschäpe said she was only willing to testify if she was considered a state witness, with mitigation of sentence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The police discovered an alleged hit list of 88 names that included "two prominent members of the Bundestag and representatives of Turkish and Islamic groups".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For years, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Police" title="Bavarian State Police">Bavarian State Police</a> denied that the crimes were racially motivated, blaming them on immigrant communities instead.<sup id="cite_ref-macl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the right-wing connection with these crimes began to be investigated, it was discovered that sectors of German intelligence could have had links with the NSU and had prior knowledge of the nature of the killings.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large sums were paid by the intelligence service to informants, who spent the money to fund their far-right activities.<sup id="cite_ref-ahv_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families of the victims have submitted a report to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, accusing Bavarian police of racism during the investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The serial murders were previously called the <b>Bosphorus serial murders</b> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Mordserie Bosporus</i></span></i>) by the German authorities,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the derogatory term <b>Kebab murders</b> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Döner-Morde</i></span></i>) being frequently used by the press.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Beate_Zsch%C3%A4pe" title="Beate Zschäpe">Beate Zschäpe</a> (2 January 1975), <a href="/wiki/Uwe_B%C3%B6hnhardt" title="Uwe Böhnhardt">Uwe Böhnhardt</a> (1 October 1977 – 4 November 2011) and Uwe Mundlos (11 August 1973 – 4 November 2011) were the founding members of the National Socialist Underground. The three grew up in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, a town in the former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. Zschäpe met Mundlos at a local youth club while they were both adolescents and they began a romantic relationship. In 1994, the then 19-year-old Zschäpe fell in love with Böhnhardt, whom she met through Mundlos. As the 1990s continued, the three of them became involved in the far-right, neo-Nazi scene developing in the states of the former GDR. They engaged in street fights with <a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">an anti-fascist group</a>, attended far-right concerts, and even wore home-made SS uniforms to the former Buchenwald concentration camp.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reintegration of East Germany</a>, neo-Nazi attacks were on the rise in the states of former Eastern Germany. After becoming further radicalized, Zschäpe, Mundlos, and Böhnhardt joined the neo-Nazi Group Thuringia Home Guard (Thuringer Heimatschutz). </p><p>Following a tip-off from the <a href="/wiki/Bundesnachrichtendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesnachrichtendienst">Federal Intelligence Service</a> (BND), the local Jena Police Force raided a storage garage Zschäpe, Mundlos, and Böhnhardt rented in Jena in 1998. In this raid police found TNT and other bomb-making materials as well as a large amount of anti-Semitic material; however, it failed to capture Zschäpe, Mundlos, or Böhnhardt. The three went into hiding following the raid and fled to Saxony with the aid of other far-right neo-Nazi groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the following 13 years, eight Turkish-Germans, one Greek, and a German police officer were found murdered across Germany. All but one of these murders were committed using the same rare Ceska 83 pistol and witnesses described two men fleeing on bicycles. German police had little information to go on past this and had not even connected the crimes due to them being committed in different jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigations carried out by the police followed several theories including that the murders were being carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_mafia" title="Turkish mafia">Turkish mafia</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> police even going as far as setting up a fake kebab stall in order to lure out members of the Turkish Mafia. When asked about a link between the crime and neo-Nazis, the chief investigator of the Munich Murder Commission, Josef Wilfling, responded "Have you ever seen a Nazi on a bike?"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crimes_involved">Crimes involved</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crimes involved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_by_the_National_Socialist_Underground" title="List of attacks by the National Socialist Underground">List of attacks by the National Socialist Underground</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bosporusmurders_no_text.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Bosporusmurders_no_text.