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<li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birth_of_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Birth of kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches_of_Kadamba_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches_of_Kadamba_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Branches of Kadamba dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches_of_Kadamba_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Book</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kadamba dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة كادامبا الحاكمة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة كادامبا الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="কদম্ব রাজবংশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কদম্ব রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Kadamba" title="Dinastia Kadamba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Kadamba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba" title="Kadamba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kadamba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Kadamba" title="Dinastía Kadamba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Kadamba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%8B%B4%EB%B0%94_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="카담바 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카담바 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="कदंब राजवंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कदंब राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamba_(famiglia)" title="Kadamba (famiglia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kadamba (famiglia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಕದಂಬ ರಾಜವಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕದಂಬ ರಾಜವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="კადამბა (დინასტია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კადამბა (დინასტია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadamb%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Kadambų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kadambų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="കാദംബ രാജവംശം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാദംബ രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="कदंब राजवंश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कदंब राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="कदम्ब वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कदम्ब वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कदमबास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कदमबास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кадамба (династия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кадамба (династия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="कदम्बवंशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कदम्बवंशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கதம்பர் வம்சம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதம்பர் வம்சம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%82" title="కదంబ రాజవంశం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కదంబ రాజవంశం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC" title="ಕದಂಬ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕದಂಬ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Держава Кадамба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Держава Кадамба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="卡達姆巴王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡達姆巴王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">4th–6th-century Indian dynasty</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kadamba dynasty (disambiguation)">Kadamba dynasty (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kadambas of Banavasi</div><div class="ib-country-names">Banavasi Kadambaru</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">345 CE–540 CE</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadamba_dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kadamba_dynasty.png/250px-Kadamba_dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kadamba_dynasty.png/375px-Kadamba_dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kadamba_dynasty.png/500px-Kadamba_dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9F80; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Extent of Kadambas, 500 CE</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharaja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 345–365 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 516-540 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Krishna Varma II</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Earliest Kadamba records </div></th><td class="infobox-data">450 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">345 CE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">540 CE</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chutu_dynasty" title="Chutu dynasty">Chutu dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kadamba dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayuravarma" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayuravarma">Mayuravarma</a> (345-370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangavarma" title="Kangavarma">Kangavarma</a> (370-395)</li> <li>Bhagiratha (395-420)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghu_(Kadamba_king)" title="Raghu (Kadamba king)">Raghu</a> (420-430)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakusthavarma" title="Kakusthavarma">Kakusthavarma</a> (430-450)</li> <li>Shantivarma (450-475)</li> <li>Mrigeshavarma (475-490)</li> <li>Ravivarma (497-537)</li> <li>Harivarma (437-547)</li> <li>Krishnavarma (547-565)</li> <li>Ajavarma (565-606)</li> <li>Bhogivarma (606-610)</li> <li>Vishnuvarma</li> <li>Madhuvarma (651-655)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banavasi_Kadamba_Kings_sidebar" title="Template:Banavasi Kadamba Kings sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banavasi_Kadamba_Kings_sidebar" title="Template talk:Banavasi Kadamba Kings sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banavasi_Kadamba_Kings_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banavasi Kadamba Kings sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talagunda_Pillar_inscription_(455-460_AD)_at_Talagunda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Talagunda_Pillar_inscription_%28455-460_AD%29_at_Talagunda.JPG/200px-Talagunda_Pillar_inscription_%28455-460_AD%29_at_Talagunda.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Talagunda_Pillar_inscription_%28455-460_AD%29_at_Talagunda.JPG/300px-Talagunda_Pillar_inscription_%28455-460_AD%29_at_Talagunda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Talagunda_Pillar_inscription_%28455-460_AD%29_at_Talagunda.JPG/400px-Talagunda_Pillar_inscription_%28455-460_AD%29_at_Talagunda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The Talagunda pillar Sanskrit Inscription of crown prince Santivarma (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450</span>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG/220px-Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG/330px-Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG/440px-Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" title="Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a> at <a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a> village, usually dated 450 CE. is the earliest Kannada inscription issued by the Kadamba Dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Kadambas</b> were an ancient royal family from modern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India, that ruled northern Karnataka and the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada district</a> in India. The kingdom was founded by <a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 345</span>, and at later times showed the potential of developing into imperial proportions. An indication of their imperial ambitions is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers, and the marital relations they kept with other kingdoms and empires, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakatakas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta Dynasty">Guptas</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a>. Mayurasharma defeated the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas_of_Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas of Kanchi">Pallavas of Kanchi</a> possibly with the help of some native tribes and claimed sovereignty. The Kadamba power reached its peak during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Kakusthavarma" title="Kakusthavarma">Kakusthavarma</a>. </p><p>The Kadambas were contemporaries of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> and together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with autonomy. From the mid-6th century the dynasty continued to rule as a vassal of larger Kannada empires, the <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukya Empire">Chalukya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> empires for over five hundred years during which time they branched into minor dynasties. Notable among these are the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Goa" title="Kadambas of Goa">Kadambas of Goa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Halasi" title="Kadambas of Halasi">Kadambas of Halasi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Hangal" title="Kadambas of Hangal">Kadambas of Hangal</a>. During the pre-Kadamba era the ruling families that controlled the Karnataka region, the <a href="/wiki/Mauryas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryas">Mauryas</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Satavahanas</a>, were not natives of the region and therefore the nucleus of power resided outside present-day Karnataka. The Kadambas were the first indigenous dynasty to use <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, the language of the soil, at an administrative level. In the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History of Karnataka</a>, this era serves as a broad-based historical starting point in the study of the development of the region as an enduring geo-political entity and <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> as an important regional