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id="toc-Transfer_of_the_see_to_Moscow;_de_facto_independence_of_the_Russian_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_the_see_to_Moscow;_de_facto_independence_of_the_Russian_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Transfer of the see to Moscow; de facto independence of the Russian Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_the_see_to_Moscow;_de_facto_independence_of_the_Russian_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autocephaly_and_schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autocephaly_and_schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Autocephaly and schism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autocephaly_and_schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synodal_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synodal_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Synodal period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synodal_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fin-de-siècle_religious_renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fin-de-siècle_religious_renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Fin-de-siècle religious renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fin-de-siècle_religious_renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Russian Revolution and Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Soviet period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persecution_under_Khrushchev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_under_Khrushchev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Persecution under Khrushchev </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_under_Khrushchev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glasnost_and_evidence_of_collaboration_with_the_KGB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glasnost_and_evidence_of_collaboration_with_the_KGB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.2 Glasnost and evidence of collaboration with the KGB </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glasnost_and_evidence_of_collaboration_with_the_KGB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Post-Soviet era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patriarch_Aleksey_II_(1990–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch_Aleksey_II_(1990–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 Patriarch Aleksey II (1990–2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch_Aleksey_II_(1990–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patriarch_Kirill_(since_2009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patriarch_Kirill_(since_2009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.2 Patriarch Kirill (since 2009) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patriarch_Kirill_(since_2009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schism_with_Constantinople" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schism_with_Constantinople"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.3 Schism with Constantinople </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schism_with_Constantinople-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.4 Russian invasion of Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Structure and organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_and_organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure and organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orthodox_Church_in_America_(OCA)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox_Church_in_America_(OCA)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Orthodox Church in America (OCA) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox_Church_in_America_(OCA)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia_(ROCOR)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia_(ROCOR)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia_(ROCOR)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-governing_branches_of_the_ROC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-governing_branches_of_the_ROC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Self-governing branches of the ROC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-governing_branches_of_the_ROC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_and_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Worship and practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship_and_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship and practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Canonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icon_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icon_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Icon painting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icon_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_ringing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_ringing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bell ringing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_ringing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenism_and_interfaith_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenism_and_interfaith_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ecumenism and interfaith relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenism_and_interfaith_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Russian Orthodox Church</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 81 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" > 81 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russies-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Russies-Ortodokse Kerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Russies-Ortodokse Kerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنيسة الروسية الأرثوذكسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_ortodoxe_de_Russie" title="Égllése ortodoxe de Russie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése ortodoxe de Russie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_Ortodoxa_Rusa" title="Ilesia Ortodoxa Rusa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesia Ortodoxa Rusa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus_Pravoslav_Kils%C9%99si" title="Rus Pravoslav Kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rus Pravoslav Kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Рус православие сиркәүе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рус православие сиркәүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Руская праваслаўная царква – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руская праваслаўная царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Расейская праваслаўная царква – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расейская праваслаўная царква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortodoksong_Simbahan_nin_Rusya" title="Ortodoksong Simbahan nin Rusya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ortodoksong Simbahan nin Rusya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Руска православна църква – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руска православна църква" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Ortodoxa_Russa" title="Església Ortodoxa Russa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Església Ortodoxa Russa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Вырăс Православи Чиркĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вырăс Православи Чиркĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Ortodoksong_Ruso" title="Simbahang Ortodoksong Ruso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Simbahang Ortodoksong Ruso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_pravoslavn%C3%A1_c%C3%ADrkev" title="Ruská pravoslavná církev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ruská pravoslavná církev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russisk-ortodokse_kirke" title="Den russisk-ortodokse kirke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den russisk-ortodokse kirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-Orthodoxe_Kirche" title="Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russisch-Orthodoxe Kirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene_%C3%95igeusu_Kirik" title="Vene Õigeusu Kirik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vene Õigeusu Kirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ρωσική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσική Ορθόδοξη Εκκλησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ortodoxa_rusa" title="Iglesia ortodoxa rusa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesia ortodoxa rusa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusa_Ortodoksa_Eklezio" title="Rusa Ortodoksa Eklezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusa Ortodoksa Eklezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusiako_Eliza_Ortodoxoa" title="Errusiako Eliza Ortodoxoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusiako Eliza Ortodoxoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کلیسای ارتدکس روسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای ارتدکس روسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_orthodoxe_russe" title="Église orthodoxe russe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église orthodoxe russe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russysk-Otterdokse_Tsjerke" title="Russysk-Otterdokse Tsjerke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Russysk-Otterdokse Tsjerke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaglais_Cheartchreidmheach_na_R%C3%BAise" title="Eaglais Cheartchreidmheach na Rúise – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eaglais Cheartchreidmheach na Rúise" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexa_ortodoxa_rusa" title="Igrexa ortodoxa rusa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexa ortodoxa rusa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="러시아 정교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아 정교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%BC_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Ռուս ուղղափառ եկեղեցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուս ուղղափառ եկեղեցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="रूसी पारम्परिक ईसाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रूसी पारम्परिक ईसाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruska_pravoslavna_Crkva" title="Ruska pravoslavna Crkva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ruska pravoslavna Crkva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Rusia" title="Gereja Ortodoks Rusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Ortodoks Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAssneska_r%C3%A9tttr%C3%BAna%C3%B0arkirkjan" title="Rússneska rétttrúnaðarkirkjan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rússneska rétttrúnaðarkirkjan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_ortodossa_russa" title="Chiesa ortodossa russa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiesa ortodossa russa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הכנסייה האורתודוקסית הרוסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכנסייה האורתודוקסית הרוסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ja_Ortodoks_Ruslan" title="Gréja Ortodoks Ruslan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gréja Ortodoks Ruslan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რუსეთის მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსეთის მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Kiorthodoksi_la_Urusi" title="Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Urusi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Kiorthodoksi la Urusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Роч православнӧй вичко – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Роч православнӧй вичко" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Orthodoxa_Russica" title="Ecclesia Orthodoxa Russica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Orthodoxa Russica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krievu_Pareiztic%C4%ABg%C4%81_bazn%C4%ABca" title="Krievu Pareizticīgā baznīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krievu Pareizticīgā baznīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusijos_sta%C4%8Diatiki%C5%B3_ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia" title="Rusijos stačiatikių bažnyčia – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusijos stačiatikių bažnyčia" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6ssisch-Orthodoxe_K%C3%A8rk" title="Rössisch-Orthodoxe Kèrk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rössisch-Orthodoxe Kèrk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosz_ortodox_egyh%C3%A1z" title="Orosz ortodox egyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orosz ortodox egyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Руска православна црква – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руска православна црква" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_%C3%94rt%C3%B4d%C3%B4ksa_Rosiana" title="Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Rosiana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana Ôrtôdôksa Rosiana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knisja_Ortodossa_Russa" title="Knisja Ortodossa Russa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Knisja Ortodossa Russa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكنيسه الروسيه الارثوذكسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكنيسه الروسيه الارثوذكسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Rusia" title="Gereja Ortodoks Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Ortodoks Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-Orthodoxe_Kerk" title="Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russisch-Orthodoxe Kerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%AD%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="ロシア正教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロシア正教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Оьрсийн Ортодоксан Килс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Оьрсийн Ортодоксан Килс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russisk-ortodokse_kirke" title="Den russisk-ortodokse kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den russisk-ortodokse kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_russisk-ortodokse_kyrkja" title="Den russisk-ortodokse kyrkja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den russisk-ortodokse kyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Руш танле черке – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Руш танле черке" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="روسی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیسیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روسی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="د روسیې ارتودوکس کلیسا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د روسیې ارتودوکس کلیسا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%87_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Роч буркывья вичку – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Роч буркывья вичку" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyjski_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_Prawos%C5%82awny" title="Rosyjski Kościół Prawosławny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosyjski Kościół Prawosławny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igreja_Ortodoxa_Russa" title="Igreja Ortodoxa Russa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igreja Ortodoxa Russa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%C4%83_Rus%C4%83" title="Biserica Ortodoxă Rusă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Ortodoxă Rusă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" title="Русская православная церковь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русская православная церковь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisha_Ortodokse_Ruse" title="Kisha Ortodokse Ruse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kisha Ortodokse Ruse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Russian Orthodox Church" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%C3%A1_pravosl%C3%A1vna_cirkev" title="Ruská pravoslávna cirkev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ruská pravoslávna cirkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For buildings of this name, see <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Russian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)">Russian Orthodox Church (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Russian Orthodox Cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg/45px-Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg/68px-Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg/90px-Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="648" /></a> Russian Orthodox Church (<a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Moscow Patriarchate</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Русская православная церковь</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg/220px-Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg/330px-Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg/440px-Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="4516" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">ROC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodoxy">Russian Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bible" title="Elizabeth Bible">Elizabeth Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Russian_Synodal_Bible" title="Russian Synodal Bible">Synodal Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church">Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Primate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Bishops</th><td class="infobox-data">382 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-PATRIARCHIA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Clergy</th><td class="infobox-data">40,514 full-time clerics, including 35,677 presbyters and 4,837 deacons<a href="#cite_note-PATRIARCHIA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Parishes</th><td class="infobox-data">38,649 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-PATRIARCHIA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dioceses</th><td class="infobox-data">314 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Monasteries</th><td class="infobox-data">972 (474 male and 498 female) (2019)<a href="#cite_note-PATRIARCHIA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Associations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a><a href="#cite_note-EasternOrthodox-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_diaspora" title="Russian diaspora">Russian diaspora</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a> (worship), <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (sermon and paperwork); in addition: languages of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">national minorities in Russia</a> professing Eastern Orthodoxy; local languages in diaspora (first of all, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Danilov_Monastery" title="Danilov Monastery">Danilov Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Russian_Orthodox_Church&params=55_42_40_N_37_37_45_E_type:city">55°42′40″N 37°37′45″E / 55.71111°N 37.62917°E / 55.71111; 37.62917</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">988 <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Independence</th><td class="infobox-data">1448, de facto<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Recognition</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1589, by <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople</a></li><li>1593, by Pan-Orthodox Synod of Patriarchs at Constantinople</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> (mid-17th century)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a> (1920s)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a> (1927–2007)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a> (2022)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvian Orthodox Church</a> (2022)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">110 million (95 million in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, total of 15 million in the linked autonomous churches)<a href="#cite_note-Pravmir1-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pravmir2-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Other name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Russian Church</li><li>Moscow Patriarchate</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchia.ru/">patriarchia.ru</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li></ul> </div> Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> Semi-Autonomous: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> Fast</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Eastern Orthodox cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Русская православная церковь, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov', abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Московский патриархат, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Moskovskiy patriarkhat),<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a> church. It has 194 dioceses inside Russia.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> of the ROC is the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a> commenced in 988 with the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> and his subjects by the clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople</a>, which traditionally marks the beginning of the history of Russian Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201216-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobson20101108-16">[15]</a> Starting in the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> served as the primary residence of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitans_and_patriarchs_of_Moscow" title="List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow">metropolitan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201217-17">[16]</a> and in 1448, the ROC declared <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201218–19-18">[17]</a> Later, in 1589, the metropolitan of Moscow was elevated to the position of patriarch with the consent of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201220-19">[18]</a> In the mid-17th century, a series of reforms led to <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">a schism in the Russian Church</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> opposed the changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201222-20">[19]</a> The ROC currently claims exclusive <a href="/wiki/Canonical_territory" title="Canonical territory">jurisdiction</a> over the Eastern Orthodox Christians, irrespective of their ethnic background, who reside in the former <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">member republics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. The ROC also created the <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly#Autonomy" title="Autocephaly">autonomous</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Church of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Chinese Orthodox Church</a>. The ROC <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">eparchies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a>, since the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, enjoy various degrees of self-government, albeit short of the status of formal ecclesiastical autonomy. The ROC should also not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a> (or ROCOR, also known as the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad), headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The ROCOR was instituted in the 1920s by Russian communities outside the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, which had refused to recognise the authority of the Moscow Patriarchate that was de facto headed by <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sergius_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Sergius of Moscow">Sergius Stragorodsky</a>. The two churches <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Canonical_Communion_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate">reconciled on 17 May 2007</a>; the ROCOR is now a self-governing part of the Russian Orthodox Church. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">History of the Russian Orthodox Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg/220px-Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg/330px-Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg/440px-Cross_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>The three-barred cross of the Russian Orthodox Church. The slanted bottom bar represents the footrest, while the top is the <a href="/wiki/Titulus_Crucis" title="Titulus Crucis">titulus</a> (often "INRI") affixed by the Roman authorities to Christ's cross during his crucifixion</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></div> One of the foundational narratives associated with the history of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodoxy</a> in Russia is found in the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a>, which says that the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Apostle Andrew</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a> along the northern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> before making his way to <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201420Apostle_Andrew,_while_preaching_in_the_Greek_colony_of_Sinope_on_the_south_shore_of_the_Black_Sea,_decided_to_journey_to_Rome..._via_Cherson_in_the_Crimea_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201420Apostle_Andrew,_while_preaching_in_the_Greek_colony_of_Sinope_on_the_south_shore_of_the_Black_Sea,_decided_to_journey_to_Rome..._via_Cherson_in_the_Crimea-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201216The_history_of_Orthodoxy_in_Russia_is_associated_with_two_foundational_narratives._The_first_relates_to_its_apostolic_roots-22">[21]</a> According to the legend, Andrew reached the future location of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a> and foretold the foundation of a great Christian city with many churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201420On_the_way_he_stopped_first_at_the_site_of_the_future_city_of_Kiev,_where,_predictably,_he_prophesied_the_founding_of_a_great_town_with_many_churches_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201420On_the_way_he_stopped_first_at_the_site_of_the_future_city_of_Kiev,_where,_predictably,_he_prophesied_the_founding_of_a_great_town_with_many_churches-23">[22]</a> Then, "he came to the [land of the] <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Slavs" title="Novgorod Slavs">Slovenians</a> where <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> now [stands]" and observed the locals, before eventually arriving in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201420-24">[23]</a> Despite the lack of historical evidence supporting this narrative, modern church historians in Russia have often incorporated this tale into their studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201216-15">[14]</a> In the 10th century, Christianity began to take root in <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201425-25">[24]</a> Towards the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor</a>, Christians are mentioned among the <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201424-26">[25]</a> In the text about the treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 944–945, the chronicler also records the oath-taking ceremony that took place in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> for Igor's envoys as well as the equivalent ceremony that took place in Kiev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201425-25">[24]</a> Igor's wife <a href="/wiki/Olga_of_Kiev" title="Olga of Kiev">Olga</a> was baptized sometime in the mid-10th century; however, scholars have disputed the exact year and place of her conversion, with dates ranging from 946 to 960.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201426Not_that_anyone_doubts_that_she_was_baptized._All_are_agreed_on_that._But_when,_where_and_under_what_circumstances?_These_are_the_questions_that_divide_the_academics_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201426Not_that_anyone_doubts_that_she_was_baptized._All_are_agreed_on_that._But_when,_where_and_under_what_circumstances?_These_are_the_questions_that_divide_the_academics-27">[26]</a> Most scholars tend to agree that she was baptized in Constantinople, though some argue that her conversion took place in Kiev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201426-28">[27]</a> Olga's son <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sviatoslav I of Kiev">Sviatoslav</a> opposed conversion, despite persuasion from his mother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201425-25">[24]</a> and there is little information about Christianity in sources in the period between 969 and 988.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201431-29">[28]</a> Ten years after seizing power, Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir</a> was baptized in 988 and began <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianizing his people</a> upon his return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201435-30">[29]</a> That year was decreed by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1988 as the date of the Christianization of the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201435-30">[29]</a> According to the Chronicle, Vladimir had previously sent envoys to investigate the different faiths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201435-30">[29]</a> After receiving glowing reports about Constantinople,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201435-30">[29]</a> he captured Chersonesus in Crimea and demanded that the sister of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> be sent there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201437-31">[30]</a> The marriage took place on the condition that Vladimir would be also baptized there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201437-31">[30]</a> Vladimir had lent considerable military support to the Byzantine emperor and may have besieged the city due to it having sided with the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Bardas_Phokas_the_Younger" title="Bardas Phokas the Younger">Bardas Phokas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201437-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_the_see_to_Moscow;_de_facto_independence_of_the_Russian_Church">Transfer of the see to Moscow; de facto independence of the Russian Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transfer of the see to Moscow; de facto independence of the Russian Church">edit</a>]</div> After Kiev lost its significance following the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasions</a>, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Maximos,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev_and_All_Rus%27" title="Maximos, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'">Maximus</a> moved his seat to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a> in 1299, "being unable to tolerate Tatar violence", according to a later chronicle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014134-32">[31]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Moscow" title="Peter of Moscow">Peter</a>, found himself caught in the conflict between the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Tver" title="Principality of Tver">Tver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Moscow</a> for supremacy in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">northwest Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014134Petr_arrived_in_Vladimir_from_Constantinople_in_1309_at_the_height_of_the_conflict_between_Tver'_and_Moscow_for_supremacy_in_northwest_Russia-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010149-34">[33]</a> Peter moved his residence to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in 1325 and became a strong ally of the prince of Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014136-35">[34]</a> During Peter's tenure in Moscow, the foundation for the <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Dormition Cathedral</a> was laid and Peter was buried there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010153-36">[35]</a> By choosing to reside and be buried in Moscow, Peter had designated Moscow as the future center of the Russian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014136-35">[34]</a> Peter was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Theognostus_of_Kiev" title="Theognostus of Kiev">Theognostus</a>, who, like his predecessor, pursued policies that supported the rise of the Moscow principality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010156-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2023192-38">[37]</a> During the first four years of his tenure, the Dormition Cathedral was completed and an additional four stone churches were constructed in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010156-37">[36]</a> By the end of 1331, Theognostus was able to restore ecclesiastical control over Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2023134-39">[38]</a> Theognostus also proceeded with the canonization of Peter in 1339, which helped to increase Moscow's prestige.