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="107" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of the years when murders were committed; each square shows number of murder(s) in the particular month (if any); series ends in April 2006; green mark shows time of detention of the suspect male</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National Socialist Underground murders is located in Germany"><img alt="National Socialist Underground murders is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/350px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="415" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/525px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/700px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.512%;left:55.805%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nuremberg #1: 2000‑09‑09 #2: 2001‑06‑13 #6: 2005‑06‑09"><img alt="Nuremberg #1: 2000‑09‑09 #2: 2001‑06‑13 #6: 2005‑06‑09" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a><br />#1: 2000‑09‑09<br />#2: 2001‑06‑13<br />#6: 2005‑06‑09</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.572%;left:44.916%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hamburg #3: 2001‑06‑27"><img alt="Hamburg #3: 2001‑06‑27" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a><br />#3: 2001‑06‑27</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.112%;left:60.802%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Munich #4: 2001‑08‑29 #7: 2005‑06‑15"><img alt="Munich #4: 2001‑08‑29 #7: 2005‑06‑15" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a><br />#4: 2001‑08‑29<br />#7: 2005‑06‑15</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.782%;left:66.329%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Rostock #5: 2004‑02‑25"><img alt="Rostock #5: 2004‑02‑25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a><br />#5: 2004‑02‑25</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.417%;left:19.636%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dortmund #8: 2006‑04‑04"><img alt="Dortmund #8: 2006‑04‑04" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a><br />#8: 2006‑04‑04</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.862%;left:39.96%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kassel #9: 2006‑04‑06"><img alt="Kassel #9: 2006‑04‑06" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a><br />#9: 2006‑04‑06</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.316%;left:37.167%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Heilbronn #10: 2007‑04‑25"><img alt="Heilbronn #10: 2007‑04‑25" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Heilbronn" title="Heilbronn">Heilbronn</a><br />#10: 2007‑04‑25</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:Germany adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Crime scenes of the Bosphorus murder series in Germany</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Enver_Şimşek"><span id="Murder_of_Enver_.C5.9Eim.C5.9Fek"></span>Murder of Enver Şimşek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Murder of Enver Şimşek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Enver_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek" title="Murder of Enver Şimşek">Murder of Enver Şimşek</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Enver_%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek" title="Murder of Enver Şimşek">Enver Şimşek</a> was a 38-year-old businessman with Turkish roots who operated several flower stalls in southern Germany. When his employee running the stall in Nuremberg went on holiday, Şimşek himself stepped in for him, and in the afternoon of 9 September 2000, he was shot in the face by two gunmen and died from his wounds in hospital two days later. He was the first victim in the series. One of the guns used to kill Şimşek was used in nine more murders.<sup id="cite_ref-SZ2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SZ2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Abdurrahim_Özüdoğru"><span id="Murder_of_Abdurrahim_.C3.96z.C3.BCdo.C4.9Fru"></span>Murder of Abdurrahim Özüdoğru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Murder of Abdurrahim Özüdoğru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 13 June 2001, Abdurrahim Özüdoğru was killed by two shots in the head with the same weapon already used in the murder of Enver Şimşek. Özüdoğru, who worked as a <a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">machinist</a> for a company in Nuremberg, had been helping out in a tailor's shop; the murder was discovered by a passer-by who looked through the shop window and saw the body sitting in the back of the shop, covered in blood.<sup id="cite_ref-SZ2010_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SZ2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Süleyman_Taşköprü"><span id="Murder_of_S.C3.BCleyman_Ta.C5.9Fk.C3.B6pr.C3.BC"></span>Murder of Süleyman Taşköprü</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Murder of Süleyman Taşköprü"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 June 2001 between 10:45 and 11:15 a.m., Süleyman Taşköprü, aged 31, died in his greengrocer's shop in <a href="/wiki/Bahrenfeld" title="Bahrenfeld">Hamburg-Bahrenfeld</a> after being shot in the head three times. This was two weeks after the second murder, and the same guns as in the first case were used, a CZ 83 and a 6.35 mm gun.