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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alcoholic_beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Alcoholic beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alcoholic_beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_or_Folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_or_Folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Traditional or Folk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_or_Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philharmonic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philharmonic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Philharmonic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philharmonic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Fado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Portuguese rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canções_de_intervenção_(political_songs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canções_de_intervenção_(political_songs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Canções de intervenção (political songs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canções_de_intervenção_(political_songs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Hip hop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Students_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Students festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Fashion and design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivities_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivities_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Festivities and holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivities_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>National holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sports and games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereotypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereotypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Stereotypes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereotypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Portugal" title="Cultura de Portugal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_du_Portugal" title="Culture du Portugal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture du Portugal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Portugal" title="Cultura de Portugal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultura de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C3%A1lia_kult%C3%BAr%C3%A1ja" title="Portugália kultúrája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portugália kultúrája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_pertuesa" title="Cultura pertuesa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cultura pertuesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugese_cultuur" title="Portugese cultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugese cultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Portugal" title="Cultura de Portugal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura de Portugal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Portugaliei" title="Cultura Portugaliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cultura Portugaliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Культура Португалии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Португалии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Culture of Portugal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_kulttuuri" title="Portugalin kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" title="Category:Portugal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa">Culture of Portugal</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/110px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/165px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/220px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">People</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology of Portugal">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_art" title="Portuguese art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Portugal">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Comics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Portugal">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Portugal" title="Television in Portugal">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Portugal" title="Flag of Portugal">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal" title="Coat of arms of Portugal">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Portugal">National anthem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Portugal" title="Template:Culture of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Culture of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Um_casal_de_Viana_(Portugal).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Um_casal_de_Viana_%28Portugal%29.jpg/220px-Um_casal_de_Viana_%28Portugal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Um_casal_de_Viana_%28Portugal%29.jpg/330px-Um_casal_de_Viana_%28Portugal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Um_casal_de_Viana_%28Portugal%29.jpg/440px-Um_casal_de_Viana_%28Portugal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1304" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> couple with typical rural clothes from <a href="/wiki/Minho_Province" title="Minho Province">Minho Province</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Singer_Corporation" title="Singer Corporation">Singer</a> sewing machine advertisement card, distributed at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">World's Columbian Exposition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, 1893</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>culture of Portugal</b> designates the cultural practices and traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese people</a>. It is rooted on the interactions between many different <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> that inhabited the area during the past millennia. From <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">prehistoric cultures</a>, to its <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman civilizations</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtici</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cynetes" title="Cynetes">Cynetes</a>, amongst others), passing through its contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a>-<a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthaginian</a> world, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">period</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">invasions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buri_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buri (Germanic tribe)">Buri</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Kingdom of the Suebi</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>), <a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion" title="Viking expansion">Viking incursions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jewish">Sephardic Jewish</a> settlement, and finally, the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad invasion of Hispania">Umayyad invasion of Hispania</a> and the subsequent expulsion during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, all have influenced the country's culture and history. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Etymology" title="History of Portugal">name of Portugal</a> itself reveals much of the country's early history, stemming from the Roman name <i><a href="/wiki/Portus_Cale" title="Portus Cale">Portus Cale</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name meaning "Port of Cale" (Cale likely is a word of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> origin - Cailleach-Bheur her other name; the Mother goddess of the Celtic people as in Calais, <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a>, Beira. She was the one who, with a hammer created mountains and valleys; the one who hid in stones and trees - Mother nature), later transformed into <i><a href="/wiki/Grande_Porto" title="Grande Porto">Portucale</a></i>, and finally into <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Etymology" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></i>, which emerged as a county of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Kingdom of León</a> see <a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a>) and became an <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">independent kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1139%E2%80%931279)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (1139–1279)">1139</a>. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a major economic, political, and cultural power, its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">global empire</a> stretching from the Americas, to Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania. </p><p>Portugal, as a country with a long history, is home to several ancient architectural structures, as well as typical art, furniture and literary collections mirroring and chronicling the events that shaped the country and its peoples. It has a large number of cultural landmarks ranging from <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Portugal" title="List of museums in Portugal">museums</a> to ancient <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> buildings to medieval <a href="/wiki/Castles_in_Portugal" title="Castles in Portugal">castles</a>. Portugal is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">fifteen</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, ranking it <a href="/wiki/Table_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of World Heritage Sites by country">8th in Europe and 17th in the world</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PA2900302_galo_emiliarocha_medio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PA2900302_galo_emiliarocha_medio.jpg/170px-PA2900302_galo_emiliarocha_medio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PA2900302_galo_emiliarocha_medio.jpg/255px-PA2900302_galo_emiliarocha_medio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PA2900302_galo_emiliarocha_medio.jpg/340px-PA2900302_galo_emiliarocha_medio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rooster_of_Barcelos" title="Rooster of Barcelos">Rooster of Barcelos</a>, the iconic Portuguese souvenir</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese participate in many cultural activities, indulging their appreciation of art, music, drama, and dance. Portugal has a rich traditional <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> (<i>Ranchos Folclóricos</i>), with great regional variety. Many cities and towns have a museum and a collection of ancient monuments and buildings. Many towns have at least a cinema, some venues to listen to music and locations to see arts and crafts. In the larger cities visits to the theatre, concerts or galleries of modern exhibitions are popular, and Portugal can boast not only international-scale venues in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Guimarães">Guimarães</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> but also many acclaimed artists from various disciplines. The importance of the arts is illustrated by the fact that on the death of <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A1lia_Rodrigues" title="Amália Rodrigues">Amália Rodrigues</a>, the "Queen of Fado" (<a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">fado</a> is Portugal's national music) in October 1999, three days of national mourning was declared. In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a>, one of Portugal's well-known writers, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> for literature. Lisbon (1994), Porto (2001) and Guimarães (2012) were all designated <a href="/wiki/European_Capitals_of_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European Capitals of Culture">European Capitals of Culture</a>, contributing to a current renaissance in artistic creation, and in 2004 Portugal hosted the <a href="/wiki/Euro_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2004">European football finals</a> in specially constructed stadiums. </p><p>In smaller towns and villages, cultural activity may revolve around local folklore, with musical groups performing traditional dance and song. Local festivities are very popular during the summer season in all kinds of localities ranging from villages to cities, as well as <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> holidays from July to September. Portuguese people in almost all major towns and the cities like to know their places which are generally well equipped with modern facilities and offer a wide variety of attractions ranging from shops and stores of the most renowned brands to cinemas, restaurants and hypermarkets. <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Café">Café</a> culture is also regarded as an important cultural feature of the Portuguese. As the most popular sport, <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Portugal" title="Football in Portugal">football</a> events involving major Portuguese teams are always widely followed with great enthusiasm. There are a few <a href="/wiki/Bullrings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullrings">bullrings</a> in Portugal, although the passion for <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-style_bullfighting" title="Portuguese-style bullfighting">bullfighting</a> was traditionally more popular in the <a href="/wiki/Ribatejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribatejo">Ribatejo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Culture of Portugal">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centum_cellas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Centum_cellas.jpg/220px-Centum_cellas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Centum_cellas.jpg/330px-Centum_cellas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Centum_cellas.jpg/440px-Centum_cellas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2908" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Centum_Cellas" title="Centum Cellas">Centum Cellas Tower</a>, c. 1st century AD (Roman period)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeronimos_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jeronimos_Monastery.jpg/220px-Jeronimos_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jeronimos_Monastery.jpg/330px-Jeronimos_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jeronimos_Monastery.jpg/440px-Jeronimos_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12610" data-file-height="3692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimos_Monastery" title="Jerónimos Monastery">Jerónimos Monastery</a> is Portugal's best example of its <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a> architecture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aldeia_Velha_de_Monsanto_(24).