language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kannada_inscriptions_of_Kadamba_king_Kamadeva_(c.1180)_and_Hoysala_king_Veera_Ballala_II_(c.1196)_in_the_open_mantapa_of_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Old_Kannada_inscriptions_of_Kadamba_king_Kamadeva_%28c.1180%29_and_Hoysala_king_Veera_Ballala_II_%28c.1196%29_in_the_open_mantapa_of_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Old_Kannada_inscriptions_of_Kadamba_king_Kamadeva_%28c.1180%29_and_Hoysala_king_Veera_Ballala_II_%28c.1196%29_in_the_open_mantapa_of_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Old_Kannada_inscriptions_of_Kadamba_king_Kamadeva_%28c.1180%29_and_Hoysala_king_Veera_Ballala_II_%28c.1196%29_in_the_open_mantapa_of_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Old Kannada inscriptions of Kadamba king Kamadeva of the Hangal branch (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180</span>) and Hoysala king Veera Ballala II (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1196</span>) in the open mantapa of the Tarakeshwara temple at Hangal</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several legends regarding the origin of the Kadambas. According to one such legend the originator of this dynasty was a three-eyed four-armed warrior called Trilochana Kadamba (the father of Mayurasharma) who emerged from the sweat of the god <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> under a Kadamba tree. Another legend tries to simplify it by claiming Mayurasharma himself was born to Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Bhudevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhudevi">Bhudevi</a> (goddess of the earth). Other legends tie them without any substance to the <a href="/wiki/Naga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga kingdom">Nagas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nandas</a> of northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-naga_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naga-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1189</span> claims that Kadamba Rudra, the founder of the kingdom, was born in a forest of Kadamba trees. As he had "peacock feather"-like reflections on his limbs, he was called Mayuravarman.<sup id="cite_ref-maju_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maju-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the Talagunda inscription, one more legend informs that the founding king of the dynasty, Mayurasharma was anointed by "the six-faced god of war <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-man_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians are divided on the issue of the geographical origin of the Kadambas, whether they were of local origin or earlier immigrants from northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-local_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social order (<a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>) of the Kadamba family is also an issue of debate, whether the founders of the kingdom belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> caste as described by the <a href="/wiki/Talagunda" title="Talagunda">Talagunda</a> inscription, or of local tribal origin. Historians Chopra et al. claim the Kadambas were none other than the Kadambu tribe who were in conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera</a> kingdom (of modern Kerala) during the Sangam era. The Kadambas find mention in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> as totemic worshipers of the Kadambu tree and the Hindu god <a href="/wiki/Murugan" class="mw-redirect" title="Murugan">Subramanya</a>. According to R.N. Nandi, since the inscription states the family got its name by tending to the totem tree that bore the beautiful Kadamba flowers, it is an indication of their tribal origin.<sup id="cite_ref-sub_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sub-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-totem_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totem-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the historians Sastri and Kamath claim the family belonged to the Brahmin caste, believed in the Vedas and performed Vedic sacrifices. According to the Talagunda and the Gudnapur inscriptions, they belonged to the <i>Manavya Gotra</i> and were <i>Haritiputrās</i> ("descendants of <i>Hariti</i> lineage"), which connected them to the native <a href="/wiki/Chutu_dynasty" title="Chutu dynasty">Chutus of Banavasi</a>, a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> empire and the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya">Chalukyas</a> who succeeded them.<sup id="cite_ref-light_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hariti_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hariti-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rao and Minahan, being native Kannadigas, the Kadambas promptly gave administrative and political importance to their language Kannada after coming to power.<sup id="cite_ref-hal_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hal-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-domain_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-domain-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_of_kingdom">Birth of kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Birth of kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of their earliest inscriptions, the Talagunda inscription of crown prince Santivarma (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450</span>) gives what may be the most possible cause for the emergence of the Kadamba kingdom. It states that Mayurasharma was a native of Talagunda, (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga district</a> of Karnataka state) and his family got its name from the Kadamba tree that grew near his home.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription narrates how <a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a> proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi">Kanchi</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 345</span> along with his guru and grandfather Veerasharma to pursue his <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> studies at a <i>Ghatika</i> ("school"). There, owing to some misunderstanding between him and a Pallava guard or at an <i>Ashvasanstha</i> ("horse sacrifice"), a quarrel arose in which Mayurasharma was humiliated. Enraged, the Brahmin discontinued his studies, left Kanchi swearing vengeance on the Pallavas and took to arms. He collected a faithful group of followers, routed the Pallava armies and <i>Antarapalas</i> (frontier guards) and firmly rooted himself in the dense forests of the modern <a href="/wiki/Srisailam" title="Srisailam">Srisailam</a> (Sriparvata) region. After a prolonged period of low intensity warfare against the Pallavas and other smaller kings such as the <a href="/wiki/Bana_kingdom" title="Bana kingdom">Brihad-Banas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kolar,_Karnataka" title="Kolar, Karnataka">Kolar</a> region, he was able to levy tributes from the Banas and other kingdoms and finally proclaimed independence. According to Indologist <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Franz_Kielhorn" title="Lorenz Franz Kielhorn">Lorenz Franz Kielhorn</a> who deciphered the <a href="/wiki/Talagunda_pillar_inscription" title="Talagunda pillar inscription">Talagunda inscription</a>, unable to contain <a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a> under king Skandavarman had to accept his sovereignty between the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> (known as <i>Amara</i> or <i>Amarawa</i>) to <i>Premara</i> or <i>Prehara</i> which could be interpreted as either ancient <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> in central India or the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra_River" title="Tungabhadra River">Tungabhadra</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malaprabha_River" title="Malaprabha River">Malaprabha</a> region in central Karnataka. According to the historian and epigraphist <a href="/wiki/M._H._Krishna" title="M. H. Krishna">M. H. Krishna Iyengar</a> a fragmentary inscription of Mayurasharma at <a href="/wiki/Chandravalli" title="Chandravalli">Chandravalli</a> which pertains to a water reservoir contained the names of <a href="/wiki/Abhira_dynasty" title="Abhira dynasty">Abhiras</a> and Punnatas, two contemporary kingdoms who ruled as the northern and southern neighbors of Mayurasharma's Kadamba kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-grass_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grass-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-change_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talagunda inscription also confirms Mayurasharma was the progenitor of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-grass1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grass1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grass2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grass2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashva_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription gives a graphic description of the happenings after the Kanchi incident: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That the hand dexterous in grasping the <i>Kusha</i> grass, <br />fuel and stones, ladle, melted butter and the oblation vessel, <br />unsheathed a flaming sword, eager to conquer the earth<sup id="cite_ref-grass_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grass-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Thus, according to Ramesh, in an act of righteous indignation was born the first native kingdom of Karnataka, and the Pallava King Skandavarman condescended to recognize the growing might of the Kadambas south of the <a href="/wiki/Malaprabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaprabha">Malaprabha</a> river as a sovereign power.<sup id="cite_ref-malaprabha_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malaprabha-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-change_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majumdar however feels even an inscription as important as the <a href="/wiki/Talagunda_pillar_inscription" title="Talagunda pillar inscription">Talagunda pillar inscription</a> leaves many a detail unanswered.