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Habil_Kılıç"><span id="Murder_of_Habil_K.C4.B1l.C4.B1.C3.A7"></span>Murder of Habil Kılıç</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Murder of Habil Kılıç"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 August 2001, Habil Kılıç became the fourth victim. Kılıç, aged 38, who was married and had a daughter, was shot at point-blank range in his greengrocer's shop in Munich-Ramersdorf. This was the first of two murders in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Mehmet_Turgut">Murder of Mehmet Turgut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Murder of Mehmet Turgut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two and a half years later, in <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>-Toitenwinkel, on the morning of <a href="/wiki/Ash_Wednesday" title="Ash Wednesday">Ash Wednesday</a>, 25 February 2004, between 10:10 and 10:20,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mehmet Turgut was shot three times in the head and neck with a silenced CZ 83 and died instantaneously. Turgut, who had been living illegally in Hamburg, was in Rostock on a visit and had been asked by an acquaintance to open up a doner kebab shop that day. Because of Turgut's link to Hamburg, Rostock police made the connection to the third victim, Süleyman Taşköprü, thus establishing the term <i>döner murders</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_İsmail_Yaşar"><span id="Murder_of_.C4.B0smail_Ya.C5.9Far"></span>Murder of İsmail Yaşar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Murder of İsmail Yaşar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 June 2005, the murderers struck for the third time in Nuremberg. İsmail Yaşar, aged 50, had come from <a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%A7" title="Suruç">Suruç</a>, Turkey to Nuremberg, and owned a kebab shop in Scharrerstrasse. He was found dead at approximately 10:15 with five gunshot wounds. Witness statements led Police to believe he had been killed between 9:50 and 10:05.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Theodoros_Boulgarides">Murder of Theodoros Boulgarides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Murder of Theodoros Boulgarides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 June 2005 between 18:15 and 19:00 locksmith Theodoros Boulgarides was killed in his shop in the vicinity of the other murder in Munich. Boulgarides left a wife and two daughters; he was the second murder victim in Munich. A Greek, he was the first non-Turk to be murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Mehmet_Kubaşık"><span id="Murder_of_Mehmet_Kuba.C5.9F.C4.B1k"></span>Murder of Mehmet Kubaşık</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Murder of Mehmet Kubaşık"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Dortmund, in the early afternoon of 4 April 2006, <a href="/wiki/Kiosk" title="Kiosk">kiosk</a> vendor Mehmet Kubaşık, a German citizen of Turkish origin, was found dead in his shop. Like the majority of the other victims, Kubaşık had been shot in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Halit_Yozgat">Murder of Halit Yozgat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Murder of Halit Yozgat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 6 April 2006, just two days after the murder of Kubaşık, Halit Yozgat became the penultimate victim in the series of murders, and the last of ethnic Turkish origin. Yozgat, who ran an Internet café in <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, Hesse, was also shot in the head with a silenced gun. On the occasion of this murder, an agent of the Hessian <a href="/wiki/Office_for_the_Protection_of_the_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for the Protection of the Constitution">Office for the Protection of the Constitution</a> was present. The agent claimed first to have left the premises shortly before the murder, but later changed his statement when presented with evidence of witnesses who had seen him present when the murder happened. His involvement with the case gave rise to suspicions that government agencies might be linked to the organisation responsible for the murders.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Murder_of_Michèle_Kiesewetter"><span id="Murder_of_Mich.C3.A8le_Kiesewetter"></span>Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Mich%C3%A8le_Kiesewetter" title="Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter">Murder of Michèle Kiesewetter</a></div> <p>On 25 April 2007, police officer Michèle Kiesewetter and her duty partner were attacked during their lunch break. Kiesewetter, age 22, was killed and her partner was critically wounded but survived with no memory of the attack. Both were shot involving directly aimed headshots at point-blank range while sitting in the patrol car with the shooters approaching their vehicle from both sides. Kiesewetter died on-site; her male partner was in a coma for several weeks. While in the other cases, the motive is assumed to be xenophobia and/or racism, it is unclear why Kiesewetter and her partner were attacked; theories include a variety of motives, such as a personal link between Kiesewetter, who came from <a href="/wiki/Oberwei%C3%9Fbach" title="Oberweißbach">Oberweißbach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, and the alleged perpetrators who all came from Thuringia, or the acquisition of firearms. The duty pistols of Kiesewetter and her partner were found on 4 November 2011 at the caravan where Böhnhardt and Mundlos died, giving rise to the belief that this attack was linked to the Bosphorus murder series. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetrators">Perpetrators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Perpetrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CZ_83-JH01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CZ_83-JH01.jpg/220px-CZ_83-JH01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CZ_83-JH01.jpg/330px-CZ_83-JH01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/CZ_83-JH01.jpg/440px-CZ_83-JH01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>A 7.65 mm caliber CZ 83 handgun as used for the murders</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_suspicions">Original suspicions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Original suspicions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, suspicions surrounded the family and friends of the victims.