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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Herschel Telescope</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="مرصد وليام هرشل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرصد وليام هرشل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopi_William_Herschel" title="Telescopi William Herschel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telescopi William Herschel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel-teleskopet" title="William Herschel-teleskopet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Herschel-teleskopet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William-Herschel-Teleskop" title="William-Herschel-Teleskop – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William-Herschel-Teleskop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Τηλεσκόπιο Ουίλιαμ Χέρσελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεσκόπιο Ουίλιαμ Χέρσελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio_William_Herschel" title="Telescopio William Herschel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telescopio William Herschel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="تلسکوپ ویلیام هرشل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلسکوپ ویلیام هرشل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9lescope_William-Herschel" title="Télescope William-Herschel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télescope William-Herschel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%97%88%EC%85%9C_%EB%A7%9D%EC%9B%90%EA%B2%BD" title="윌리엄 허셜 망원경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 허셜 망원경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopio_William_Herschel" title="Telescopio William Herschel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Telescopio William Herschel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel-telescoop" title="William Herschel-telescoop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Herschel-telescoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="ウィリアム・ハーシェル望遠鏡 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・ハーシェル望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel-teleskopet" title="William Herschel-teleskopet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William Herschel-teleskopet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="تەلیسکۆپی ویلیام ھێرشل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەلیسکۆپی ویلیام ھێرشل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel-teleskopet" title="William Herschel-teleskopet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Herschel-teleskopet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5" title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์วิลเลียม เฮอร์เชล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้องโทรทรรศน์วิลเลียม เฮอร์เชล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel_Teleskobu" title="William Herschel Teleskobu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Herschel Teleskobu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%87%E8%80%B3%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" title="威廉·赫歇耳望遠鏡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·赫歇耳望遠鏡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=William_Herschel_Telescope&params=28.76066_N_17.88174_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°45′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">17°52′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.76066°N 17.88174°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.76066; -17.88174</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Telescope in La Palma, Spain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Herschel Telescope" redirects here. For the far-infrared space telescope, see <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a>. For the telescope used by William Herschel, see <a href="/wiki/40-foot_telescope" title="40-foot telescope">40-foot telescope</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">William Herschel Telescope</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_herschel_Telescope_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_herschel_Telescope_Dome.jpg/290px-William_herschel_Telescope_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_herschel_Telescope_Dome.jpg/435px-William_herschel_Telescope_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/William_herschel_Telescope_Dome.jpg/580px-William_herschel_Telescope_Dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The William Herschel Telescope building</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative names</th><td class="infobox-data">WHT <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named after</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505?uselang=en#P138" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos_Observatory" title="Roque de los Muchachos Observatory">Roque de los Muchachos Observatory</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505?uselang=en#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location(s)</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, Spain</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=William_Herschel_Telescope&params=28.76066_N_17.88174_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">28°45′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">17°52′54″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">28.76066°N 17.88174°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">28.76066; -17.88174</span></span></span></a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505#P625" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505?uselang=en#P137" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">2,344 m (7,690 ft) <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505#P2044" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1983–1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983–1987</span>)</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505#P793" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/First_light_(astronomy)" title="First light (astronomy)">First light</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1987 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505?uselang=en#P729" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Telescope style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505?uselang=en#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505#P2386" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">1.0 m (3 ft 3 in) <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505#P2386" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Collecting area</th><td class="infobox-data">13.8 m<sup>2</sup> (149 sq ft) <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505#P2046" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ing.iac.es//Astronomy/telescopes/wht/">www<wbr />.ing<wbr />.iac<wbr />.es<wbr />//Astronomy<wbr />/telescopes<wbr />/wht<wbr />/</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canarias-loc.