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aldeia_Velha_de_Monsanto_%2824%29.jpg/220px-Aldeia_Velha_de_Monsanto_%2824%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aldeia_Velha_de_Monsanto_%2824%29.jpg/330px-Aldeia_Velha_de_Monsanto_%2824%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Aldeia_Velha_de_Monsanto_%2824%29.jpg/440px-Aldeia_Velha_de_Monsanto_%2824%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Aldeia Velha de Monsanto</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Portugal">Architecture of Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rua_Augusta_Lisboa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rua_Augusta_Lisboa.JPG/220px-Rua_Augusta_Lisboa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rua_Augusta_Lisboa.JPG/330px-Rua_Augusta_Lisboa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rua_Augusta_Lisboa.JPG/440px-Rua_Augusta_Lisboa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Rua Augusta street and its typical <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Portuguese <i>calçada</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pombaline_Lower_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Pombaline Lower Town">Pombaline Lower Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the second millennium BC, there has been important construction in the area where Portugal is situated today. Portugal boasts several scores of medieval castles, as well as the ruins of several villas and forts from the period of Celtic and Roman occupation. Modern Portuguese architecture follows the most advanced trends seen in European mainstream architecture with no constraints, though preserving some of its distinct characteristics. The <a href="/wiki/Azulejo" title="Azulejo">azulejo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_pavement" title="Portuguese pavement">Portuguese pavement</a> are two typical elements of Portuguese architecture. Portugal is perhaps best known for its distinctive Late-Gothic <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">Manueline</a> architecture, with its intricate designs attributed to Portugal's <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Discoveries">Age of Discoveries</a>. </p><p>Another type of architecture is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannine_baroque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannine baroque (page does not exist)">Johannine baroque</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barroco_joanino" class="extiw" title="pt:Barroco joanino">pt</a>]</span>, owing to King John V's long reign which lasted 44 years. Thanks to the gold from Brazil, John V of Portugal could afford foreign artists such as <a href="/wiki/Nicolau_Nasoni" title="Nicolau Nasoni">Nicolau Nasoni</a>, to build outstanding works of art. The creations of Portuguese artists can be identified throughout the country, in the altars of gilded panels, blue and white tiles which adorn churches, halls, staircases and gardens. </p><p>It was during this period of prosperity, that some of the greatest Portuguese artworks were completed, including: the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Building_of_Mafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Building of Mafra">Royal Building of Mafra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9rigos_Church" title="Clérigos Church">Clérigos Church</a> (also known as Tower of the Clerics), the Baroque Library <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Joanina" title="Biblioteca Joanina">Biblioteca Joanina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Bom_Jesus_do_Monte" title="Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte">Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte</a> in Braga, the Shrine of Our Lady of Remedies in <a href="/wiki/Lamego" title="Lamego">Lamego</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mateus_Palace" title="Mateus Palace">Mateus Palace</a> in Vila Real. Because of the history of the Portuguese Empire, several countries across the world are home to sizeable heritages of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> in the Americas, <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabo Verde">Cabo Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea_Bissau" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea Bissau">Guinea Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_ruins_in_Zimbabwe" title="Portuguese ruins in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> in Africa, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timor_Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor Leste">Timor Leste</a> in Asia. Notable Portuguese architects of the past have included <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Arruda" title="Diogo de Arruda">Diogo de Arruda</a> (15–16th c.), <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Antunes" title="João Antunes">João Antunes</a> (17th c.), <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nio_dos_Santos" title="Eugénio dos Santos">Eugénio dos Santos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mardel" title="Carlos Mardel">Carlos Mardel</a> (18th c.), <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Monteiro" class="mw-redirect" title="José Luis Monteiro">José Luis Monteiro</a> (19th c.), <a href="/wiki/Raul_Lino" title="Raul Lino">Raul Lino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiano_Branco" title="Cassiano Branco">Cassiano Branco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_T%C3%A1vora" title="Fernando Távora">Fernando Távora</a> (20th c.). Famous living architects include <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_Byrne" title="Gonçalo Byrne">Gonçalo Byrne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Souto_de_Moura" title="Eduardo Souto de Moura">Eduardo Souto de Moura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Architecture_Prize" title="Pritzker Architecture Prize">Pritzker</a> winner), <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Maria_Braga" title="António Maria Braga">António Maria Braga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_Carrilho_da_Gra%C3%A7a" title="João Luís Carrilho da Graça">João Carrilho da Graça</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Siza_Vieira" title="Álvaro Siza Vieira">Álvaro Siza Vieira</a> (Priktzer winner). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dance">Dance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rancho_poveiro.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rancho_poveiro.JPG/220px-Rancho_poveiro.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rancho_poveiro.JPG/330px-Rancho_poveiro.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rancho_poveiro.JPG/440px-Rancho_poveiro.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A traditional dance of <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dances</a> include: <a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">Circle dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vira_(dance)" title="Vira (dance)">Vira</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Minho_Province" title="Minho Province">Minho</a> region), Two-Steps <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">Waltz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fandango" title="Fandango">Fandango</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Ribatejo_Province" title="Ribatejo Province">Ribatejo</a> region), <a href="/wiki/Schottische" title="Schottische">Schottische</a> (Chotiça), <a href="/wiki/Corridinho" title="Corridinho">Corridinho</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(historical)" title="Estremadura Province (historical)">Estremadura</a> regions), <a href="/wiki/Bailarico" title="Bailarico">Bailarico</a>, Vareirinha, Malhão, Vareira, Maneio, Vira de Cruz, Vira Solto, Vira de Macieira, Sapatinho, Tau-Tau, Ciranda, Zé que Fumas, Regadinho, O Pedreiro and Ó Ti Taritatu. There are also variations of these dances called the Chamarita in the Azores. Dance apparel is highly varied, ranging from work clothes to Sunday's best, with rich distinguished from the poor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema">Cinema</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema of Portugal</a></div> <p>In the 1990s around 10 full-length fictional works were produced per annum, Portugal's filmmakers tending to be <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>. Financing of Portuguese cinema is by state grants and from television stations. The internal market is very small and Portuguese penetration of international markets is fairly precarious. A film is considered a success when it draws an audience of more than which few Portuguese films manage to achieve. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manoel_de_Oliveira_Cannes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Manoel_de_Oliveira_Cannes.jpg/220px-Manoel_de_Oliveira_Cannes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Manoel_de_Oliveira_Cannes.jpg/330px-Manoel_de_Oliveira_Cannes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Manoel_de_Oliveira_Cannes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira" title="Manoel de Oliveira">Manoel de Oliveira</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Director <a href="/wiki/Manoel_de_Oliveira" title="Manoel de Oliveira">Manoel de Oliveira</a> was the oldest director in the world, and continued to make films until his death on 2 April 2015, at the age of 106. Since 1990 he made an average of one film per annum. He has received international recognition awards and won the respect of the cinematography community all over the world. Retrospectives of his works have been shown at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Film Festival">Los Angeles Film Festival</a> (1992), the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> in Washington, D.C. (1993), the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Film Festival">San Francisco Film Festival</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Art" title="Cleveland Museum of Art">Cleveland Museum of Art</a> (1994). Despite his international recognition, the films of Oliveira (and that of other Portuguese directors) are neglected locally. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_C%C3%A9sar_Monteiro" title="João César Monteiro">João César Monteiro</a>, a member of the generation that founded the "New Portuguese Cinema" in the 1960s which was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Vague" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelle Vague">Nouvelle Vague</a>, a provocative film maker in the 1990s made "O Último Mergulho" (1992), "A Comédia de Deus" (1995), "Le Bassin de John Wayne" (1997) and "As Bodas de Deus" (1998). "A Comédia de Deus" won the Jury's Special Prize at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a> in 1995. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Villaverde" title="Teresa Villaverde">Teresa Villaverde</a> is a younger filmmaker and in the 1990s she surfaced as a director, her film (<i>Três Irma's</i>, 1994) won the best actress award at the Venice Film Festival. </p><p>Significant comedy films of the 1930s and 1940s include: <i><a href="/wiki/A_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Lisboa" title="A Canção de Lisboa">A Canção de Lisboa</a></i> (1933) directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cottinelli_Telmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Cottinelli Telmo (page does not exist)">José Cottinelli Telmo</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Santana" title="Vasco Santana">Vasco Santana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_Costa" title="Beatriz Costa">Beatriz Costa</a>, the second Portuguese sound feature film (the first was A Severa, a 1931 documentary by Manoel de Oliveira, was originally filmed without soundtrack, which was added afterwards), and still one of the best-loved films in Portugal, with several of its lines and songs still being quoted today; <i><a href="/wiki/O_Pai_Tirano" class="mw-redirect" title="O Pai Tirano">O Pai Tirano</a></i> (lit. The Tyrant Father) (1941), directed by António Lopes Ribeiro, starring <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Santana" title="Vasco Santana">Vasco Santana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribeirinho" title="Ribeirinho">Francisco Ribeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonor_Maia" title="Leonor Maia">Leonor Maia</a> and one of the best-known comedies of the Golden Age of Portuguese Cinema; <i><a href="/wiki/O_P%C3%A1tio_das_Cantigas" title="O Pátio das Cantigas">O Pátio das Cantigas</a></i> (lit. The Courtyard of Songs), a comedy/ musical from 1942 directed by <a href="/wiki/Ribeirinho" title="Ribeirinho">Francisco Ribeiro</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Santana" title="Vasco Santana">Vasco Santana</a> (as Narciso), <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Silva_(actor)" title="António Silva (actor)">António Silva</a> (as Evaristo), Francisco Ribeiro (as Rufino) and others. It's a portrait of the relations between neighbours in a Lisbon courtyard. A story made of small episodes of humor, friendship, rivalry, and love. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_films">Recent films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>O Crime do Padre Amaro:</b></i> (lit. The Crime of Father Amaro) is a Portuguese film (2005) adapted from a book of Eça de Queiroz, directed by Carlos Coelho da Silva. This was a low quality production sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sociedade Independente de Comunicação">Sociedade Independente de Comunicação</a> (television channel). Even so, this film beat all the records of box- office of all the Portuguese film in Portugal. The main characters are Jorge Corrula as Padre Amaro and <a href="/wiki/Soraia_Chaves" title="Soraia Chaves">Soraia Chaves</a> as Amélia, and the main ingredients of this film are the sex and the nudity. </p><p><i><b>Zona J:</b></i> is a Portuguese drama/romance film directed by Leonel Vieira in 1998, starring <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlvia_Alberto" title="Sílvia Alberto">Sílvia Alberto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Bustorff" title="Ana Bustorff">Ana Bustorff</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAria_Madruga" title="Núria Madruga">Núria Madruga</a>, Milton Spencer and Félix Fontoura. </p><p><i><b>Sorte Nula:</b></i> (lit. The Trunk) directed by Fernando Fragata, starring Hélder Mendes, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feio" title="António Feio">António Feio</a>, Adelaide de Sousa, <a href="/wiki/Rui_Unas" title="Rui Unas">Rui Unas</a>, Isabel Figueira, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Nogueira" title="Bruno Nogueira">Bruno Nogueira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_Matadinho" title="Carla Matadinho">Carla Matadinho</a>, Tânia Miller and Zé Pedro. </p><p><i><b>Alice</b></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Marco_Martins" title="Marco Martins">Marco Martins</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Beatriz_Batarda" title="Beatriz Batarda">Beatriz Batarda</a>, Nuno Lopes, Miguel Guilherme, <a href="/wiki/Ana_Bustorff" title="Ana Bustorff">Ana Bustorff</a>, Laura Soveral, Ivo Canelas, Carla Maciel, José Wallenstein and <a href="/wiki/Clara_Andermatt" title="Clara Andermatt">Clara Andermatt</a> is a multi-prize film from 2005. It has won prizes in <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>; Las Palmas Festival in Spain; Golden Globes in Portugal; Mar del Plata International Film Festival in Argentina, Raindance film Festival in United Kingdom and other prizes. </p><p><i><b> Filme do Desassossego or Film of Disquiet</b></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Botelho" title="João Botelho">João Botelho</a>, starring Cláudio da Silva, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Lencastre" title="Alexandra Lencastre">Alexandra