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German security services also blamed the murders on the Turkish mafia during the period of killings.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right-wing groups were never mentioned and investigated.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2011, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">German Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> stated that "the cold-blooded murders of nine immigrant shopkeepers by Neo-Nazis is an inconceivable crime for Germany and a national disgrace".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2012, the term "Döner-Morde" (English: <span lang="en">Kebab Murders</span>) was named the <a href="/wiki/Un-word_of_the_year" title="Un-word of the year">German Un-Word of the Year</a> for 2011 by a jury of linguistic scholars, who considered its usage as inappropriate and inhuman.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 November 2016, following the recent meetings in the German parliament on the topic; Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Bekir_Bozda%C4%9F" title="Bekir Bozdağ">Bekir Bozdağ</a> of Turkey openly criticized Germany's handling of the inexcusable hatred crimes against people of non-German origin, mainly Turks. Bozdağ voiced his country's "deep concern" over the slow and vague case process.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_victims">List of victims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of victims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td>Şimşek, Enver</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>9 September 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Özüdoğru, Abdurrahim</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>13 June 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taşköprü, Süleyman</td> <td>Hamburg</td> <td>27 June 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kılıç, Habil</td> <td>Munich</td> <td>29 August 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turgut, Mehmet</td> <td>Rostock</td> <td>25 February 2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yaşar, İsmail</td> <td>Nuremberg</td> <td>9 June 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boulgarides, Theodoros</td> <td>Munich</td> <td>15 June 2005 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kubaşık, Mehmet</td> <td>Dortmund</td> <td>4 April 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yozgat, Halit</td> <td>Kassel</td> <td>6 April 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiesewetter, Michèle</td> <td>Heilbronn</td> <td>25 April 2007 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="NSU_trial">NSU trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: NSU trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Underground_trial" title="National Socialist Underground trial">National Socialist Underground trial</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_proceedings">Court proceedings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Court proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beate Zschäpe turned herself in to the police after setting fire to the apartment that she shared with Uwe Mundlos and Uwe Böhnhardt in <a href="/wiki/Zwickau" title="Zwickau">Zwickau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>. At this time, a video began circulating amongst German media in which the cartoon character <a href="/wiki/Pink_Panther_(character)" title="Pink Panther (character)">the Pink Panther</a> linked all of the unsolved crimes to the neo-Nazi group Zschäpe, Mundlos, and Böhnhardt founded named the National Socialist Underground. The NSU murder trial began on 6 May 2013. On 13 November 2017, the trial concluded its evidence and examination phase and moved on to the closing statements phase.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ended on 11 July 2018 in a verdict of Guilty. On trial were: </p> <ul><li>Beate Zschäpe, charged with nine murders, an attack on police leading to a further murder, arson leading to two attempted murders, as well as membership in a terrorist organization.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Eminger" title="André Eminger">André Eminger</a>, charged with providing assistance in a nail bomb attack in Cologne.</li> <li>Holger Gerlach, charged with providing assistance to NSU members.</li> <li>Carsten Schultze, charged with providing weapons to NSU members.</li> <li>Ralf Wolleben, charged with providing weapons to NSU members.</li></ul> <p>In her defence, Zschäpe's attorneys argued that she is innocent and had no part in the murders they say were committed by Mundlos and Böhnhardt. Zschäpe maintained her silence for more than two years and told her version of the events in the form of a written statement read by one of her attorneys in December 2015. In it, she expressed regret to the victims' families that "she was unable to do anything to stop her associates from murdering their loved ones."