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Herschel Telescope is located in Canary Islands"><img alt="William Herschel Telescope is located in Canary Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canarias-loc.svg/240px-Canarias-loc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canarias-loc.svg/360px-Canarias-loc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canarias-loc.svg/480px-Canarias-loc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="277" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.837%;left:8.707%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="William Herschel Telescope"><img alt="William Herschel Telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of William Herschel Telescope</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Herschel_Telescope" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William Herschel Telescope">Related media on Commons</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541505" class="extiw" title="d:Q541505">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>William Herschel Telescope</b> (<b>WHT</b>) is a 4.20-metre (165 in) <a href="/wiki/Optical_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical astronomy">optical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">near-infrared</a> <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos_Observatory" title="Roque de los Muchachos Observatory">Roque de los Muchachos Observatory</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, Spain. The telescope, which is named after <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>, the discoverer of the planet <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a>. It is funded by research councils from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and Spain. </p><p>At the time of construction in 1987, the WHT was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes" title="List of largest optical reflecting telescopes">third largest single optical telescope in the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-larger_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-general_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-general-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently the second largest in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the last telescope constructed by <a href="/wiki/Grubb_Parsons" title="Grubb Parsons">Grubb Parsons</a> in their 150-year history. </p><p>The WHT is equipped with a wide range of instruments operating over the <a href="/wiki/Optical_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical astronomy">optical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">near-infrared</a> regimes. These are used by professional astronomers to conduct a wide range of astronomical research. Astronomers using the telescope discovered the first evidence for a <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sgr_A*" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgr A*">Sgr A*</a>) at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, and made the first <a href="/wiki/Optical_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical astronomy">optical</a> observation of a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray burst</a>. The telescope has 75% clear nights, with a median <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_seeing" title="Astronomical seeing">seeing</a> of 0.7<a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weather_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WHT was first conceived in the late 1960s, when the 3.9 m (150 in) <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian_Telescope" title="Anglo-Australian Telescope">Anglo-Australian Telescope</a> (AAT) was being designed. The British astronomical community saw the need for telescopes of comparable power in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">northern hemisphere</a>. In particular, there was a need for optical follow-up of interesting sources in the <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio surveys</a> being conducted at the <a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mullard_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory">Mullard</a> observatories (both located in the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>), which could not be done from the southern hemisphere location of the AAT.<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AAT was completed in 1974, at which point the British <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_Research_Council" title="Science and Engineering Research Council">Science and Engineering Research Council</a> began planning for a group of three telescopes located in the northern hemisphere (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a>, ING). The telescopes were to be a 1.0 m (39 in) (which became the <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn_Telescope" title="Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope">Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope</a>), the 2.5 m (98 in) <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a> which was to be moved from its existing site at <a href="/wiki/Herstmonceux_Castle" title="Herstmonceux Castle">Herstmonceux Castle</a>, and a 4m class telescope, initially planned as a 4.5 m (180 in).<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new site was chosen at an altitude of 2,344 m (7,690 ft) on the island of <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, which is now the <a href="/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos_Observatory" title="Roque de los Muchachos Observatory">Roque de los Muchachos Observatory</a>. The project was led by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenwich_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Greenwich Observatory">Royal Greenwich Observatory</a> (RGO), who also operated the telescopes until control passed to an independent ING when the RGO closed in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rgo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rgo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ing_timeline_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ing_timeline-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1979 the 4 m was on the verge of being scrapped due to a ballooning budget,<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst the aperture had been reduced to 4.2 m (170 in). A panel known as the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger Team">Tiger Team</a><sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was convened to reduce the cost; a re-design cut the price-tag by 45%.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Savings were primarily made by reducing the <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> of the telescope – which allowed the use of a smaller <a href="/wiki/Telescope_dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescope dome">dome</a> – and relocating non-essential functions outside the dome to a simpler (and thus cheaper) rectangular annexe.