Lencastre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Blanco" title="Rita Blanco">Rita Blanco</a>, Catarina Wallenstein, Margarida Vila-Nova, Mónica Calle, Marcello Urgeghe and Ricardo Aibéo in 2010. Inspired by a book of <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a>. </p><p><i><b>Meu Querido Mês de Agosto</b></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Gomes_(director)" title="Miguel Gomes (director)">Miguel Gomes</a> is a hybrid fiction/documentary film from 2009 that achieved some visibility at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>. </p><p><i><b>Tabu</b></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Gomes_(director)" title="Miguel Gomes (director)">Miguel Gomes</a> starring Ana Moreira, Carloto Cotta, Ivo Mueller, Laura Soveral, Manuel Mesquita, Isabel Muñoz Cardoso, Henrique Espírito Santo and Teresa Madruga. The film won two prizes in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a> and another two in the Las Palmas Festival in Spain. </p><p><i><b>Rafa</b></i>, a short-film directed by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Salaviza" title="João Salaviza">João Salaviza</a>, starring Rodrigo Perdigão and Joana de Verona.This film have win the best short film is <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin International Film Festival</a> in 2012. </p><p><i><b>Arena</b></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Salaviza" title="João Salaviza">João Salaviza</a> starring Carloto Cotta, won the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> Golden Palm for best short film. </p><p><i><b>Sangue do meu Sangue</b></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Canijo" title="João Canijo">João Canijo</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Rita_Blanco" title="Rita Blanco">Rita Blanco</a>, Nuno Lopes, Cleia Almeida, Anabela Moreira, Rafael Morais and Fernando Luís. Is a multi-prized film from 2012 that won prizes in: International auteur cinema festival of Barcelona; Miami Festival, Pau Festival in France; New Vision Award in Crossing Europe Festival in Austria; San Sebastin Festival; Otra Mirada Prize by TVE channel in Spain; Faial Film Festival in Portugal; Golden Globes in Portugal; Auteur Portuguese Society in Portugal and Ways of Portuguese cinema in Coimbra, Portugal. </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Baron_(film)" title="The Baron (film)">O Barão</a></b></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_P%C3%AAra" title="Edgar Pêra">Edgar Pêra</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Melo_(actor)" title="Nuno Melo (actor)">Nuno Melo</a>, Luísa Costa Gomes, Leonor Keil, Edgar Pêra, Marina Albuquerque, Miguel Sermão and Marcos Barbosa in 2010. </p><p><i><b>Alma Portuguesa</b></i> (en: <i>Portuguese Soul</i>), a 2020 documentary directed by Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Ventura" title="Mauro Ventura">Mauro Ventura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG/220px-Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG/330px-Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG/440px-Cozido_a_portuguesa_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="2035" /></a><figcaption>A dish of <a href="/wiki/Cozido_%C3%A0_portuguesa" title="Cozido à portuguesa">cozido à portuguesa</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each region of Portugal has its own traditional dishes, including various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, fresh <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, dried and salted <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Bacalhau" title="Bacalhau">bacalhau</a></i>), and the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Cozido_%C3%A0_Portuguesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cozido à Portuguesa">Cozido à Portuguesa</a></i> (a Portuguese stew). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alcoholic_beverages">Alcoholic beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alcoholic beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wines_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wines of Portugal">Wines of Portugal</a></div> <p>Portugal is a country of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> lovers and <a href="/wiki/Winemakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Winemakers">winemakers</a>, known since the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>-era; the Romans immediately associated Portugal with its God of Wine <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Bacchus</a>. Today, many Portuguese wines are known as some of the world's best: <a href="/wiki/Vinho_do_Douro" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinho do Douro">Vinho do Douro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinho_do_Alentejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinho do Alentejo">Vinho do Alentejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinho_do_D%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinho do Dão">Vinho do Dão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinho_Verde" title="Vinho Verde">Vinho Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a> and the sweet: <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a> (Vinho do Porto, literally Porto's wine), <a href="/wiki/Madeira_wine" title="Madeira wine">Madeira wine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscatel" title="Muscatel">Muscatel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal_Peninsula" title="Setúbal Peninsula">Setúbal</a>, and Moscatel of <a href="/wiki/Favaios" title="Favaios">Favaios</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> is also widely consumed, with the largest national beer brands being <a href="/wiki/Sagres_(beer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagres (beer)">Sagres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bock" title="Super Bock">Super Bock</a>. Liqueurs, like <a href="/wiki/Licor_Beir%C3%A3o" title="Licor Beirão">Licor Beirão</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ginjinha" title="Ginjinha">Ginjinha</a>, are popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg/220px-BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg/330px-BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/BookFrontOsLusiadas1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Os_Lus%C3%ADadas" title="Os Lusíadas">The Lusiads</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese literature</a></div> <p>Portuguese literature has developed since the 12th century from the lyrical works of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Soares_de_Paiva" title="João Soares de Paiva">João Soares de Paiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paio_Soares_de_Taveir%C3%B3s" title="Paio Soares de Taveirós">Paio Soares de Taveirós</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Denis_of_Portugal" title="Denis of Portugal">Denis of Portugal</a>. They wrote mostly from Galician-Portuguese and oral traditions known as <i>"Cantigas d'amor e amigo"</i> and <i>"Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer"</i>, which were consecutively performed by <a href="/wiki/Troubadours" class="mw-redirect" title="Troubadours">troubadours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joglar" class="mw-redirect" title="Joglar">joglars</a>. </p><p>Following chroniclers such as <a href="/wiki/Fern%C3%A3o_Lopes" title="Fernão Lopes">Fernão Lopes</a> after the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> has its roots in chronicles and stories linked to <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a>, the father of Portuguese theatre, whose works were often criticisms and satires of society in his time. </p><p>Classical lyrical works, include <a href="/wiki/The_Lusiads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lusiads">The Lusiads</a> (<i>Os Lusíadas</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Luís de Camões</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> book of the history of Portugal <sup id="cite_ref-WDL_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which incorporates elements of Ancient Greek mythology, written in the 16th century. </p><p>Romanticism and Realism period authors from 19th century including <a href="/wiki/Antero_de_Quental" title="Antero de Quental">Antero de Quental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Almeida Garrett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Pessanha" title="Camilo Pessanha">Camilo Pessanha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Camilo Castelo Branco</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A7a_de_Queiroz" title="Eça de Queiroz">Eça de Queiroz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Alexandre Herculano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramalho_Ortig%C3%A3o" title="Ramalho Ortigão">Ramalho Ortigão</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Júlio Dinis</a> and others. </p><p>Portuguese modernism is found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_R%C3%A9gio" title="José Régio">José Régio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Torga" title="Miguel Torga">Miguel Torga</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_S%C3%A1-Carneiro" title="Mário de Sá-Carneiro">Mário de Sá-Carneiro</a> and others. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in 1974, the Portuguese society, after several decades of repression, regained <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a> received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1998. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herberto_H%C3%A9lder" title="Herberto Hélder">Herberto Hélder</a>, one of the major Portuguese poets of the second half of the twentieth century, has been an influence, among many others, to the young generation of highly considered Portuguese poets and, to a lesser extend, fiction writers from a recent wave of writers such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valter_Hugo_M%C3%A3e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valter Hugo Mãe (page does not exist)">Valter Hugo Mãe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lu%C3%ADs_Peixoto" title="José Luís Peixoto">José Luís Peixoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alo_M._Tavares" title="Gonçalo M. Tavares">Gonçalo M. Tavares</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Reis-S%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Reis-Sá (page does not exist)">Jorge Reis-Sá</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maria_Antonieta_Preto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maria Antonieta Preto (page does not exist)">Maria Antonieta Preto</a>, José Ricardo Pedro and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Portuguese_guitars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2_Portuguese_guitars.jpg/220px-2_Portuguese_guitars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2_Portuguese_guitars.jpg/330px-2_Portuguese_guitars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/2_Portuguese_guitars.jpg/440px-2_Portuguese_guitars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_guitar" title="Portuguese guitar">Portuguese guitars</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music history of Portugal</a></div> <p>Polyphonic music, employing multiple vocal parts in harmony, was developed in the 15th century. The Renaissance fostered a rich output of compositions for solo instruments and ensembles as well as for the voice. </p><p>The 1960s started a period of expansion and innovation with pop, rock and jazz introduced and evolving, political song developed, the <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">fado</a> of Lisbon and the Coimbra were revitalized. Music from the former colonies occupied an increasingly important place in the capital's musical life and local styles of rap and hip hop emerged. </p><p>The modern revival of academic music was primarily work of Luís de Freitas Branco, and continued by Joly Braga Santos. Composers like <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Victorino_de_Almeida" title="António Victorino de Almeida">António Victorino de Almeida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Peixinho" title="Jorge Peixinho">Jorge Peixinho</a>, Miguel Azguime, Pedro Amaral, and João Pedro Oliveira are known internationally. Orchestras include the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa and the <a href="/wiki/Gulbenkian_Orchestra" title="Gulbenkian Orchestra">Gulbenkian Orchestra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oporto" class="mw-redirect" title="Oporto">Oporto</a> has had its own symphony orchestra since 1962, when the Chamber Orchestra was set up by the Gulbenkian Foundation. Lisbon also has a metropolitan orchestra, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_of_S%C3%A3o_Carlos" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre of São Carlos">National Theatre of São Carlos</a> in Lisbon, which was built in the late 18th century, has its own orchestra and ballet company. Among notable pianists, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Jo%C3%A3o_Pires" title="Maria João Pires">Maria João Pires</a> has won worldwide acclaim. </p><p>Cultural centres such as the Belém Cultural Centre and the Culturgest, both in Lisbon, have expanded opportunities for major concerts. <a href="/wiki/Madredeus" title="Madredeus">Madredeus</a> is among the most successful popular music groups. Singer <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Pontes" title="Dulce Pontes">Dulce Pontes</a> is also widely admired, and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Paredes" title="Carlos Paredes">Carlos Paredes</a> is considered by many to be Portugal's finest guitarist. Folk music and dancing and the traditional fado remain the country's fundamental forms of musical expression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_or_Folk_music">Traditional or Folk music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traditional or Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_traditional_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Portuguese traditional instruments">List of Portuguese traditional instruments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transmontana01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Transmontana01.jpg/220px-Transmontana01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Transmontana01.jpg/330px-Transmontana01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Transmontana01.jpg/440px-Transmontana01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaita_transmontana" title="Gaita transmontana">Gaita transmontana</a>, bagpipe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_at_Vila_Real_(4781738009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plaza_at_Vila_Real_%284781738009%29.jpg/220px-Plaza_at_Vila_Real_%284781738009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plaza_at_Vila_Real_%284781738009%29.jpg/330px-Plaza_at_Vila_Real_%284781738009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plaza_at_Vila_Real_%284781738009%29.jpg/440px-Plaza_at_Vila_Real_%284781738009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Traditional musicians from <a href="/wiki/Vila_Real,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Real, Portugal">Vila Real</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In all the times and all places mankind always showed great ingenuity making sound and music from existing materials in its natural environment. The voice and the clapping of hands can certainly be considered the first instrumental forms used by man. </p><p>The Iberian Peninsula was home to a lot of different peoples and cultures, so its normal to these cultures to influence the others but still retain a little of their aspects - this happened with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese music">Portuguese music</a>. </p><p>Portuguese folk music is the joint of the traditional songs of a community that express through a poetic character their beliefs and tell their history to other people and generations. The danças do vira (Minho), Pauliteiros de Miranda (Miranda), Corridinho do Algarve or Bailinho (Madeira), are some examples of dances created by the sound of folk. Some of the typical instruments used are a guitar, mandolin, <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">bagpipes</a>, accordion, violin, drums, Portuguese guitar and an enormous variety of wind and percussion instruments. </p><p> Contemporary bands include Dazkarieh, Cornalusa, Gaitúlia, Strella do Dia etc.