<sup id="cite_ref-prehara_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prehara-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> and Sastri opine that Mayurasharma may have availed himself of the confusion in the south that was created by the invasion of Samudragupta who in his Allahabad inscription claims to have defeated Pallava King Vishnugopa of Kanchi. Taking advantage of the weakening of the Pallava power, Mayurasharma appears to have succeeded in establishing a new kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-maju_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maju-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to epigraphist M.H. Krishna, Mayurasharma further subdued minor rulers such as the Traikutas, the <a href="/wiki/Abhira_kingdom" title="Abhira kingdom">Abhiras</a>, the Pariyathrakas, the Shakasthanas, the Maukharis, the Punnatas and the Sendrakas.<sup id="cite_ref-weak_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weak-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that Mayurasharma had to travel to distant <a href="/wiki/Kanchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanchi">Kanchi</a> for Vedic studies gives an indication that Vedic lore was quite rudimentary in the Banavasi region at that time. The Gudnapur inscription which was discovered by epigraphist B.R. Gopal states that Mauryasharma, whose grandfather and preceptor was Veerasharma and his father was Bandhushena, developed the character of a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> (warrior caste).<sup id="cite_ref-gudnapur_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gudnapur-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weak_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weak-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashva_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sen feels the successor of Mayurasharma, Kangavarma changed his surname from "Sharma" to "Varma".<sup id="cite_ref-change_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mayurasharma was succeeded by his son Kangavarma in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 365</span>. He had to fight the <a href="/wiki/Vakataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakataka">Vakataka</a> might to protect his kingdom (also known as <a href="/wiki/Kuntala_country" title="Kuntala country">Kuntala country</a>). According to Jouveau-Dubreuil he was defeated by the King Prithvisena but managed to maintain his freedom. Majumdar feels Kangavarma battled with King Vidyasena of the Basin branch of the Vakataka kingdom with no permanent results.<sup id="cite_ref-vakataka_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vakataka-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kuntala1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuntala1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-basin_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Bhageerath who came to power in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 390</span> is said to have retrieved his fathers losses. According to Kamath, the Talagunda inscription describes Bhageerath as the sole "lord of the Kadamba land" and the "great Sagara" (<i>lit</i>, "great Ocean") himself indicating he may have retrieved their losses against the Vakatakas. But contemporary though Vakataka inscriptions do not confirm this.<sup id="cite_ref-vakataka_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vakataka-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-change_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashva_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Raghu died fighting the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 435</span> though some inscriptions claim he secured the kingdom for his family. He was succeeded by his younger brother Kakusthavarma in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 435</span>. Kakusthavarma was the most powerful ruler of the dynasty. According to Sastri and <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a>, under the rule of Kakusthavarma, the kingdom reached its pinnacle of success and the Talagunda record calls him the "ornament of the family". The Halasi and Halmidi inscriptions also hold him in high esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-vakataka_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vakataka-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kakusthavarma1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kakusthavarma1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashva_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ajji_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajji-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the Talagunda inscription it is known that he maintained marital relations with even such powerful ruling families as the imperial Guptas of the northern India. One of his daughters was married to King Madhava of the Ganga dynasty. According to the Desai one of his daughters was married to Kumara Gupta's son Skanda Gupta (of the Gupta dynasty), and from Balaghat inscription of Vakataka king Prithvisena we know another daughter called Ajitabhattarika was married to the Vakataka prince Narendrasena.<sup id="cite_ref-daughter_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daughter-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kakusthavarma1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kakusthavarma1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-change_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhat_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhat-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ajji_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajji-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He maintained similar relations with the Bhatari vassal and the <a href="/wiki/Alupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alupas">Alupas</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>. According to Desai and Panchamukhi evidence from Sanskrit literature indicates that during this time the notable Sanskrit poet <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a> visited the Kadamba court. <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> and Sen feel the visit happened during the reign of Bhageerath. According to Sen, Kalidasa was sent by Chandragupta II Virakmaditya to conclude a marriage alliance with the Kadambas.<sup id="cite_ref-daughter_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daughter-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kali_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kali-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-change_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-change-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His successor Santivarma (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 455</span>) was known for his personal charm and beauty. According to an inscription he wore three crowns (<i>pattatraya</i>) to display his prosperity, thus "attracting the attention of his enemies", the Pallavas. When the Pallava threat loomed, He divided his kingdom in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 455</span> and let his younger brother Krishnavarma rule over the southern portion and deal with the Pallavas. The branch is called the Triparvata branch and ruled from either Devagiri in the modern <a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad district</a> or <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a>. Majumdar considers Krishnavarma's rule as somewhat obscure due to lack of his inscriptions though the records issued by his sons credit him with efficient administration and an <i><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">ashvamedha</a></i> (horse sacrifice). It is known that he possibly lost his life in battle with the Pallavas. According to the Hebbatta record his successor and son Vishnuvarma had to accept the suzerainty of the Pallavas despite showing initial allegiance to his uncle Santivarma ruling from Banavasi whom he described in an earlier record as "lord of the entire Karnata country".<sup id="cite_ref-ashvamedha_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashvamedha-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kakusthavarma1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kakusthavarma1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kamathdates_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamathdates-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 485</span>, his son Simhavarma came to power but maintained a low profile relationship with Banavasi. In the northern part of the kingdom (the Banavasi branch), Santivarma's brother Shiva Mandhatri ruled from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 460</span> for more than a decade. In <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 475</span> Santivarma's son Mrigeshavarma came to the throne and faced the Pallavas and Gangas with considerable success. The Halasi plates describes him the "destroyer of the eminent family of the Gangas" and the "destructive fire" (<i>pralayaanala</i>) to the Pallavas. His queen Prabhavati of the <a href="/wiki/Kekaya" title="Kekaya">Kekaya</a> family bore him a son called Ravivarma. Mrigeshavarma was known to be a scholar and an expert in riding horses and elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-Kakusthavarma1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kakusthavarma1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kamathdates_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kamathdates-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pralaya_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pralaya-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Kakusthavarma only Ravivarma (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 485</span>) was able to build the kingdom back to its original might during a long rule lasting up to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 519</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kakusthavarma1_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kakusthavarma1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashva_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous inscriptions from his rule, starting from fifth up to the thirty-fifth regnal years give a vivid picture of his successes which was marked by a series of clashes within the family, and also against the Pallavas and the Gangas. He is credited with a victory against the <a