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010156-37">[36]</a> His successor <a href="/wiki/Alexius,_Metropolitan_of_Kiev" title="Alexius, Metropolitan of Kiev">Alexius</a> lost ecclesiastical over Lithuania in 1355, but kept the traditional title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014141-40">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miloradovichdefense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Miloradovichdefense.jpg/220px-Miloradovichdefense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Miloradovichdefense.jpg/330px-Miloradovichdefense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Miloradovichdefense.jpg/440px-Miloradovichdefense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Russian Orthodox monks defended the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius" title="Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius">Trinity monastery</a> against Polish troops during the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Miloradovich" title="Sergey Miloradovich">Sergey Miloradovich</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 5 July 1439, at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>, the only Russian prelate present at the council signed the union, which, according to his companion, was only under duress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014175-41">[40]</a> Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Kiev" title="Isidore of Kiev">Isidore</a> left <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> on 6 September 1439 and returned to Moscow on 19 March 1441.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014177–179-42">[41]</a> The chronicles say that three days after arriving in Moscow, Grand Prince <a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II</a> arrested Isidore and placed him under supervision in the <a href="/wiki/Chudov_Monastery" title="Chudov Monastery">Chudov Monastery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014180-43">[42]</a> According to the chroniclers of the grand prince, "the princes, the boyars and many others — and especially the Russian bishops — remained silent, slumbered and fell asleep" until "the divinely wise, Christ-loving sovereign, Grand Prince Vasily Vasilyevich shamed Isidor and called him not his pastor and teacher, but a wicked and baneful wolf".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014181-44">[43]</a> Despite the chronicles calling him a heretical <a href="/wiki/Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostate">apostate</a>, Isidore was recognized as the lawful metropolitan by Vasily II until he left Moscow on 15 September 1441.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014181-44">[43]</a> For the following seven years, the seat of the metropolitan remained vacant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014183-45">[44]</a> Vasily II defeated the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Shemyaka" title="Dmitry Shemyaka">Dmitry Shemyaka</a> and returned to Moscow in February 1447.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014185-46">[45]</a> On 15 December 1448, a council of Russian bishops elected <a href="/wiki/Jonah_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonah Metropolitan of Moscow">Jonah</a> as metropolitan, without the consent of the patriarch of Constantinople, which marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> of the Russian Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014185-46">[45]</a> Although not all Russian clergy supported Jonah, the move was subsequently justified in the Russian point of view following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a> in 1453, which was interpreted as divine punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevzov201219While_not_all_Russian_clergymen_supported_this_decision,_the_move_was_subsequently_justified_in_Russian_eyes_by_the_fall_of_Constantinople_in_1453_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201219While_not_all_Russian_clergymen_supported_this_decision,_the_move_was_subsequently_justified_in_Russian_eyes_by_the_fall_of_Constantinople_in_1453-47">[46]</a> While it is possible that the failure to obtain the blessing from Constantinople was not intentional, nevertheless, this marked the beginning of independence of the Russian Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201219-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autocephaly_and_schism">Autocephaly and schism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Autocephaly and schism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Schism of the Russian Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikita_Pustosviat._Dispute_on_the_Confession_of_Faith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nikita_Pustosviat._Dispute_on_the_Confession_of_Faith.jpg/220px-Nikita_Pustosviat._Dispute_on_the_Confession_of_Faith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nikita_Pustosviat._Dispute_on_the_Confession_of_Faith.jpg/330px-Nikita_Pustosviat._Dispute_on_the_Confession_of_Faith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Nikita_Pustosviat._Dispute_on_the_Confession_of_Faith.jpg/440px-Nikita_Pustosviat._Dispute_on_the_Confession_of_Faith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believer</a> Priest, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Pustosviat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikita Pustosviat">Nikita Pustosviat</a>, Disputing the Matters of Faith with <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Joachim_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Joachim of Moscow">Patriarch Joachim</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Perov" title="Vasily Perov">Vasily Perov</a></figcaption></figure> Jonah's policy as metropolitan was to recover the areas lost to the Uniate church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-49">[48]</a> He was able to include Lithuania and Kiev to his title, but not <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-49">[48]</a> Lithuania was separated from his jurisdiction in 1458, and the influence of Catholicism increased in those regions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-49">[48]</a> As soon as Vasily II heard about the ordination of <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Bulgarian" title="Gregory the Bulgarian">Gregory</a> as metropolitan of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev,_Galicia_and_all_Rus%27_(1441%E2%80%931596)" title="Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1441–1596)">metropolis of Kiev</a>, he sent a delegation to the king of Poland warning him not to accept Gregory; Jonah also attempted to persuade feudal princes and nobles who resided in Lithuania to continue to side with Orthodoxy, but this attempt failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-49">[48]</a> The fall of Constantinople and the beginning of autocephaly of the Russian Church contributed to political consolidation in Russia and the development of a new identity based on awareness that Moscow was only metropolitanate in the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Oikoumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikoumene">oikoumene</a> that remained politically independent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201219-48">[47]</a> The formulation of the idea of Moscow as the "<a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">third Rome</a>" is primarily associated with the monk <a href="/wiki/Philotheus_of_Pskov" title="Philotheus of Pskov">Philotheus of Pskov</a>, who stated that "Moscow alone shines over all the earth more radiantly than the sun" because of its fidelity to the faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201219-48">[47]</a> The marriage of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Palaiologina" title="Sophia Palaiologina">Sophia Palaiologina</a>, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, and the defeat of the Tatars, helped to solidify this view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201219-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> By the turn of the 16th century, the consolidation of Orthodoxy in Russia continued as Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Gennady_of_Novgorod" title="Gennady of Novgorod">Gennady of Novgorod</a> created the first complete manuscript translation of the Bible into <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a> in 1499, known as <a href="/wiki/Gennady%27s_Bible" title="Gennady's Bible">Gennady's Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201220-19">[18]</a> At the same time, two movements within the Russian Church had emerged with differing ecclesial visions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201220-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nilus_of_Sora" title="Nilus of Sora">Nilus of Sora</a> (1433–1508) led the <a href="/wiki/Non-possessors" title="Non-possessors">non-possessors</a>, who opposed monastic landholding except for the purposes of charity in addition to strong involvement of the church in the affairs of the state, while <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Volotsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph of Volotsk">Joseph of Volotsk</a> (1439–1515) led a movement that supported strong church involvement in the state's affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201220-19">[18]</a> By 1551, the <a href="/wiki/Stoglav_Synod" title="Stoglav Synod">Stoglav Synod</a> addressed the lack of uniformity in existing ecclesial practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201220-19">[18]</a> Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Macarius,_Metropolitan_of_Moscow" title="Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow">Macarius</a> also collected "all holy books... available in the Russian land" and completed the Grand Menaion, which was influential in shaping the narrative tradition of Russian Orthodoxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201220-19">[18]</a> In 1589, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a> and under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a>, the metropolitan of Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Job_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Job of Moscow">Job</a>, was consecrated as the first Russian patriarch with the blessing of <a href="/wiki/Jeremias_II_of_Constantinople" title="Jeremias II of Constantinople">Jeremias II of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201220-19">[18]</a> In the decree establishing the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchate</a>, the whole Russian tsardom is called a "third Rome".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERock2006272...in_the_decree_establishing_the_Moscow_patriarchate_in_1589,_the_whole_of_the_'great_Russian_Tsarstvo'_is_called_a_third_Rome-53">[52]</a> By the mid-17th century, the religious practices of the Russian Orthodox Church were distinct from those of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201222-20">[19]</a> Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Nikon of Moscow">Nikon</a> reformed the church in order to bring most of its practices back into accommodation with the contemporary forms of Greek Orthodox worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201222-20">[19]</a> Nikon's efforts to correct the translations of texts and institute liturgical reforms were not accepted by all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201222-20">[19]</a> Archpriest <a href="/wiki/Avvakum" title="Avvakum">Avvakum</a> accused the patriarch of "defiling the faith" and "pouring wrathful fury upon the Russian land".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201222-20">[19]</a> The result was <a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">a schism</a>, with those who resisted the new practices being known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201222-20">[19]</a> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pereyaslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pereyaslav">Treaty of Pereyaslav</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, supposedly acting on behalf of the Russian regent <a href="/wiki/Tsarevna_Sophia_Alekseyevna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarevna Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia">Sophia Alekseyevna</a>, pressured the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">patriarch of Constantinople</a> into transferring the <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Kiev,_Galicia_and_all_Rus%27_(1620%E2%80%931686)" title="Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Rus' (1620–1686)">metropolis of Kiev</a> from the jurisdiction of Constantinople to that of Moscow. The handover brought millions of faithful and half a dozen dioceses under the ultimate administrative care of the patriarch of Moscow, and later of the Holy Synod of Russia, leading to a significant Ukrainian presence in the Russian Church, which continued well into the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The exact terms and conditions of the handover of the metropolis remains a contested issue.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synodal_period">Synodal period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synodal period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Church_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Church reform of Peter the Great">Church reform of Peter the Great</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_%28%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="2519" /></a><figcaption>St. Sophia-Assumption Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a></figcaption></figure> Following the death of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Adrian_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Adrian of Moscow">Adrian</a> in 1700, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I of Russia</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1682–1725) decided against an election of a new patriarch, and drawing on the clergy that came from Ukraine, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Yavorsky" title="Stefan Yavorsky">Stefan Yavorsky</a> as <a href="/wiki/Locum_tenens" class="mw-redirect" title="Locum tenens">locum tenens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201223-59">[58]</a> Peter believed that Russia's resources, including the church, could be used to establish a modern European state and he sought to strengthen the authority of the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201223-59">[58]</a> He was also inspired by church–state relations in the West and therefore brought the institutional structure of the church in line with other ministries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201224-60">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophan_Prokopovich" title="Theophan Prokopovich">Theophan Prokopovich</a> wrote Peter's Spiritual Regulation, which no longer legally recognized the separation of the church and the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201224-60">[59]</a> Peter replaced the patriarch with a council known as the <a href="/wiki/Most_Holy_Synod" title="Most Holy Synod">Most Holy Synod</a> in 1721, which consisted of appointed bishops, monks, and priests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201224-60">[59]</a> The church was also overseen by an ober-procurator that would directly report to the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201224-60">[59]</a> Peter's reforms marked the beginning of the Synodal period of the Russian Church, which would last until 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201224-60">[59]</a> In order to make monasticism more socially useful, Peter began the processes that would eventually lead to the large-scale secularization of monastic landholdings in 1764 under <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201224-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> 822 monasteries were closed between 1701 and 1805, and monastic communities became highly regulated, receiving funds from the state for support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShevzov201224-60">[59]</a> The late 18th century saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Starets" title="Starets">starchestvo</a> under <a href="/wiki/Paisius_Velichkovsky" title="Paisius Velichkovsky">Paisiy Velichkovsky</a> and his disciples at the <a href="/wiki/Optina_Monastery" title="Optina Monastery">Optina Monastery</a>. This marked a beginning of a significant spiritual revival in the Russian Church after a lengthy period of modernization, personified by such figures as <a href="/wiki/Dimitry_of_Rostov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitry of Rostov">Demetrius of Rostov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platon_Levshin" title="Platon Levshin">Platon of Moscow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Aleksey Khomyakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kireevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Kireevsky">Ivan Kireevsky</a> and other lay theologians with <a href="/wiki/Slavophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophile">Slavophile</a> leanings elaborated some key concepts of the renovated Orthodox doctrine, including that of <a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">sobornost</a>. The resurgence of Eastern Orthodoxy was reflected in Russian literature, an example is the figure of <a href="/wiki/Starets" title="Starets">Starets</a> <a href="/wiki/Father_Zosima" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Zosima">Zosima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">Brothers Karamazov</a>. In the Russian Orthodox Church, the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, over time, formed a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Priestly_caste" title="Priestly caste">caste of priests</a>. Marrying outside of these priestly families was strictly forbidden; indeed, some <a href="/wiki/Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishops">bishops</a> did not even tolerate their <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">clergy marrying</a> outside of the priestly families of their diocese.<a href="#cite_note-Russian_Clergy-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fin-de-siècle_religious_renaissance">Fin-de-siècle religious renaissance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fin-de-siècle religious renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Dresden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Dresden.JPG/220px-Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Dresden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Dresden.JPG/330px-Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Dresden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Dresden.JPG/440px-Russisch_Orthodoxe_Kirche_Dresden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Simeon_of_the_Wonderful_Mountain_Church" title="St. Simeon of the Wonderful Mountain Church">Russian Orthodox church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, built in the 1870s</figcaption></figure> In 1909, a volume of essays appeared under the title <a href="/wiki/Vekhi" title="Vekhi">Vekhi</a> ("Milestones" or "Landmarks"), authored by a group of leading left-wing intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berngardovich_Struve" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Berngardovich Struve">Peter Struve</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxists</a>. It is possible to see a similarly renewed vigor and variety in religious life and spirituality among the lower classes, especially after the upheavals of 1905. Among the peasantry, there was widespread interest in spiritual-ethical literature and non-conformist moral-spiritual movements, an upsurge in pilgrimage and other devotions to sacred spaces and objects (especially icons), persistent beliefs in the presence and power of the supernatural (apparitions, possession, walking-dead, demons, spirits, miracles and magic), the renewed vitality of local "ecclesial communities" actively shaping their own ritual and spiritual lives, sometimes in the absence of clergy, and defining their own sacred places and forms of piety. Also apparent was the proliferation of what the Orthodox establishment branded as "sectarianism", including both non-Eastern Orthodox Christian denominations, notably <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, and various forms of popular Orthodoxy and mysticism.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War">Russian Revolution and Civil War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russian Revolution and Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></div> In 1914, there were 55,173 Russian Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a> and 29,593 <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapels</a>, 112,629 <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, 550 <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> and 475 <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convents</a> with a total of 95,259 monks and nuns in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The year 1917 was a major turning point in Russian history, and also the Russian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In early March 1917 (O.S.), the Tsar was <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia#Abdication_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">forced to abdicate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian empire</a> began to implode, and the government's direct control of the Church was all but over by August 1917. On 15 August (O.S.), in the Moscow <a href="/wiki/Dormition_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Dormition Cathedral, Moscow">Dormition Cathedral</a> in the Kremlin, the <a href="/wiki/1917%E2%80%9318_Local_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="1917–18 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">Local (Pomestniy) Council</a> of the ROC, the first such convention since the late 17th century, opened. The council continued its sessions until September 1918 and adopted a number of important reforms, including the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarchate</a>, a decision taken 3 days after the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">overthrew the Provisional Government</a> in Petrograd on 25 October (O.S.). On 5 November, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Tikhon_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow">Tikhon of Moscow</a> was selected as the first Russian Patriarch after about 200 years of Synodal rule. In early February 1918, the Bolshevik-controlled government of Soviet Russia enacted the <a href="/wiki/Decree_on_separation_of_church_from_state_and_school_from_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Decree on separation of church from state and school from church">Decree on separation of church from state and school from church</a> that proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> in Russia, freedom to "profess any religion or profess none", deprived religious organisations of the right to own any property and legal status. Legal religious activity in the territories controlled by Bolsheviks was effectively reduced to services and sermons inside church buildings. The Decree and attempts by Bolshevik officials to requisition church property caused sharp resentment on the part of the ROC clergy and provoked violent clashes on some occasions: on 1 February (19 January O.S.), hours after the bloody confrontation in Petrograd's <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra" title="Alexander Nevsky Lavra">Alexander Nevsky Lavra</a> between the Bolsheviks trying to take control of the monastery's premises and the believers, <a href="/wiki/Tikhon_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon of Moscow">Patriarch Tikhon</a> issued a proclamation that <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathematised</a> the perpetrators of such acts.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The church was caught in the crossfire of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> that began later in 1918, and church leadership, despite their attempts to be politically neutral (from the autumn of 1918), as well as the clergy generally were perceived by the Soviet authorities as a "counter-revolutionary" force and thus subject to suppression and eventual liquidation. In the first five years after the Bolshevik revolution, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_period">Soviet period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soviet period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion in the Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikhon_of_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tikhon_of_Moscow.jpg/220px-Tikhon_of_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Tikhon_of_Moscow.jpg/330px-Tikhon_of_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Tikhon_of_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Tikhon_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon of Moscow">Tikhon of Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> The Soviet Union, formally created in December 1922, was the first state to have elimination of religion as an ideological objective espoused by the country's ruling political party. Toward that end, the Communist regime confiscated church property, ridiculed religion, harassed believers, and propagated materialism and atheism in schools.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Actions toward particular religions, however, were determined by State interests, and most organized religions were never outlawed. Orthodox clergy and active believers were treated by the Soviet law-enforcement apparatus as anti-revolutionary elements and were habitually subjected to formal prosecutions on political charges, arrests, exiles, <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">imprisonment in camps</a>, and later could also be incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Punitive_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union">mental hospitals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> However, the Soviet policy vis-a-vis organised religion vacillated over time between, on the one hand, a utopian determination to substitute secular rationalism for what they considered to be an outmoded "superstitious" worldview and, on the other, pragmatic acceptance of the tenaciousness of religious faith and institutions. In any case, religious beliefs and practices did persist, not only in the domestic and private spheres but also in the scattered public spaces allowed by a state that recognized its failure to eradicate religion and the political dangers of an unrelenting culture war.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Sophia_Cathedral,_Harbin,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/St._Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin%2C_China.jpg/220px-St._Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/St._Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin%2C_China.jpg/330px-St._Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/St._Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin%2C_China.jpg/440px-St._Sophia_Cathedral%2C_Harbin%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral_in_Harbin" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin">St. Sophia Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, northeast China. In 1921, Harbin was home of at least 100,000 <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White</a> <a href="/wiki/Harbin_Russians" title="Harbin Russians">Russian</a> émigrés.</figcaption></figure> The Russian Orthodox church was drastically weakened in May 1922, when the <a href="/wiki/Living_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Living Church">Renovated (Living) Church</a>, a reformist movement backed by the Soviet secret police, broke away from Patriarch Tikhon (also see the <a href="/wiki/Josephite_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephite Movement">Josephites</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Russian True Orthodox Church</a>), a move that caused division among clergy and faithful that persisted until 1946. Between 1917 and 1935, 130,000 Eastern Orthodox priests were arrested. Of these, 95,000 were put to death.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many thousands of victims of persecution became recognized in a special canon of saints known as the "<a href="/wiki/New_Martyr" title="New Martyr">new martyrs</a> and confessors of Russia".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When Patriarch Tikhon died in 1925, the Soviet authorities forbade patriarchal election. Patriarchal locum tenens (acting Patriarch) <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sergius_I_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Sergius I of Moscow">Metropolitan Sergius</a> (Stragorodsky, 1887–1944), going against the opinion of a major part of the church's parishes, in 1927 issued a declaration accepting the Soviet authority over the church as legitimate, pledging the church's cooperation with the government and condemning political dissent within the church. By this declaration, Sergius granted himself authority that he, being a deputy of imprisoned <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Krutitsy" title="Peter of Krutitsy">Metropolitan Peter</a> and acting against his will, had no right to assume according to the XXXIV <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic canon</a>, which led to a split with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a> abroad and the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Russian True Orthodox Church</a> (Russian Catacomb Church) within the Soviet Union, as they allegedly remained faithful to the Canons of the Apostles, declaring the part of the church led by Metropolitan Sergius <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a>, sometimes coined Sergianism. Due to this canonical disagreement it is disputed which church has been the legitimate successor to the Russian Orthodox Church that had existed before 1925.<a href="#cite_note-14spravka-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In 1927, Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Eulogius_(Georgiyevsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)">Eulogius (Georgiyevsky)</a> of Paris broke with the ROCOR (along with Metropolitan Platon (Rozhdestvensky) of New York, leader of the Russian Metropolia in America). In 1930, after taking part in a prayer service in London in supplication for Christians suffering under the Soviets, Evlogy was removed from office by Sergius and replaced. Most of Evlogy's parishes in Western Europe remained loyal to him; Evlogy then petitioned Ecumenical Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Photius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Photius II of Constantinople">Photius II</a> to be received under his canonical care and was received in 1931, making a number of parishes of Russian Orthodox Christians outside Russia, especially in Western Europe an <a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a> of the Ecumenical Patriarchate as the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_churches_in_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe">Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/220px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/330px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg/440px-Christ_saviour_explosion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Photograph taken of the 1931 demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a> in Moscow</figcaption></figure> Moreover, in the <a href="/wiki/1929_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1929 Soviet Union legislative election">1929 elections</a>, the Orthodox Church attempted to formulate itself as a full-scale opposition group to the Communist Party, and attempted to run candidates of its own against the Communist candidates. Article 124 of the <a href="/wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 Soviet Constitution">1936 Soviet Constitution</a> officially allowed for freedom of religion within the Soviet Union, and along with initial statements of it being a multi-candidate election, the Church again attempted to run its own religious candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1937_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1937 Soviet Union legislative election">1937 elections</a>. However the support of multicandidate elections was retracted several months before the elections were held and in neither 1929 nor 1937 were any candidates of the Orthodox Church elected.