CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html lang="en"> <head> <base href="https://aas.msubmit.net/"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <META http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="connect-src 'self' *.googleusercontent.com *.tus.vimeo.com dl.dropboxusercontent.com docs.google.com https://raw.githubusercontent.com/astrothesaurus/UAT/master/UAT.rdf www.googleapis.com; default-src 'self'; font-src 'self' fast.fonts.com fonts.gstatic.com; form-action 'nonce-FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ' 'self' *.orcid.org orcid.org; frame-src 'self' *.google.com content.googleapis.com data:; img-src 'self' files.msubmit.net; script-src 'nonce-FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ' 'self' *.dropbox.com *.google-analytics.com *.google.com *.googleapis.com *.gstatic.com *.orcid.org orcid.org; style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' fast.fonts.com fonts.googleapis.com"> <meta name="SKYPE_TOOLBAR" content="SKYPE_TOOLBAR_PARSER_COMPATIBLE"> <script type='text/javascript' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'>  </SCRIPT> <title>American Astronomical Society Journals</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://aas.msubmit.net/html/default_folder.css?1731607102"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://aas.msubmit.net/html/toolbar.css?1731607102"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://aas.msubmit.net/html/look_and_feel.css?1731607102"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://aas.msubmit.net/html/ejpupload.css?1731607102"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://aas.msubmit.net/html/ejpstickynote.css?1731607102">  <script type='text/javascript' src='https://aas.msubmit.net/html/spellcheck.js?1731607103' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'></script>   <META name="description" content="eJournalPress is mission critical software providing online submission, review and tracking of manuscripts via the Internet. It was designed from the ground up to provide rock solid security, reliability and ease of use."> <META name="keywords" content="eJournalPress, ejpress, Journal, manuscript, manuscript submission, peer review, online submission, web-based, document tracking, American Astronomical Society Journals"> <META name="ROBOTS" content="INDEX, NOFOLLOW"> <META name="classification" content="software"> <META name="copyright" content="2002 eJournalPress"> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://aas.msubmit.net/html/prototype.js?1731607103' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'></script> <script nonce="FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ"> String.prototype.evalScripts = function() { return this.extractScripts().map(function(script) { var scrTag = document.createElement('script'); scrTag.setAttribute('nonce', 'FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'); scrTag.innerHTML = script; document.body.appendChild(scrTag); return; }); } </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://aas.msubmit.net/html/scriptaculous.js?load=builder,effects,controls&1731607103' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://aas.msubmit.net/html/ejp.js?1731607103' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://aas.msubmit.net/html/ejp_layer.js?1731607103' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://aas.msubmit.net/html/ejp_layer.css?1731607102"> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://aas.msubmit.net/html/jquery3.min.js?1731607103' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'></script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://aas.msubmit.net/html/jquery-migrate.min.js?1731607103' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'></script> <script type='text/javascript' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'> jQuery.noConflict(); var $jq = jQuery; </script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://aas.msubmit.net/html/jquery.hotkeys.js?1731607103' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'></script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <head> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/html/style.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /> </head> <body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" TOPMARGIN="0" LEFTMARGIN="0" MARGINHEIGHT="0" MARGINWIDTH="0" rightmargin="0"> <a NAME="Top"></a> <script nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ' LANGUAGE="JavaScript">  </SCRIPT> <table CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="100%" border="0" cellpadding="5">  <TR>  <td ALIGN="left" bgcolor="#253788">    <a href="https://journals.aas.org/" class="nav"><img src="/images/AAS-Publishing-logo-2-white-trans.png" BORDER="0" width="400"></a></td> </table> <table align="left" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="#839ac6" width=""><a href="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=home" class="newnav">Manuscript Home</a></td> <td height="16" bgcolor="#ABBFD7" width="1px"><img height="16" width="1px" src="/images/spacer.gif"></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#839ac6" width="15%"><a href="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_auth_instructions" class="newnav">Author Instructions</a></td> <td height="16" bgcolor="#ABBFD7" width="1"><img height="16" width="1" src="/images/spacer.gif"></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#839ac6" width="17%"><a href="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_rev_instructions" class="newnav">Reviewer Instructions</a></td> <td height="16" bgcolor="#ABBFD7" width="1"><img height="16" width="1" src="/images/spacer.gif"></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#839ac6" width="5%"><a href="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_auth_instructions#help" class="newnav">Help</a></td> <td height="16" bgcolor="#ABBFD7" width="1"><img height="16" width="1" src="/images/spacer.gif"></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#839ac6" width="7%"><a href="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=logout" class="newnav">Logout</a></td> <td height="16" bgcolor="#ABBFD7" width="1"><img height="16" width="1" src="/images/spacer.gif"></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#839ac6" width="11%"><a href="http://journals.aas.org" target="_blank" class="newnav">Journal Home</a></td> <td height="16" bgcolor="#ABBFD7" width="1"><img height="16" width="1" src="/images/spacer.gif"></td>  <td height="16" bgcolor="#839ac6" width="25%"> <img height="16" width="1" src="/images/spacer.gif"> </td> </td> </tr> </table> <P>  <table border="0" cellspacing="15" cellpadding="10" width="100%"> <tr> <td>To ensure proper functionality of this site, both <a href="/cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_requirements">JavaScript and Cookies</a> must be enabled. If you are a first-time user, please read our <a href="/cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_auth_instructions">author</a> or <a href="/cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_rev_instructions">reviewer</a> instructions before logging in. Please note: All Login Names and Passwords are case sensitive.