<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suspicions_of_state_complicity">Suspicions of state complicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Suspicions of state complicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the more controversial subjects to come to light during the NSU murder trial is the level of cooperation and support that neo-Nazi informants and organizations receive from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_for_Protection_of_the_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Office for Protection of the Constitution">Federal Office for Protection of the Constitution</a> (BfV), Germany's domestic security agency. The BfV began cultivating informants from Germany's neo-Nazi groups in the early and mid-1990s to deal with the rise in anti-immigrant crime like the <a href="/wiki/Rostock-Lichtenhagen_riots" title="Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots">Rostock-Lichtenhagen riots</a> of 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the trial it became clear that BfV informants were aware or potentially aware of the homicides and other crimes attributed to the NSU and that this information was not shared with local police.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reports exist that one undercover intelligence agent who harboured right-wing sympathies was at the site of one of the murders.<sup id="cite_ref-macl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agent was known in the village where he grew up as "little <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf</a>" in his youth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the trial, members of the BfV admitted to shredding files on NSU informants after the crimes of the terrorist group were exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-ahv_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families of the victims have accused the office of trying to protect the identity of informants.<sup id="cite_ref-ahv_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahv-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticism led to the voluntary resignation of its president <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Fromm" title="Heinz Fromm">Heinz Fromm</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2018, five German police officers were suspended from their posts after <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seda_Basay-Yildiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seda Basay-Yildiz (page does not exist)">Seda Basay-Yildiz</a>, a Turkish-German lawyer who had defended the family of one of the victims of the NSU, was faxed a death threat against her two-year-old daughter. The fax was signed "NSU 2.0".<sup id="cite_ref-nsu2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsu2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An investigation concluded that, just before the fax was sent, a Frankfurt police computer had accessed a confidential database to obtain Basay-Yildiz's address. The phones of the police officers who were on duty at the moment were confiscated, and it was found that many were exchanging racist and far-right messages in a group chat,<sup id="cite_ref-nsu2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsu2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and posting pictures of Hitler and <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few months before, a scandal broke out when it was discovered that special forces officers used "Uwe Böhnhardt" (after one of the NSU murderers) as a codename during a visit of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish President">Turkish President</a> <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cod_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cod-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Police_and_media_bias">Police and media bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Police and media bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 2011 German police and intelligence services denied the racist motivation of the murders and instead treated immigrant families as suspects,<sup id="cite_ref-cod_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cod-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accusing the victims of being involved in the drug trade and their relatives of withholding information that could help solve the crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German media went along with the police line and both glibly referred to the murders as "<a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">döner</a> killings", after a Turkish dish.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-env_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the neo-Nazi connection to the crimes was found, German media coverage of the murders was lambasted as xenophobic and dehumanizing towards the victims.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, families of the victims, and minority communities as a whole, became the target of police suspicions "despite the absence of reasonable grounds for believing that they are involved in the crimes."<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theodoros Boulgarides' wife, for example, accused the police of lying to her about her husband by falsely saying he had a mistress, in a bid to convince her to confess his murder. His daughter was also asked if she ever suffered sexual abuse at the hands of her father.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The son of the first victim, Enver Şimşek, said of media coverage of his case: "First my mother was accused, then my uncle, then everyone around us was constantly under investigation. That went on for eleven years. My father wasn't treated like he was the victim; instead, he got the blame. It was the whole of the media. Whether it was the so-called 'kebab murders' of Turkish people or drug offences. The press always said my father was to blame. And that's how we felt."