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Nazi Germany's attack on the Soviet Union</a> in 1941, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> revived the Russian Orthodox Church to intensify patriotic support for the war effort. In the early hours of 5 September 1943, Metropolitans Sergius (Stragorodsky), <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_I_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow">Alexius (Simansky)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_(Yarushevich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas (Yarushevich)">Nicholas (Yarushevich)</a> had a meeting with Stalin and received permission to convene a council on 8 September 1943, which elected Sergius Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus'. This is considered by some as violation of the <a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Apostolic canon</a>, as no church hierarch could be consecrated by secular authorities.<a href="#cite_note-14spravka-71">[70]</a> A new patriarch was elected, theological schools were opened, and thousands of churches began to function. The <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Greek_Latin_Academy" title="Slavic Greek Latin Academy">Moscow Theological Academy Seminary</a>, which had been closed since 1918, was re-opened. In December 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_of_Ukraine" title="Security Service of Ukraine">Security Service of Ukraine</a> lifted classified top secret status of documents revealing that the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_for_State_Security" title="People's Commissariat for State Security">NKVD</a> of the USSR and its units were engaged in the selection of candidates for participation in the <a href="/wiki/1945_Local_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="1945 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">1945 Local Council</a> from the representatives of the clergy and the laity. NKVD demanded "to outline persons who have religious authority among the clergy and believers, and at the same time checked for civic or patriotic work". In the letter sent in September 1944, it was emphasized: "It is important to ensure that the number of nominated candidates is dominated by the agents of the NKBD, capable of holding the line that we need at the Council".<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persecution_under_Khrushchev">Persecution under Khrushchev</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Persecution under Khrushchev">edit</a>]</div> A new and widespread persecution of the church was subsequently instituted under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev. A second round of repression, harassment and church closures took place between 1959 and 1964 when <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> was in office. The number of Orthodox churches fell from around 22,000 in 1959 to around 8,000 in 1965;<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> priests, monks and faithful were killed or imprisoned[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and the number of functioning monasteries was reduced to less than twenty. Subsequent to Khrushchev's ousting, the Church and the government remained on unfriendly terms[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] until 1988. In practice, the most important aspect of this conflict was that openly religious people could not join the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, which meant that they could not hold any political office. However, among the general population, large numbers[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] remained religious. Some Orthodox believers and even priests took part in the <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> movement and became <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a>. The Orthodox priests <a href="/wiki/Gleb_Yakunin" title="Gleb Yakunin">Gleb Yakunin</a>, Sergiy Zheludkov and others spent years in Soviet prisons and exile for their efforts in defending freedom of worship.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Among the prominent figures of that time were Dmitri Dudko<a href="#cite_note-Dudko-80">[79]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Men" title="Alexander Men">Aleksandr Men</a>. Although he tried to keep away from practical work of the dissident movement intending to better fulfil his calling as a priest, there was a spiritual link between Men and many of the dissidents. For some of them he was a friend; for others, a godfather; for many (including <a href="/wiki/Yakunin" title="Yakunin">Yakunin</a>), a spiritual father.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AGE_MATTERS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AGE MATTERS">obsolete source</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bogoyavlensky" title="Vladimir Bogoyavlensky">Metropolitan Vladimir</a>, by 1988 the number of functioning churches in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had fallen to 6,893 and the number of functioning convents and monasteries to just 21.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> In 1987 in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, between 40% and 50% of newborn babies (depending on the region) were baptized. Over 60% of all deceased received Christian funeral services.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glasnost_and_evidence_of_collaboration_with_the_KGB">Glasnost and evidence of collaboration with the KGB</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glasnost and evidence of collaboration with the KGB">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></div> Beginning in the late 1980s, under Mikhail Gorbachev, the new political and social freedoms resulted in the return of many church buildings to the church, so they could be restored by local parishioners. A pivotal point in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church came in 1988, the millennial anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a>. Throughout the summer of that year, major government-supported celebrations took place in Moscow and other cities; many older churches and some monasteries were reopened. An implicit ban on religious propaganda on state TV was finally lifted. For the first time in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">history of the Soviet Union</a>, people could watch live transmissions of church services on television. <a href="/wiki/Gleb_Yakunin" title="Gleb Yakunin">Gleb Yakunin</a>, a critic of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Patriarchate">Moscow Patriarchate</a> who was one of those who briefly gained access to the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>'s archives in the early 1990s, argued that the Moscow Patriarchate was "practically a subsidiary, a sister company of the KGB".<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Critics charge that the archives showed the extent of active participation of the top ROC hierarchs in the KGB efforts overseas.<a href="#cite_note-Vypiski-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andrew-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Albats-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-PrChurch-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-CWNrep-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Trofimoff" title="George Trofimoff">George Trofimoff</a>, the highest-ranking US military officer ever indicted for, and convicted of, <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> on 27 September 2001, had been "recruited into the service of the KGB"<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> by Igor Susemihl (a.k.a. Zuzemihl), a bishop in the Russian Orthodox Church (subsequently, a high-ranking hierarch—the ROC Metropolitan Iriney of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, who died in July 1999).<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Konstanin Kharchev, former chairman of the Soviet Council on Religious Affairs, explained: "Not a single candidate for the office of bishop or any other high-ranking office, much less a member of the Holy Synod, went through without confirmation by the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> and the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Albats-88">[87]</a> Professor Nathaniel Davis points out: "If the bishops wished to defend their people and survive in office, they had to collaborate to some degree with the KGB, with the commissioners of the Council for Religious Affairs, and with other party and governmental authorities".<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Patriarch Alexy II, acknowledged that compromises were made with the Soviet government by bishops of the Moscow Patriarchate, himself included, and he publicly repented for these compromises.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_era">Post-Soviet era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriarch_Aleksey_II_(1990–2008)">Patriarch Aleksey II (1990–2008)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Patriarch Aleksey II (1990–2008)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Orthodox_Episcopal_Ordination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Russian_Orthodox_Episcopal_Ordination.jpg/250px-Russian_Orthodox_Episcopal_Ordination.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Russian_Orthodox_Episcopal_Ordination.jpg/375px-Russian_Orthodox_Episcopal_Ordination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d5/Russian_Orthodox_Episcopal_Ordination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Russian Orthodox episcopal consecration by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Patriarch Alexius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_the_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus'">of Moscow and All Russia</a></figcaption></figure> Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Alexy (Ridiger)</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, ascended the patriarchal throne in 1990 and presided over the partial return of Orthodox Christianity to Russian society after 70 years of repression, transforming the ROC to something resembling its pre-communist appearance; some 15,000 churches had been re-opened or built by the end of his tenure, and the process of recovery and rebuilding has continued under his successor <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill</a>. According to official figures, in 2016 the Church had 174 dioceses, 361 bishops, and 34,764 parishes served by 39,800 clergy. There were 926 monasteries and 30 theological schools.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The Russian Church also sought to fill the ideological vacuum left by the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of Communism">collapse of Communism</a> and even, in the opinion of some analysts, became "a separate branch of power".<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In August 2000, the ROC adopted its Basis of the Social Concept<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> and in July 2008, its Basic Teaching on Human Dignity, Freedom and Rights.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_749019_Opening_of_monument_to_victims_of_political_repressions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RIAN_archive_749019_Opening_of_monument_to_victims_of_political_repressions.jpg/170px-RIAN_archive_749019_Opening_of_monument_to_victims_of_political_repressions.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RIAN_archive_749019_Opening_of_monument_to_victims_of_political_repressions.jpg/255px-RIAN_archive_749019_Opening_of_monument_to_victims_of_political_repressions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RIAN_archive_749019_Opening_of_monument_to_victims_of_political_repressions.jpg/340px-RIAN_archive_749019_Opening_of_monument_to_victims_of_political_repressions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Opening of monument to the victims of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">political repressions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, 1990</figcaption></figure> Under Patriarch Aleksey, there were difficulties in the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, especially since 2002, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> diocesan structure for Russian territory. The leaders of the Russian Church saw this action as a throwback to prior attempts by the Vatican to <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytize</a> the Russian Orthodox faithful to become Roman Catholic. This point of view was based upon the stance of the Russian Orthodox Church (and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>) that the Church of Rome is in schism, after breaking off from the Orthodox Church. The Roman Catholic Church, on the other hand, while acknowledging the primacy of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia, believed that the small Roman Catholic minority in Russia, in continuous existence since at least the 18th century, should be served by a fully developed church hierarchy with a presence and status in Russia, just as the Russian Orthodox Church is present in other countries (including constructing a cathedral in Rome, near the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>). There occurred strident conflicts with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, most notably over the Orthodox Church in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> in the mid-1990s, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">unilateral suspension of eucharistic relationship between the churches by the ROC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The tension lingered on and could be observed at the meeting in Ravenna in early October 2007 of participants in the Orthodox–Catholic Dialogue: the representative of the Moscow Patriarchate, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_Alfeyev" title="Hilarion Alfeyev">Hilarion Alfeyev</a>, walked out of the meeting due to the presence of representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church</a> which is in the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. At the meeting, prior to the departure of the Russian delegation, there were also substantive disagreements about the wording of a proposed joint statement among the Orthodox representatives.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> After the departure of the Russian delegation, the remaining Orthodox delegates approved the form which had been advocated by the representatives of the Ecumenical Patriarchate.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The Ecumenical See's representative in Ravenna said that Hilarion's position "should be seen as an expression of authoritarianism whose goal is to exhibit the influence of the Moscow Church. But like last year in Belgrade, all Moscow achieved was to isolate itself once more since no other Orthodox Church followed its lead, remaining instead faithful to Constantinople."<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Procession_in_Novosibirsk_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cross_Procession_in_Novosibirsk_01.jpg/220px-Cross_Procession_in_Novosibirsk_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cross_Procession_in_Novosibirsk_01.jpg/330px-Cross_Procession_in_Novosibirsk_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Cross_Procession_in_Novosibirsk_01.jpg/440px-Cross_Procession_in_Novosibirsk_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A cross Procession in <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, Siberia.</figcaption></figure> Canon <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bourdeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Bourdeaux">Michael Bourdeaux</a>, former president of the <a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Keston Institute</a>, said in January 2008 that "the Moscow Patriarchate acts as though it heads a state church, while the few Orthodox clergy who oppose the church-state symbiosis face severe criticism, even loss of livelihood."<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Such a view is backed up by other observers of Russian political life.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Clifford J. Levy of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote in April 2008: "Just as the government has tightened control over political life, so, too, has it intruded in matters of faith. The Kremlin's surrogates in many areas have turned the Russian Orthodox Church into a de facto official religion, warding off other Christian denominations that seem to offer the most significant competition for worshipers. [...] This close alliance between the government and the Russian Orthodox Church has become a defining characteristic of Mr. Putin's tenure, a mutually reinforcing choreography that is usually described here as working '<a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">in symphony</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Throughout Patriarch Alexy's reign, the massive program of costly restoration and reopening of devastated churches and monasteries (as well as the construction of new ones) was criticized for having eclipsed the church's principal mission of evangelizing.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> On 5 December 2008, the day of Patriarch Alexy's death, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> said: "While the church had been a force for liberal reform under the Soviet Union, it soon became a center of strength for conservatives and nationalists in the post-communist era. Alexei's death could well result in an even more conservative church."<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Patriarch_Kirill_(since_2009)">Patriarch Kirill (since 2009)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Patriarch Kirill (since 2009)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_procession_with_the_Albazin_icon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Annual_procession_with_the_Albazin_icon.jpg/220px-Annual_procession_with_the_Albazin_icon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Annual_procession_with_the_Albazin_icon.jpg/330px-Annual_procession_with_the_Albazin_icon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Annual_procession_with_the_Albazin_icon.jpg/440px-Annual_procession_with_the_Albazin_icon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Annual procession with the Albazin icon, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Autonomous Region">Jewish Autonomous Region</a>, Russian Far East.</figcaption></figure> On 27 January 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Local_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">ROC Local Council</a> elected Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Kirill of Smolensk</a> Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus′ by 508 votes out of a total of 700.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> He was enthroned on 1 February 2009. Patriarch Kirill implemented reforms in the administrative structure of the Moscow Patriarchate: on 27 July 2011 the Holy Synod established the Central Asian Metropolitan District, reorganizing the structure of the Church in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In addition, on 6 October 2011, at the request of the Patriarch, the Holy Synod introduced the metropoly (Russian: митрополия, mitropoliya), administrative structure bringing together neighboring eparchies.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Under Patriarch Kirill, the ROC continued to maintain close ties with the Kremlin enjoying the patronage of president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, who has sought to mobilize Russian Orthodoxy both inside and outside Russia.<a href="#cite_note-defiance-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-firepower_2016_09_14_nytimes_com-115">[114]</a> Patriarch Kirill endorsed Putin's <a href="/wiki/2012_Russian_presidential_election" title="2012 Russian presidential election">election in 2012</a>, referring in February to Putin's tenure in the 2000s as "God's miracle".<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Nevertheless, Russian inside sources were quoted in the autumn 2017 as saying that Putin's relationship with Patriarch Kirill had been deteriorating since 2014 due to the fact that the presidential administration had been misled by the Moscow Patriarchate as to the extent of support for <a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian uprising</a> in eastern Ukraine; also, due to Kirill's personal unpopularity he had come to be viewed as a political liability.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schism_with_Constantinople">Schism with Constantinople</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Schism with Constantinople">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism</a></div> In 2018, the Moscow Patriarchate's traditional rivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, coupled with Moscow's anger over the decision to grant autocephaly to the Ukrainian church by the Ecumenical Patriarch, led the ROC to boycott the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Orthodox_Council" title="Pan-Orthodox Council">Holy Great Council</a> that had been prepared by all the Orthodox Churches for decades.<a href="#cite_note-defender_2019_05_19_ecfr_eu-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukrainian_question_2016_06_30_moscow_times-122">[121]</a> The Holy Synod of the ROC, at its session on 15 October 2018, <a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism_(2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow–Constantinople schism (2018)">severed</a> <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The decision was taken in response to the move made by the Patriarchate of Constantinople a few days prior that effectively ended the Moscow Patriarchate's jurisdiction over Ukraine and promised <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> to Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> the ROC's and the Kremlin's fierce opposition notwithstanding.<a href="#cite_note-defiance-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> While the Ecumenical Patriarchate finalised the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a> on 5 January 2019, the ROC continued to claim that the only legitimate Orthodox jurisdiction in the country, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">was its branch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ЖУРНАЛ98-129">[128]</a> Under a law of Ukraine adopted at the end of 2018, the latter was required to change its official title so as to disclose its affiliation with the Russian Orthodox Church based in an "aggressor state".<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> On 11 December 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ukraine" title="Supreme Court of Ukraine">Supreme Court of Ukraine</a> allowed the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP) to retain its name.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> In October 2019, the ROC unilaterally severed communion with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Church of Greece</a> following the latter's recognition of the Ukrainian autocephaly.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> On 3 November, Patriarch Kirill failed to commemorate the Primate of the Church of Greece, Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens" title="Ieronymos II of Athens">Ieronymos II of Athens</a>, during a liturgy in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Additionally, the ROC leadership imposed pilgrimage bans for its faithful in respect of a number of dioceses in Greece, including <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Athens" title="Archbishopric of Athens">that of Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> On 8 November 2019, the Russian Orthodox Church announced that Patriarch Kirill would stop commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa</a> after the latter and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria">his Church</a> recognized the OCU that same day.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> On 27 September 2021, the ROC established a religious <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Remembrance_of_the_Victims_of_Political_Repressions" title="Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions">day of remembrance</a> for all Eastern Orthodox Christians which were persecuted by the Soviet regime. This day is the 30 October.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2)_%D0%B2_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%B1%D0%94%D0%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%29_%D0%B2_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%B1%D0%94%D0%90.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%29_%D0%B2_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%B1%D0%94%D0%90.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%28%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%29_%D0%B2_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%B1%D0%94%D0%90.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption>Russia-born Metropolitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innocent_(Vasilyev)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innocent (Vasilyev) (page does not exist)">Innocent (Vasilyev)</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2)" class="extiw" title="ru:Иннокентий (Васильев)">ru</a>] of <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> condemned "Russia's war against Ukraine" and is determined to seek greater independence from Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Week-War-141">[140]</a></figcaption></figure> Metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Onufriy_(Berezovsky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Onufriy (Berezovsky)">Onufriy of Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a> (UOC-MP) called the war "a disaster" stating that "The Ukrainian and Russian peoples came out of the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Dnieper Baptismal font</a>, and the war between these peoples is a repetition of the sin of <a href="/wiki/Cain" title="Cain">Cain</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">killed his own brother out of envy</a>. Such a war has no justification either from God or from people".<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> He also appealed directly to Putin, asking for an immediate end to the "fratricidal war".<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> In April 2022, after the Russian invasion, many UOC-MP parishes signaled their intention to switch allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> The attitude and stance of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Patriarch Kirill of Moscow</a> to the war is one of the oft quoted reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Week-War-141">[140]</a> The head of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Lithuania" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Lithuania">Russian Orthodox Church in Lithuania</a>, Metropolitan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innocent_(Vasilyev)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innocent (Vasilyev) (page does not exist)">Innocent (Vasilyev)</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2)" class="extiw" title="ru:Иннокентий (Васильев)">ru</a>], called Patriarch Kirill's "political statements about the war" his "personal opinion".<a href="#cite_note-Week-War-141">[140]</a> On 7 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Aleksandrs_Kudrja%C5%A1ovs" title="Aleksandrs Kudrjašovs">Aleksandrs Kudrjašovs</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvian Orthodox Church</a>, condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> On 27 February 2022, a group of 286 Russian Orthodox priests published an open letter calling for an end to the war and criticised the suppression of non-violent <a href="/wiki/2022_anti-war_protests_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 anti-war protests in Russia">anti-war protests in Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> On 6 March 2022, Russian Orthodox priest of Moscow Patriarchate's <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kostroma" title="Diocese of Kostroma">Kostroma Diocese</a> was fined by Russian authorities for anti-war sermon and stressing the importance of the commandment "Thou shalt not kill".<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> Some priests in the Russian Orthodox Church have publicly <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine">opposed the invasion</a>, with some facing arrest under the <a href="/wiki/Russian_2022_war_censorship_laws" title="Russian 2022 war censorship laws">Russian 2022 war censorship laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, Russian Orthodox priest Iakov Vorontsov, who signed an open letter condemning the invasion of Ukraine, was forced to resign.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> Former Russian Orthodox priest Father Grigory Michnov-Vaytenko, head of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Apostolic_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Apostolic Church (page does not exist)">Russian Apostolic Church</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="ru:Апостольская православная церковь">ru</a>] — a recognized religious organization founded by other dissident priests such as Father <a href="/wiki/Gleb_Yakunin" title="Gleb Yakunin">Gleb Yakunin</a> — said that "The [Russian Orthodox] church now works like the <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">commissars</a> did in the Soviet Union. And people of course see it. People don't like it. Especially after February [2022], a lot of people have left the church, both priests and people who were there for years."<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirill2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kirill2013.jpg/220px-Kirill2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kirill2013.jpg/330px-Kirill2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kirill2013.jpg/440px-Kirill2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>"We do not want to fight with anyone. Russia has never attacked anyone. It is surprising that a large and powerful country has never attacked anyone, it has only defended its borders."<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolyna_(Kramatorsk_Raion)_after_Russian_invasion_(2022-12-05)_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dolyna_%28Kramatorsk_Raion%29_after_Russian_invasion_%282022-12-05%29_09.jpg/220px-Dolyna_%28Kramatorsk_Raion%29_after_Russian_invasion_%282022-12-05%29_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dolyna_%28Kramatorsk_Raion%29_after_Russian_invasion_%282022-12-05%29_09.jpg/330px-Dolyna_%28Kramatorsk_Raion%29_after_Russian_invasion_%282022-12-05%29_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Dolyna_%28Kramatorsk_Raion%29_after_Russian_invasion_%282022-12-05%29_09.jpg/440px-Dolyna_%28Kramatorsk_Raion%29_after_Russian_invasion_%282022-12-05%29_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>St. George's church in the <a href="/wiki/Sviatohirsk_Lavra" title="Sviatohirsk Lavra">Sviatohirsk Lavra</a> complex after Russian shelling in May 2022</figcaption></figure> Patriarch Kirill has referred to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> as "current events" and has avoided using terms like war or invasion,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> thereby complying with Russian censorship law.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Kirill approves the invasion, and has blessed the Russian soldiers fighting there. As a consequence, several priests of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine</a> have stopped mentioning Kirill's name during the divine service.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The Moscow patriarchate views Ukraine as a part of their "<a href="/wiki/Canonical_territory" title="Canonical territory">canonical territory</a>". Kirill has said that the Russian army has chosen a very correct way.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> Kirill sees <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> parades as a part of the reason behind Russian warfare against Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> He has said that the war is not physically, but rather metaphysically, important.