href="/wiki/Vakatakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakatakas">Vakatakas</a> as well. Historian <a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">D. C. Sircar</a> interprets Ravivarma's <a href="/wiki/Davanagere" title="Davanagere">Davanagere</a> record dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 519</span> (king's last regnal year) and claims that the king's suzerainty extended over the whole of South India as far as the <a href="/wiki/Narmada_River" title="Narmada River">Narmada river</a> in the north and that the people of these lands sought his protection. Ravivarma donated land to a Buddhist Sangha (temple) in his 34th regnal year in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 519</span> to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Asandi" title="Asandi">Asandi</a> Bund (<i>Setu</i>) which showed his tolerance and encouragement of all faiths and religions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Mahadeva temple constructed during his rule finds mention in a Greek writing of the period. According to the Gudnapur inscription, lesser rulers such as the Punnatas, the <a href="/wiki/Alupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alupas">Alupas</a>, the Kongalvas and the Pandyas of Uchangi were dealt with successfully. The crux of the kingdom essentially consisted of significant areas of the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">deccan</a> including large parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. King Ravivarma of the Banavasi branch killed king Vishnuvarma of the Triparvata branch according to <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> and successfully dealt with a rebelling successors of Shiva Mandhatri at Ucchangi. The Pallava king Chandadanda (another name for Pallava king Santivarman) also met the same fate according to Sathianathaier. Ravivarma left two of his brothers, Bhanuvarma and Shivaratha to govern from Halasi and <a href="/wiki/Uchangidurga" title="Uchangidurga">Ucchangi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhanu_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhanu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-crux_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crux-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Ravivarma's death, he was succeeded by his peaceful son Harivarma in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 519</span> according to the Sangolli inscription. According to the Bannahalli plates, Harivarma was killed by a resurgent Krishnavarma II (son of Simhavarma) of the Triparvata branch around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530</span> when he raided Banavasi, thus uniting the two branches of the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-crux_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crux-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 540</span> the Chalukyas who were vassals of the Kadambas and governed from Badami conquered the entire kingdom. The Kadambas thereafter became vassals of the Badami Chalukyas.<sup id="cite_ref-triparvata_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-triparvata-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kakusthavarma1_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kakusthavarma1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ashva_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashva-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ajavarma_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajavarma-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later centuries, the family fragmented into numerous minor branches and ruled from Goa, Halasi, Hangal, Vainad, Belur, Bankapura, Bandalike, Chandavar and Jayantipura (in Odisha).<sup id="cite_ref-odisha_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odisha-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That the Kadambas of Banavasi were a prosperous kingdom is attested to by the famous <a href="/wiki/Aihole_inscription" title="Aihole inscription">Aihole inscription</a> of the Chalukyas which describes Banavasi in these terms: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Resembling the city of gods and a girdle of swans <br />playing on the high waves of the river Varada<sup id="cite_ref-lotus_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lotus-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Kannada_inscription_(1200_AD)_of_King_Kamadeva_of_the_Kadamba_dynasty_of_the_Hangal_branch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Old_Kannada_inscription_%281200_AD%29_of_King_Kamadeva_of_the_Kadamba_dynasty_of_the_Hangal_branch.jpg/220px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%281200_AD%29_of_King_Kamadeva_of_the_Kadamba_dynasty_of_the_Hangal_branch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Old_Kannada_inscription_%281200_AD%29_of_King_Kamadeva_of_the_Kadamba_dynasty_of_the_Hangal_branch.jpg/330px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%281200_AD%29_of_King_Kamadeva_of_the_Kadamba_dynasty_of_the_Hangal_branch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Old_Kannada_inscription_%281200_AD%29_of_King_Kamadeva_of_the_Kadamba_dynasty_of_the_Hangal_branch.jpg/440px-Old_Kannada_inscription_%281200_AD%29_of_King_Kamadeva_of_the_Kadamba_dynasty_of_the_Hangal_branch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Old Kannada inscription (1200 AD) of King Kamadeva of the Kadamba dynasty of the Hangal branch</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kadamba kings, like their predecessors the <a href="/wiki/Satavahanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahanas">Satavahanas</a>, called themselves <i>Dharmamaharajas</i> (<i>lit</i>, "Virtuous kings") and followed them closely in their administrative procedures. The kings were well read and some were even scholars and men of letters. Inscriptions describe the founding king Mayurasharma as "Vedangavaidya Sharada" ("master of the Vedas"), Vishnuvarma was known for his proficiency in grammar and logic, and Simhavarma was called "skilled in the art of learning".<sup id="cite_ref-learn_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-learn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chaduranga_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaduranga-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This wisdom and knowledge from the ancient Hindu texts called (the <i><a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smritis</a></i>) provided guidance in governance. Mores identified several important positions in the government: the prime minister (<i>Pradhana</i>), steward of household (<i>Manevergade</i>), secretary of council (<i>Tantrapala</i> or <i>Sabhakarya Sachiva</i>), scholarly elders (<i>Vidyavriddhas</i>), physician (<i>Deshamatya</i>), private secretary (<i>Rahasyadhikritha</i>), chief secretary (<i>Sarvakaryakarta</i>), chief justice (<i>Dharmadhyaksha</i>) above whom was the king himself, other officials (<i>Bhojaka</i> and <i>Ayukta</i>), revenue officers (<i>Rajjukas</i>) and the writers and scribes (<i>Lekhakas</i>). The Gavundas formed the elite land owners who were the intermediaries between the king and the farmers collecting taxes, maintaining revenue records and providing military support to the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-militia_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militia-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army consisted of officers such as <i>Jagadala</i>, <i>Dandanayaka</i> and <i>Senapathi</i>. The organization was based on the strategy called "Chaurangabala". Guerrilla warfare was not unknown and may have been used often to gain tactical advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-danda_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-danda-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chaduranga_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaduranga-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A crown prince (<i>Yuvaraja</i>) from the royal family often helped the king in central administration at the royal capital. Some governed in the far off provinces. This experience not only provided future security and know-how for the king to be, but also kept administration controls within trusted family members. This is seen in the case of kings Shantivarma, Kakusthavarma and Krishnavarma. King Kakusthavarma had appointed his son Krishnavarma as viceroy of Triparvatha region. King Ravivarma's brothers Bhanu and Shivaratha governed over Halasi and Uchangi provinces respectively. Some regions continued to be under hereditary ruling families such as the Alupas, the Sendrakas, the Kekeyas and the Bhataris. While Banavasi was the nerve center of power, Halasi, Triparvata and Uchangi were important regional capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-vishaya_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vishaya-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chaduranga_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaduranga-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom was divided into provinces (<i>Mandalas</i> or <i>Desha</i>). Under a province was a district (<i><a href="/wiki/Vishaya" title="Vishaya">Vishayas</a></i>), nine of which have been identified by Panchamukhi. Under a district was a <a href="/wiki/Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taluk">Taluk</a> (<i>Mahagramas</i>) comprising numerous villages under which were the villages in groups of ten (<i>Dashagrama</i>). The smallest unit was the village (<i>Grama</i>) which appears to have enjoyed particular freedoms under the authority of headman (<i>Gramika</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-vishaya_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vishaya-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chaduranga_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaduranga-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the various divisions and sub-divisions of the kingdom, there was a concept of urban settlement. The fifth-century Birur copper plate inscription of king Vishnuvarma describes Banavasi as "the ornament of <i>Karnata desa</i>, adorned with eighteen <i>mandapikas</i>" (toll collection centers) indicating it was a major trade center at that time. Numerous inscriptions make reference to the rulers at Banavasi as "excellent lords of the city" (<i>puravaresvara</i>). Excavations have revealed that Banavasi was a settlement even during the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> period. By the fifth century, it was a fortified settlement and the Kadamba capital (<i>Kataka</i>). A later inscriptions of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 692</span> of the Chalukyas refer to Banavasi and its corporate body (<i>Nagara</i>) as a witness to the granting of a village to a Brahmin by the monarch. A reference to the mercantile class (<i>Setti</i>) further indicates the commercial importance of Banavasi.