<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a> was moved to <a href="/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos_Observatory" title="Roque de los Muchachos Observatory">Roque de los Muchachos Observatory</a>, becoming the first of the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a>. In 1981 the <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Organisatie_voor_Wetenschappelijk_Onderzoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek">Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek</a> (Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, NWO) bought a 20% stake in the project, allowing the WHT to be given the go-ahead. That year was the 200th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Uranus" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of Uranus">discovery of Uranus</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>, so it was decided to name the telescope in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Construction of the telescope was by <a href="/wiki/Grubb_Parsons" title="Grubb Parsons">Grubb Parsons</a>, the last telescope that company produced in its 150-year history.<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s&t_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s&t-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work began at their factory in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> in 1983, and the telescope was shipped to <a href="/wiki/La_Palma" title="La Palma">La Palma</a> in 1985<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the two other telescopes of the Isaac Newton Group began operating in 1984<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The WHT saw <a href="/wiki/First_light_(astronomy)" title="First light (astronomy)">first light</a> on 1 June 1987;<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the third largest optical telescope in the world at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-larger_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larger-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-general_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-general-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total cost of the telescope, including the dome and the full initial suite of instruments, was <a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">£</a>15M (in 1984, equivalent to £61M in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); within budget once inflation is taken into account.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Herschel_Telescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White metal truss frame inside white dome atop a circular base and flanked by two rectangular boxes on either side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/William_Herschel_Telescope.jpg/220px-William_Herschel_Telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/William_Herschel_Telescope.jpg/330px-William_Herschel_Telescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/William_Herschel_Telescope.jpg/440px-William_Herschel_Telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2403" data-file-height="3605" /></a><figcaption>The William Herschel Telescope inside its dome. The two black tubes are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_baffle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light baffle (page does not exist)">light baffles</a>, the two large enclosures on the left and right are the <a href="/wiki/Nasmyth_telescope" title="Nasmyth telescope">Nasmyth platforms</a>, instruments at the <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassegrain telescope">Cassegrain focus</a> are visible at the base, and the three black boxes in the centre house the calibration lamps located at <a href="/wiki/Folded_Cassegrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Folded Cassegrain">folded Cassegrain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optics">Optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The telescope consists of a 4.20 m (165 in) <a href="/wiki/F_number" class="mw-redirect" title="F number">f/2.5</a> primary mirror made by <a href="/wiki/Owens-Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens-Illinois">Owens-Illinois</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cervit" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervit">Cervit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Zero_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero expansion">zero-expansion</a> <a href="/wiki/Glass-ceramic" title="Glass-ceramic">glass-ceramic</a> material, and ground by <a href="/wiki/Grubb_Parsons" title="Grubb Parsons">Grubb Parsons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-optics_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mirror_blank" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror blank">mirror blank</a> was produced in 1969 as one of a set of four, along with those for the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Australian_Telescope" title="Anglo-Australian Telescope">AAT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_France_Hawaii_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada France Hawaii Telescope">CFHT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blanco_telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanco telescope">Blanco</a> telescopes, and was purchased for the WHT in 1979, ten years after it was made.<sup id="cite_ref-s&t_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s&t-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary is solid and un-thinned, so no <a href="/wiki/Active_optics" title="Active optics">active optics</a> system is required,<sup id="cite_ref-optics_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite its weight of 16.5 tonnes (16.2 long tons).<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mirror_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirror-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mirror_support_cell" title="Mirror support cell">mirror support cell</a> holds the main mirror on a set of 60 <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_cylinder" title="Pneumatic cylinder">pneumatic cylinders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even under the most extreme loading (with the telescope pointing at the horizon, so the mirror is vertical) the shape of the mirror changes by only 50 nanometres (2.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−6</sup> in);<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during normal operation the deformation is much smaller. </p><p>In its most usual configuration, a 1.00 m (39 in) <a href="/wiki/Hyperbola" title="Hyperbola">hyperbolic</a> secondary mirror made of <a href="/wiki/Zerodur" title="Zerodur">Zerodur</a> is used to form a <a href="/wiki/Ritchey_Chretien" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritchey Chretien">Ritchey Chretien</a> <a href="/wiki/F_number" class="mw-redirect" title="F number">f/11</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">Cassegrain</a> system with a 15 <a href="/wiki/Arcmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcmin">arcmin</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-optics_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional <a href="/wiki/Flat_mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat mirror">flat fold mirror</a> allows the use of any one of two <a href="/wiki/Nasmyth_telescope" title="Nasmyth telescope">Nasmyth</a> platforms or two <a href="/wiki/Folded_Cassegrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Folded Cassegrain">folded Cassegrain</a> stations, each with 5 arcmin fields of view.