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> In the days after the world learned about the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Bucha_massacre" title="Bucha massacre">Bucha massacre by Russian invaders of Ukraine</a>, Kirill said that his faithful should be to ready "protect our home" under any circumstance.<a href="#cite_note-proput-161">[160]</a> On 6 March 2022 (<a href="/wiki/Forgiveness_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgiveness Sunday">Forgiveness Sunday</a> holiday), during the liturgy in the Church of Christ the Savior, he justified Russia's attack on Ukraine, stating that it was necessary to side with "<a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>" (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a>), where he said there is an ongoing 8-year "genocide" by Ukraine and where, Kirill said, Ukraine wants to enforce <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> events upon local population. Despite the holiday being dedicated to the concept of forgiveness, Kirill said there can't be forgiveness without delivering "justice" first, otherwise it's a capitulation and weakness.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> The speech came under international scrutiny, as Kirill parroted President Putin's claim that Russia was fighting "fascism" in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-religdisp-163">[162]</a> Throughout the speech, Kirill did not use the term "Ukrainian", but rather referred to both Russians and Ukrainians simply as "Holy Russians", also claiming Russian soldiers in Ukraine were "laying down their lives for a friend", <a href="/wiki/John_15:13" class="mw-redirect" title="John 15:13">referencing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-religdisp-163">[162]</a> On 9 March 2022, after the liturgy, he declared that Russia has the right to use force against Ukraine to ensure Russia's security, that Ukrainians and Russians are one people, that Russia and Ukraine are one country, that the West incites Ukrainians to kill Russians to sow discord between Russians and Ukrainians and gives weapons to Ukrainians for this specific purpose, and therefore the West is an enemy of Russia and God.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> In a letter to the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> (WCC) sent in March 2022, Kirill justified the attack on Ukraine by NATO enlargement, the protection of Russian language, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a>. In this letter, he did not express condolences over deaths among Ukrainians.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Kirill participated in a <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a> video call with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> on 16 March 2022, of which Francis stated in an interview<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> that Kirill "read from a piece of paper he was holding in his hand all the reasons that justify the Russian invasion."<a href="#cite_note-:8-168">[167]</a> Representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> have criticized Kirill for his lack of willingness to seek peace in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> On 3 April, the former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a> said there was a strong case for expelling the Russian Orthodox Church from the WCC, saying, "When a Church is actively supporting a war of aggression, failing to condemn nakedly obvious breaches of any kind of ethical conduct in wartime, then other Churches do have the right to raise the question ... I am still waiting for any senior member of the Orthodox hierarchy to say that the slaughter of the innocent is condemned unequivocally by all forms of Christianity."<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> The Russian Orthodox St Nicholas church in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands, has declared that it is no longer possible to function within the Moscow patriarchate because of the attitude that Kirill has taken to the Russian invasion, and instead requested to join the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Religion in Lithuania">Russian Orthodox Church in Lithuania</a> has declared that they do not share the political views and perception of Kirill and therefore are seeking independence from Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> On 10 April 2022, 200 priests from the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a> released an open request to the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> of the other <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Autocephalous_Eastern_Orthodox_churches" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>, asking them to convene a Council of Primates of the Ancient Eastern Churches at the Pan-Orthodox level and try Kirill for the heresy of preaching the "Doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_world" title="Russian world">Russian world</a>" and the moral crimes of "blessing the war against Ukraine and fully supporting the aggressive nature of Russian troops on the territory of Ukraine." They noted that they "can't continue to remain in any form of <a href="/wiki/Canonical_territory" title="Canonical territory">canonical subordination</a> to the Moscow Patriarch," and requested that the Council of Primates "bring Patriarch Kirill to justice and deprive him of the right to hold the patriarchal throne."<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a> removed itself from the Moscow Patriarchate on 27 May 2022, Kirill claimed that the "spirits of malice" wanted to separate the Russian and Ukrainian peoples but they will not succeed.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> The Ukrainian church released a declaration in which it stated "it had adopted relevant additions and changes to the Statute on the Administration of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which testify to the complete autonomy and independence of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church."<a href="#cite_note-:1travnya-2022-roku-176">[175]</a> The church did not publish its new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-yevtushenkoUOCMPKir-177">[176]</a> Although in this Ukrainian Orthodox Church clergymen now claims that 'any provisions that at least somehow hinted at or indicated the connection with Moscow were excluded' the Russian Orthodox Church ignores this and continues to include UOC-MP clerics in its various commissions or working groups despite these individuals not agreeing to this nor even wanting to be included.<a href="#cite_note-ROC32207628-178">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin%27s_2023_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vladimir_Putin%27s_2023_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%281%29.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin%27s_2023_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vladimir_Putin%27s_2023_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%281%29.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin%27s_2023_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Vladimir_Putin%27s_2023_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%281%29.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin%27s_2023_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Kirill with Volodin, Medvedev, Lavrov, Shoigu and other prominent figures of the <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Putin regime</a> during Putin's <a href="/wiki/2023_Presidential_Address_to_the_Federal_Assembly" title="2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly">Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly</a> on 21 February 2023</figcaption></figure> Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Koch" title="Kurt Koch">Kurt Koch</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" title="Dicastery for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a>, said that the patriarch's legitimization of the "brutal and absurd war" is "a heresy."<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> Kirill supported <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">the mobilization of citizens to go to the front in Ukraine</a>, he urged citizens to fulfill their military duty and that if they gave their lives for their country they will be with God in his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> North Macedonia and Bulgaria expelled senior members of the Russian Orthodox Church for acts contravening their national security in 2023, raising questions about the church using their position to spy and to spread Russian political propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> In 2023 <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Bartholomew">Patriarch Bartholomew</a> criticised the Russian church, which he says is teaching a "theology of war". "This is the theology that the sister Church of Russia began to teach, trying to justify an unjust, unholy, unprovoked, diabolical war against a sovereign and independent country – Ukraine."<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In January 2024, the senior priest of the Church of the Life-Giving Trinity in <a href="/wiki/Ostankinsky_District" title="Ostankinsky District">Ostankino</a>, Moscow, was removed from his post for calling for peace.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/World_Russian_People%27s_Council" title="World Russian People's Council">World Russian People's Council</a> headed and led by Kirill of late March 2024 a document was approved that stated that the Russian invasion of Ukraine was a "<a href="/wiki/Holy_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy War">Holy War</a>".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1884577-186">[185]</a> The document stated that the war had the goal of "protecting the world from the onslaught of <a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">globalism</a> and the victory of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>, which has fallen into <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1884577-186">[185]</a> The document also stated that following the war "the entire territory of modern Ukraine should enter the zone of Russia's exclusive influence".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1884577-186">[185]</a> This was to be done so "the possibility of the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Russophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russophobic">Russophobic</a> political regime hostile to Russia and its people on this territory, as well as a political regime controlled from an external center hostile to Russia, should be completely excluded".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1884577-186">[185]</a> The document also made reference to the "<a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation" title="All-Russian nation">triunity of the Russian people</a>" and it claimed that <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> "should be recognised only as <a href="/wiki/Sub-ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-ethnic group">sub-ethnic groups</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1884577-186">[185]</a> On August 20, 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine</a> banned the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine by adopting the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Ukraine_%22On_the_Protection_of_the_Constitutional_Order_in_the_Sphere_of_Activities_of_Religious_Organizations%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Constitutional Order in the Sphere of Activities of Religious Organizations"">Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of the Constitutional Order in the Sphere of Activities of Religious Organizations"</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%C2%AB%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="uk:Закон України «Про захист конституційного ладу у сфері діяльності релігійних організацій»">uk</a>].<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> Ukrainian religious organizations affiliated with the Russian Orthodox Church will be banned 9 months from the moment the <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Service_of_Ukraine_for_Ethnopolicy_and_Freedom_of_Conscience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Service of Ukraine for Ethnopolicy and Freedom of Conscience (page does not exist)">State Service of Ukraine for Ethnopolicy and Freedom of Conscience</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B7_%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" class="extiw" title="uk:Державна служба України з етнополітики та свободи совісті">uk</a>] issues the order, if this religious organization does not sever relations with the Russian Orthodox Church in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox canon law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_organization">Structure and organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Structure and organization">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Russian Orthodox Church">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church">Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow.jpg/220px-Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Kirill</a> is the current <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'</a></figcaption></figure> The ROC constituent parts in other than the Russian Federation countries of its exclusive jurisdiction such as Ukraine, Belarus et al., are legally registered as separate legal entities in accordance with the relevant legislation of those independent states. Ecclesiastiacally, the ROC is organized in a hierarchical structure. The lowest level of organization, which normally would be a single ROC building and its attendees, headed by a priest who acts as Father superior (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: настоятель, nastoyatel), constitute a <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: приход, prihod). All parishes in a geographical region belong to an <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: епархия—equivalent to a Western <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>). Eparchies are governed by <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: епископ, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">episcop</a> or архиерей, <a href="/wiki/Archiereus" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiereus">archiereus</a>). There are 261 Russian Orthodox eparchies worldwide (June 2012). Further, some eparchies may be organized into <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">exarchates</a> (currently the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarusian exarchate</a>), and since 2003 into metropolitan districts (митрополичий округ), such as the ROC eparchies in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (Среднеазиатский митрополичий округ). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blagoveschenskij_sobor_Pavlodar_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Blagoveschenskij_sobor_Pavlodar_001.JPG/220px-Blagoveschenskij_sobor_Pavlodar_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Blagoveschenskij_sobor_Pavlodar_001.JPG/330px-Blagoveschenskij_sobor_Pavlodar_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Blagoveschenskij_sobor_Pavlodar_001.JPG/440px-Blagoveschenskij_sobor_Pavlodar_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Cathedral of the Annunciation in <a href="/wiki/Pavlodar" title="Pavlodar">Pavlodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></figcaption></figure> Since the early 1990s, the ROC eparchies in some newly independent states of the former USSR enjoy the status of <a href="/wiki/Self-governing" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-governing">self-governing</a> Churches within the Moscow Patriarchate (which status, according to the ROC legal terminology, is distinct from the "autonomous" one): the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate">Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan Orthodox Church">Moldovan Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a> (UOC-MP), the last one being virtually fully independent in administrative matters. (Following Russia's 2014 Invasion of Ukraine, the UOC-MP—which held nearly a third of the ROC(MP)'s churches—began to fragment, particularly since 2019, with some separatist congregations leaving the ROC(MP) to join the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Orthodox Church of Ukraine</a> (OCU) despite strident objections from the Moscow Patriarchate and the Russian government.<a href="#cite_note-russia_set_2020_01_02_atlanticcouncil_org-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-defender_2019_05_19_ecfr_eu-121">[120]</a>) Similar status, since 2007, is enjoyed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a> (previously fully independent and deemed schismatic by the ROC). The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Chinese Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Orthodox Church">Japanese Orthodox Churches</a> were granted full autonomy by the Moscow Patriarchate, but this autonomy is not universally recognized. Smaller eparchies are usually governed by a single bishop. Larger eparchies, exarchates, and self-governing Churches are governed by a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan archbishop</a> and sometimes also have one or more bishops assigned to them. The highest level of authority in the ROC is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Local_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">Local Council</a> (Pomestny Sobor), which comprises all the bishops as well as representatives from the clergy and laypersons. Another organ of power is the <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">Bishops' Council</a> (Архиерейский Собор). In the periods between the Councils the highest administrative powers are exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church">Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church</a>, which includes seven permanent members and is chaired by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitans_and_Patriarchs_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow">Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia</a>, Primate of the Moscow Patriarchate. Although the Patriarch of Moscow enjoys extensive administrative powers, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, he has no direct canonical jurisdiction outside the <a href="/wiki/Urban_Diocese_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Diocese of Moscow">Urban Diocese of Moscow</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], nor does he have single-handed authority over matters pertaining to faith as well as issues concerning the entire Orthodox Christian community such as the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Catholic-Orthodox split</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox_Church_in_America_(OCA)">Orthodox Church in America (OCA)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Orthodox Church in America (OCA)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-53.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-53.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-53.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-53.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-53.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-53.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_in_the_United_States_13-16_November_2001-53.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>A commemoration service for the victims of the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> at St. Nicholas Cathedral in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> The OCA has its origins in a mission established by eight Russian Orthodox monks in Alaska, then part of Russian America, in 1794. This grew into a full diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church after the United States purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. By the late 19th century, the Russian Orthodox Church had grown in other areas of the United States due to the arrival of immigrants from areas of Eastern and Central Europe, many of them formerly of the Eastern Catholic Churches ("Greek Catholics"), and from the Middle East. These immigrants, regardless of nationality or ethnic background, were united under a single North American diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the Patriarchate of Moscow unsuccessfully attempted to regain control of the groups which were located abroad. After it resumed its communication with Moscow in the early 1960s, and after it was granted <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephaly</a> in 1970, the Metropolia became known as the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> But its autocephalous status is not universally recognized. The <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a> (who has jurisdiction over the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</a>) and some other jurisdictions have not officially accepted it. The Ecumenical Patriarch and the other jurisdictions remain in <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> with the OCA. The Patriarchate of Moscow thereby renounced its former canonical claims in the United States and Canada; it also acknowledged the establishment of an autonomous church in Japan in 1970. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia_(ROCOR)">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_(1589_to_2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg/290px-Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg/435px-Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg/580px-Timeline_of_the_main_schisms_from_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_%281589_to_2021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Timeline of some Churches which came from within the ROCOR</figcaption></figure> Russia's Church was devastated by the repercussions of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>. One of its effects was a flood of refugees from Russia to the United States, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The Revolution of 1918 severed large sections of the Russian church—dioceses in America, Japan, and Manchuria, as well as refugees in Europe—from regular contacts with the main church. On 28 December 2006, it was officially announced that the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Canonical_Communion_with_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Act of Canonical Communion with the Moscow Patriarchate">Act of Canonical Communion</a> would finally be signed between the ROC and ROCOR. The signing took place on 17 May 2007, followed immediately by a full restoration of <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">communion</a> with the Moscow Patriarchate, celebrated by a Divine Liturgy at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, at which the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Alexy_II_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow">Alexius II</a> and the First Hierarch of ROCOR concelebrated for the first time. Under the Act, the ROCOR remains a self-governing entity within the Church of Russia. It is independent in its administrative, pastoral, and property matters. It continues to be governed by its Council of Bishops and its Synod, the Council's permanent executive body. The First-Hierarch and bishops of the ROCOR are elected by its Council and confirmed by the Patriarch of Moscow. ROCOR bishops participate in the Council of Bishops of the entire Russian Church. In response to the signing of the act of canonical communion, Bishop Agathangel (Pashkovsky) of Odesa and parishes and clergy in opposition to the Act broke communion with ROCOR, and established <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia#ROCA-PSCA" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCA(A)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> Some others opposed to the Act have joined themselves to other <a href="/wiki/Greek_Old_Calendarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Old Calendarists">Greek Old Calendarist</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> Currently both the OCA and ROCOR, since 2007, are in communion with the ROC. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-governing_branches_of_the_ROC">Self-governing branches of the ROC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Self-governing branches of the ROC">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foros_in_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Foros_in_02.jpg/220px-Foros_in_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Foros_in_02.jpg/330px-Foros_in_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Foros_in_02.jpg/440px-Foros_in_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Foros_Church" title="Foros Church">Church of the Resurrection of Christ</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Russian Orthodox Church has four levels of self-government.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] The autonomous churches which are part of the ROC are: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a>, a special status autonomy close to autocephaly</li> <li>Self-governed churches (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan Orthodox Church">Moldova</a>, Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarusian Orthodox Church</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">exarchate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_in_South-East_Asia" title="Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia">Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_in_Western_Europe_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe (Moscow Patriarchate)">Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Patriarchal Exarchate of Africa">Patriarchal Exarchate of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Pakistan" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Pakistan">Pakistan Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan">Metropolitan District of Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Orthodox Church">Japanese Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Chinese Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_churches_in_Western_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe">Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox churches in Western Europe</a></li></ol> Although the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) claims that 'any provisions that at least somehow hinted at or indicated the connection with <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> were excluded' (following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>) the Russian Orthodox Church ignores this and continues to include UOC-MP clerics in various commissions or working groups despite these individuals not agreeing to this nor even wanting to be included.<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_and_practices">Worship and practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Worship and practices">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Russian Orthodox Church">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_cross.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russian_cross.png/200px-Russian_cross.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russian_cross.png/300px-Russian_cross.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Russian_cross.png/400px-Russian_cross.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_cross_(religion)" title="Russian cross (religion)">Russian cross</a>. The slanted bottom bar represents the footrest.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canonization">Canonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canonization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian saints">List of Russian saints</a></div> In accordance with the practice of the Orthodox Church, a particular hero of faith can initially be canonized only at a local level within local churches and eparchies. Such rights belong to the ruling hierarch and it can only happen when the blessing of the patriarch is received. The task of believers of the local eparchy is to record descriptions of miracles, to create the hagiography of a saint, to paint an icon, as well as to compose a liturgical text of a service where the saint is canonized. All of this is sent to the Synodal Commission for canonization which decides whether to canonize the local hero of faith or not. Then the patriarch gives his blessing and the local hierarch performs the act of canonization at the local level. However, the liturgical texts in honor of a saint are not published in all Church books but only in local publications. In the same way, these saints are not yet canonized and venerated by the whole Church, only locally. When the glorification of a saint exceeds the limits of an eparchy, then the patriarch and Holy Synod decides about their canonization on the Church level. After receiving the Synod's support and the patriarch's blessing, the question of glorification of a particular saint on the scale of the entire Church is given for consideration to the <a href="/wiki/Local_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church</a>. In the period following the revolution, and during the communist persecutions up to 1970, no canonizations took place. In 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Synod_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church">Holy Synod</a> decided to canonize a missionary to Japan, Nicholas Kasatkin (1836–1912). In 1977, St. Innocent of Moscow (1797–1879), the Metropolitan of Siberia, the Far East, the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and Moscow was also canonized. In 1978 it was proclaimed that the Russian Orthodox Church had created a prayer order for Meletius of Kharkov, which practically signified his canonization because that was the only possible way to do it at that time. Similarly, the saints of other Orthodox Churches were added to the Church calendar: in 1962 St. John the Russian, in 1970 St. Herman of Alaska, in 1993 <a href="/wiki/Silouan_the_Athonite" title="Silouan the Athonite">Silouan the Athonite</a>, the elder of Mount Athos, already canonized in 1987 by the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. In the 1980s the Russian Orthodox Church re-established the process for canonization; a practice that had ceased for half a century. In 1989, the Holy Synod established the Synodal Commission for canonization. The <a href="/wiki/1990_Local_Council_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="1990 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church">1990 Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church</a> gave an order for the Synodal Commission for Canonisation to prepare documents for canonization of new martyrs who had suffered from the 20th century Communist repressions. In 1991 it was decided that a local commission for canonization would be established in every eparchy which would gather the local documents and would send them to the Synodal Commission. Its task was to study the local archives, collect memories of believers, record all the miracles that are connected with addressing the martyrs. In 1992 the Church established 25 January as a day when it venerates the new 20th century martyrs of faith. The day was specifically chosen because on this day in 1918 the Metropolitan of Kiev Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky) was killed, thus becoming the first victim of communist terror among the hierarchs of the Church. During the 2000 Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, the greatest general canonization in the history of the Orthodox Church took place: not only regarding the number of saints but also as in this canonization, all unknown saints were mentioned. There were 1,765 canonized saints known by name and others unknown by name but "known to God".<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icon_painting">Icon painting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Icon painting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_icons" title="Russian icons">Russian icons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andrej_Rubl%C3%ABv_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andrej_Rubl%C3%ABv_001.jpg/220px-Andrej_Rubl%C3%ABv_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andrej_Rubl%C3%ABv_001.jpg/330px-Andrej_Rubl%C3%ABv_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andrej_Rubl%C3%ABv_001.jpg/440px-Andrej_Rubl%C3%ABv_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> c. 1400 </figcaption></figure> The use and making of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> entered <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> following <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">its conversion</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> in AD 988. As a general rule, these icons strictly followed models and formulas hallowed by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, led from the capital in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. As time passed, the Russians widened the vocabulary of types and styles far beyond anything found elsewhere in the Orthodox world. Russian icons are typically <a href="/wiki/Panel_painting" title="Panel painting">paintings on wood</a>, often small, though some in churches and monasteries may be much larger. Some Russian icons were made of copper.