<sup id="cite_ref-nagara_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagara-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One sixth of land produce was collected as tax. Other taxes mentioned in inscriptions were the levy on land (<i>Perjunka</i>), social security tax paid to the royal family (<i>Vaddaravula</i>), sales tax (<i>Bilkoda</i>), land tax (<i>Kirukula</i>), betel tax (<i>Pannaya</i>) and professional taxes on traders such as oilmen, barbers and carpenters.<sup id="cite_ref-vishaya_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vishaya-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chaduranga_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaduranga-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions mention many more taxes such as internal taxes (<i>Kara</i> and <i>anthakara</i>), tax on eleemosynary holdings (<i>panaga</i>), presents to kings (<i>Utkota</i>) and cash payments (<i>Hiranya</i>). The capital Banavasi had eighteen custom houses (<i>mandapika</i>) that levied taxes on incoming goods.<sup id="cite_ref-manda_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manda-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recognition of military or protective service provided by deceased warriors, the state made social service grants (<i>Kalnad</i> or <i>Balgacu</i>) that supported their family. In addition to erecting a <a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stone</a> which usually included an inscription extolling the virtues of the hero, the grant would be in the form of land. Such land grant could be as small as a plot, as large as several villages, or even a large geographical unit depending on the heroes status.<sup id="cite_ref-hero_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hero-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kadamba dynasty is located in South Asia"><img alt="Kadamba dynasty is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;">South Asia<br />350 CE</span></div><div id="annotation_90x80" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:80px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">YAUDHEYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x75" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Arjunayanas" title="Arjunayanas"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">ARJUNAYANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x65" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; 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top:155px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vakatakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakatakas"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">VAKATAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x100" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:100px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire"><span style="color:#4F311CFF">GUPTA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_40x20" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:20px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom"><span style="color:#006400FF">KUSHANO-<br />SASANIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_10x70" style="position:absolute; left:10px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sakastan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Sakastan (Sasanian province)"><span style="color:#006400FF">SAKASTAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_25x85" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:85px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Turan_(Sasanian_province)" title="Turan (Sasanian province)"><span style="color:#006400FF">TURAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_15x100" style="position:absolute; left:15px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran"><span style="color:#006400FF">MAKRAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_3x45" style="position:absolute; left:3px; top:45px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire"><span style="color:#006400FF">SASANIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">South Asian polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350 CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Inscriptions and literature are the main source of information about the economy and the factors that influenced it. According to Adiga, from studies conducted by historians and epigraphists such as <a href="/wiki/M._H._Krishna" title="M. H. Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_M_Kalburgi" class="mw-redirect" title="M M Kalburgi">Kalburgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Kittel" title="Ferdinand Kittel">Kittel</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._Lewis_Rice" title="B. Lewis Rice">Rice</a>, B.R. Gopal and <a href="/wiki/Shadakshari_Settar" title="Shadakshari Settar">Settar</a>, it is clear the kingdom depended on revenues from both agricultural and pastoral elements.<sup id="cite_ref-belvola_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belvola-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous inscriptions, mainly from the modern <a href="/wiki/Shimoga" title="Shimoga">Shimoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijapur" title="Bijapur">Bijapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgaum" title="Belgaum">Belgaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharwad" title="Dharwad">Dharwad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a> regions (the ancient divisions of Belvola-300, Puligere-300, Banavasi-12,000) mention cattle raids, cowherds and shepherds. The numerous hero stones to those who fought in cattle raids was an indication of not only lawlessness but also of the importance of herding. The mention of the terms <i>gosai</i> (female <i>goyiti</i>), <i>gosasa</i>, <i>gosasi</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gosahasra" title="Gosahasra">gosahasra</a></i> in the adjective, the imposition of taxes on milk and milk products, the existence of large cattle herds and the gifting of a thousand cows as a mark of the donors affluence (<i>gosahasram pradarum</i>) indicate cow herding was an important part of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-belvola_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belvola-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are records that mention the shepherd settlements (<i>kuripatti</i>), cowherd settlements (<i>turpatti</i>) and numerous references to small hamlets (<i>palli</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-palli_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palli-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mixed farming, a combination of grazing and cultivation, mostly controlled by the wealthy Gavunda peasantry (today's <a href="/wiki/Gowda_(surname)" title="Gowda (surname)">Gowdas</a>), seems to be the thing to do, for both the quantum of grain produced and number of cattle head determined opulence. There are several records that mention the donation of both gracing and cultivable land in units of <i>kolagas</i> or <i>khandugas</i> to either those who fought cattle thieves or to their families. A nomadic way of life is not prevalent in most communities, with the exception of hill tribes called Bedas. A semi-nomadic community, according to <a href="/wiki/J_Duncan_M_Derrett" class="mw-redirect" title="J Duncan M Derrett">Durrett</a>, they frequently depended on cattle thieving from outlying farms and the abduction of women. The Bedas subsisted by selling to merchants stolen cattle and such produce from the forest as meat, sandalwood and timber, and crops from disorganized agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-draught_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-draught-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From inscriptions three types of land are evident; wet or cultivable land (<i>nansey</i>, <i>bede</i>, <i>gadde</i> or <i>nir mannu</i>) usually used to cultivate paddy (called <i>akki gadde</i>,<i>akki galdege</i> or <i>bhatta mannu</i>) or a tall stout grain yielding grass called <i>sejje</i>; dry land (<i>punsey</i>, rarely mentioned) and garden land (<i>totta</i>). A sixth-century grant refers to garden land that grew sugarcane (<i>iksu</i>). Other crops that were also cultivated were barley (<i>yava</i>), areca nut (<i>kramuka</i>), fallow millet (<i>joladakey</i>), wheat (<i>godhuma</i>), pulses (<i>radaka</i>), flowers were mostly for temple use and such lands called <i>pundota</i>, fruits such as plantains (<i>kadali</i>) and coconuts are also mentioned.<sup id="cite_ref-areca_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-areca-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Village (<i>palli</i>) descriptions in lithic and copper plate records, such as the Hiresakuna 6th-century copper plates from <a href="/wiki/Soraba" title="Soraba">Soraba</a>, included its natural (or man made) bounding landmarks, layout of agricultural fields, repairs to existing and newly constructed water tanks, irrigation channels and streams, soil type and the crops grown.<sup id="cite_ref-layout_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-layout-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repairs to tanks and construction of new ones was a preoccupation of elite, from kings to the <i>Mahajanas</i>, who claimed partial land ownership or a percentage of produce irrigated from the tank or both. Taxes were levied on newly irrigated lands, an indication the rulers actively encourage the conversion of dry land to cultivable wet land.