<sup id="cite_ref-optics_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telescope sometimes operates in a wide-field <a href="/wiki/Prime_focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime focus">prime focus</a> configuration, in which case the secondary is removed and a three element <a href="/wiki/Field_flattener_lens" title="Field flattener lens">field-correcting lens</a> inserted, which provides an effective <a href="/wiki/F_number" class="mw-redirect" title="F number">f/2.8</a> focus with a 60 arcmin field of view (40 arcmin <a href="/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">unvignetted</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-optics_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optics-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Changing between the Cassegrain and Nasmyth foci takes a matter of seconds and may be done during the night; switching to and from prime focus requires replacing the secondary mirror with a prime focus assembly during daytime (the two are mounted back-to-back)<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which takes around 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Coud%C3%A9_focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coudé focus">Coudé focus</a> was planned as a later addition, to feed an <a href="/wiki/Optical_interferometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical interferometer">optical interferometer</a> with another telescope,<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was never built. A <a href="/wiki/Chop_and_nod" class="mw-redirect" title="Chop and nod">chopping</a> f/35 secondary mirror was planned for <a href="/wiki/Infrared_astronomy" title="Infrared astronomy">infrared</a> observations, but was placed on hold by the cost-saving re-design and never implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mount">Mount</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mount"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The optical system weighs 79,513 kg (78.257 long tons) and is manoeuvred on an <a href="/wiki/Alt-azimuth_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt-azimuth mount">alt-azimuth mount</a>, with a total moving mass of 186,250 kg (183.31 long tons) (plus instruments).<sup id="cite_ref-general_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-general-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/BTA-6" title="BTA-6">BTA-6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multi_Mirror_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi Mirror Telescope">Multi Mirror Telescope</a> had demonstrated during the 1970s the significant weight (and therefore cost) savings which could be achieved by the alt-azimuth design compared to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_mount" title="Equatorial mount">equatorial mount</a> for large telescopes. However, the alt-azimuth design requires continuous computer control, compensation for field rotation at each focus, and results in a 0.2 degree radius <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blind_spot" class="extiw" title="wikt:blind spot">blind spot</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a> where the drive motors cannot keep up with <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal motion">sidereal motion</a> (the drives have a maximum speed of one degree per second in each axis).<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mount_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mount-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mount is so smooth and finely balanced that before the drive motors were installed it was possible to move the then 160 long tons (160,000 kg) assembly by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback loop">closed loop</a> <a href="/wiki/Guide_star" title="Guide star">guiding</a>, the mount is capable of an absolute pointing accuracy of 0.03 <a href="/wiki/Arcsecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcsecond">arcseconds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mount_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mount-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dome">Dome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_of_clouds_around_La_Palma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of white domed building on side of mountain with floor of white clouds extending to the horizon below and behind the mountain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sea_of_clouds_around_La_Palma.jpg/220px-Sea_of_clouds_around_La_Palma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sea_of_clouds_around_La_Palma.jpg/330px-Sea_of_clouds_around_La_Palma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sea_of_clouds_around_La_Palma.jpg/440px-Sea_of_clouds_around_La_Palma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>The WHT dome above a sea of clouds</figcaption></figure> <p>The telescope is housed in an <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion-shaped</a> steel dome with an internal diameter of 21 m (69 ft),<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dome_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manufactured by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brittain_Steel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brittain Steel (page does not exist)">Brittain Steel</a>. The telescope mount is located on a cylindrical concrete pier so that the centre of rotation is 13.4 m (44 ft) above ground level, which lifts the telescope above <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">ground-layer</a> air <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> for better <a href="/wiki/Seeing_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeing (astronomy)">seeing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dome_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conventional up-down 6m-wide<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shutter with wind-blind, several large vents with <a href="/wiki/Extractor_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Extractor fan">extractor fans</a> for thermal control, and a 35-<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> (34-<a href="/wiki/Long_ton" title="Long ton">long-ton</a>) capacity crane (used for moving the primary mirror e.g. for <a href="/wiki/Aluminising" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminising">aluminising</a>) are all incorporated.<sup id="cite_ref-dome_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size and shape of the shutter allow observations down to 12° above the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which corresponds to an <a href="/wiki/Airmass" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmass">airmass</a> of 4.8. The total moving mass of the dome is 320 tonnes (310 long tons), which is mounted on top of a three-<a href="/wiki/Storey" title="Storey">storey</a> cylindrical building.<sup id="cite_ref-dome_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dome was designed to minimise wind stresses and can support up to its own weight again in ice during inclement weather.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dome and telescope rest on separate sets of <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">foundations</a> (driven 20 metres (66 ft) down into the volcanic basalt),<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to prevent vibrations caused by dome rotation or wind stresses on the building affecting the telescope pointing.