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> Many religious homes in Russia have icons hanging on the wall in the krasny ugol, the "red" or "beautiful" corner. There is a rich history and elaborate religious symbolism associated with icons. In Russian churches, the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> is typically separated from the <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">sanctuary</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a> (Russian ikonostas, иконостас), or icon-screen, a wall of icons with double doors in the centre. Russians sometimes speak of an icon as having been "written", because in the Russian language (like Greek, but unlike English) the same word (pisat', писать in Russian) means both to paint and to write. Icons are considered to be the Gospel in paint, and therefore careful attention is paid to ensure that the Gospel is faithfully and accurately conveyed. Icons considered miraculous were <a href="/wiki/Acheiropoieta" title="Acheiropoieta">said to "appear".</a> The "appearance" (Russian: yavlenie, явление) of an icon is its supposedly miraculous discovery. "A true icon is one that has 'appeared', a gift from above, one opening the way to the Prototype and able to perform miracles".<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell_ringing">Bell ringing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bell ringing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2015)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Bell ringing, which has a history in the Russian Orthodox tradition dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Rus'">baptism of Rus'</a>, plays an important part in the traditions of the Russian Orthodox Church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenism_and_interfaith_relations">Ecumenism and interfaith relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ecumenism and interfaith relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Mary_Magdalene3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Church_of_Mary_Magdalene3.jpg/220px-Church_of_Mary_Magdalene3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Church_of_Mary_Magdalene3.jpg/330px-Church_of_Mary_Magdalene3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Church_of_Mary_Magdalene3.jpg/440px-Church_of_Mary_Magdalene3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Mary_Magdalene" title="Church of Mary Magdalene">Church of Mary Magdalene</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> In May 2011, <a href="/wiki/Hilarion_Alfeyev" title="Hilarion Alfeyev">Hilarion Alfeyev</a>, the Metropolitan of Volokolamsk and head of <a href="/wiki/External_relations_for_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="External relations for the Moscow Patriarchate">external relations for the Moscow Patriarchate</a> of the Russian Orthodox Church, stated that Orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> Christians share the same positions on "such issues as <a href="/wiki/Pro-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-life">abortion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Family_values#Conservative_definitions" title="Family values">family</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">marriage</a>" and desire "vigorous grassroots engagement" between the two <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">Christian communions</a> on such issues.<a href="#cite_note-Communions-202">[201]</a> The Metropolitan also believes in the possibility of peaceful coexistence between <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> because the two religions have never fought religious wars in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Alfeyev-203">[202]</a> Alfeyev stated that the Russian Orthodox Church "disagrees with <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a> in some areas very strongly" and "believes that it destroys something very essential about <a href="/wiki/Sanctity_of_life" title="Sanctity of life">human life</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Alfeyev-203">[202]</a> Today, the Russian Orthodox Church has ecclesiastical missions in Jerusalem and some other countries around the world.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Membership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Orthodox_Church_followers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Russian_Orthodox_Church_followers.png/280px-Russian_Orthodox_Church_followers.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Russian_Orthodox_Church_followers.png/420px-Russian_Orthodox_Church_followers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Russian_Orthodox_Church_followers.png/560px-Russian_Orthodox_Church_followers.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of followers of the ROC in the Russian Federation</figcaption></figure> The ROC is often said<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> to be the largest of all of the Eastern Orthodox churches in the world. Including all the autocephalous churches under its supervision, its adherents number more than 112 million worldwide—about half of the 200 to 220 million<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> estimated adherents of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Among <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian churches</a>, the Russian Orthodox Church is only second to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> in terms of numbers of followers. Within Russia the results of a 2007 <a href="/wiki/VTsIOM" class="mw-redirect" title="VTsIOM">VTsIOM</a> poll indicated that about 75% of the population considered itself Orthodox Christian.<a href="#cite_note-Herit2-208">[207]</a> Up to 65% of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a><a href="#cite_note-Herit1-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> as well as Russian-speakers from Russia who are members of other ethnic groups (<a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a> etc.) and a similar percentage of <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> identify themselves as "Orthodox".<a href="#cite_note-Herit2-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herit1-209">[208]</a> However, according to a poll published by the church related website <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravmir.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravmir.com (page does not exist)">Pravmir.com</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" class="extiw" title="ru:Православие и мир">ru</a>] in December 2012, only 41% of the Russian population identified itself with the Russian Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> Pravmir.com also published a 2012 poll by the respected Levada organization VTsIOM indicating that 74% of Russians considered themselves Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The 2017 Survey Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe made by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> showed that 71% of Russians declared themselves as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox Christian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-215">[214]</a> and in 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Public_Opinion_Research_Center" title="Russian Public Opinion Research Center">Russian Public Opinion Research Center</a> (VCIOM) estimated that 66% of Russians were Orthodox Christians.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eparchies_and_Metropolitanates_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Eparchies and Metropolitanates of the Russian Orthodox Church">Eparchies and Metropolitanates of the Russian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Church_property_restitution" title="Russian Church property restitution">Russian Church property restitution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Saint Andrew</a> is also thought to have visited Scythia and Greek colonies along the northern coast of the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PATRIARCHIA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PATRIARCHIA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PATRIARCHIA_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PATRIARCHIA_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PATRIARCHIA_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5359105.html">"Внутренняя жизнь и внешняя деятельность Русской Православной Церкви с 2009 года по 2019 год"</a>. www.patriarchia.ru (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.patriarchia.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D1%81+2009+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE+2019+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchia.ru%2Fdb%2Ftext%2F5359105.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5550814.html">"Доклад Святейшего Патриарха Кирилла на Епархиальном собрании г. 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The first relates to its apostolic roots. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201420On_the_way_he_stopped_first_at_the_site_of_the_future_city_of_Kiev,_where,_predictably,_he_prophesied_the_founding_of_a_great_town_with_many_churches-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201420On_the_way_he_stopped_first_at_the_site_of_the_future_city_of_Kiev,_where,_predictably,_he_prophesied_the_founding_of_a_great_town_with_many_churches_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 20, On the way he stopped first at the site of the future city of Kiev, where, predictably, he prophesied the founding of a great town with many churches. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201420-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201420_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201425-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201425_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201425_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201425_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201424-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201424_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201426Not_that_anyone_doubts_that_she_was_baptized._All_are_agreed_on_that._But_when,_where_and_under_what_circumstances?_These_are_the_questions_that_divide_the_academics-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201426Not_that_anyone_doubts_that_she_was_baptized._All_are_agreed_on_that._But_when,_where_and_under_what_circumstances?_These_are_the_questions_that_divide_the_academics_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 26, Not that anyone doubts that she was baptized. All are agreed on that. But when, where and under what circumstances? These are the questions that divide the academics. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201426-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201426_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201431-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201431_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201435-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201435_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201435_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201435_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201435_30-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell201437-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201437_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201437_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell201437_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014134-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014134_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014134Petr_arrived_in_Vladimir_from_Constantinople_in_1309_at_the_height_of_the_conflict_between_Tver'_and_Moscow_for_supremacy_in_northwest_Russia-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014134Petr_arrived_in_Vladimir_from_Constantinople_in_1309_at_the_height_of_the_conflict_between_Tver'_and_Moscow_for_supremacy_in_northwest_Russia_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 134, Petr arrived in Vladimir from Constantinople in 1309 at the height of the conflict between Tver' and Moscow for supremacy in northwest Russia. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010149-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010149_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff2010">Meyendorff 2010</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014136-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014136_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014136_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010153-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010153_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff2010">Meyendorff 2010</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010156-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010156_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010156_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyendorff2010156_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyendorff2010">Meyendorff 2010</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2023192-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2023192_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2023">Fennell 2023</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2023134-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2023134_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2023">Fennell 2023</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014141-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014141_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014175-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014175_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014177–179-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014177–179_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, pp. 177–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014180-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014180_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014181-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014181_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014181_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFennell2014183-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFennell2014183_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFennell2014">Fennell 2014</a>, p. 183. </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevzov201219_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShevzov201219_48-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShevzov2012">Shevzov 2012</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShubin2004132–133_49-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShubin2004">Shubin 2004</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrémooukhoff1953" class="citation journal cs1">Strémooukhoff, Dimitri (1953). 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Speculum. 28 (1): 84–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2847182">10.2307/2847182</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2847182">2847182</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161446879">161446879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Moscow+the+Third+Rome%3A+Sources+of+the+Doctrine&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=84-101&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161446879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2847182%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2847182&rft.aulast=Str%C3%A9mooukhoff&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryMelling1999" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; Melling, David, eds. 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Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2.+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fst-elizabet.narod.ru%2Fraznoe%2Fanafema_sovetchikam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstling2001" class="citation news cs1">Ostling, Richard (24 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813173443/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,150718,00.html">"Cross meets Kremlin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TIME_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="TIME Magazine">TIME Magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,150718,00.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cross+meets+Kremlin&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C150718%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Father Arseny 1893–1973 Priest, Prisoner, Spiritual Father. Introduction pp. vi–1. 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Created for the government of <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129175211/http://www.ipc.od.ua/14spravka.html">Archived</a> 29 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Talantov, Boris. 1968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/cat_tal.aspx">The Moscow Patriarchate and Sergianism</a> (English translation). </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/01newstucture/pagesen/news04/meylavrinsa.html">Protopriest Yaroslav Belikow. 11 December 2004. The Visit of His Eminence Metropolitan Laurus to the Parishes of Argentina and Venezuela</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429165319/http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/01newstucture/pagesen/news04/meylavrinsa.html">Archived</a> 29 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catacomb.org.ua/modules.php?name=Pages&go=page&pid=1099">"Церковные Церковные Ведомости: Духовное наследие Катакомбной Церкви и Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей - Patriarch Tikhon's Catacomb Church. History of the Russian True Orthodox Church] Ведомости: Духовное наследие Катакомбной Церкви и Русской Православной Церкви Заграницей – Patriarch Tikhon's Catacomb Church. 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Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 179-82. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://espreso.tv/news/2017/12/10/moskovskyy_patriarkhat_stvoryuvaly_agenty_nkvs_svidchat_rozskerecheni_sbu_dokumenty">"Московський патріархат створювали агенти НКВС, – свідчать розсекречені СБУ документи"</a>. espreso.tv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=espreso.tv&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%92%D0%A1%2C+%E2%80%93+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96+%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%A3+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fespreso.tv%2Fnews%2F2017%2F12%2F10%2Fmoskovskyy_patriarkhat_stvoryuvaly_agenty_nkvs_svidchat_rozskerecheni_sbu_dokumenty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171211003534/https://www.znak.com/2017-12-10/sbu_rassekretila_arhivy_moskovskogo_patriarha_v_1945_godu_izbirali_agenty_nkgb">"СБУ рассекретила архивы: московского патриарха в 1945 году избирали агенты НКГБ"</a>. www.znak.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.znak.com/2017-12-10/sbu_rassekretila_arhivy_moskovskogo_patriarha_v_1945_godu_izbirali_agenty_nkgb">the original</a> on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.znak.com&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%A3+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B%3A+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%B2+1945+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%93%D0%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.znak.com%2F2017-12-10%2Fsbu_rassekretila_arhivy_moskovskogo_patriarha_v_1945_godu_izbirali_agenty_nkgb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSally2015" class="citation book cs1">Sally, Waller (30 April 2015). 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Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Fr+Dmitry+Dudko&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Ffr-dmitry-dudko-550017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Keston Institute and the Defence of Persecuted Christians in the USSR </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1990" class="citation journal cs1">Dunlop, John B. (December 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.gospelstudies.org.uk/pdf/rcl/18-4_292.pdf">"The Russian Orthodox Church and nationalism after 1988"</a> (PDF). Religion in Communist Lands. 18 (4): 292–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09637499008431483">10.1080/09637499008431483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5974">0307-5974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+in+Communist+Lands&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+and+nationalism+after+1988&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=292-306&rft.date=1990-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09637499008431483&rft.issn=0307-5974&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.gospelstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Frcl%2F18-4_292.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellEllis1988" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Helen; Ellis, Jane (December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rcl/16-4_292.pdf">"The millennium celebrations of 1988 in the USSR"</a> (PDF). Religion in Communist Lands. 16 (4): 292–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09637498808431389">10.1080/09637498808431389</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-5974">0307-5974</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+in+Communist+Lands&rft.atitle=The+millennium+celebrations+of+1988+in+the+USSR&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=292-328&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09637498808431389&rft.issn=0307-5974&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Frcl%2F16-4_292.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Higgins2007" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Higgins (18 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119792074745834591?mod=hpp_us_inside_today">"Born Again. Putin and Orthodox Church Cement Power in Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Born+Again.+Putin+and+Orthodox+Church+Cement+Power+in+Russia&rft.date=2007-12-18&rft.au=Andrew+Higgins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB119792074745834591%3Fmod%3Dhpp_us_inside_today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vypiski-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Vypiski_85-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krotov.info/acts/20/1960/1967_loubyanka.html">Выписки из отчетов КГБ о работе с лидерами Московской патриархии</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208122858/http://www.krotov.info/acts/20/1960/1967_loubyanka.html">Archived</a> 8 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Excerpts from KGB reports on work with the leaders of the Moscow Patriarchate </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/feb/12/1">"Russian Patriarch 'was KGB spy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 12 February 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russian+Patriarch+%27was+KGB+spy&rft.date=1999-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Ffeb%2F12%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_87-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Vasili Mitrokhin</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Mitrokhin_Archive" title="Mitrokhin Archive">Mitrokhin Archive</a>: The KGB in Europe and the West, Gardners Books (2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028487-7">0-14-028487-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albats-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Albats_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Albats_88-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Yevgenia_Albats" title="Yevgenia Albats">Yevgenia Albats</a> and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia – Past, Present, and Future. 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-52738-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-52738-5">0-374-52738-5</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-PrChurch-89"><a href="#cite_ref-PrChurch_89-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Preobrazhensky" title="Konstantin Preobrazhensky">Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cicentre.com/Documents/putin_espionage_church.html">Putin's Espionage Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209002520/http://cicentre.com/Documents/putin_espionage_church.html">Archived</a> 9 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an excerpt from a forthcoming book, "Russian Americans: A New KGB Asset" by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Preobrazhensky" title="Konstantin Preobrazhensky">Konstantin Preobrazhenskiy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CWNrep-90"><a href="#cite_ref-CWNrep_90-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=13868">Confirmed: Russian Patriarch Worked with KGB, Catholic World News. Retrieved 29 December 2007.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080627153846/http://cicentre.com/Documents/DOC_Trofimoff_Affidavit.htm">"George Trofimoff Affidavit"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cicentre.com/Documents/DOC_Trofimoff_Affidavit.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Trofimoff+Affidavit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcicentre.com%2FDocuments%2FDOC_Trofimoff_Affidavit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ortho-rus.ru/cgi-bin/ps_file.cgi?2_599">Ириней (Зуземиль)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109133930/http://www.ortho-rus.ru/cgi-bin/ps_file.cgi?2_599">Archived</a> 9 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Biography information on the web-site of the ROC </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy, (Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), p. 96 Davis quotes one bishop as saying: "Yes, we—I, at least, and I say this first about myself—I worked together with the KGB. I cooperated, I made signed statements, I had regular meetings, I made reports. I was given a pseudonym—a code name as they say there. ... I knowingly cooperated with them—but in such a way that I undeviatingly tried to maintain the position of my Church, and, yes, also to act as a patriot, insofar as I understood, in collaboration with these organs. I was never a stool pigeon, nor an informer." </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> He said: "Defending one thing, it was necessary to give somewhere else. Were there any other organizations, or any other people among those who had to carry responsibility not only for themselves but for thousands of other fates, who in those years in the Soviet Union were not compelled to act likewise? Before those people, however, to whom the compromises, silence, forced passivity or expressions of loyalty permitted by the leaders of the church in those years caused pain, before these people, and not only before God, I ask forgiveness, understanding and prayers." From an interview of Patriarch Alexy II, given to Izvestia No 137, 10 June 1991, entitled "Patriarch Alexy II: – I Take upon Myself Responsibility for All that Happened", English translation from Nathaniel Davis, A Long Walk to Church: A Contemporary History of Russian Orthodoxy (Oxford: Westview Press, 1995), p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/roca_history.aspx">History of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513181214/http://www.orthodoxinfo.com/ecumenism/roca_history.aspx">Archived</a> 13 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by St. John (Maximovich) of Shanghai and San Francisco, 31 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Русская церковь объединяет свыше 150 млн. верующих в более чем 60 странах – митрополит Иларион Interfax.ru 2 March 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Clover2008" class="citation news cs1">Charles Clover (5 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329045043/http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto120520081735416422&page=1">"Russia's church mourns patriarch"</a>. Financial Times. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto120520081735416422&page=1">the original</a> on 29 March 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+church+mourns+patriarch&rft.date=2008-12-05&rft.au=Charles+Clover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.ft.com%2Fftgateway%2Fsuperpage.ft%3Fnews_id%3Dfto120520081735416422%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327212920/https://mospat.ru/en/documents/social-concepts/">"The Basis of the Social Concept"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mospat.ru/en/documents/social-concepts/">the original</a> on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basis+of+the+Social+Concept&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mospat.ru%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fsocial-concepts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327202203/https://mospat.ru/en/documents/dignity-freedom-rights/">"The Russian Orthodox Church's Basic Teaching on Human Dignity, Freedom and Rights"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mospat.ru/en/documents/dignity-freedom-rights/">the original</a> on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church%27s+Basic+Teaching+on+Human+Dignity%2C+Freedom+and+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mospat.ru%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fdignity-freedom-rights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Телеграмма Патриаха Алексия Патриаху Константинопольскому Варфоломею I от 23 февраля 1996 // <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Журнал Московской Патриархии">ЖМП</a> 1996, № 3 (Официальная часть). </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/14/130.aspx#3">"No 130 (October 21, 2007) » Europaica Bulletin » OrthodoxEurope.org"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=No+130+%28October+21%2C+2007%29+%C2%BB+Europaica+Bulletin+%C2%BB+OrthodoxEurope.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forthodoxeurope.org%2Fpage%2F14%2F130.aspx%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=3945">"Interfax-Religion"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Patriarch+Just+Gave+His+Most+Dangerous+Speech+Yet+%E2%80%94+And+Almost+No+One+In+the+West+Has+Noticed&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft.aulast=Kelaidis&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligiondispatches.org%2Fthe-russian-patriarch-just-gave-his-most-dangerous-speech-yet-and-almost-no-one-in-the-west-has-noticed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirill2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirill, Patriarch of Moscow (9 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5907484.html"><bdi lang="ru">Патриаршая проповедь в среду первой седмицы Великого поста после Литургии Преждеосвященных Даров в Храме Христа Спасителя</bdi></a> [Patriarchal Sermon on Wednesday of the First Week of Great Lent after the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior]. Патриарх / Патриархия.ru [Patriarch / Patriarchy.ru] (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85+%2F+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft.aulast=Kirill&rft.aufirst=Patriarch+of+Moscow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchia.ru%2Fdb%2Ftext%2F5907484.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.H._Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow_and_all_Russia2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">H.H. 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Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+%28Moscow+Patrirachate%29&rft.atitle=Resolution+of+the+Council+of+the+Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+of+May+27%2C+2022&rft.date=2022-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.church.ua%2F2022%2F05%2F27%2Fpostanova-soboru-ukrajinskoji-pravoslavnoji-cerkvi-vid-27-travnya-2022-roku%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yevtushenkoUOCMPKir-177"><a href="#cite_ref-yevtushenkoUOCMPKir_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-hunts-collaborators-ukrainian-orthodox-church-moscow-patriarchate-mykola-yevtushenko/">"Ukraine hunts collaborators in its divided church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Ukraine+hunts+collaborators+in+its+divided+church&rft.date=2022-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fukraine-hunts-collaborators-ukrainian-orthodox-church-moscow-patriarchate-mykola-yevtushenko%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROC32207628-178"><a href="#cite_ref-ROC32207628_178-0">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmytro_Horevo2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dmytro Horevo (4 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/rpts-kyrylo-putin-ukrayina-uptsmp-vyibr/32207628.html">"The Russian Orthodox Church does not recognize the independence of Ukraine or the independence of the UOC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+does+not+recognize+the+independence+of+Ukraine+or+the+independence+of+the+UOC&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.au=Dmytro+Horevo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2Frpts-kyrylo-putin-ukrayina-uptsmp-vyibr%2F32207628.