<sup id="cite_ref-env_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relatives of the victims submitted a report to the United Nations, accusing the Bavarian police of mishandling the case due to systemic racism.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For almost every murder in this case, the report says, testimony was provided by eyewitnesses that the perpetrators had a "German appearance," and their descriptions matched those of Mundlos and Böhnhardt. The police, however, failed to pursue that line of investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The police also blamed people of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a> community for the death of the German policewoman despite the lack of any clue in that direction. A psychological report cited by the police in the investigation of this case contains racist remarks about a Roma suspect and people from his ethnic background.<sup id="cite_ref-Kushner_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verdict">Verdict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Verdict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 July 2018 Beate Zschäpe was found guilty of ten counts of murder, membership in a terror organization and arson, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Her accomplices were convicted as follows: </p> <ul><li>Wohlleben: Guilty – Convicted of aiding and abetting nine murders by procuring the pistol used. Sentenced to ten years in prison.</li> <li>Eminger: Guilty – Convicted of aiding a terror organization. Sentenced to two and a half years in prison.</li> <li>Gerlach: Guilty – Also Convicted of aiding a terror organization. Sentenced to three years in prison.</li> <li>Schulze: Guilty – Convicted of aiding and abetting in nine counts of murder. Sentenced to only three years of juvenile detention as he was only 20 years old at the time of the murders.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accomplices">Accomplices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Accomplices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ralf Wohlleben, 38, and Carsten Schultze, 33, were found guilty of being accessories to murder in the killing of the nine male victims. Prosecutors alleged that they supplied the trio with the handgun and silencer used in the killings. Wohlleben was once a member of Germany's far-right <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party</a>, which has seats in two state parliaments in eastern Germany.</li> <li>Andre Eminger, 33, was found guilty of being an accessory in two of the bank robberies and in a 2001 bombing in Cologne. He was also found guilty of two counts of supporting a terrorist organization.</li> <li>Holger Gerlach, 38, was found guilty of three counts of supporting a terrorist organization.</li></ul> <p>Like Zschäpe, the co-defendants were known to German authorities before the existence of the NSU—whose name alludes to the official name of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party</a>—came to light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Cologne_bombing" title="2004 Cologne bombing">2004 Cologne bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">2011 Norway attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_of_Heilbronn" title="Phantom of Heilbronn">Phantom of Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlikte" title="Birlikte">Birlikte</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsch-tuerkische-nachrichten.de/2011/11/13/doener-moerder-waren-sie-einzeltaeter-oder-gibt-es-ein-netzwerk/">"Döner-Mörder: Waren sie Einzeltäter oder gibt es ein Netzwerk?"</a>. <i>Deutsch Türkische Nachrichten</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://www.macleans.ca/news/world/a-brown-army-faction/">"Germany's brown army faction?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Maclean%27s" title="Maclean's">Maclean's</a></i>. 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maclean%27s&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+brown+army+faction%3F&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macleans.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fa-brown-army-faction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Socialist+Underground+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/15/germany-neo-nazi-terror-cell-doner-killings">"Germany shocked by secret service link to 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href="https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-germany/neo-nazi-murder-trial-reveals-german-police-racism-and-spy-agency-obstruction">"Neo-Nazi murder trial reveals German police racism and spy agency obstruction, lawyers say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yavuz_Baydar" title="Yavuz Baydar">Ahval News</a></i>. 27 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ahval+News&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazi+murder+trial+reveals+German+police+racism+and+spy+agency+obstruction%2C+lawyers+say&rft.date=2018-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fahvalnews.com%2Fturkey-germany%2Fneo-nazi-murder-trial-reveals-german-police-racism-and-spy-agency-obstruction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Socialist+Underground+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kushner-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kushner_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kushner_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News" title="Hürriyet Daily News">Hürriyet Daily News</a></i>. 