<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attached to the dome is a three-storey rectangular building which houses the telescope control room, computer room, kitchen etc.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost no human presence is required inside the dome, which means the environmental conditions can be kept very stable.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_now_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dome_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dome-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the WHT obtains perfect <a href="/wiki/Dome_seeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome seeing">dome seeing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dome_seeing_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dome_seeing-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This building also houses a <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">detector</a> laboratory and a re<a href="/wiki/Aluminising" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminising">aluminising</a> plant. Because the WHT has the largest single mirror at the <a href="/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos_Observatory" title="Roque de los Muchachos Observatory">Roque de los Muchachos Observatory</a>, its realuminising plant has a vacuum vessel large enough to accommodate the mirrors from any other telescope on the mountain. As a result, all of the other telescopes at the observatory contract to use the WHT plant for their realuminising<sup id="cite_ref-ing_overview_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ing_overview-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a>, which has its own plant). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ing_telescopes_sunset_la_palma_july_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Series of white structures along the side of a mountain with a sea of clouds below and behind the mountain extending to the horizon which is red, orange, and yellow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ing_telescopes_sunset_la_palma_july_2001.jpg/300px-Ing_telescopes_sunset_la_palma_july_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ing_telescopes_sunset_la_palma_july_2001.jpg/450px-Ing_telescopes_sunset_la_palma_july_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ing_telescopes_sunset_la_palma_july_2001.jpg/600px-Ing_telescopes_sunset_la_palma_july_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Part of <a href="/wiki/Roque_de_los_Muchachos_Observatory" title="Roque de los Muchachos Observatory">Roque de los Muchachos Observatory</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a>. The William Herschel Telescope is the large dome on the left, the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a> is located second from the right, and the <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn_Telescope" title="Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope">Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope</a> is located on the far right.</figcaption></figure> <p>The WHT is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group_of_Telescopes" title="Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes">Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes</a> (ING), together with the 2.5m <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Telescope" title="Isaac Newton Telescope">Isaac Newton Telescope</a> and 1.0m <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Kapteyn_Telescope" title="Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope">Jacobus Kapteyn Telescope</a>. Offices and administration are located an hour's drive away in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_La_Palma" title="Santa Cruz de La Palma">Santa Cruz de La Palma</a>, the island's capital. Funding is provided by the UK's <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a> (STFC, 65%), the Netherlands' <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Organisatie_voor_Wetenschappelijk_Onderzoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek">Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek</a> (NWO, 25%) and Spain's <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Canarias" title="Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias">Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias</a> (IAC, 10%) (2008 values). Telescope time is distributed in proportion to this funding, although Spain receives an additional 20% allocation in return for use of the observatory site. Five percent of observing time is further reserved for astronomers of other nationalities. As a competitive research telescope, the WHT is heavily oversubscribed, typically receiving applications for three to four times as much observing time as is actually available.<sup id="cite_ref-oversub_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oversub-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vast majority of observations are carried out in visitor mode i.e. with the investigating astronomer physically present at the telescope. A shift to service mode operations (those carried out by observatory staff on behalf of astronomers who do not travel to the telescope) has been considered and rejected on scientific and operational grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-future_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WHT is equipped with a wide range of scientific instruments, providing a range of capabilities to astronomers. As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the common-user instrumentation is:<sup id="cite_ref-instruments_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-instruments-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>ACAM</dt> <dd>Auxiliary-port CAMera – optical imager/spectrograph, with broad- and narrow-band imaging over an 8<a href="/wiki/Arcmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcmin">'</a> field and low-<a href="/wiki/Spectral_resolution" title="Spectral resolution">resolution</a> (R < 900) spectroscopy. Permanently mounted at one of the broken-Cassegrain foci.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>ISIS</dt> <dd>Intermediate dispersion Spectrograph and Imaging System – medium resolution (R = 1,800-20,000) long-slit dual-beam optical spectrograph. Mounted at Cassegrain focus. ISIS was one of the original first generation of WHT instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-vistas_9-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vistas-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>LIRIS</dt> <dd>Long-slit Intermediate Resolution Infrared Spectrograph – <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> imager/spectrograph, with imaging over a 4' field, spectral resolutions R = 700–2500, <a href="/wiki/Spectropolarimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectropolarimetry">spectropolarimetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long-slit_spectroscopy" title="Long-slit spectroscopy">long slit</a> and multi-object slit-masks. Mounted at Cassegrain focus.