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.church.ua/2022/12/31/the-charter-of-the-uoc-does-not-contain-any-provisions-that-would-even-hint-at-the-connection-with-moscow-the-head-of-the-legal-department/?lang=en">"The Charter of the UOC does not contain any provisions that could even hint at the connection with Moscow — the Head of the Legal Department"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+%28Moscow+Patriarchate%29&rft.atitle=The+Charter+of+the+UOC+does+not+contain+any+provisions+that+could+even+hint+at+the+connection+with+Moscow+%E2%80%94+the+Head+of+the+Legal+Department&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.church.ua%2F2022%2F12%2F31%2Fthe-charter-of-the-uoc-does-not-contain-any-provisions-that-would-even-hint-at-the-connection-with-moscow-the-head-of-the-legal-department%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.church.ua/2022/12/31/svyashhennik-upc-visloviv-protest-cherez-jogo-vklyuchennya-vidavnichoji-radi-rpc/">"The UOC priest protested his inclusion in the ROC Publishing Council"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+%28Moscow+Patriarchate%29&rft.atitle=The+UOC+priest+protested+his+inclusion+in+the+ROC+Publishing+Council&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.church.ua%2F2022%2F12%2F31%2Fsvyashhennik-upc-visloviv-protest-cherez-jogo-vklyuchennya-vidavnichoji-radi-rpc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/church-in-europe/2022/06/top-vatican-prelate-calls-russian-patriarchs-defense-of-ukraine-war-heresy">"Top Vatican prelate calls Russian patriarch's defense of Ukraine war 'heresy'"</a>. 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Vatican+prelate+calls+Russian+patriarch%27s+defense+of+Ukraine+war+%27heresy%27&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fchurch-in-europe%2F2022%2F06%2Ftop-vatican-prelate-calls-russian-patriarchs-defense-of-ukraine-war-heresy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugen2022" class="citation web cs1">Brugen, Isabel van (23 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/russia-priest-patriarch-kirill-mobilization-putin-death-ukraine-1745616">"Putin's top priest tells Russians not to fear death amid mobilization"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIGA&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+parliament+passes+law+banning+Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2024-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.liga.net%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2Fnews%2Fukraines-parliament-passes-law-banning-russian-orthodox-church-in-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.nv.ua/nation/verkovna-rada-adopts-a-draft-bill-and-therefore-bans-all-moscow-ruled-religious-organizations-50444399.html">"Ukrainian Parliament bans Russian-linked religious organizations, targets UOC-MP"</a>. english.nv.ua. Retrieved 20 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=english.nv.ua&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+Parliament+bans+Russian-linked+religious+organizations%2C+targets+UOC-MP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.nv.ua%2Fnation%2Fverkovna-rada-adopts-a-draft-bill-and-therefore-bans-all-moscow-ruled-religious-organizations-50444399.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/08/20/7471107/">"Parliament passes law banning religious organisations linked to Russia"</a>. Ukrainska Pravda. Retrieved 20 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ukrainska+Pravda&rft.atitle=Parliament+passes+law+banning+religious+organisations+linked+to+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Feng%2Fnews%2F2024%2F08%2F20%2F7471107%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.ua/en/news/110038-the-ukrainian-parliament-supported-the-draft-law-on-banning-the-uoc-mp">"The Ukrainian Parliament supported the draft law on banning the UOC MP"</a>. babel.ua. 20 August 2024. Retrieved 20 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=babel.ua&rft.atitle=The+Ukrainian+Parliament+supported+the+draft+law+on+banning+the+UOC+MP&rft.date=2024-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.ua%2Fen%2Fnews%2F110038-the-ukrainian-parliament-supported-the-draft-law-on-banning-the-uoc-mp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-russia_set_2020_01_02_atlanticcouncil_org-192"><a href="#cite_ref-russia_set_2020_01_02_atlanticcouncil_org_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2020" class="citation web cs1">Dickinson, Peter (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/russia-set-to-escalate-fight-against-ukrainian-orthodox-independence-in-2020/">"Russia set to escalate fight against Ukrainian Orthodox independence in 2020"</a>. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+set+to+escalate+fight+against+Ukrainian+Orthodox+independence+in+2020&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fukrainealert%2Frussia-set-to-escalate-fight-against-ukrainian-orthodox-independence-in-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/history-archives/oca-history-intro">"A History and Introduction of the Orthodox Church in America"</a>. www.oca.org. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=A+History+and+Introduction+of+the+Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fhistory-archives%2Foca-history-intro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118223908/http://sinod.ruschurchabroad.org/engindex.htm">"Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (ROCA), Synod of Bishops"</a>. Sinod.ruschurchabroad.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinod.ruschurchabroad.org/engindex.htm">the original</a> on 18 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Orthodox+Church+Abroad+%28ROCA%29%2C+Synod+of+Bishops&rft.pub=Sinod.ruschurchabroad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinod.ruschurchabroad.org%2Fengindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016172842/http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/synod/eng2007/7ensfcommunique.html">"The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia – Official Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianorthodoxchurch.ws/synod/eng2007/7ensfcommunique.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+Russia+%E2%80%93+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianorthodoxchurch.ws%2Fsynod%2Feng2007%2F7ensfcommunique.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/19/7052645/">"Білоруська православна церква хоче автономії від Москви | Українська правда"</a>. 19 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219144758/http://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2014/12/19/7052645/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravda.com.ua%2Fnews%2F2014%2F12%2F19%2F7052645%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305051356/http://belarusdigest.com/story/belarusian-orthodox-church-seeks-more-independence-russia-21049">"Belarusian Orthodox Church Seeks More Independence from Russia"</a>. Belarus Digest: News and analytics on Belarusian politics, economy, human rights and more. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belarusdigest.com/story/belarusian-orthodox-church-seeks-more-independence-russia-21049">the original</a> on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belarus+Digest%3A+News+and+analytics+on+Belarusian+politics%2C+economy%2C+human+rights+and+more.&rft.atitle=Belarusian+Orthodox+Church+Seeks+More+Independence+from+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelarusdigest.com%2Fstory%2Fbelarusian-orthodox-church-seeks-more-independence-russia-21049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmytro_Horevo2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dmytro Horevo (4 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/rpts-kyrylo-putin-ukrayina-uptsmp-vyibr/32207628.html">"The Russian Orthodox Church does not recognize the independence of Ukraine or the independence of the UOC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+does+not+recognize+the+independence+of+Ukraine+or+the+independence+of+the+UOC&rft.date=2023-01-04&rft.au=Dmytro+Horevo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2Frpts-kyrylo-putin-ukrayina-uptsmp-vyibr%2F32207628.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.church.ua/2022/12/31/the-charter-of-the-uoc-does-not-contain-any-provisions-that-would-even-hint-at-the-connection-with-moscow-the-head-of-the-legal-department/?lang=en">"The Charter of the UOC does not contain any provisions that could even hint at the connection with Moscow – the Head of the Legal Department"</a>. Official website of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a>. 31 December 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+%28Moscow+Patriarchate%29&rft.atitle=The+Charter+of+the+UOC+does+not+contain+any+provisions+that+could+even+hint+at+the+connection+with+Moscow+%E2%80%93+the+Head+of+the+Legal+Department&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.church.ua%2F2022%2F12%2F31%2Fthe-charter-of-the-uoc-does-not-contain-any-provisions-that-would-even-hint-at-the-connection-with-moscow-the-head-of-the-legal-department%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.church.ua/2022/12/31/svyashhennik-upc-visloviv-protest-cherez-jogo-vklyuchennya-vidavnichoji-radi-rpc/">"The UOC priest protested his inclusion in the ROC Publishing Council"</a>. Official website of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)</a> (in Ukrainian). 31 December 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+website+of+the+Ukrainian+Orthodox+Church+%28Moscow+Patriarchate%29&rft.atitle=The+UOC+priest+protested+his+inclusion+in+the+ROC+Publishing+Council&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.church.ua%2F2022%2F12%2F31%2Fsvyashhennik-upc-visloviv-protest-cherez-jogo-vklyuchennya-vidavnichoji-radi-rpc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGan2023" class="citation web cs1">Gan, Archpriest Serafim (12 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://synod.com/synod/engdocuments/enart_protserafimgannewmartyrs.html">"THE CANONIZATION OF THE NEW MARTYRS BY THE COUNCIL OF BISHOPS OF THE RUSSIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OUTSIDE OF RUSSIA IN 1981. HOW IT HAPPENED"</a>. Synod. Retrieved 12 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Synod&rft.atitle=THE+CANONIZATION+OF+THE+NEW+MARTYRS+BY+THE+COUNCIL+OF+BISHOPS+OF+THE+RUSSIAN+ORTHODOX+CHURCH+OUTSIDE+OF+RUSSIA+IN+1981.+HOW+IT+HAPPENED&rft.date=2023-02-12&rft.aulast=Gan&rft.aufirst=Archpriest+Serafim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsynod.com%2Fsynod%2Fengdocuments%2Fenart_protserafimgannewmartyrs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Ahlborn, Richard E. and Vera Beaver-Bricken Espinola, eds. Russian Copper Icons and Crosses From the Kunz Collection: Castings of Faith. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1991. 85 pages with illustrations, some colored. Includes bibliographical references pp. 84–85. Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology: No. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFather_Vladimir_Ivanov1988" class="citation book cs1">Father Vladimir Ivanov (1988). Russian Icons. Rizzoli Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Icons&rft.pub=Rizzoli+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Father+Vladimir+Ivanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Communions-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Communions_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/may/fromrussialove.html?start=1">"From Russia, with Love"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2007. <q>Many evangelicals share conservative positions with us on such issues as abortion, the family, and marriage. Do you want vigorous grassroots engagement between Orthodox and evangelicals? Yes, on problems, for example, like the destruction of the family. Many marriages are split. Many families have either one child or no child.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=From+Russia%2C+with+Love&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2011%2Fmay%2Ffromrussialove.html%3Fstart%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfeyev-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfeyev_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfeyev_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2011/may/fromrussialove.html?start=4">"From Russia, with Love"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2007. <q>If we speak about Islam (and of course if we mean moderate Islam), then I believe there is the possibility of peaceful coexistence between Islam and Christianity. This is what we have had in Russia for centuries, because Russian Islam has a very long tradition. But we never had religious wars. Nowadays we have a good system of collaboration between Christian denominations and Islam. Secularism is dangerous because it destroys human life. It destroys essential notions related to human life, such as the family. And here we disagree with atheist secularism in some areas very strongly, and we believe that it destroys something very essential about human life. We should be engaged in a very honest and direct conversation with representatives of secular ideology. And of course when I speak of secular ideology, I mean here primarily atheist ideology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=From+Russia%2C+with+Love&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2011%2Fmay%2Ffromrussialove.html%3Fstart%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxhaiti.org">"Russian Orthodox Mission in Haiti – Home"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Orthodox+Mission+in+Haiti+%E2%80%93+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxhaiti.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.synod.com/synod/eng2012/20120627_enhimkromanrdm.html">"The Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia – Official Website"</a>. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Outside+Russia+%E2%80%93+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synod.com%2Fsynod%2Feng2012%2F20120627_enhimkromanrdm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Because the ROC does not keep any formal membership records the claim is based on public polls and the number of parishes. The actual number of regular church-goers in Russia varies between 1% and 10%, depending on the source. However, strict adherence to Sunday church-going is not traditional in Eastern Orthodoxy, specifically in Russia. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml">"BBC - Religions - Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church"</a>. www.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+Religions+-+Christianity%3A+Eastern+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Feasternorthodox_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herit2-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herit2_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herit2_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.interfax-religion.ru/?act=news&div=39729">"Документ не найден - "Интерфакс""</a>. www.interfax-religion.ru. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.interfax-religion.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD+-+%22%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax-religion.ru%2F%3Fact%3Dnews%26div%3D39729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herit1-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herit1_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herit1_209-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225132148/http://www.religare.ru/article42432.htm">"Опубликована подробная сравнительная статистика религиозности в России и Польше, Religare.ru 6 June 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religare.ru/article42432.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5%2C+Religare.ru+6+June+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religare.ru%2Farticle42432.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazeta.ru/comments/2007/08/20_a_2060804.shtml">"Большинство, напоминающее меньшинство"</a>. Газета.Ru. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0.Ru&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazeta.ru%2Fcomments%2F2007%2F08%2F20_a_2060804.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2011" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Jeffrey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wlth0GRi0N0C&q=chuvash+ethnic+group&pg=PA73">Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-302-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-302-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-302-6&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlth0GRi0N0C%26q%3Dchuvash%2Bethnic%2Bgroup%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKefeli.2017" class="citation book cs1">Kefeli., Agnès Nilüfer (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1229885054">Becoming Muslim in Imperial Russia: Conversion, Apostasy, and Literacy</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5231-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-5231-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1229885054">1229885054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Muslim+in+Imperial+Russia%3A+Conversion%2C+Apostasy%2C+and+Literacy&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1229885054&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5231-4&rft.aulast=Kefeli.&rft.aufirst=Agn%C3%A8s+Nil%C3%BCfer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1229885054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121225044055/http://www.pravmir.com/religions-in-russia-a-new-framework/">"Religions in Russia: a New Framework : A Russian Orthodox Church Website"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravmir.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravmir.com (page does not exist)">Pravmir.com</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" class="extiw" title="ru:Православие и мир">ru</a>]. 22 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravmir.com/religions-in-russia-a-new-framework/">the original</a> on 25 December 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religions+in+Russia%3A+a+New+Framework+%3A+A+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Website&rft.pub=Pravmir.com%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bru%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2012-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravmir.com%2Freligions-in-russia-a-new-framework%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530221250/http://www.pravmir.com/number-of-orthodox-church-members-shrinking-in-russia-islam-on-the-rise-poll/">"Number of Orthodox Church Members Shrinking in Russia, Islam on the Rise – Poll : A Russian Orthodox Church Website"</a>. Pravmir.com. 18 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravmir.com/number-of-orthodox-church-members-shrinking-in-russia-islam-on-the-rise-poll/">the original</a> on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pravmir.com&rft.atitle=Number+of+Orthodox+Church+Members+Shrinking+in+Russia%2C+Islam+on+the+Rise+%E2%80%93+Poll+%3A+A+Russian+Orthodox+Church+Website&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pravmir.com%2Fnumber-of-orthodox-church-members-shrinking-in-russia-islam-on-the-rise-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewforum.org-215"><a href="#cite_ref-pewforum.org_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2018" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Travis (29 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2018/10/29/eastern-and-western-europeans-differ-on-importance-of-religion-views-of-minorities-and-key-social-issues/">"Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues"</a>. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+and+Western+Europeans+Differ+on+Importance+of+Religion%2C+Views+of+Minorities%2C+and+Key+Social+Issues&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2018%2F10%2F29%2Feastern-and-western-europeans-differ-on-importance-of-religion-views-of-minorities-and-key-social-issues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/velikii-post-2021/">"Великий пост — 2021"</a> (in Russian). Levada Center. 21 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82+%E2%80%94+2021&rft.pub=Levada+Center&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwciom.ru%2Fanalytical-reviews%2Fanaliticheskii-obzor%2Fvelikii-post-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennell2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lister_Illingworth_Fennell" title="John Lister Illingworth Fennell">Fennell, John</a> (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBitAgAAQBAJ">A History of the Russian Church to 1488</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89720-0"><bdi>978-1-317-89720-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Russian+Church+to+1488&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89720-0&rft.aulast=Fennell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBitAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFennell2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lister_Illingworth_Fennell" title="John Lister Illingworth Fennell">Fennell, John</a> (15 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ymzfEAAAQBAJ">The Emergence of Moscow, 1304–1359</a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34759-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-34759-5"><bdi>978-0-520-34759-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+Moscow%2C+1304%E2%80%931359&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-520-34759-5&rft.aulast=Fennell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DymzfEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Meyendorff" title="John Meyendorff">Meyendorff, John</a> (24 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZdTvs1ySYC">Byzantium and the Rise of Russia: A Study of Byzantino-Russian Relations in the Fourteenth Century</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13533-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13533-7"><bdi>978-0-521-13533-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Rise+of+Russia%3A+A+Study+of+Byzantino-Russian+Relations+in+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13533-7&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKZdTvs1ySYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson2010" class="citation book cs1">Robson, Roy R. (2010). Patte, Daniel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511780165">The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511780165">10.1017/CBO9780511780165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-78016-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-78016-5"><bdi>978-0-511-78016-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Dictionary+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511780165&rft.isbn=978-0-511-78016-5&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=Roy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511780165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock2006" class="citation book cs1">Rock, Stella (17 August 2006). Angold, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC">The Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 5, Eastern Christianity</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81113-2"><bdi>978-0-521-81113-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%3A+Volume+5%2C+Eastern+Christianity&rft.pages=253-275&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81113-2&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1xUV-nMxNGsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevzov2012" class="citation book cs1">Shevzov, Vera (2012). Casiday, Augustine (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZITAQ4XbgC">The Orthodox Christian World</a>. Routledge. pp. 15–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45516-9"><bdi>978-0-415-45516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Christian+World&rft.pages=15-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45516-9&rft.aulast=Shevzov&rft.aufirst=Vera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbkZITAQ4XbgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubin2004" class="citation book cs1">Shubin, Daniel H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n60tAwAAQBAJ">A History of Russian Christianity, Vol. I: From the Earliest Years through Tsar Ivan IV</a>. Algora Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-287-3"><bdi>978-0-87586-287-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Christianity%2C+Vol.+I%3A+From+the+Earliest+Years+through+Tsar+Ivan+IV&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-287-3&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn60tAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARussian+Orthodox+Church" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.lb.ua/news/2018/10/14/6640_tomos_ukraine_rocking_moscow.html">Tomos for Ukraine: rocking the Moscow foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.lb.ua/news/2018/10/15/6642_russian_orthodox_church_severs_ties.html">Russian Orthodox Church severs ties with Ecumenical Patriarchate</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> Since 1991 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Daniel, Wallace L. The Orthodox Church and Civil Society in Russia (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120081613/the-orthodox-church-and-civil-society-in-russia">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321175309/https://www.questia.com/library/120081613/the-orthodox-church-and-civil-society-in-russia">Archived</a> 21 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Evans, Geoffrey, and Ksenia Northmore‐Ball. "The Limits of Secularization? The Resurgence of Orthodoxy in Post‐Soviet Russia." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 51#4 (2012): 795–808. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Geoffrey_Evans2/publication/260104398_The_Limits_of_Secularization_The_Resurgence_of_Orthodoxy_in_Post-Soviet_Russia/links/54fdf52b0cf2741b69ef98f9.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Garrard, John and Carol Garrard. Russian Orthodoxy Resurgent: Faith and Power in the New Russia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120084949/russian-orthodoxy-resurgent-faith-and-power-in-the">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813140840/https://www.questia.com/library/120084949/russian-orthodoxy-resurgent-faith-and-power-in-the">Archived</a> 13 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kahla, Elina. "Civil Religion in Russia." Baltic worlds: scholarly journal: news magazine (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154216/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/136318/kahla_civil_religion.pdf?sequence=1">online</a></li> <li>McGann, Leslie L. "The Russian Orthodox Church under Patriarch Aleksii II and the Russian State: An Unholy Alliance?." Demokratizatsiya 7#1 (1999): 12+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902182413/https://www.gwu.edu/~ieresgwu/assets/docs/demokratizatsiya%20archive/07-01_mcgann.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Papkova" title="Irina Papkova">Papkova, Irina</a>. "The Russian Orthodox Church and political party platforms." Journal of Church and State (2007) 49#1: 117–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sova-center.ru/files/religion/papkova.doc">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Papkova" title="Irina Papkova">Papkova, Irina</a>, and Dmitry P. Gorenburg. "The Russian Orthodox Church and Russian Politics: Editors' Introduction." Russian Politics & Law 49#1 (2011): 3–7. introduction to special issue</li> <li>Pankhurst, Jerry G., and Alar Kilp. "Religion, the Russian Nation and the State: Domestic and International Dimensions: An Introduction." Religion, State and Society 41.3 (2013): 226–43.</li> <li>Payne, Daniel P. "Spiritual security, the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Russian Foreign Ministry: collaboration or cooptation?." Journal of Church and State (2010): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agoc.org/assets/files/Papers/Spiritual%20Security,%20the%20Russian%20Orthodox%20Church,.ppt">summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/31518197/Spiritual_Security__the_Russian_Orthodox_Church.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Richters, Katja. The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture and Greater Russia (2014)</li></ul> </div> Historical <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Billington, James H. The Icon and the Axe: An Interpretative History of Russian Culture (1970)</li> <li>Bremer, Thomas. Cross and Kremlin: A Brief History of the Orthodox Church in Russia (2013)</li> <li>Cracraft, James. The Church Reform of Peter the Great (1971)</li> <li>Ellis, Jane. The Russian Orthodox Church: A Contemporary History (1988)</li> <li>Freeze, Gregory L. "Handmaiden of the state? The church in Imperial Russia reconsidered." <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ecclesiastical_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Ecclesiastical History">Journal of Ecclesiastical History</a> 36#1 (1985): 82–102.</li> <li>Freeze, Gregory L. "Subversive piety: Religion and the political crisis in late Imperial Russia." <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Modern_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Modern History">Journal of Modern History</a> (1996): 308–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2124666">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Freeze, Gregory L. "The Orthodox Church and Serfdom in Prereform Russia." Slavic Review (1989): 361–87. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498993">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Freeze, Gregory L. "Social Mobility and the Russian Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century." <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a> (1974): 641–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2494505">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Freeze, Gregory L. The Parish Clergy in Nineteenth-Century Russia: Crisis, Reform, Counter-Reform (1983)</li> <li>Freeze, Gregory L. "A case of stunted Anticlericalism: Clergy and Society in Imperial Russia." <a href="/wiki/European_History_Quarterly" title="European History Quarterly">European History Quarterly</a> 13#.2 (1983): 177–200.</li> <li>Freeze, Gregory L. Russian Levites: Parish Clergy in the Eighteenth Century (1977)</li> <li>Gruber, Isaiah. Orthodox Russia in Crisis: Church and Nation in the Time of Troubles (2012); 17th century</li> <li>Hughes, Lindsey. Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (1998) pp. 332–56</li> <li>Kizenko, Nadieszda. A Prodigal Saint: Father John of Kronstadt and the Russian People (2000) This highly influential holy man lived 1829–1908.</li> <li>Kozelsky, Mara. Christianizing Crimea: Shaping Sacred Space in the Russian Empire and Beyond (2010).</li> <li>de Madariaga, Isabel. Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great (1981) pp. 111–22</li> <li>Mrowczynski-Van Allen, Artur, ed. Apology of Culture: Religion and Culture in Russian Thought (2015)</li> <li>Pipes, Richard. Russia under the Old Regime (2nd ed. 1976) ch 9</li> <li>Strickland, John. The Making of Holy Russia: The Orthodox Church and Russian Nationalism Before the Revolution (2013)</li></ul> </div> Historiography <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Freeze, Gregory L. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/kritika/v002/2.2freeze.html">Recent Scholarship on Russian Orthodoxy: A Critique</a>." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2#2 (2008): 269–78.