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauliteiros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pauliteiros.jpg/220px-Pauliteiros.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pauliteiros.jpg/330px-Pauliteiros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pauliteiros.jpg/440px-Pauliteiros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Pauliteiros de Miranda</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philharmonic_music">Philharmonic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Philharmonic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the popular culture the philharmonic bands represent each locality and play different types of music, from popular to classical. Lidia Costa, Carlos Marques, Alberto Madurai, José Caminos and Railcar Morays are some of the most important names in philharmonic music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fado">Fado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_Amalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arte_Amalia.jpg/220px-Arte_Amalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arte_Amalia.jpg/330px-Arte_Amalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arte_Amalia.jpg/440px-Arte_Amalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A1lia_Rodrigues" title="Amália Rodrigues">Amália Rodrigues</a>, the "Queen of Fado"</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fado</b> (translated as <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fate">fate</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">music genre</a> which can be traced from the 1820s, but possibly with much earlier origins. It is characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor. The music is usually linked to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">saudade</a></i>, a unique word with no accurate translation in any other language. (Home-sickness has an approximate meaning. It is a kind of longing, and conveys a complex mixture of mainly nostalgia, but also sadness, pain, happiness and love). </p><p>There are two main varieties of fado, namely those of the cities of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>. The Lisbon style is the most popular, while Coimbra's is the more refined style. Modern fado is popular in Portugal, and has produced many renowned <a href="/wiki/List_of_fado_musicians" title="List of fado musicians">musicians</a>. According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon you clap your hands, in Coimbra you cough as if clearing your throat. </p><p>Mainstream fado performances during the 20th century included only a singer, a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_guitar" title="Portuguese guitar">Portuguese guitar</a> player and a classical guitar player but more recent settings range from singer and string quartet to full orchestra. </p><p>The ingredients of Fado are a shawl, a guitar, a voice and heartfelt emotion. </p><p>Themes include: destiny, deep-seated feelings, disappointments in love, the sense of sadness and longing for someone who has gone away, misfortune, the ups and downs of life, the sea, the life of sailors and fishermen, and last but not least "Saudade" (one of the main themes used in fado, that means a kind of longing). </p><p>Fado is probably the oldest urban folk music in the world and represents the heart of the Portuguese soul, and for that matter fado performance is not successful if an audience is not moved to tears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_music">Classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portugal has been an important centre of practice and production of music over the centuries, as the <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">music history of Portugal</a> expresses. In contemporary classical music, notable Portuguese musicians include the pianists <a href="/wiki/Artur_Pizarro" title="Artur Pizarro">Artur Pizarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Jo%C3%A3o_Pires" title="Maria João Pires">Maria João Pires</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Equeira_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Equeira Costa (page does not exist)">Equeira Costa</a>, and the composers: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lopes-Gra%C3%A7a" title="Fernando Lopes-Graça">Fernando Lopes-Graça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Nunes" title="Emmanuel Nunes">Emmanuel Nunes</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Pedro Oliveira (page does not exist)">João Pedro Oliveira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Peixinho" title="Jorge Peixinho">Jorge Peixinho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constan%C3%A7a_Capdeville" title="Constança Capdeville">Constança Capdeville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clotilde_Rosa" title="Clotilde Rosa">Clotilde Rosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Fernando Corrêa de Oliveira">Fernando Corrêa de Oliveira</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A1udio_Carneyro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cláudio Carneyro (page does not exist)">Cláudio Carneyro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederico_de_Freitas" title="Frederico de Freitas">Frederico de Freitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joly_Braga_Santos" title="Joly Braga Santos">Joly Braga Santos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Soveral" title="Isabel Soveral">Isabel Soveral</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moonspell_Ricardo_Amorim_Studio_Krak%C3%B3w_2007_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Moonspell_Ricardo_Amorim_Studio_Krak%C3%B3w_2007_02.jpg/220px-Moonspell_Ricardo_Amorim_Studio_Krak%C3%B3w_2007_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Moonspell_Ricardo_Amorim_Studio_Krak%C3%B3w_2007_02.jpg/330px-Moonspell_Ricardo_Amorim_Studio_Krak%C3%B3w_2007_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Moonspell_Ricardo_Amorim_Studio_Krak%C3%B3w_2007_02.jpg/440px-Moonspell_Ricardo_Amorim_Studio_Krak%C3%B3w_2007_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moonspell" title="Moonspell">Moonspell</a> guitarist</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_rock">Portuguese rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portuguese rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese rock">Portuguese rock</a></div> <p>The Portuguese rock started to be noted in 1980 with the release of Ar de Rock by <a href="/wiki/Rui_Veloso" title="Rui Veloso">Rui Veloso</a>, which was the first popular Portuguese rock song, other Portuguese bands and singers such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tima_Legi%C3%A3o" title="Sétima Legião">Sétima Legião</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_Macau_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio Macau (band) (page does not exist)">Rádio Macau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Macau_(band)" class="extiw" title="pt:Rádio Macau (band)">pt</a>]</span>, Jafumega, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A3o_Morta" title="Mão Morta">Mão Morta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxi_(Portuguese_band)" title="Taxi (Portuguese band)">Taxi</a>, Peste e Sida, were popular too. Before that, Portugal had a vibrant underground progressive rock scene in the 1970s like Tantra, <a href="/wiki/Quarteto_1111" title="Quarteto 1111">Quarteto 1111</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cid" title="José Cid">José Cid</a> and others in 1950 and 1960 rock and roll scene with bands like Os Conchas and Os Sheiks. Among the numerous bands and artists which followed its genesis, are <a href="/wiki/Xutos_%26_Pontap%C3%A9s" title="Xutos & Pontapés">Xutos & Pontapés</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNR_(band)" title="GNR (band)">GNR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinta_do_Bill" title="Quinta do Bill">Quinta do Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/UHF_(Portuguese_band)" title="UHF (Portuguese band)">UHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(band)" title="The Gift (band)">The Gift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moonspell" title="Moonspell">Moonspell</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1980s and 1990s were marked by the search for a new musical discourse in urban popular music, the increase, <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> and industrialization of musical production, and the mediatization and expansion of music consumption. The boom in Portuguese musical production was accompanied by both the diversification of the musical domains and styles produced and consumed in Portugal and the emergence of new styles which are increasingly taking the global market into account. The denominated Pop music uses melodies easily to memorize, becoming very popular and commercial; it's also characterized by the amount of publicity made (through videos, magazines, appealing clothing, etc.). </p><p>It is possible to note two stylistic tendencies in the popular music of the 1980s and 1990s: </p> <ul><li>A musical discourse created by Portuguese musicians that is integrated within the major international developments experienced by commercial popular music;</li> <li>A new musical style that vindicates its Portugueseness by both drawing upon various musical elements which musicians and audiences alike identify as Portuguese and emphasizing the Portuguese language.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canções_de_intervenção_(political_songs)"><span id="Can.C3.A7.C3.B5es_de_interven.C3.A7.C3.A3o_.28political_songs.29"></span>Canções de intervenção (political songs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canções de intervenção (political songs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political songs (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Can%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canções de intervenção (page does not exist)">canções de intervenção</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/can%C3%A7%C3%B5es_de_interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:canções de intervenção">pt</a>]</span>) played an important part in <a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">the protests</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">totalitarian regime</a> that ruled Portugal from 1926 up to the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">1974 revolution</a>. Once it was created as an object to criticize what was wrong, mainly in a political point of view. One of its main protagonists was <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_(Zeca)_Afonso" class="mw-redirect" title="José (Zeca) Afonso">José (Zeca) Afonso</a> (1929–1987) but others also contributed to its development, for example <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Correia_de_Oliveira" title="Adriano Correia de Oliveira">Adriano Correia de Oliveira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M%C3%A1rio_Branco" title="José Mário Branco">José Mário Branco</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Cilia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Cilia (page does not exist)">Luís Cilia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Cilia" class="extiw" title="pt:Luís Cilia">pt</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Fanhais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Fanhais (page does not exist)">Francisco Fanhais</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Fanhais" class="extiw" title="pt:Francisco Fanhais">pt</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Jorge_Letria" title="José Jorge Letria">José Jorge Letria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Barata_Moura" class="mw-redirect" title="José Barata Moura">José Barata Moura</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Godinho" title="Sérgio Godinho">Sérgio Godinho</a>. They traced a new course for urban popular music and influenced a further generation of musicians, some of whom also participated in the protest movement and are still active, including <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Bordalo_Dias" title="Fausto Bordalo Dias">Fausto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitorino" title="Vitorino">Vitorino</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Janita_Salom%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janita Salomé (page does not exist)">Janita Salomé</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janita_Salom%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="pt:Janita Salomé">pt</a>]</span> and Júlio Pereira, among others. </p><p>This musical style reflects a confluence of influences from traditional music, French urban <a href="/wiki/French_popular_music" title="French popular music">popular songs</a> of the 1960s, African music and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_popular_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian popular music">Brazilian popular music</a>. By the late 1970s the revolutionary climate had subsided and the need to express political militancy through song was no longer felt by poets, composers and singers, who subsequently redefined both their role and their creative contribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_hop">Hip hop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hip hop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_Tuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop Tuga">Hip hop Tuga</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">Hip hop</a> has been important since the 1980s with areas like <a href="/wiki/Amadora" title="Amadora">Amadora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cac%C3%A9m_(Sintra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacém (Sintra)">Cacém</a> and the South Bank of the Tagus are considered to be the cradle of <a href="/wiki/Hip_Hop_Tuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip Hop Tuga">Hip Hop Tuga</a>. </p><p>The compilation called "Rapublica" released in 1994, which featured young rising artists and groups such as Black Company and <a href="/wiki/Boss_AC" title="Boss AC">Boss AC</a>, is responsible for establishing hip hop in Portugal. The refrain from a song called "Não sabe nadar, yo" ("Can't swim, yo!") was used by the president of Portugal, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a> in a speech about the cave painting in Foz Côa saying that "As gravuras não sabem nadar, yo!" ("The engravings can't swim, yo!"). </p><p>Apart from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, other urban centers also established vibrant hip hop scenes during the early nineties, especially <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, that gave birth to important groups such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mind_Da_Gap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mind Da Gap (page does not exist)">Mind Da Gap</a>. More recently other local scenes have also developed on other urban centers, such as <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a>. </p><p>There are two major showcase events, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowfest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flowfest (page does not exist)">Flowfest</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hip_Hop_Porto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hip Hop Porto (page does not exist)">Hip Hop Porto</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowfest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flowfest (page does not exist)">Flowfest</a>, in Coimbra, started in 2005. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hip_Hop_Porto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hip Hop Porto (page does not exist)">Hip Hop Porto</a> is a free event held at Casa da Música, in September. It features mainly the northern hip hop names as headliners, drawing a very local audience. Its first edition in 2005 carded Rodney P, NBC, Blackmastah, Bomberjack, Rui Miguel Abreu, etc. Usually the event is held outdoors, but in 2006 the heavy rains made the event relocate to the parking lot of the building, causing a really "underground" look. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students_festivals">Students festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Students festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientiphicvs_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Scientiphicvs_2010.jpg/220px-Scientiphicvs_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Scientiphicvs_2010.jpg/330px-Scientiphicvs_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Scientiphicvs_2010.jpg/440px-Scientiphicvs_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuna_(music)" title="Tuna (music)">Tuna</a> group</figcaption></figure> <p>Festivals organised by students of several higher education institutions, take place every year across the country. The '<a href="/wiki/Queima_das_Fitas" title="Queima das Fitas">Queima das Fitas</a>' in <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> and 'Enterro da Gata' in Minho. Summer festivals include <a href="/wiki/Vilar_de_Mouros" title="Vilar de Mouros">Vilar de Mouros</a> Festival, <a href="/wiki/Festival_Sudoeste" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival Sudoeste">Festival Sudoeste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Rio_Lisboa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock in Rio Lisboa">Rock in Rio Lisboa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bock_Super_Rock" title="Super Bock Super Rock">Super Bock Super Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Festival_de_Paredes_de_Coura" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival de Paredes de Coura">Festival de Paredes de Coura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boom_Festival" title="Boom Festival">Boom Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilha_do_Ermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilha do Ermal">Ilha do Ermal</a> Festival, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pain%C3%A9is_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pain%C3%A9is_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente4.jpg/220px-Pain%C3%A9is_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pain%C3%A9is_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente4.jpg/330px-Pain%C3%A9is_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pain%C3%A9is_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente4.jpg/440px-Pain%C3%A9is_de_S%C3%A3o_Vicente4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_Panels" title="Saint Vincent Panels">Saint Vincent Panels</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Nuno Gonçalves">Nuno Gonçalves</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg/220px-Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg/330px-Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg/440px-Rock_Art_Foz_Coa_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Rock-Art_Site_of_the_C%C3%B4a_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Rock-Art Site of the Côa Valley">Prehistoric Rock-Art Site of the Côa Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_painters" title="List of Portuguese painters">List of Portuguese painters</a></div> <p>Portuguese art was very restricted in the early years of nationality, during the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">reconquista</a>, to a few paintings in churches, convents and palaces. </p><p>It was after the 15th century, with national borders established and with the discoveries, that Portuguese art expanded. Some kings, like <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I</a> already had royal painters. It is during this century that Gothic art was replaced by a more humanistic and Italian-like art. </p><p>During the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso V of Portugal">Alfonso V</a>, an important Portuguese artist <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Nuno Gonçalves">Nuno Gonçalves</a> shaped Portuguese art, leading it to gain local characteristics (<i>Escola Nacional</i>, National School). His influence on Portuguese art continued after his death. He was the royal painter for the famous <i>Retábulo do Altar das Relíquias de São Vicente</i> in the Cathedral of Lisbon (<i>Sé de Lisboa</i>). The painting caught fire and was replaced by a Baroque structure. Parts of his work still exist and can be found in the <i>Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga National</i> (Museum of Ancient Art). </p><p>During the Golden Age of Portugal, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese artists were influenced by Flemish art, and were in turn influential on Flemish artists of the same period. During this period, Portuguese art became internationally well-known, mostly because of its very original and diverse characteristics, but little is known about the artists of this time due to the medieval culture that considered painters to be artisans. The anonymous artists in the Portuguese "escolas" produced art not only for metropolitan Portugal but also for its colonies, namely <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and even Africa, gratifying the desires of local aristrocratic clients and religious clients. </p><p>In the 19th century, naturalist and realist painters like <a href="/wiki/Columbano_Bordalo_Pinheiro" title="Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro">Columbano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Pous%C3%A3o" title="Henrique Pousão">Henrique Pousão</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Silva_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="António Silva Porto">Silva Porto</a> revitalized painting against a decadent academic art. </p><p>In the early 20th century, Portuguese art increased both in quality and quantity, mainly due to members of the <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">Modernist</a> movement like <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_de_Souza_Cardoso" title="Amadeo de Souza Cardoso">Amadeo de Souza Cardoso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almada_Negreiros" title="Almada Negreiros">Almada Negreiros</a>. In the post-war years the abstractionist painter <a href="/wiki/Vieira_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Vieira da Silva">Vieira da Silva</a> settled in Paris and gained widespread recognition, as did her contemporary <a href="/wiki/Paula_Rego" title="Paula Rego">Paula Rego</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theater">Theater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gil_Vicente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gil_Vicente.jpg/220px-Gil_Vicente.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gil_Vicente.jpg/330px-Gil_Vicente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gil_Vicente.jpg/440px-Gil_Vicente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a>, 16th-century Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Portugal never developed a great Dramatic theatre tradition due primarily to the fact that the Portuguese were more passionate about lyric or humorous works than dramatic art. <a href="/wiki/Gil_Vicente" title="Gil Vicente">Gil Vicente</a> is often seen as the father of Portuguese theatre - he was the leading Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a> in the 16th century. During the 20th century, theatre found a way to reach out to the people, specially the middle class, through what in Portugal is known as "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Revista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revista (page does not exist)">Revista</a>" - a form of humorous and cartoonish theatre designed to expose and criticize social (and political) issues, but in a way that entertains and amuses the audience. </p><p>Gil Vicente (1435–1536) is considered the first great Portuguese playwright. Frequently called the father of Portuguese theatre, he portrays the society of the 16th century. Anticipating the 17th-century French writer <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Santeul" title="Jean-Baptiste de Santeul">Jean-Baptiste de Santeul</a>'s well-known phrase "castigat ridendo mores", Gil Vicente became famous for his satirical plays such as the "Triologia das Barcas" ("Auto da Barca do Inferno" (1517), "Auto da Barca do Purgatório" (1518); "Auto da Barca da Glória" (1518)). In these plays, he creates some characters who are representative of their social group. This results in not only comical, but also strong critical situations. Gil Vicente also wrote other important plays such as "Auto da Índia" (1509), "Auto da Fama" (1510), and "Farsa de Inês Pereira" (1523). </p><p>Another relevant playwright of the 16th century is <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Ferreira_(poet)" title="António Ferreira (poet)">António Ferreira</a> (1528–1569), who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Castro_(play)" title="Castro (play)">Castro</a></i> (1587), a well-known tragedy about the forbidden love between D. Pedro I and D. <a href="/wiki/In%C3%AAs_de_Castro" title="Inês de Castro">Inês de Castro</a>. António Ferreira is considered the father of Renaissance culture in Portugal. </p><p>One of the most famous playwrights of the 18th century is António José da Silva (1705–1739), commonly known as "O Judeu" because of his Judaic origins. He wrote several plays such as "Os Encantos de Medeia" (1735), "As Variedades de Proteu" (1737) and "Precipício de Faetonte" (1738). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Almeida Garrett</a> (1799–1854) was a turning point in Portuguese literature as far as the themes are concerned. His most outstanding play is "Frei Luís de Sousa" (1844), which became a classic of Portuguese theatre. Garrett also wrote "Um Auto de Gil Vicente" (1838), "Filipa de Vilhena" (1846) and "O Alfageme de Santarém" (1842). These three plays as well as "Frei Luís de Sousa" are somehow connected with Portuguese history. Furthermore, Garrett is also the founder of the "Conservatório Geral de Arte Dramática" as well as of the "Teatro Nacional D. Maria II". </p><p>As far as the 20th century is concerned, it's worth noticing Bernardo Santareno's (1920–1980) work. His most famous play is "O Judeu", based upon the life of António José da Silva, mentioned above. Santareno also wrote "A Promessa" (1957), "O Crime da Aldeia Velha" (1959) and "Anunciação" (1962). Most of his plays deal with universal questions such as liberty, oppression and discrimination. </p><p>Born in 1926, Luís de Sttau Monteiro (1926–1993) wrote several plays, some of them portraying and criticising Portuguese society of his time. His most famous play is "Felizmente Há Luar" (1961), which is a strong criticism of the political context of that time (dictatorship – Estado Novo). "O Barão" (1965), "A Guerra Santa" (1967) and "Sua Excelência" (1971) were also written by Sttau Monteiro. </p><p>In the 20th century, theatre in Portugal became more popular with the "Revista" – a comical and satirical form of theatre. It is a creative way of expressing one's ideas as well as criticising political and social problems. The most important actors who performed this form of theatre in the 20th century were Vasco Santana (1898–1958), Beatriz Costa (1907–1996) and <a href="/wiki/Ivone_Silva" title="Ivone Silva">Ivone Silva</a> (1935–1987). Nowadays it is worth mentioning Maria João Abreu, José Raposo and Fernando Mendes, who perform this form of theatre at the well known "<a href="/wiki/Parque_Mayer,_Lisbon" title="Parque Mayer, Lisbon">Parque Mayer</a>" (a theatre district in Lisbon where the "Revista" used to be performed). </p><p>Important Portuguese actors include <a href="/wiki/Ruy_de_Carvalho" title="Ruy de Carvalho">Ruy de Carvalho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Eunice Muñoz">Eunice Muñoz</a>, Rui Mendes, Irene Cruz and <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Miguel_Cintra" title="Luís Miguel Cintra">Luís Miguel Cintra</a>. </p><p>In later years, theatre in Portugal has developed into many other forms as in any other European country. Almost every repertoire can be seen in Portugal. Many companies have the works of Shakespeare, Molière, Brecht, Becket or Chekhov, and Portuguese classic and modern authors on their repertoire. Other companies show more experimental projects. All this makes the theatre repertoire very varied. Some of the most important professional theatre companies nowadays are: <a href="/wiki/Teatro_da_Cornuc%C3%B3pia" title="Teatro da Cornucópia">Teatro da Cornucópia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teatro_da_Comuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teatro da Comuna (page does not exist)">Teatro da Comuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Aberto" title="Teatro Aberto">Teatro Aberto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teatro_Meridional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teatro Meridional (page does not exist)">Teatro Meridional</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teatro_da_Garagem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teatro da Garagem (page does not exist)">Teatro da Garagem</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Companhia_de_Teatro_de_Almada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Companhia de Teatro de Almada (page does not exist)">Companhia de Teatro de Almada</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Companhia_Teatral_do_Chiado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Companhia Teatral do Chiado (page does not exist)">Companhia Teatral do Chiado</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Barraca" title="A Barraca">A Barraca</a>, Teatro dos Aloés, Teatro Praga, Artistas Unidos, Seiva Trupe, As boas raparigas, ACTA, among many others. </p><p>Portugal hosts several festivals such as FITEI, ACERT, FIAR, and the International Theatre Festival of Almada (FITA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion_and_design">Fashion and design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fashion and design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:They_can_make_anything_out_of_cork_in_Portugal!