<sup id="cite_ref-tank_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tank-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important distinction is made between types of landholdings: <i>Brahmadeya</i> (individual) and <i>non-Brahmadeya</i> (collective) and this is seen in inscriptions as early as the third-fourth century in South India. Records such as the <a href="/wiki/Shikaripura" class="mw-redirect" title="Shikaripura">Shikaripura</a> Taluk inscription indicate occasionally women were village headmen and counselors, and held land (<i>gavundi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-gavundi_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gavundi-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Functioning purely on the excess produce of the rural hinterland were the urban centers, the cities and towns (<i>mahanagara</i>, <i>pura</i>, and <i>Polal</i>) that often find mention in Kannada classics such as <i><a href="/wiki/Vaddaradhane" title="Vaddaradhane">Vaddaradhane</a></i> (c. 900) and <i><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Bharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Pampa Bharata">Pampa Bharata</a></i> (c. 940). References to townships with specialized classes of people such as the diamond and cloth merchants and their shops, merchant guilds (corporate bodies), important temples of worship and religious hubs, palaces of the royalty, vassals and merchants (<i>setti</i>), fortifications, courtesan streets, and grain merchants and their markets are a clear indication that these urban entities were the centers of administrative, religious and economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-sule_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sule-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The end of the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> rule in the third century coincided with the advent of two religious phenomena in the Deccan and South India: the spread of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and Buddhism. This was a direct result of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta dynasties</a> ardent patronage to Hinduism in northern India and their aversion to other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-phenomena_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phenomena-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sastri, till about the fifth century, South India witnessed a harmonious growth of these religions and the sects related to them without hindrance. </p><p>Appeasement of local deities and local practices which included offerings of sacrifices often went alongside popular Vedic gods such as <a href="/wiki/Muruga" class="mw-redirect" title="Muruga">Muruga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-muruga_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muruga-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, from the seventh century onward, the growing popularity of Jainism and Buddhism became a cause for concern to the Hindu saints who saw the growth of these new faiths as heretic to mainstream Hinduism. This new found Hindu resurgence, especially in Tamil country, was characterized by public debates and enthusiastic rebuttals by itinerant saints. Their main purpose was to energize and revive Hindu Bhakti among the masses and bring back followers of sects considered primitive, such as the Kalamukhas, Kapalikas and Pasupatas, into mainstream Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-kapalika_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapalika-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kalamukha_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalamukha-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kadambas were followers of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> as evidenced by their inscriptions. The situation was the same with their immediate neighbors, the Gangas and the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a>. According to Adiga, their patronage to Brahmins well versed in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> is all too evident. Inscriptions narrate various land grants to Brahmins that specify their lineage (<i>gotra</i>) as well as Vedic specialization.<sup id="cite_ref-special_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-special-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sircar, the early rulers called themselves <i>Brahmanya</i> or <i>Parama-brahmanya</i>, an indication of their propensity toward <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> (a branch of Hinduism).<sup id="cite_ref-param_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-param-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founding king <a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a> was, according to the Talagunda inscription, a Brahmin by birth though his successors may have assumed the surname<i>Varma</i> to indicate their change to <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> (warrior) status. An inscription of Vishnuvarma describes him as the "protector of the excellent Brahmana faith". His father Krishnavarma-I performed the Vedic <i>ashvamedha</i> ("Horse sacrifice"). There are numerous records that record grants made to Brahmins. According to Sircar, some fifth and sixth century inscriptions have an invocation of <i>Hari-Hara-Hiranyagarbha</i> and <i>Hara-Narayana Brahman</i> (Hari and Hara are another name of the Hindu gods <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Buddha_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddha-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hari_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hari-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vedas_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedas-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Talagunda inscription starts with an invocation of the Hindu god Shiva while the Halmidi and Banavasi inscriptions start with an invocation of the god Vishnu. Madhukeshvara (a form of Shiva) was their family deity and numerous donations were made to the notable Madhukeshvara temple in Banavasi. Inscriptions mention various Shaiva sects (worshipers of the god Shiva) such as Goravas, Kapalikas, Pasupatas and Kalamukhas. Famous residential schools of learning existed in <a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a> and Talagunda. Vedic education was imparted in places of learning called <i><a href="/wiki/Agrahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrahara">Agrahara</a></i> and <i>Ghatika</i>. However, they were tolerant to other faiths. The Kadamba kings appear to have encouraged Jainism as well. Some records of King Mrigeshavarma indicate describe donations to Jain temples and that King Ravivarma held a Jain scholar in high esteem. Names of such noted Jain preceptors as <a href="/wiki/Pujyapada" title="Pujyapada">Pujyapada</a>, Niravadya Pandita and Kumaradatta find mention in their inscriptions. Jainas occupied commanding posts of importance in their armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Buddha_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddha-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vedas_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedas-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Adiga, image worship, which was originally prohibited, was now popularized among the common man and the monks. This helped raise funds for the construction of Jain temples (<i>Chaitya</i>). Installation of images of Jain monks (<i>Jaina</i>) in temples and a steady move toward ritualistic worship among the laymen undermined the concept of "quest for salvation" and the ascetic vigor of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-ascetic_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ascetic-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grants were made to Buddhist centers as well. According to Kamath, the royal capital Banavasi had long been a place of Buddhist learning. In the seventh century, the Chinese embassy <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> described Banavasi as a place of one hundred <i>Sangharamas</i> where ten thousand scholars of both the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a> Buddhism lived.<sup id="cite_ref-vedas_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vedas-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buddha_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buddha-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Ray, while there is evidence to prove that certain pre-Kadamba royal families, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mauryas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryas">Mauryas</a> and Chutus may have patronized Buddhism, there is not much to say regarding the ruling Kadamba family, vast majority of whose inscriptions are Brahminical grants. In fact, according to Ray, the traces of Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> sites that have been discovered in Banavasi are located outside the town.<sup id="cite_ref-hima_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hima-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The caste system was prevalent in the organized Hindu society with the Brahmins and the Kshatriyas at the top. This had a deep impact on such socially important events as marriage. Even Jainism and Buddhism which initially found popularity by avoiding social hierarchy began to develop the trappings of a caste-based society. This particular feature was, according to Singh, a unique feature of Jainism in what is modern-day Karnataka during the early medieval period. Both the sects of Jainism, the <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a> followed a strict qualification process for persons worthy of initiation. <a href="/wiki/Jinasena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinasena">Jinasena</a>'s classic <i>Adipurana</i> counts purity of ancestry, physical health and soundness of mind as the main attributes that made a person worthy of such initiation. Both Jinasena and <a href="/wiki/Ravisena" title="Ravisena">Ravisena</a> (author of <i>Padmapurana</i>) discuss the existence of a <i><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a></i> (distinction or caste) based society and the responsibilities of each <i>varna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-varna_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varna-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Majumdar notes that the Buddhist and Jain literature of the period accounts for the four <i>varna</i> by placing the Kshatriya above the Brahmin. While the Brahminical literature points to a tradition that permitted a Brahmin man to marry a woman of Kshatriya caste, a Brahmin woman was not allowed to marry a non-Brahmin man. Just the contrary seems to be the case with Buddhist and Jain literature which deema the marriage of a Brahmin man to Kshatriya woman as unacceptable but that of a Kshatriya man to a Brahmin woman as acceptable. Thus a caste system was in play with all the three main religions of the times.