</td> <td rowspan="3" valign="middle"><img src="/images/header_image.jpg" height="300"></td> </tr> <tr> <td>     <span class=TITLE> Welcome to American Astronomical Society Journals, please log in.</SPAN> <form action="https://aas.msubmit.net/cgi-bin/main.plex" autocomplete="on" method="post" id="none" name="none" nonce="FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ"> <input type="hidden" name="form_type" value="login_results" id="form_type" /> <input type="hidden" name="j_id" id="j_id" value="534" /> <input type='hidden' name='ms_id_key' id='ms_id_key' value='74ftdAEILLtX83rYI4ih1amnApw' /> <div class="divtable" id="login-table"> <div class="divtable-tr"> <div class="divtable-th" style="text-align:right;"> <label for="login">Login Name</label> </div> <div class="divtable-td"> <input type="text" id="login" name="login" size="20" maxlength="100" autocomplete="username"> </div> </div> <div class="divtable-tr"> <div class="divtable-th" style="text-align:right;"> <label for="password">Password</label> </div> <div class="divtable-td"> <input type="password" id="password" name="password" size="20" maxlength="100" autocomplete="current-password"> </div> </div> </div> <div id="capslock-warning-msg" style="display:none;">Warning: Caps lock is ON!</div> <script type='text/javascript' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'> document.observe( 'keydown', function(){ if (event.getModifierState("CapsLock")) { $('capslock-warning-msg').show(); }else { $('capslock-warning-msg').hide(); } } ); </script> <BR> <P><INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="Login" AUTOCOMPLETE='username' ID="submit_login"> <INPUT TYPE='reset' value='Reset'></P> </form> <BR> <BR><BR> <a href="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_smart_reg&j_id=534&ms_id_key=646ftdGz2fAafV39lp76yyrLrFYw" ID='Security-display_login-2281-1' ><span style="font-size:12pt">New Users: Register Here.</span></a><A HREF="#" ID='Security-display_login-2291-2'><img class="helpicon" alt="Help" src="/images/help7.gif"></A> <script type='text/javascript' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'> document.getElementById("Security-display_login-2291-2").addEventListener("click", function(e){Event.stop(e); hup('reg')}, false); </script> </SPAN> <a href="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=email_passwd&j_id=534&ms_id_key=194ftdQ87txrbuQHQIQvH8mmXAw" ID='Security-display_forgotten_password_link-2357-3' ><span style="font-size:12pt">Unknown/Forgotten password?</span></a><A HREF="#" ID='Security-display_forgotten_password_link-2363-4'><img alt="Help" src="/images/help7.gif" class="helpicon"></A> <script type='text/javascript' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'> document.getElementById("Security-display_forgotten_password_link-2363-4").addEventListener("click", function(e){Event.stop(e); hup('fpass')}, false); </script> </SPAN> <BR> <BR> <script type='text/javascript' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'> document.title="American Astronomical Society Journals"; </script> <div id="cookie-policy-layer" style="display:none;z-index:999999"> <div id="cookie-policy-layer-body" tabindex="0" role="alert"></div> </div> <script type='text/javascript' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'> ejpCookiePolicyCheck( 0, '' ); </script>    </TD> </TR> </TABLE> <P> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="4" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td colspan="1" align="right" width="100%">   <a href="http://www.ejpress.com" target="_blank"> <img src="images/ejp_logo_small.gif" alt="ejournalpress" border="0"></a></td> <td> </td> </tr> </table> <table border="0" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="3" align="CENTER"><font size="1" face="verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> <A CLASS="footer" HREF="/cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=home">MANUSCRIPT HOME</A> | <A CLASS="footer" HREF="/cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_auth_instructions">AUTHOR INSTRUCTIONS</A> | <A CLASS="footer" HREF="/cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_rev_instructions">REVIEWER INSTRUCTIONS</A> | <A CLASS="footer" HREF="/cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_auth_instructions#help">HELP</A> | <A CLASS="footer" HREF="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=logout">LOGOUT</A> | <A CLASS="footer" HREF="http://www.iop.org/EJ/journal/aj">JOURNAL HOME</A> </font> </td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="3" valign="bottom" align="CENTER" bgcolor="#000000"><img width="1" height="1" src="/images/spacer.gif"></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td valign="bottom" colspan=3><font size="1" face="verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"><a href="cgi-bin/main.plex?form_type=display_terms_and_conditions" class="footer">TERMS OF SERVICE</a></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="center" colspan=3><font size="1" face="verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> <a href="http://www.ejournalpress.com" target="_blank" class="footer">EJPress Software by eJournalPress</a></font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="center" colspan=3><font size="1" face="verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> Licensed under Patent #US 7,620,555B1</font></td> </tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="center" colspan=3><font size="1" face="verdana,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"> </tr> </table> <P> </body> </html>    <script type='text/javascript' nonce='FWBU+lqrS8Y5w1Jp4KFuFQ'> document.observe('dom:loaded', function() { ejpFixAccessibility(); }); </script>