_(33974132358).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/They_can_make_anything_out_of_cork_in_Portugal%21_%2833974132358%29.jpg/220px-They_can_make_anything_out_of_cork_in_Portugal%21_%2833974132358%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/They_can_make_anything_out_of_cork_in_Portugal%21_%2833974132358%29.jpg/330px-They_can_make_anything_out_of_cork_in_Portugal%21_%2833974132358%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/They_can_make_anything_out_of_cork_in_Portugal%21_%2833974132358%29.jpg/440px-They_can_make_anything_out_of_cork_in_Portugal%21_%2833974132358%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>Natural cork bags.</figcaption></figure> <p>Industrialized, export-oriented <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">design</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitchenware" title="Kitchenware">kitchenware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a> industries, was pioneered by fashion designers like Eduarda Abbondanza, Mário Matos Ribeiro, Ana Salazar, José António Tenente, João Tomé, Francisco Pontes or Manuela Gonçalves, as well as textile industry industrialists established in places like <a href="/wiki/Ave_(intermunicipal_community)" title="Ave (intermunicipal community)">Vale do Ave</a>, in clothing;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several entrepreneurs of the Portuguese footwear industry;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vista_Alegre_Atlantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vista Alegre Atlantis">Vista Alegre Atlantis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Bordalo_Pinheiro" title="Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro">Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">tableware</a> and kitchenware;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and businesspersons of the old-established furniture industry heavily concentrated in and around places such as <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7os_de_Ferreira" title="Paços de Ferreira">Paços de Ferreira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paredes,_Portugal" title="Paredes, Portugal">Paredes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corkware and other <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a>-based products such as furniture, decorative items and floor and wall coatings, are also distinctive products found among typical designer creations of Portuguese origin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filigree-portugal-deusa_ii-0000634.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Filigree-portugal-deusa_ii-0000634.jpg/220px-Filigree-portugal-deusa_ii-0000634.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Filigree-portugal-deusa_ii-0000634.jpg/330px-Filigree-portugal-deusa_ii-0000634.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Filigree-portugal-deusa_ii-0000634.jpg/440px-Filigree-portugal-deusa_ii-0000634.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Typical Portuguese filigree heart shaped pendant, an iconic item in Portuguese fashion and design.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a> began to be produced in Portugal in the 8th century with the arrival of Arab migrants after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula">Umayyad invasion of Iberian Peninsula</a>, who brought new patterns with them. With time, the peninsula began to produce different filigree patterns, but while in Spain the filigree jewellery-making tradition became less relevant, in Portugal it was perfected. After the 18th century, Portuguese Filigree already had its own distinctive imagery, motifs and shapes. Filigree from the 17th and 18th centuries became famous for their extraordinary complexity. Gold and silver filigree jewellery of delicate and artistic design is still made in considerable quantities throughout the country, particularly filigree hearts, which are iconic symbols of Portuguese jewellery-making.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folklore">Folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves_06.JPG/220px-Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves_06.JPG/330px-Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves_06.JPG/440px-Anta_Cerqueira_em_Couto_Esteves_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Casa da Moura</a> (House of the Moura)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Trasgos</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">almas penadas</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">peeiras</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Jãs</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">maruxinhos</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">moledros</i></span>, and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">marafonas</i></span> are mythical beings that form part of Portuguese folklore. These legends and traditions are preserved in the lore and literature of older generations, frequently seen as the remains of pre-Christian traditions. The lore associates the ancient monuments to the legends of the <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Enchanted Mouras</a> and nearly every Portuguese town has a tale of a <a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Moura Encantada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivities_and_holidays">Festivities and holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Festivities and holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mascarados_no_Carnaval_de_Lazarim_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mascarados_no_Carnaval_de_Lazarim_01.jpg/220px-Mascarados_no_Carnaval_de_Lazarim_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mascarados_no_Carnaval_de_Lazarim_01.jpg/330px-Mascarados_no_Carnaval_de_Lazarim_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mascarados_no_Carnaval_de_Lazarim_01.jpg/440px-Mascarados_no_Carnaval_de_Lazarim_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> masks, known as <a href="/wiki/Careto" title="Careto">Careto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lazarim" title="Lazarim">Lazarim</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011-03-05_03-13_Madeira_045_Santana_(5543431418).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2011-03-05_03-13_Madeira_045_Santana_%285543431418%29.jpg/220px-2011-03-05_03-13_Madeira_045_Santana_%285543431418%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2011-03-05_03-13_Madeira_045_Santana_%285543431418%29.jpg/330px-2011-03-05_03-13_Madeira_045_Santana_%285543431418%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/2011-03-05_03-13_Madeira_045_Santana_%285543431418%29.jpg/440px-2011-03-05_03-13_Madeira_045_Santana_%285543431418%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Maios celebration in Madeira island <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701115102/http://www.gilvicente.eu/dbp/maios/maios.html">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the summer, in the month of June, festivities dedicated to three saints known as <i>Santos Populares</i> take place all over Portugal. Why the populace associated the saints to these pagan festivities is not known. But they are possibly related to Roman or local deities from the time before <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> spread in the region. The three saints are <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Saint Anthony</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Saint John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>. Common fare in these festivities are wine, <i>água-pé</i> (mostly grape juice), and traditional bread along with sardines. During the festivities are many weddings, traditional street dances and fireworks. </p><p>Saint Anthony is celebrated on the night of 12th-13 June, especially in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> (where that saint was born and lived most of his life), with <i><a href="/wiki/Marchas_Populares" title="Marchas Populares">Marchas Populares</a></i> (a street carnival) and other festivities. In the meantime, several marriages known as <i>Casamentos de Santo António</i> (Marriages of Saint Anthony) are made. But the most popular saint is Saint John, he is celebrated in many cities and towns throughout the country on the night of the 23rd-24th, especially in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Braga" title="Braga">Braga</a>, where the sardines, <i><a href="/wiki/Caldo_verde" title="Caldo verde">caldo verde</a></i> (traditional soup) and plastic hammers to hammer in another person's head for luck are indispensable. The final saint is Saint Peter, celebrated in the night of 28th-29th, especially in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3voa_de_Varzim" title="Póvoa de Varzim">Póvoa de Varzim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcelos,_Portugal" title="Barcelos, Portugal">Barcelos</a>, the festivities are similar to the others, but more dedicated to the sea and with an extensive use of fire (<i>fogueiras</i>). In Póvoa de Varzim, there is the <i>Rusgas</i> in the night, another sort of street carnival. Each festivity is a municipal holiday in the cities and towns where it occurs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carnaval25.jpg/220px-Carnaval25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carnaval25.jpg/330px-Carnaval25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Carnaval25.jpg/440px-Carnaval25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Carnival parade in <a href="/wiki/Loul%C3%A9" title="Loulé">Loulé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> region.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a> is also widely celebrated in Portugal, some traditional carnivals date back several centuries. <a href="/wiki/Loul%C3%A9" title="Loulé">Loulé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcobaça (Portugal)">Alcobaça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mealhada" title="Mealhada">Mealhada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovar" title="Ovar">Ovar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figueira_da_Foz" title="Figueira da Foz">Figueira da Foz</a>, among several other localities, hold several days of festivities, with parades where social and political criticism abound, along with music and dancing in an environment of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">euphorya</i></span>. There are some localities which preserve a more traditional carnival with typical elements of the ancient carnival traditions of Portugal and Europe. However, several parades in most localities have adopted many elements of the tropical <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Brazilian Carnival</a>. </p><p>On January 6, <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphany (feast)">Epiphany</a> is celebrated by some families, especially in the North and Center, where the family gathers to eat "<a href="/wiki/Bolo_Rei" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolo Rei">Bolo Rei</a>" (literally, King Cake, a cake made with crystallized fruits); this is also the time for the traditional <a href="/wiki/Carols" class="mw-redirect" title="Carols">carols</a> - "As Janeiras", the new year's <a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Saint Martin Day</a>, is celebrated on November 11. This day is the peak of three days, often with very good weather, it is known as <i>Verão de São Martinho</i> ("Saint Martin summer"), the Portuguese celebrate it with <i>jeropiga</i> (a sweet liqueur wine) and roasted Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Chestnuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Chestnuts">chestnuts</a> (<i>castanhas assadas</i>), and it is called <i>Magusto</i>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coca21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Festa da Coca" during the Corpus Christi celebration, in Monção, Portugal"><img alt=""Festa da Coca" during the Corpus Christi celebration, in Monção, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coca21.jpg/120px-Coca21.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coca21.jpg/180px-Coca21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coca21.jpg/240px-Coca21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="222" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Coco_(folklore)" title="Coco (folklore)">Festa da Coca</a>" during the <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a> celebration, in <a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Monção">Monção</a>, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Festa_do_mastro_fonte_arcada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Levantamento do mastro" in Fonte Arcada, Portugal"><img alt=""Levantamento do mastro" in Fonte Arcada, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Festa_do_mastro_fonte_arcada.jpg/120px-Festa_do_mastro_fonte_arcada.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Festa_do_mastro_fonte_arcada.jpg/180px-Festa_do_mastro_fonte_arcada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Festa_do_mastro_fonte_arcada.jpg/240px-Festa_do_mastro_fonte_arcada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Levantamento do mastro" in Fonte Arcada, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caretos in the carnival of Podence, Portugal"><img alt="Caretos in the carnival of Podence, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_17.jpg/120px-Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_17.jpg/180px-Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_17.jpg/240px-Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="1849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Careto" title="Careto">Caretos</a> in the carnival of Podence, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_de_Lazarim_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bride and her groom in the carnival of Lazarim, Portugal"><img alt="A bride and her groom in the carnival of Lazarim, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carnaval_de_Lazarim_03.jpg/90px-Carnaval_de_Lazarim_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carnaval_de_Lazarim_03.jpg/135px-Carnaval_de_Lazarim_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Carnaval_de_Lazarim_03.jpg/180px-Carnaval_de_Lazarim_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="2529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bride and her groom in the carnival of Lazarim, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flute player of Podence"><img alt="Flute player of Podence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_1.jpg/120px-Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_1.jpg/180px-Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_1.jpg/240px-Carnaval_de_Podence_2008_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Flute player of Podence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chocalheiro_da_bemposta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chocalheiro of Bemposta"><img alt="Chocalheiro of Bemposta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chocalheiro_da_bemposta.jpg/100px-Chocalheiro_da_bemposta.