<sup id="cite_ref-marriage_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marriage-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Majumdar does point out the highly assimilate nature of the Hindu society where all the early invaders into India, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> were all absorbed into the Hindu society without a trace of their earlier practices.<sup id="cite_ref-saka_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saka-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A unique feature of medieval Indian society was the commemoration of the deceased hero by the erection of memorial stones ("<a href="/wiki/Hero_stone" title="Hero stone">hero stone</a>"). These stones, the inscriptions and relief sculptures on them were meant to deify the fallen hero. According to Upendra Singh, The largest concentration of such stones, numbering about 2650 and dated to between the fifth and thirteenth centuries, are found in the modern Karnataka region of India. While most were dedicated to men, a few interesting ones are dedicated to women and pets. The Siddhenahalli, the Kembalu and the Shikaripura hero stones extol the qualities of women who died fighting cattle rustlers or enemies. The Gollarahatti and the <a href="/wiki/Atakur_inscription" title="Atakur inscription">Atakur inscription</a> are in memory of a dog that died fighting wild boar, and the Tambur inscription of a Kadamba king of the Goa branch describes his death from sorrow of losing his pet parrot to a cat,<sup id="cite_ref-parrot_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parrot-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Kuppatur stone was in memory of a bonded servant who was given the honorific "slayer of the enemy" (<i>ripu-mari</i>) for bravely fighting and killing a man-eater Tiger with his club before succumbing to his injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-kuppatur_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuppatur-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Altekar, the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">sati</a></i> appears to have been adopted well after the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, because there was no sanction for the practice in the funeral hymns of the <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a>. According to him, even in the <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a>, there is only a passing reference of widow being required to lie by the side of her husband's corpse on the funeral pyre, then alight from it before it was lit, for the chanting of hymns to commence that blessed her with future wealth and children. This was an indication that window remarriage was in vogue.<sup id="cite_ref-sati_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sati-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altekar points out that even the authors of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasutra">Dharmasutras</a></i> (400 BCE – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span>)and the <i><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Smritis</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300</span>), such as Manu and <a href="/wiki/Yagnavalkya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagnavalkya">Yagnavalkya</a>, do not make any mention of any ritual resembling <i>sati</i> in their description of the duties of women and widows in society, but rather prescribed the path of worldly renunciation as worthy.<sup id="cite_ref-manu_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manu-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is from about <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span> that the practice of <i>sati</i> begins to appear in the literature of <a href="/wiki/Vatsyayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsyayana">Vatsyayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasa">Bhasa</a> (<i>Dutagatotkacha</i> and <i>Urubhanga</i>), <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a> (<i>Kumarasambhava</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Shudraka" title="Shudraka">Shudraka</a> (<i>Mirchchhakatika</i>), with a real case in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 510</span> when deceased general <a href="/wiki/Goparaja" title="Goparaja">Goparaja</a>'s wife immolated herself on her husband's pyre. Then around 606, the mother of King <a href="/wiki/Harshavardhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Harshavardhana">Harshavardhana</a> decided to predecease her terminally ill husband.<sup id="cite_ref-harsha_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harsha-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This however did not find immediate support with noted poets such as Bana (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 625</span>) and other <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a> writers who considered <i>sati</i> inhuman and immoral.<sup id="cite_ref-chaste_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaste-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>, the tide began to turn in northern India, especially in Kashmir, but found a later stronghold in Rajasthan. The belief in <i>sati</i> began to appeal, especially to the warrior classes, and the theory that performing <i>sati</i> cleansed the deceased husband of earthly sins and assured the couple a place in heaven caught on.<sup id="cite_ref-heaven_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heaven-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally concubines, mothers, sisters, sisters-in-law and even ministers, servants and nurses joined in the act.<sup id="cite_ref-heaven_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heaven-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This took its time to reach the Deccan (Kadamba territory) and the deep south (Tamil country) where the earliest cases, voluntary as they were, are seen by about <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-nurse_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nurse-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What was once a Kshatriya only practice came to be adopted by the Brahmins and even some Jains from around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-popular_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popular-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern Karnataka region (Kadamba territory), there are only eleven cases between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span> and forty-one cases between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>, mostly in the warrior communities indicating an overall lack of appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-appeal_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appeal-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physical education was very popular with men. The book <i>Agnipurana</i> encouraged men to avoid <a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">calisthenics</a> with either partially digested food in their body or on a full stomach. Bathing with cold water after exercises was considered unhealthy. Medieval sculptures depict youth in physical combat training, doing gymnastics such as lifting the weight of the body with both hands, and doing muscular exercises such as bending a crowbar.<sup id="cite_ref-gym_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gym-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms <i>malla</i> and <i>jatti</i> occur often in literature indicating wrestling was a popular sport with the royalty and the commoners. Wrestlers of both genders existed, the woman fighters meant purely for the entertainment to a male audience. Several kings had titles such as <i>ahavamalla</i> ("warrior-wrestler"), <i>tribhuvanamalla</i> ("wrestler of the three worlds"). The book <i>Akhyanakamanikosa</i> refers to two types of combative sports, the <i>mushtiyuddha</i> ("fist-fight") and <i>mallayuddha</i> (or <i>mallakalaga</i>, "wrestling fight"). Wrestlers were distinguished based on their body weight, age, skill, proficiency and stamina. Those who exemplified themselves were recognized and maintained on specific diets.<sup id="cite_ref-wrestle_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrestle-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the information we get about activities such as archery and hunting is from classics such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i> (post 7th century) and others. The <i>Agni Purana</i> says "one who has made the vision of both of his mental and physical eyes steady can conquer even the god of death".<sup id="cite_ref-agni_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agni-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An archers proficiency, which depended as much on his footwork as on his fingers and keen eyesight, was proven if he could hit bullseye by just looking down at the target's reflection (<i>Chhaya-Lakshya</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Adipurana" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipurana">Adipurana</a></i> of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 941</span>, or <i>Matsya-vedha</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Manasollasa" title="Manasollasa">Manasollasa</a></i> of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1129</span>). Additional information is available in medieval sculptures which depict various archery scenes including one where a lady is taking aim from a chariot.