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=German+police+use+neo-Nazi+codename+amid+Erdo%C4%9Fan+visit&rft.date=2018-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fgerman-police-use-neo-nazi-codename-amid-erdogan-visit-137353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Socialist+Underground+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/german-authorities-many-failures-in-investigating-the-nsu/a-44567286">"German authorities' many failures in investigating the NSU"</a>. <i>DW News</i>. 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW+News&rft.atitle=German+authorities%27+many+failures+in+investigating+the+NSU&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fgerman-authorities-many-failures-in-investigating-the-nsu%2Fa-44567286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Socialist+Underground+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-env-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-env_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-env_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/neo-nazi-nsu-member-beate-zsch%C3%A4pe-found-guilty-of-murder-sentenced-to-life-in-prison/a-44626859">"Neo-Nazi NSU member Beate Zschäpe found guilty of murder, sentenced to life in prison"</a>. <i>DW News</i>. 11 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DW+News&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazi+NSU+member+Beate+Zsch%C3%A4pe+found+guilty+of+murder%2C+sentenced+to+life+in+prison&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fneo-nazi-nsu-member-beate-zsch%25C3%25A4pe-found-guilty-of-murder-sentenced-to-life-in-prison%2Fa-44626859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Socialist+Underground+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/latent-racism-neo-nazi-killings-expose-broad-german-xenophobia-a-798450.html">"Neo-Nazi Killings Expose Broad German Xenophobia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>. 17 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Neo-Nazi+Killings+Expose+Broad+German+Xenophobia&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Flatent-racism-neo-nazi-killings-expose-broad-german-xenophobia-a-798450.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Socialist+Underground+murders" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sibel Karakurt: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2014/08/ceska-murders-2014818135352514972.html">"The Ceska murders"</a>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></i>, August 2014 (video, 44 mins, not currently online).</li> <li>Jacob Kushner: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/16/10-murders-3-nazis-and-germanys-moment-of-reckoning/">"10 Murders, 3 Nazis, and Germany's Moment of Reckoning"</a>. In: <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>, 16 March 2017.</li> <li>Antonia von der Behrens: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsu-watch.info/2018/07/the-nsu-case-in-germany-as-at-july-3rd-2018/">"The NSU Case in Germany – as at July 3rd, 2018"</a>. In: <i>NSU-Watch</i>, 9 July 2018.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&oldid=1252443261">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Socialist_Underground_murders&oldid=1252443261</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_by_firearm_in_Germany" title="Category:Deaths by firearm in Germany">Deaths by firearm in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neo-Nazi_attacks_in_Germany" title="Category:Neo-Nazi attacks in Germany">Neo-Nazi attacks in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Serial_murders_in_Germany" title="Category:Serial murders in Germany">Serial murders in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorist_incidents_in_Germany_in_the_2000s" title="Category:Terrorist incidents in Germany in the 2000s">Terrorist incidents in Germany in the 2000s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorist_incidents_in_Germany_in_2000" title="Category:Terrorist incidents in Germany in 2000">Terrorist incidents in Germany in 2000</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorist_incidents_in_Germany_in_2007" title="Category:Terrorist incidents in Germany in 2007">Terrorist incidents in Germany in 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000_murders_in_Germany" title="Category:2000 murders in Germany">2000 murders in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2007_murders_in_Germany" title="Category:2007 murders in Germany">2007 murders in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Violence_against_men_in_Europe" title="Category:Violence against men in Europe">Violence against men in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000s_murders_in_Germany" title="Category:2000s murders in Germany">2000s murders in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persecution_of_Turks_in_Germany" title="Category:Persecution of Turks in Germany">Persecution of Turks in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Muslim_violence_in_Europe" title="Category:Anti-Muslim violence in Europe">Anti-Muslim violence in Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2022">Use dmy dates from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_explicitly_cited_English-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text">Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 October 2024, at 11:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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