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Chocalheiro_da_bemposta.jpg/151px-Chocalheiro_da_bemposta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Chocalheiro_da_bemposta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="191" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chocalheiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chocalheiro (page does not exist)">Chocalheiro</a> of Bemposta</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_holidays">National holidays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: National holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid gray;font-size:95%"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Date</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td>January 1</td> <td>Ano Novo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>. Beginning of the year, marks the traditional end of "holiday season". </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuesday, <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">date varies</a></td> <td>Carnaval</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>. (Also called Mardi Gras). Not an official holiday, but declared by the government as a non-working day. Very ancient festival celebrating the end of the winter. It gained Christian connotations, and now marks the first day of a period of 40 days before Easter Week (<i>Semana Santa</i>, Holy Week), thus also known as <i>Entrudo</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Friday, <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">date varies</a></td> <td>Sexta-Feira Santa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday" title="Good Friday">Good Friday</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sunday, <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">date varies</a></td> <td>Páscoa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. Used for family gathering to eat <i>Pão-de-Ló</i> and "Folar" (an Easter cake) and Easter eggs. In the North, a sort of church members processions (<i>compasso</i>) visits and blesses every home with an open door, thus meaning they are Catholics. Traditionally, this is the second visit of children and non-married youngsters to their <a href="/wiki/Godparents" class="mw-redirect" title="Godparents">godparents</a>, receiving an Easter gift. The first visit is on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, 7 days before, where children give flowers and palms to their godparents. </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 25</td> <td>Dia da Liberdade</td> <td>Literally, "Freedom Day". Celebrates the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, marking the end of the dictatorial regime. Event of 1974. </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1</td> <td>Dia do Trabalhador</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Day" title="Labour Day">Labour Day</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thursday, <a href="/wiki/Computus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computus">date varies</a></td> <td>Corpo de Deus</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_(feast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi (feast)">Corpus Christi</a>. Christian feast celebrating the Eucharist. </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 10</td> <td>Dia de Portugal, de Camões e das Comunidades Portuguesas</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal_Day" title="Portugal Day">Portugal Day</a>. Marks the date of <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_de_Cam%C3%B5es" title="Luís de Camões">Camões</a> death. Camões wrote The <a href="/wiki/Lusiad" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusiad">Lusiads</a>, Portugal's national epic. Event of 1580. Celebrated in many of Portuguese communities in the United States of America, such as the Ironbound in Newark, New Jersey </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 15</td> <td>Assunção</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 5</td> <td>Implantação da República</td> <td>Implantation of the Republic, or <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a>. Event of 1910. </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1</td> <td>Todos os Santos</td> <td><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>. Day used for visiting deceased relatives. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 1</td> <td>Restauração da Independência</td> <td>Restoration of Independence. Event of 1640. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 8</td> <td>Imaculada Conceição</td> <td>Immaculate Conception. Patron Saint of Portugal since 1646. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 25</td> <td>Natal</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>. Celebrated in the 24th to the 25th as a family gathering to eat <a href="/wiki/Codfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Codfish">codfish</a> with <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, roasted kid and turkey; seasonal sweets and dry fruits; drink <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">Port wine</a>; and share gifts. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Portuguese popular song: (English Translation) </p> <ul><li>"Santo António já se acabou. (Saint Anthony is over)</li> <li>O São Pedro está-se a acabar. (Saint Peter is ending)</li> <li>São João, São João, São João, (Saint John, Saint John, Saint John)</li> <li>Dá cá um balão para eu brincar." (Give me a balloon, for me to play)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_and_games">Sports and games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sports and games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport in Portugal</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Portugal" title="Football in Portugal">Football in Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg/220px-Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg/330px-Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg/440px-Portugiesische_Fans_bei_der_Euro_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> fans supporting the <a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portugal national football team</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Portugal. Football started to become well known in Portugal in the final decades of the 19th century, brought by Portuguese students who returned from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. </p><p>The first person responsible for its implementation was <a href="/wiki/Guilherme_Pinto_Basto" title="Guilherme Pinto Basto">Guilherme Pinto Basto</a> (according to some people, his brothers Eduardo and Frederico brought the first ball from England). It was he who had the initiative to organise an exhibition of the new game, which took place in October 1888 in <a href="/wiki/Cascais" title="Cascais">Cascais</a>, and it was also Pinto Basto who organized the first official football match in January of the following year. The match, played where today is found the <i><a href="/wiki/Campo_Pequeno_Bullring" title="Campo Pequeno Bullring">Campo Pequeno Bullring</a></i> in Lisbon, involved opposing teams from <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Portugal" title="Football in Portugal">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Football_in_England" title="Football in England">England</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portuguese team</a> won the game 2–1. Consequently, football started attracting the attention of the high society, being distinguished by the Luso-British rivalry. </p><p>Later, the game spread, being practiced in colleges, and leading to the foundation of clubs all over the country. Until the end of the century, associations such as <i>Clube Lisbonense</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carcavelos" title="Carcavelos">Carcavelos</a></i>, <i>Braço de Prata</i>, the <i>Real Ginásio Clube Português</i>, the <i>Estrela Futebol Clube</i>, the <i>Futebol Académico</i>, the <i>Campo de Ourique</i>, the Oporto Cricket, and the <i>Sport Clube Vianense</i> were founded to practice this sport or created sections for competing. The first match, between <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, took place in 1894, attended by King D. Carlos. The <i>Clube Internacional de Futebol</i> (founded in 1902) was the first Portuguese team to play abroad defeating, in 1907, the <i>Madrid Futebol Clube</i> in the Spanish capital. </p><p>The oldest football club in Portugal is <i><a href="/wiki/Futebol_Clube_do_Porto" class="mw-redirect" title="Futebol Clube do Porto">Futebol Clube do Porto</a></i> which was founded in 1893 (as Foot-Ball Club do Porto). <i><a href="/wiki/S.L._Benfica" title="S.L. Benfica">Sport Lisboa e Benfica</a></i> was born in 1904, with <a href="/wiki/Cosme_Dami%C3%A3o" title="Cosme Damião">Cosme Damião</a> and other people being the founders (the club maintained the foundation date of <i>Sport Lisboa</i>, founded in 1904, when in 1908 assimilated the <i>Grupo Sport Benfica</i>, founded in 1906). The <i><a href="/wiki/Boavista_Futebol_Clube" class="mw-redirect" title="Boavista Futebol Clube">Boavista Futebol Clube</a></i> was founded in 1903. The <i><a href="/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting Clube de Portugal">Sporting Clube de Portugal</a></i> was founded in 1906 by the Viscount of Alvalade and his grandson José de Alvalade. They are all clubs that traditionally have several sports activities but they give great distinction to football, making use of teams of professional players, which frequently participate in European competitions. </p><p>In April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portugal national football team</a> was ranked 3rd out of 207 countries by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. The legendary <a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio" title="Eusébio">Eusébio</a> is still a symbol of Portuguese football. <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo" title="Luís Figo">Luís Figo</a> was voted 2001 Player of the Year by FIFA, after finishing 2nd in 2000. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rui_Costa" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Rui Costa">Manuel Rui Costa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo" title="Cristiano Ronaldo">Cristiano Ronaldo</a> are also noteworthy, although <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Ba%C3%ADa" title="Vítor Baía">Vítor Baía</a> is the player in history with most titles won, including all European club cups. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho" title="José Mourinho">José Mourinho</a> is regarded as one of the most successful and well-paid football managers in football's history. The main domestic <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> competition is the <a href="/wiki/Primeira_Liga" title="Primeira Liga">Primeira Liga</a>, where the dominating teams are <a href="/wiki/S.L._Benfica" title="S.L. Benfica">S.L. Benfica</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Porto" title="FC Porto">FC Porto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sporting_CP" title="Sporting CP">Sporting CP</a>. Portugal hosted and nearly won <a href="/wiki/EURO_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="EURO 2004">EURO 2004</a>, getting defeated in the final by surprise winner <a href="/wiki/Greece_national_football_team" title="Greece national football team">Greece</a>. The Portuguese national team also reached the semi-finals of the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> twice, in 1966, when Eusébio was the top scorer, with 9 goals, and also in 2006. The year 2006 was the year that Portugal nearly won the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> tournament, ranking 4th overall, being defeated by <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany</a>. This was the first time since 1966, that the Portuguese football team had advanced to such a high qualifying round in a World Cup tournament. The national team defeated hosts <a href="/wiki/French_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="French national football team">France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">2016 edition of the UEFA Euro</a>, their first major international trophy. </p><p>Other than football, many other professional and well organized sport competitions take place every season in Portugal, including <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> among the hundreds of sports played in this country. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a>, with <i><a href="/wiki/Volta_a_Portugal" title="Volta a Portugal">Volta a Portugal</a></i> as the most important race, is also popular. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Rink_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rink hockey">rink hockey</a>, Portugal is the country with the most world titles: 15 <a href="/wiki/Rink_Hockey_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Rink Hockey World Championship">World Championships</a> and 20 <a href="/wiki/Rink_Hockey_European_Championship" title="Rink Hockey European Championship">European Championships</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">rugby sevens</a>, the Portuguese team has won many international trophies, having as of July 2006, five European Championship titles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a> is also worth mentioning, since its greatest players play in the sunny region of the <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, during the <i>Algarve Open</i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_do_Estoril" class="mw-redirect" title="Autódromo do Estoril">Autódromo Fernanda Pires da Silva</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Estoril" title="Estoril">Estoril</a>, near Lisbon, is the main Portuguese race track, where many motorsport competitions are held, including the <a href="/wiki/MotoGP" class="mw-redirect" title="MotoGP">World Motorcycling Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/A1_Grand_Prix" title="A1 Grand Prix">A1 Grand Prix</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally of Portugal">Rally of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rally_Madeira" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally Madeira">Rally Madeira</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Off-road" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-road">off-road</a> (with the Baja Portugal 1000 and recently <a href="/wiki/Dakar_Rally" title="Dakar Rally">Lisboa-Dakar</a>) events also have international recognition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a> is also giving important steps, thanks to the world cup leader <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Fernandes" title="Vanessa Fernandes">Vanessa Fernandes</a>, and her European and world titles. She is also the <a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">duathlon</a> European and world champion. </p><p>The national team of <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting sports</a> won the gold medal in the teams event, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Cleto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Cleto (page does not exist)">Paulo Cleto</a> won silver in the single men's competition. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a> like <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a> have also brought many medals to this country, namely <a href="/wiki/Telma_Monteiro" title="Telma Monteiro">Telma Monteiro</a>, who conquered gold twice at the European Championships in the -52 kg category, bronze in 2005 world championship in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and achieved silver in <a href="/wiki/2007_World_Judo_Championships" title="2007 World Judo Championships">2007 World Judo Championships</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nuno_Delgado" title="Nuno Delgado">Nuno Delgado</a>, who conquered the bronze medal in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics" title="2000 Summer Olympics">2000 Summer Olympics</a> in Sydney, also became the European champion in 1999 (in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>), and vice-champion in the year of 2003. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Centeno" title="Manuel Centeno">Manuel Centeno</a> is also a major name in Portuguese sports, as he conquered the national, European and the world titles, in 2006 in <a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">bodyboarding</a> after being the European champion back in 2001. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justin_Mujica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justin Mujica (page does not exist)">Justin Mujica</a>, European surfing champion in 2004, is now back in the competitions after recovering from a knee injury. <a href="/wiki/Tiago_Pires_(surfer)" title="Tiago Pires (surfer)">Tiago Pires</a> reached the number one position at <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Surfing_Professionals" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Surfing Professionals">ASP WQS</a> rating, and will probably be part of the main surfing competition. Ruben Gonzalez is an international acclaimed surfer and the only one to achieve the national title in two consecutive tournaments. </p><p>The Portuguese team of <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> made a unique qualification to the European Championships and made through the second round, where it was eliminated. </p><p><i>"Os Lobos"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_rugby_union_team" title="Portugal national rugby union team">Portugal national rugby union team</a>) made a dramatic qualification to the <a href="/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup" title="2007 Rugby World Cup">2007 Rugby World Cup</a>, becoming the world's only all-amateur team ever to qualify for that kind of event. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Videira" title="Joaquim Videira">Joaquim Videira</a> won the silver medal at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Épée">épée</a> <a href="/wiki/2006_World_Fencing_Championships" title="2006 World Fencing Championships">2006 World Fencing Championships</a>, and has conquered numerous medals in the world cup. </p><p>The major Portuguese professional sports leagues, championships and events include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Football Championship">Portuguese Football Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cup of Portugal">Cup of Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Futsal_First_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Futsal First Division">Portuguese Futsal First Division</a> in <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Basketball_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Basketball League">Portuguese Basketball League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Roller_Hockey_First_Division" title="Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division">Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rink_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rink hockey">rink hockey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Handball_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Handball League">Portuguese Handball League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeonato_Nacional_Honra/Super_Bock" class="mw-redirect" title="Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock">Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Volleyball_League_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Volleyball League A1">Portuguese Volleyball League A1</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Beach_Soccer_League" title="Portuguese Beach Soccer League">Portuguese Beach Soccer League</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">beach soccer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta_a_Portugal" title="Volta a Portugal">Volta a Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">road cycling</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally of Portugal">Rally of Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Motor_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor racing">motor racing</a>.</li></ul> <p>The country has an ancient <a href="/wiki/Martial_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial art">martial art</a> known as <i>"<a href="/wiki/Jogo_do_Pau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogo do Pau">Jogo do Pau</a>"</i> (Portuguese Stick Fencing), which is used for self-protection and for duels between young men in disputes over young women. Having its origin in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Jogo do Pau uses wooden staves as a combat weapon. </p><p>Other sports are the <i>"Jogos Populares"</i>, a wide variety of traditional sports played for fun. </p><p>In addition to this, other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities with thousands of enthusiasts nationwide include <a href="/wiki/Airsoft" title="Airsoft">airsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">orienteering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereotypes">Stereotypes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Stereotypes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of stereotypes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Povinho" title="Zé Povinho">Zé Povinho</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_poetry" title="Portuguese poetry">Portuguese poetry</a></li> <li>List of cultural icons of Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Portugal" title="List of museums in Portugal">List of museums in Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_villages_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic villages of Portugal">Historic villages of Portugal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Revista+RUA&rft.atitle=A+corti%C3%A7a+portuguesa+%C3%A9+destacada+numa+das+principais+montras+do+design+do+mundo&rft.date=2020-02-13&rft.au=Reda%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistarua.pt%2Fa-cortica-portuguesa-e-destacada-numa-das-principais-montras-do-design-do-mundo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secretsfromportugal.com/filigree-portuguese-culture/">"Filigree and its origin rooted in Portuguese culture"</a>. <i>Secrets From Portugal</i>. 2019-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secrets+From+Portugal&rft.atitle=Filigree+and+its+origin+rooted+in+Portuguese+culture&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecretsfromportugal.com%2Ffiligree-portuguese-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.portico-magazine.com/articles/filigrana-filigree-twisted-strands-of-the-portuguese-soul">"Filigrana / Filigree — Twisted Strands of The Portuguese Soul"</a>. <i>PORTICO magazine by Vanguard Properties</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PORTICO+magazine+by+Vanguard+Properties&rft.atitle=Filigrana+%2F+Filigree+%E2%80%94+Twisted+Strands+of+The+Portuguese+Soul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.portico-magazine.com%2Farticles%2Ffiligrana-filigree-twisted-strands-of-the-portuguese-soul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igespar.pt/pt/patrimonio/pesquisa/geral/patrimonioimovel/detail/74385/">Igespar Ip | Património</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Portugal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Folktale indexes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.iscte-iul.pt/~fgvs/Cardigos">"Contos Maravilhosos: Adversários Sobrenaturais (300–99)"</a> (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606205706/http://home.iscte-iul.pt/~fgvs/Cardigos">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contos+Maravilhosos%3A+Advers%C3%A1rios+Sobrenaturais+%28300%E2%80%9399%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.iscte-iul.pt%2F~fgvs%2FCardigos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Portugal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Correia, Paulo Jorge. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/135206/1/contotradicionalportuguessecxxi_2021_ebook.pdf">CONTOS TRADICIONAIS PORTUGUESES (com as versões análogas dos países lusófonos)</a></i>. IELT (Instituto de Estudos de Literatura e Tradição), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-989-8968-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-989-8968-08-1">978-989-8968-08-1</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Folktale collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Braga" title="Teófilo Braga">Braga, Teófilo</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bdalentejo.net/BDAObra/BDADigital/Obra.aspx?id=280#">Contos Tradicionais do Povo Português</a></i>. Vol. I. Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote, 1999.</li> <li>Coelho, Francisco Adolfo. <i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Tales_of_Old_Lusitania">Tales of Lusitania from The Folklore of Portugal</a></i>. Translated by Henriqueta Monteiro. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1888.</li> <li>Pires, António Thomaz. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bdalentejo.net/BDAObra/BDADigital/Obra.aspx?id=66#">Contos Populares Alentejanos, recolhidos na tradição oral</a></i>. Lisboa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1992. (in Portuguese)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oestriminis" title="Oestriminis">Oestriminis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiussa" title="Ophiussa">Ophiussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanians" title="Lusitanians">Lusitanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zamora" title="Treaty of Zamora">Treaty of Zamora</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifestis_Probatum" title="Manifestis Probatum">Manifestis Probatum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Portuguese_interregnum" title="1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum">1383–1385 interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Portuguese golden age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1761 Lisbon earthquake">1761 Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">History of Portugal (1777–1834)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 de Maio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Overseas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/80px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/120px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Portuguese_shield.svg/160px-Portuguese_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Portugal" title="Geography of Portugal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Portugal" title="List of cities in Portugal">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Portugal" title="List of mountains in Portugal">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Portugal" title="List of islands of Portugal">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Portugal" title="List of lakes of Portugal">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Portugal" title="List of rivers of Portugal">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Portugal" title="List of earthquakes in Portugal">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Portugal" title="List of volcanoes in Portugal">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Portugal" title="Administrative divisions of Portugal">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Portugal" title="Judiciary of Portugal">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Portugal" title="Law of Portugal">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Portugal" title="Law enforcement in Portugal">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Portugal" title="Human rights in Portugal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Portugal">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Portugal" title="Agriculture in Portugal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Portugal" title="Exclusive economic zone of Portugal">Exclusive Economic Zone <span style="font-size:85%;">(EEZ)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Portugal">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Portugal" title="Mining in Portugal">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Portugal" title="Science and technology in Portugal">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Lisbon" title="Euronext Lisbon">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Portugal" title="Tourism in Portugal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Portugal" title="Transport in Portugal">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Portugal" title="Category:Society of Portugal">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Portugal" title="Crime in Portugal">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Portugal" title="Demographics of Portugal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Portugal" title="Education in Portugal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Portugal" title="Health in Portugal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Portugal" title="Homelessness in Portugal">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Portugal" title="Housing in Portugal">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Portugal" title="Immigration to Portugal">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Portugal" title="Languages of Portugal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Portugal" title="Naturism in Portugal">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Portugal" title="Prostitution in Portugal">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Portugal" title="Time in Portugal">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_architecture" title="Portuguese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Portugal" title="Cinema of Portugal">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Portugal" title="Mass media in Portugal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_Portugal" title="List of national monuments of Portugal">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Portugal" title="Public holidays in Portugal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Portugal" title="Sport in Portugal">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Portugal" title="National symbols of Portugal">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Portugal" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Portugal">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Portugal" title="Outline of Portugal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Portugal-related_articles" title="Index of Portugal-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portugal" title="Category:Portugal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture" title="Template:Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture" title="Template talk:Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Andorra" title="Culture of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Austria" title="Culture of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Culture of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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