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>WEAVE</dt> <dd>WHT Enhanced Area Velocity Explorer - a multi-object optical spectrograph, which uses a robot positioner and <a href="/wiki/Optical_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical fibre">optical fibres</a> to observe up to 1000 targets at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_weave_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh_weave-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Beginning in 2022, 70% of the telescope's time will be dedicated to surveys with WEAVE. Prior to the installation of WEAVE (2020-22), ISIS and LIRIS were the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/workhorse" class="extiw" title="wikt:workhorse">workhorses</a> of the WHT, with approximately two-thirds of all time awarded using those two instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-09Breport_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-09Breport-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition the WHT is a popular telescope for single-purpose <a href="/w/index.php?title=Visitor_instrument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visitor instrument (page does not exist)">visitor instruments</a>, which in recent years have included PAUCam, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_H-Alpha_Fabry-Perot_System" title="Galaxy H-Alpha Fabry-Perot System">GHαFaS</a>, PNS, INTEGRAL, <a href="/wiki/PlanetPol" title="PlanetPol">PLANETPOL</a>, SAURON, FASTCAM and ULTRACAM.<sup id="cite_ref-visitor_ins_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visitor_ins-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitor instruments can use either the Cassegrain focus or one of the Nasmyth foci. </p><p>A common set of calibration lamps (Helium and Neon <a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">arc lamps</a>, and a Tungsten flat-field lamp) are permanently mounted at one of the broken-Cassegrain foci, and can be used for any of the other instruments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scientific research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:323213main_Petersmeteorites_946-710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Low angle picture from ground showing sand and a large rock with a man looming a few feet back against a blue sky." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/323213main_Petersmeteorites_946-710.jpg/260px-323213main_Petersmeteorites_946-710.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/323213main_Petersmeteorites_946-710.jpg/390px-323213main_Petersmeteorites_946-710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/323213main_Petersmeteorites_946-710.jpg/520px-323213main_Petersmeteorites_946-710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>The Dutch-American astronomer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jenniskens" title="Peter Jenniskens">Peter Jenniskens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_Desert" title="Nubian Desert">Nubian Desert</a> with a fragment of <a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3">2008 TC3</a>, an asteroid observed by the WHT just days earlier</figcaption></figure> <p>Astronomers use the WHT to conduct scientific research across most branches of <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> science, <a href="/wiki/Galactic_astronomy" title="Galactic astronomy">galactic astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extragalactic_astronomy" title="Extragalactic astronomy">extragalactic astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmology</a>. Most of the instruments are designed to be useful for a range of different research. </p><p>The WHT has been used to make many significant new discoveries. Some of the more notable include the first evidence of a <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sgr_A*" class="mw-redirect" title="Sgr A*">Sgr A*</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">centre</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> (in 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-sgrA*_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sgrA*-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first <a href="/wiki/Optical_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical astronomy">optical</a> observation of a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray burst</a> (<a href="/wiki/GRB_970228" title="GRB 970228">GRB 970228</a>) (in 1997).<sup id="cite_ref-grb_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grb-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mid-1990s the WHT has faced increasing competition from newer 8-to-10 m (310-to-390 in) telescopes. Nevertheless, a wide range of research continues to be done with the telescope. In recent years (as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) this has included: </p> <ul><li>The SAURON project, an <a href="/wiki/Integral_field_spectrograph" title="Integral field spectrograph">integral field spectrograph</a> survey of nearby <a href="/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy" title="Elliptical galaxy">elliptical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_galaxy" title="Lenticular galaxy">lenticular galaxies</a> (2001–2010)<sup id="cite_ref-sauron_wht_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauron_wht-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sauron_website_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauron_website-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first spectrum of an asteroid which subsequently hit Earth, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3">2008 TC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-tc3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hanny%27s_Voorwerp" title="Hanny's Voorwerp">Hanny's Voorwerp</a> (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-voorwerp_wht_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorwerp_wht-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voorwerp_paper_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voorwerp_paper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The discovery that <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_bands" title="Diffuse interstellar bands">diffuse interstellar bands</a> do not originate in <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">circumstellar envelopes</a> (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-dibs_wht_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dibs_wht-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dibs_paper_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dibs_paper-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Confirmation that <a href="/wiki/WASP-3b" title="WASP-3b">WASP-3b</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planet</a> (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-wasp3b_wht_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasp3b_wht-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wasp3b_paper_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasp3b_paper-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>High-resolution <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectra</a> of the first known double <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>, <a href="/wiki/SN_2006jc" title="SN 2006jc">SN 2006jc</a> (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-2006jc_wht_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006jc_wht-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2006jc_paper_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006jc_paper-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_developments">Future developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Future developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The upcoming generation of <a href="/wiki/Extremely_large_telescope" title="Extremely large telescope">extremely large telescopes</a> (ELTs) will require sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_optics" title="Adaptive optics">adaptive optics</a> in order to be used to their full capability. Because the WHT had an advanced adaptive optics system operating, it has received attention from the various ELT programs. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/European-ELT" class="mw-redirect" title="European-ELT">European-ELT</a> (E-ELT) project had a programme to utilise the WHT as a <a href="/wiki/Test-bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Test-bed">test-bed</a> for its adaptive optics system, and received several nights per year for on-sky testing.<sup id="cite_ref-future_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-future-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e-elt_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-elt-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project involves construction of new optical experiments at one of the Nasmyth foci, and is called CANARY. CANARY will demonstrate the multi-object adaptive optics (MOAO) required for the EAGLE instrument on the E-ELT.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK's STFC (originally the major financial contributor) has gradually reduced its funding for the ING telescopes over a number of years. Some of this funding shortfall has been made up by other partners increasing their contributions, and some by efficiency savings and cutbacks. As a result, the shares of observing time will become UK 33%, Netherlands 28%, Spain 34% and 5% for any nationality.<sup id="cite_ref-opticon_pres_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opticon_pres-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new development, started in 2010, is the development of a new wide-field <a href="/wiki/Multi-Object_Spectrometer" title="Multi-Object Spectrometer">multi-object spectroscopy</a> facility (WEAVE), being developed by a UK-led consortium involving major contributions from the Netherlands, Spain, France, and Italy, the final installation of which was confirmed in August 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_weave_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh_weave-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WEAVE will provide medium-high resolution spectroscopy in the visible (360–950 nm) range for up to 1000 simultaneous targets over a 2 degree field of view, and is currently expected to operate for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-weave_2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weave_2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_reflecting_telescopes" title="List of largest optical reflecting telescopes">List of largest optical reflecting telescopes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-larger-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larger_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larger_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/BTA-6" title="BTA-6">BTA-6</a> (6.0 m) and <a href="/wiki/Hale_Telescope" title="Hale Telescope">Hale Telescope</a> (5.1 m) were both larger; the <a href="/wiki/Multiple_Mirror_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Mirror Telescope">Multiple Mirror Telescope</a> also had a larger collecting area but did not have a single primary mirror</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" title="Gran Telescopio Canarias">Gran Telescopio Canarias</a> (10.4 m) overtook the WHT in 2009 to become the largest in Europe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/GBP" class="mw-redirect" title="GBP">£</a>18M to £10M, at 1979 values<sup id="cite_ref-history_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The budget of £10M set in 1979 was equivalent to £15.7M in 1984, due to high inflation during the <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">early 1980s recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Herschel_Telescope&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-general-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-general_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-general_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-general_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJavier_Méndez2004" class="citation web cs1">Javier Méndez (3 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/wht_info/whtgeneral.html">"General information on the William Herschel Telescope"</a>. <i>ING website</i>. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaac Newton Group">Isaac Newton Group</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ING+website&rft.atitle=General+information+on+the+William+Herschel+Telescope&rft.date=2004-03-03&rft.au=Javier+M%C3%A9ndez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ing.iac.es%2FPR%2Fwht_info%2Fwhtgeneral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Herschel+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-astro_now-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-astro_now_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdinBoksenberg1987" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Murdin" title="Paul Murdin">Murdin, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boksenberg" title="Alexander Boksenberg">Boksenberg, Alec</a> (July 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/wht_info/article.pdf">"The William Herschel telescope"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_Now" title="Astronomy Now">Astronomy Now</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): 17–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ING+website&rft.atitle=History+of+William+Herschel+Telescope&rft.date=2005-10-31&rft.au=Chris+Benn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ing.iac.es%2FAstronomy%2Ftelescopes%2Fwht%2Fhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Herschel+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rgo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rgo_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1999" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Chas (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ing.iac.es/PR/int_info/history.htm">"CASTLE IN THE SKY – THE STORY OF THE ROYAL GREENWICH OBSERVATORY AT HERSTMONCEUX"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+SPIE&rft.atitle=Project+overview+and+update+on+WEAVE%3A+the+next+generation+wide-field+spectroscopy+facility+for+the+William+Herschel+Telescope&rft.volume=9147&rft.pages=0L-11&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1412.0843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119232422%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1117%2F12.2055132&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014SPIE.9147E..0LD&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft.au=Trager%2C+Scott&rft.au=Abrams%2C+Don+Carlos&rft.au=%2853+authors%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Herschel+Telescope" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: 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