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russian_Orthodox_Church" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchia.ru">Official website</a> (in Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mospat.ru/">Department for External Church Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church official website</a> (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/russianchurch">Russian Orthodox Church's channel</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_user_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube user (identifier)">YouTube</a> (in Russian)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eparchies_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EFECDA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Template:Russian Orthodox Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Template talk:Russian Orthodox Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Orthodox Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eparchies_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eparchies_and_Metropolitanates_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Eparchies and Metropolitanates of the Russian Orthodox Church">Eparchies</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitans_and_patriarchs_of_Moscow" title="List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow">List</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0">Dioceses in Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Abakan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Abakan (page does not exist)">Abakan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Akhtubinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Akhtubinsk (page does not exist)">Akhtubinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Alatyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Alatyr (page does not exist)">Alatyr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Alexandrov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Alexandrov (page does not exist)">Alexandrov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Almetyevsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Almetyevsk (page does not exist)">Almetyevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Amur" title="Diocese of Amur">Amur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Anadyr" title="Diocese of Anadyr">Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ardatov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Ardatov (page does not exist)">Ardatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Armavir" title="Diocese of Armavir">Armavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Arsenyev" title="Diocese of Arsenyev">Arsenyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Arkhangelsk" title="Diocese of Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Astrakhan" title="Diocese of Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Balashov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Balashov (page does not exist)">Balashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Barnaul" title="Diocese of Barnaul">Barnaul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Barysh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Barysh (page does not exist)">Barysh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Bezhetsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Bezhetsk (page does not exist)">Bezhetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Belgorod" title="Diocese of Belgorod">Belgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Belyov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Belyov (page does not exist)">Belyov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Biysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Biysk (page does not exist)">Biysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Birobidzhan" title="Diocese of Birobidzhan">Birobidzhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Blagoveshchensk" title="Diocese of Blagoveshchensk">Blagoveshchensk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Borisoglebsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Borisoglebsk (page does not exist)">Borisoglebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Borovichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Borovichi (page does not exist)">Borovichi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Bratsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Bratsk (page does not exist)">Bratsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Bryansk" title="Diocese of Bryansk">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Buzuluk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Buzuluk (page does not exist)">Buzuluk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Cheboksary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Cheboksary (page does not exist)">Cheboksary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Chelyabinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Chelyabinsk (page does not exist)">Chelyabinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Cherepovets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Cherepovets (page does not exist)">Cherepovets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Chistopol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Chistopol (page does not exist)">Chistopol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Chita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Chita (page does not exist)">Chita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Elista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Elista (page does not exist)">Elista</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Gatchina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Gatchina (page does not exist)">Gatchina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Georgiyevsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Georgiyevsk (page does not exist)">Georgiyevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Glazov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Glazov (page does not exist)">Glazov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Gorno-Altaysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Gorno-Altaysk (page does not exist)">Gorno-Altaysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Gorodets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Gorodets (page does not exist)">Gorodets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Gubkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Gubkin (page does not exist)">Gubkin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ivanovo-Voznesensk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Ivanovo-Voznesensk (page does not exist)">Ivanovo-Voznesensk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_Metropolitate_of_Irkutsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Orthodox Metropolitate of Irkutsk (page does not exist)">Irkutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Isilkul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Isilkul (page does not exist)">Isilkul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ishim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Ishim (page does not exist)">Ishim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Iskitim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Iskitim (page does not exist)">Iskitim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Izhevsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Izhevsk (page does not exist)">Izhevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kainsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kainsk (page does not exist)">Kainsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kalach-on-Don&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kalach-on-Don (page does not exist)">Kalach-on-Don</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kalachinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kalachinsk (page does not exist)">Kalachinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kaliningrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kaliningrad (page does not exist)">Kaliningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kaluga" title="Diocese of Kaluga">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kamensk-Uralsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kamensk-Uralsky (page does not exist)">Kamensk-Uralsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kanash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kanash (page does not exist)">Kanash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kansk (page does not exist)">Kansk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Karasuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Karasuk (page does not exist)">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kasimov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kasimov (page does not exist)">Kasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kazan" title="Diocese of Kazan">Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kemerovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kemerovo (page does not exist)">Kemerovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kinel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kinel (page does not exist)">Kinel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kineshma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kineshma (page does not exist)">Kineshma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Khabarovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Khabarovsk (page does not exist)">Khabarovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Khanty-Mansiysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Khanty-Mansiysk (page does not exist)">Khanty-Mansiysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Klintsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Klintsy (page does not exist)">Klintsy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kolpashevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kolpashevo (page does not exist)">Kolpashevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kostomuksha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kostomuksha (page does not exist)">Kostomuksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kostroma" title="Diocese of Kostroma">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kotlas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kotlas (page does not exist)">Kotlas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kozelsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kozelsk (page does not exist)">Kozelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Krasnoslobodsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Krasnoslobodsk (page does not exist)">Krasnoslobodsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Krasnoyarsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Krasnoyarsk (page does not exist)">Krasnoyarsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kudymkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kudymkar (page does not exist)">Kudymkar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kuznetsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kuznetsk (page does not exist)">Kuznetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kurgan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kurgan (page does not exist)">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kursk" title="Diocese of Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kyzyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kyzyl (page does not exist)">Kyzyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Livny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Livny (page does not exist)">Livny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Lipetsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Lipetsk (page does not exist)">Lipetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Lyskovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Lyskovo (page does not exist)">Lyskovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Magadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Magadan">Magadan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Magnitogorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Magnitogorsk (page does not exist)">Magnitogorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Makhachkala" title="Diocese of Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Mariinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Mariinsk (page does not exist)">Mariinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Maykop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Maykop (page does not exist)">Maykop</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Melekess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Melekess (page does not exist)">Melekess</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Michurinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Michurinsk (page does not exist)">Michurinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Diocese_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Diocese of Moscow">Moscow (Urban)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Moscow" title="Diocese of Moscow">Moscow (Oblast)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Murom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Murom (page does not exist)">Murom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Murmansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Murmansk (page does not exist)">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Nakhodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Nakhodka (page does not exist)">Nakhodka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Naryan-Mar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Naryan-Mar (page does not exist)">Naryan-Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Neftekamsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Neftekamsk (page does not exist)">Neftekamsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Nerchinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Nerchinsk (page does not exist)">Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Nizhny_Novgorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Nizhny Novgorod (page does not exist)">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Nizhny_Tagil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Nizhny Tagil (page does not exist)">Nizhny Tagil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Norilsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Norilsk (page does not exist)">Norilsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Novgorod" title="Diocese of Novgorod">Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Novokuznetsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Novokuznetsk (page does not exist)">Novokuznetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Novorossisk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Novorossisk (page does not exist)">Novorossisk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Novosibirsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Novosibirsk (page does not exist)">Novosibirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Omsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Omsk (page does not exist)">Omsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Orenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Orenburg (page does not exist)">Orenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Orsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Orsk (page does not exist)">Orsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Oryol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Oryol (page does not exist)">Oryol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Otradny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Otradny (page does not exist)">Otradny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Penza" title="Diocese of Penza">Penza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Perm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Perm (page does not exist)">Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Pesochnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Pesochnya (page does not exist)">Pesochnya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Petropavlovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Petropavlovsk (page does not exist)">Petropavlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Petrozavodsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Petrozavodsk (page does not exist)">Petrozavodsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Pokrovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Pokrovsk (page does not exist)">Pokrovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pskov" title="Diocese of Pskov">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Pyatigorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Pyatigorsk (page does not exist)">Pyatigorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Rossosh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Rossosh (page does not exist)">Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rostov" title="Diocese of Rostov">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Rubtsovsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Rubtsovsk (page does not exist)">Rubtsovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ryazan" title="Diocese of Ryazan">Ryazan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Rybinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Rybinsk (page does not exist)">Rybinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Rzhev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Rzhev (page does not exist)">Rzev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_diocese_of_Saint_Petersburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Orthodox diocese of Saint Petersburg (page does not exist)">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Salavat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Salavat (page does not exist)">Salavat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Salekhard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Salekhard (page does not exist)">Salekhard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Samara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Samara (page does not exist)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Saransk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Saransk (page does not exist)">Saransk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Sarapul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Sarapul (page does not exist)">Sarapul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Saratov" title="Diocese of Saratov">Saratov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Sayansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Sayansk (page does not exist)">Sayansk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Serdobsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Serdobsk (page does not exist)">Serdobsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Severobaykalsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Severobaykalsk (page does not exist)">Severobaykalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Severomorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Severomorsk (page does not exist)">Severomorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Shadrinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Shadrinsk (page does not exist)">Shadrinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Shakhty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Shakhty (page does not exist)">Shakhty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Shchigry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Shchigry (page does not exist)">Shchigry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Shuya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Shuya (page does not exist)">Shuya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Simbirsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Simbirsk (page does not exist)">Simbirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Skopin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Skopin (page does not exist)">Skopin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Slavgorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Slavgorod (page does not exist)">Slavgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Smolensk" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Solikamsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Solikamsk (page does not exist)">Solikamsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Stavropol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Stavropol (page does not exist)">Stavropol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Syktyvkar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Syktyvkar (page does not exist)">Syktyvkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Tambov" title="Diocese of Tambov">Tambov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Tara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Tara (page does not exist)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Tikhvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Tikhvin (page does not exist)">Tikhvin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Tikoretsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Tikoretsk (page does not exist)">Tikoretsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Theodosia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Theodosia (page does not exist)">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Tobolsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Tobolsk (page does not exist)">Tobolsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Tomsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Tomsk (page does not exist)">Tomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Troitsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Troitsk (page does not exist)">Troitsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Tula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Tula (page does not exist)">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Tver" title="Diocese of Tver">Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ufa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Ufa (page does not exist)">Ufa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ulan-Ude&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Ulan-Ude (page does not exist)">Ulan-Ude</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Uryupinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Uryupinsk (page does not exist)">Uryupinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Urzhum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Urzhum (page does not exist)">Urzhum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Uvarovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Uvarovo (page does not exist)">Uvarovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Valuyki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Valuyki (page does not exist)">Valuyki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Velikiye_Luki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Velikiye Luki (page does not exist)">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Velikiy_Ustyug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Velikiy Ustyug (page does not exist)">Velikiye Ustyug</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Vladikavkaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Vladikavkaz (page does not exist)">Vladikavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Vladimir_(Russian_Orthodox_Church)" title="Diocese of Vladimir (Russian Orthodox Church)">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_diocese_of_Vladivostok" title="Russian Orthodox diocese of Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Volgodonsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Volgodonsk (page does not exist)">Volgodonsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Volgograd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Volgograd (page does not exist)">Volgograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Vologda" title="Diocese of Vologda">Vologda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Voronezh" title="Diocese of Voronezh">Voronezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Vyatka" title="Diocese of Vyatka">Vyatka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Vyzma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Vyzma (page does not exist)">Vyzma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Vyborg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Vyborg (page does not exist)">Vyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Vyksa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Vyksa (page does not exist)">Vyksa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yakutsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yakutsk (page does not exist)">Yakutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yaransk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yaransk (page does not exist)">Yaransk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Yaroslavl" title="Diocese of Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yekaterinburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yekaterinburg (page does not exist)">Yekaterinburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yekaterinodar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yekaterinodar (page does not exist)">Yekaterinodar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yelets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yelets (page does not exist)">Yelets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yeniseysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yeniseysk (page does not exist)">Yeniseysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yeysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yeysk (page does not exist)">Yeysk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yoshkar-Ola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yoshkar-Ola (page does not exist)">Yoshkar-Ola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yugorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yugorsk (page does not exist)">Yugorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (page does not exist)">Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Zheleznogorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Zheleznogorsk (page does not exist)">Zheleznogorsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0">Directly subordinated dioceses outside Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Argentina_and_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Argentina and South America (page does not exist)">Argentina and South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Baku_and_Azerbaijan" title="Diocese of Baku and Azerbaijan">Baku and Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Berlin_and_Germany_(Russian_Orthodox_Church)" title="Diocese of Berlin and Germany (Russian Orthodox Church)">Berlin and Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Budapest_and_Hungary" title="Diocese of Budapest and Hungary">Budapest and Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Yerevan_and_Armenia" title="Diocese of Yerevan and Armenia">Yerevan and Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Vienna_and_Austria" title="Diocese of Vienna and Austria">Vienna and Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Vilnius_and_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Vilnius and Lithuania (page does not exist)">Vilnius and Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_Churches_in_Western_Europe" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe">Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Orthodox Church in Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kyoto_and_Western_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kyoto and Western Japan (page does not exist)">Kyoto and Western Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Sendai_and_Eastern_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Sendai and Eastern Japan (page does not exist)">Sendai and Eastern Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Orthodox_diocese_of_Tokyo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Orthodox diocese of Tokyo (page does not exist)">Tokyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Chinese Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Diocese_of_Beijing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthodox Diocese of Beijing (page does not exist)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Diocese_of_Harbin_and_Manchuria" title="Orthodox Diocese of Harbin and Manchuria">Harbin and Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Diocese_of_Shanghai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthodox Diocese of Shanghai (page does not exist)">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Diocese_of_Tianjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthodox Diocese of Tianjin (page does not exist)">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Diocese_of_Xinjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthodox Diocese of Xinjiang (page does not exist)">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldovan Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_B%C4%83l%C8%9Bi_and_F%C4%83le%C8%99ti" title="Diocese of Bălți and Fălești">Bălți and Fălești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Cahul_and_Comrat" title="Diocese of Cahul and Comrat">Cahul and Comrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Diocese of Chișinău">Chișinău</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Edine%C8%9B_and_Briceni" title="Diocese of Edineț and Briceni">Edineț and Briceni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Tiraspol_and_Dub%C4%83sari" title="Diocese of Tiraspol and Dubăsari">Tiraspol and Dubăsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ungheni_and_Nisporeni" title="Diocese of Ungheni and Nisporeni">Ungheni and Nisporeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvian Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Diocese_of_Riga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthodox Diocese of Riga (page does not exist)">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orthodox_Diocese_of_Daugavpils_and_R%C4%93zekne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orthodox Diocese of Daugavpils and Rēzekne (page does not exist)">Daugavpils and Rēzekne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Narva_and_Peipus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Narva and Peipus (page does not exist)">Narva and Peipus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Tallinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Tallinn (page does not exist)">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sydney,_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sydney, Australia and New Zealand">Sydney, Australia and New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Berlin_and_Germany_(Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Berlin and Germany (Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia)">Berlin and Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Buenos_Aires_and_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Buenos Aires and South America (page does not exist)">Buenos Aires and South America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Chicago_and_Mid-America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Chicago and Mid-America (page does not exist)">Chicago and Mid-America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Eastern_America_and_New_York" title="Russian Orthodox Eparchy of Eastern America and New York">Eastern America and New York</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Geneva_and_Western_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Geneva and Western Europe (page does not exist)">Geneva and Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montreal_and_Canadian_Diocese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montreal and Canadian Diocese (page does not exist)">Montreal and Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mission_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_outside_Russia" title="Philippine Mission of the Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_American_Diocese_(Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western American Diocese (Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia) (page does not exist)">San Francisco and Western America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarusian Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Babruysk_and_Bykhaw_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Babruysk and Bykhaw (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Babruysk and Bykhaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Barysa%C5%AD" title="Diocese of Barysaŭ">Barysaŭ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Brest_and_Kobryn_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Brest and Kobryn (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Brest and Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Gomel_and_Zhlobin_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Gomel and Zhlobin (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Gomel and Zhlobin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Grodno_and_Vawkavysk_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Grodno and Vawkavysk (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Grodno and Vawkavysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Minsk_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)" title="Diocese of Minsk (Belarusian Orthodox Church)">Minsk and Zaslawye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Maladzyechna_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Maladzyechna (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Maladzyechna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Mogilev_and_Mstsislaw_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Mogilev and Mstsislaw (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Mogilev and Mstsislaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Navahrudak_and_Lida_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Navahrudak and Lida (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Novogrudok and Lida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Pinsk_and_Luninets_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Pinsk and Luninets (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Pinsk and Luninets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Polotsk_and_Hlybokaye_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Polotsk and Hlybokaye (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Polotsk and Hlybokaye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Slutsk_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Slutsk (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Slutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Turaw_and_Mazyr_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Turaw and Mazyr (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Turaw and Mazyr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Vitebsk_and_Orsha_(Belarusian_Orthodox_Church)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Vitebsk and Orsha (Belarusian Orthodox Church) (page does not exist)">Vitebsk and Orsha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhstani_Metropolitan_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhstani Metropolitan District (page does not exist)">Kazakhstani Metropolitan District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Astana_and_Almaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Astana and Almaty (page does not exist)">Astana and Almaty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Karaganda_and_Shakhtinsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Karaganda and Shakhtinsk (page does not exist)">Karaganda and Shakhtinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kostanay_and_Petropavl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kostanay and Petropavl (page does not exist)">Kostanay and Petropavl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Pavlodar_and_Oskemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Pavlodar and Oskemen (page does not exist)">Pavlodar and Oskemen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Oral_and_Atyrau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Oral and Atyrau (page does not exist)">Oral and Atyrau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Shymkent_and_Akmola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Shymkent and Akmola (page does not exist)">Shymkent and Akmola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Asian_Metropolitan_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Asian Metropolitan District (page does not exist)">Middle Asian Metropolitan District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Bishkek_and_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Bishkek and Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Bishkek and Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Dushanbe_and_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Dushanbe and Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Dushanbe and Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Uzbekistan" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Uzbekistan">Tashkent and Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarch%27s_Parishes_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarch's Parishes in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Patriarch's Parishes in Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0">Patriarchial Parishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchial_Parishes_in_Canada" title="Patriarchial Parishes in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchial_Parishes_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchial Parishes in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchial_Parishes_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarchial Parishes in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patriarchial_Parishes_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patriarchial Parishes in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Patriarchal_Parishes_in_the_USA" title="Russian Orthodox Patriarchal Parishes in the USA">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0">Patriarchal Exarchates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_in_Western_Europe_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe (Moscow Patriarchate)">Patriarchal Exarchate in Western Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Diocese of Brussels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Chersonesus" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Chersonesus">Diocese of Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_The_Hague_and_the_Netherlands" title="Diocese of The Hague and the Netherlands">Diocese of The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-Portuguese_diocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-Portuguese diocese">Spanish-Portuguese diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh">Diocese of Sourozh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_parishes_in_Italy" title="Patriarchal parishes in Italy">Patriarchal parishes in Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_in_South-East_Asia" title="Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia">Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Singapore_(Russian_Orthodox_Church)" title="Diocese of Singapore (Russian Orthodox Church)">Diocese of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Korea_(Russian_Orthodox_Church)" title="Diocese of Korea (Russian Orthodox Church)">Diocese of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Thailand" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Thailand">Diocese of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Philippines_and_Vietnam" title="Diocese of the Philippines and Vietnam">Diocese of the Philippines and Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Patriarchal Exarchate of Africa">Patriarchal Exarchate of Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North African</li> <li>South African</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#f0f0f0"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukrainian Orthodox Church</a> (de facto independent)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Berdiansk_and_Prymorsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Berdiansk and Prymorsk (page does not exist)">Berdiansk and Prymorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Bila_Tserkva_and_Bohuslav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Bila Tserkva and Bohuslav (page does not exist)">Bila Tserkva and Bohuslav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Cherkasy_and_Kaniv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Cherkasy and Kaniv (page does not exist)">Cherkasy and Kaniv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Chernihiv_and_Novhorod-Siverskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi (page does not exist)">Chernihiv and Novhorod-Siverskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Chernivtsi_and_Bukovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Chernivtsi and Bukovina (page does not exist)">Chernivtsi and Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Dniprodzerzhynsk_and_Tsarychanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Dniprodzerzhynsk and Tsarychanka (page does not exist)">Dniprodzerzhynsk and Tsarychanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Dnipropetrovsk_and_Pavlohrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Dnipropetrovsk and Pavlohrad (page does not exist)">Dnipropetrovsk and Pavlohrad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Donetsk_and_Mariupol_(Moscow_Patriarchate)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Donetsk and Mariupol (Moscow Patriarchate) (page does not exist)">Donetsk and Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Dzhankoy_and_Rozdolne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Dzhankoy and Rozdolne (page does not exist)">Dzhankoy and Rozdolne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Horlivka_and_Sloviansk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Horlivka and Sloviansk (page does not exist)">Horlivka and Sloviansk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ivano-Frankivsk_and_Kolomyia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Ivano-Frankivsk and Kolomyia (page does not exist)">Ivano-Frankivsk and Kolomyia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kamianets-Podilskyi_and_Horodok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kamianets-Podilskyi and Horodok (page does not exist)">Kamianets-Podilskyi and Horodok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kharkiv_and_Bohodukhiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kharkiv and Bohodukhiv (page does not exist)">Kharkiv and Bohodukhiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kherson_and_Taurica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kherson and Taurica (page does not exist)">Kherson and Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Khmelnytskyi_and_Starokostiantyniv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Khmelnytskyi and Starokostiantyniv (page does not exist)">Khmelnytskyi and Starokostiantyniv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Khust_and_Vynohradiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Khust and Vynohradiv (page does not exist)">Khust and Vynohradiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_Kyiv_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Eparchy of Kyiv (Moscow Patriarchate)">Kyiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kirovohrad_and_Novomyrhorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kirovohrad and Novomyrhorod (page does not exist)">Kirovohrad and Novomyrhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Konotop_and_Hlukhiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Konotop and Hlukhiv (page does not exist)">Konotop and Hlukhiv</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Kremenchuk_and_Lubny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Kremenchuk and Lubny (page does not exist)">Kremenchuk and Lubny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kryvyi_Rih_and_Nikopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol">Kryvyi Rih and Nikopol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Luhansk_and_Alchevsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Luhansk and Alchevsk (page does not exist)">Luhansk and Alchevsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Lutsk_and_Volyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Lutsk and Volyn (page does not exist)">Lutsk and Volyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Lviv_and_Galicia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Lviv and Galicia (page does not exist)">Lviv and Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Mukachevo_and_Uzhhorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Mukachevo and Uzhhorod (page does not exist)">Mukachevo and Uzhhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Mykolaiv_and_Voznesensk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Mykolaiv and Voznesensk (page does not exist)">Mykolaiv and Voznesensk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Nizhyn_and_Pryluky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Nizhyn and Pryluky (page does not exist)">Nizhyn and Pryluky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Nova_Kakhovka_and_Henichesk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Nova Kakhovka and Henichesk (page does not exist)">Nova Kakhovka and Henichesk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Odesa_and_Izmail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Odesa and Izmail (page does not exist)">Odesa and Izmail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Oleksandriia_and_Svitlovodsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Oleksandriia and Svitlovodsk (page does not exist)">Oleksandriia and Svitlovodsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ovruch_and_Korosten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Ovruch and Korosten (page does not exist)">Ovruch and Korosten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Poltava_and_Myrhorod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Poltava and Myrhorod (page does not exist)">Poltava and Myrhorod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Rivne_and_Ostroh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Rivne and Ostroh (page does not exist)">Rivne and Ostroh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Sarny_and_Polissia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Sarny and Polissia (page does not exist)">Sarny and Polissia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Severodonetsk_and_Starobilsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Severodonetsk and Starobilsk (page does not exist)">Severodonetsk and Starobilsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Shepetivka_and_Slavuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Shepetivka and Slavuta (page does not exist)">Shepetivka and Slavuta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Simferopol_and_Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Simferopol and Crimea (page does not exist)">Simferopol and Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Sumy_and_Okhtyrka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Sumy and Okhtyrka (page does not exist)">Sumy and Okhtyrka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Ternopil_and_Kremenets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Ternopil and Kremenets (page does not exist)">Ternopil and Kremenets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Tulchyn_and_Bratslav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Tulchyn and Bratslav (page does not exist)">Tulchyn and Bratslav</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Uman_and_Zvenyhorodka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Uman and Zvenyhorodka (page does not exist)">Uman and Zvenyhorodka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Vinnytsia_and_Mohyliv-Podilskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Vinnytsia and Mohyliv-Podilskyi (page does not exist)">Vinnytsia and Mohyliv-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Volodymyr-Volynskyi_and_Kovel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Kovel (page does not exist)">Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Kovel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Zaporizhzhia_and_Melitopol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Zaporizhzhia and Melitopol (page does not exist)">Zaporizhzhia and Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Zhytomyr_and_Novohrad-Volynskyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diocese of Zhytomyr and Novohrad-Volynskyi (page does not exist)">Zhytomyr and Novohrad-Volynskyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Russia" title="Template:Christianity in Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Christianity_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Christianity in Russia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Russia"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bezpopovtsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezpopovtsy">Bezpopovtsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomorian_Old-Orthodox_Church" title="Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church">Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Popovtsy" title="Popovtsy">Popovtsy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edinoverie" title="Edinoverie">Edinoverie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Old-Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Old-Orthodox Church">Russian Old-Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Old-Rite_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church">Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodox">True Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Autonomous_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church">Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_True_Orthodox_Church_(Lazar_Zhurbenko)" title="Russian True Orthodox Church (Lazar Zhurbenko)">Russian True Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Catholics_of_Armenian_Rite_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Ordinariate for Catholics of Armenian Rite in Eastern Europe">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Russia" title="Catholic Church in Russia">Roman Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Russia" title="Protestantism in Russia">Main article</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_%22Concord%22" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church "Concord"">Evangelical Lutheran Church "Concord"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_Kazakhstan_and_Central_Asia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia and the Other States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Ingria" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Siberian Evangelical Lutheran Church">Siberian Evangelical Lutheran Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Union_of_Evangelical_Christians-Baptists" title="Russian Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists">Russian Union of Evangelical Christians-Baptists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Union_of_Churches_of_Evangelical_Faith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Union of Churches of Evangelical Faith (page does not exist)">Russian Union of Churches of Evangelical Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Church_of_Christians_of_Evangelical_Faith_(Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith (Union) (page does not exist)">Russian Church of Christians of Evangelical Faith (Union)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrew%27s_Anglican_Church,_Moscow" title="St. Andrew's Anglican Church, Moscow">Anglicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationist">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Russia" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Russia">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Evangelical_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Evangelical Alliance (page does not exist)">Russian Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Europe" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe">Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Albania" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Austria" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Bulgaria" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Croatia" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Estonia" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_France" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_in_Germany" title="Eastern Orthodox Church in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Hungary" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Italy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Moldova" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Montenegro" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Norway" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Serbia" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Spain" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Turkey" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kosovo" title="Christianity in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Autocephalous and autonomous churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Four ancient patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theodore_II_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria">Theodore II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_X_of_Antioch" title="John X of Antioch">John X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilos_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem">Theophilos III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Junior <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">patriarchates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-217">[a]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Kirill_of_Moscow" title="Patriarch Kirill of Moscow">Kirill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porfirije,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Porfirije, Serbian Patriarch">Porfirije</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniil_of_Bulgaria" title="Daniil of Bulgaria">Daniil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Daniel_of_Romania" title="Patriarch Daniel of Romania">Daniel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilia_II_of_Georgia" title="Ilia II of Georgia">Ilia II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autocephalous <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archdioceses</a>/<a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">metropolises</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Cyprus">George III</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ieronymos_II_of_Athens" title="Ieronymos II of Athens">Ieronymos II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastasios_of_Albania" title="Anastasios of Albania">Anastasios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawa_(Hrycuniak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawa (Hrycuniak)">Sawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rastislav_(Gont)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastislav (Gont)">Rastislav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-218">[b]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikhon_(Mollard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhon (Mollard)">Tikhon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-218">[b]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_I_of_Ukraine" title="Epiphanius I of Ukraine">Epiphanius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-218">[b]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stefan,_Archbishop_of_Ohrid_and_Macedonia" title="Stefan, Archbishop of Ohrid and Macedonia">Stefan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:ByzantineCross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/60px-ByzantineCross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/90px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ByzantineCross.svg/120px-ByzantineCross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="581" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomous churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-218">[b]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-218">[b]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-218">[b]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n3-219">[c]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (Romanian Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (Romanian Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-218">[b]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-218">[b]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Semi-autonomous churches</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (Ecumenical Patriarchate)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (Moscow Patriarchate)</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-220">[d]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-note_n2-220">[d]</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodox_episcopal_assemblies" title="Category:Eastern Orthodox episcopal assemblies">Diaspora Assemblies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">State church of the Roman Empire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></dd> <dd>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_John_Chrysostom" title="Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom">Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Basil" title="Liturgy of Saint Basil">Liturgy of Saint Basil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_James" title="Liturgy of Saint James">Liturgy of Saint James</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_Saint_Cyril" title="Liturgy of Saint Cyril">Liturgy of Saint Mark</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Unrecognized_churches" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Unrecognized Eastern Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Eastern Orthodoxy by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-217"><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_217-0">^</a> The ROC <a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">severed full communion</a> with the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 2018, and later severed full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> of the Church of Greece, the Patriarchate of Alexandria, and the Church of Cyprus in 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_218-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_218-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_218-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_218-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_218-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_218-7">h</a> Autocephaly or autonomy is not universally recognized. </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n3-219"><a href="#cite_ref-note_n3_219-0">^</a> UOC-MP was moved to formally cut ties with the ROC as of May 27th 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n2-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n2_220-1">b</a> Semi-autonomous part of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russian Orthodox Church</a> whose autonomy is not universally recognized. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriarchates_in_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Template:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchates_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchates in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriarchates_in_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Traditional ecclesiastical jurisdictions of <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, sorted according to earliest <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic</a> legacy and branched where multiple denominational claimants: bold blue = <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, light blue = <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, bold/light green = <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, italic blue = <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Antiquity</a>) (30–325/476)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a> (five <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">apostolic sees</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Rome" title="Diocese of Rome">Rome</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> (since <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (since 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople">Latin Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (1204–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (since 1461)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Antioch" title="Church of Antioch">Antioch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East">Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (since 518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia">Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia</a> (since 1058)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (since 519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Maronite Patriarchate</a> (since 685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (since 1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (since 1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Latin Patriarchate of Antioch">Latin Patriarchate of Antioch</a> (1099–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> (since 1740)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Alexandria" title="Patriarch of Alexandria">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Alexandria" title="Church of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st cent.</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (since <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_of_the_Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (since <a href="/wiki/451" title="451">451</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria">Latin Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (1219–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria">Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria</a> (since 1824)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">451</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> (since 451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> (since 638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> (since 1099)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs,_archbishops_and_bishops_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of patriarchs, archbishops and bishops of Carthage">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Carthage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">2nd cent.</a>–1076)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Carthage#Titular_see_of_Carthage" title="Archdiocese of Carthage">Latin Catholic titular episcopate</a> (1518–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Tunis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis">Archbishop of Tunis</a> (since 1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Province_of_Seleucia-Ctesiphon" title="Patriarchal Province of Seleucia-Ctesiphon">Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> (280–1552)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad">Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad</a> (since 1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_patriarchs_of_the_Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="List of patriarchs of the Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> (since 1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East Patriarchate of Seleucia-Ctesiphon</a> (since 1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (301)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos of All Armenians (Patriarch of Etchmiadzin)</a> (since 301)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholicosate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia">Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia</a> (since 1058)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> (since 638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (since 1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Cilicia" title="Patriarchate of Cilicia">Patriarchate of Cilicia</a> (since 1742)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (476–1517)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia" title="Patriarchate of Aquileia">Patriarchate of Aquileia</a> (568–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Grado" title="Patriarch of Grado">Patriarchate of Grado</a> (725–1451)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Bulgaria</a> (since 919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Georgia</a> (since 1010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87" title="Serbian Patriarchate of Peć">Serbian Orthodox Patriarchate of Peć</a> (since 1346)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Venice" title="Patriarchate of Venice">Patriarchate of Venice</a> (since 1451)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Early Modern era</a> (1517–1789) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60995#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60995#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60995#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000111986440">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122154148">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143059960">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4051042-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80004099">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318398m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318398m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569755">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36262469">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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