<sup id="cite_ref-archer_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archer-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunting was a favorite pass time of royalty in forest preserves. It served as entertainment, physical exercise and a test of endurance (<i>mrigiyavinoda</i> and <i>mrigiyavilasa</i>). The medieval sculptors spared no effort in depicting hunting scenes. The <i>Manasollasa</i> describes twenty one types of hunt including ambushing deer at waterholes with the hunting party dressed in green and concealed in the hollows of trees. It mentions a special breed of hunting dogs chosen from places such as the modern <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, Karnataka, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> which were preferred for their stamina in chasing and cornering the prey. According to the <i>Vikramankadevacharita</i> queens and courtesans accompanied the king on horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-waterhole_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterhole-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praneshwara_Temple_Talagunda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Praneshwara_Temple_Talagunda.JPG/220px-Praneshwara_Temple_Talagunda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Praneshwara_Temple_Talagunda.JPG/330px-Praneshwara_Temple_Talagunda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Praneshwara_Temple_Talagunda.JPG/440px-Praneshwara_Temple_Talagunda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>The Praneshvara temple at Talagunda, dates from the late fourth century Kadamba rule.<sup id="cite_ref-satkarni_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satkarni-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halasi_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Halasi_10.jpg/220px-Halasi_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Halasi_10.jpg/330px-Halasi_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Halasi_10.jpg/440px-Halasi_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bhuvaraha Narasimha temple Halasi, Karnataka</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_architecture" title="Kadamba architecture">Kadamba architecture</a></div> <p>According to Kamath, the Kadambas are the originators of the Karnataka architecture. According to <a href="/wiki/George_M._Moraes" title="George M. Moraes">Moraes</a> their architectural style had a few things in common with the Pallava style. Kamath points out that their <i><a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">Vimana</a></i> style (sanctum with its superstructure) is a Kadamba invention. A good example of this construction is seen in the Shankaradeva temple at Kadarolli in the modern Belgaum district. The structures themselves were simplistic with a square <i><a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">garbhagriha</a></i> (sanctum) with an attached larger hall called <i><a href="/wiki/Mantapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantapa">mantapa</a></i>. The superstructure (<i><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">Shikhara</a></i>) over the sanctum is pyramidal with horizontal non-decorative stepped stages tipped at the a pinnacle with a <i><a href="/wiki/Mandir_Kalasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandir Kalasha">Kalasha</a></i> (or <i>Stupika</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-stepped_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stepped-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-capital_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capital-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginnings of Kadamba architecture can be traced to the fourth century based on evidence in the Talagunda pillar inscription of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450</span>. The inscription makes mention of a Mahadeva temple of the Sthanagundur <i>Agrahara</i> which Adiga identifies with the protected monument, the Praneshvara temple at Talagunda. The Praneshvara temple bares inscriptions of Queen Prabhavati (of King Mrigeshavarma) from the late fifth century and of their son King Ravivarma. From these inscriptions, Adiga concludes the temple existed in the late fourth century. Further, according to Adiga, the pillar inscription supports the claim that the earliest structure existed there as early as the third century and was under the patronage of the Chutu Satakarnis of Banavasi.<sup id="cite_ref-satkarni_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satkarni-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of their extant constructions are seen in Halasi and surrounding areas with the oldest one ascribed to King Mrigeshavarma. Other notable temples in Halasi include the Hattikesavara temple with perforated screens by the doors, the Kallesvara temple with octagonal pillars, the Bhuvaraha Narasimha temple and the Ramesvara temple which shows a <i>Sukhanasa</i> projection (small tower) over the vestibule (<i>Ardhamantapa</i>) that connects the sanctum to the hall. All temples at Halasi have pillars with decorative capitals. The Kadamba style of tower was popular several centuries later and are seen in the <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Devi_Temple,_Doddagaddavalli" title="Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli">Lakshmi Devi Temple at Doddagaddavalli</a> (built by the <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a> in the 12th century) and the Hemakuta group of temples in <a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a> built in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-architecture_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architecture-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-halasi_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halasi-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-capital_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capital-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to temples, according to the art historian K.V. Soudara Rajan, the Kadambas created three rock-cut Vedic cave temples cut out of <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> at Arvalem in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. Like their temples, the caves too have an <i>Ardhamantapa</i> ("half mantapa") with plain pillars and a sanctum which contain images of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (the sun god), Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Skanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-architecture_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-architecture-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-capital_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capital-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later centuries, Kadamba architecture was influenced by the ornate architectural style of their overlords, the <a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a> (Later Chalukyas). The best representations of this style are seen in the Mahadeva temple at Tambdi Surla in modern <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> built with an open <i>mantapa</i> in the late 12th-13th century by the Kadambas of Goa;<sup id="cite_ref-surla_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surla-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the single shrined (<i>ekakuta</i>) Tarakeshvara temple (modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple,_Itagi" title="Mahadeva Temple, Itagi">Mahadeva Temple, Itagi</a>) built prior to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180</span> with an open <i>mantapa</i> (and an ornate domical ceiling), a closed <i>mantapa</i>, a linked gateway and a <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a> <i>mantapa</i> (hall with the sculpture of the Nandi the bull);<sup id="cite_ref-taraka_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taraka-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Madhukeshwara temple at Banavasi which shows several Later Chalukyas style additions over a pre-existing Early Chalukya surroundings;<sup id="cite_ref-madhu_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madhu-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 12th century, three shrined (<i>Trikutachala</i>) Kadambeshvara temple with open and closed <i>mantapa</i> at Rattihalli.<sup id="cite_ref-ratti_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratti-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Profile_of_vimana_(shrine_and_tower)_in_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarakeshwara temple at Hangal, built by the Kadambas of Hangal"><img alt="Tarakeshwara temple at Hangal, built by the Kadambas of Hangal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Profile_of_vimana_%28shrine_and_tower%29_in_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG/80px-Profile_of_vimana_%28shrine_and_tower%29_in_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Profile_of_vimana_%28shrine_and_tower%29_in_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG/120px-Profile_of_vimana_%28shrine_and_tower%29_in_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Profile_of_vimana_%28shrine_and_tower%29_in_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG/160px-Profile_of_vimana_%28shrine_and_tower%29_in_the_Tarakeshwara_temple_at_Hangal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tarakeshwara temple at Hangal, built by the Kadambas of Hangal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhukeshwara_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Madhukeshwara temple at Banavasi, built by the later Kadambas of Banavasi"><img alt="Madhukeshwara temple at Banavasi, built by the later Kadambas of Banavasi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Madhukeshwara_Temple.JPG/120px-Madhukeshwara_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Madhukeshwara_Temple.JPG/180px-Madhukeshwara_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Madhukeshwara_Temple.JPG/240px-Madhukeshwara_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madhukeshwara temple at Banavasi, built by the later Kadambas of Banavasi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahadev_Temple_at_Tambdi_Surla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mahadeva temple at Tambdi Surla, Goa, built by the Kadambas of Goa"><img alt="The Mahadeva temple at Tambdi Surla, Goa, built by the Kadambas of Goa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mahadev_Temple_at_Tambdi_Surla.jpg/120px-Mahadev_Temple_at_Tambdi_Surla.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mahadev_Temple_at_Tambdi_Surla.jpg/180px-Mahadev_Temple_at_Tambdi_Surla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mahadev_Temple_at_Tambdi_Surla.jpg/240px-Mahadev_Temple_at_Tambdi_Surla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Mahadeva temple at Tambdi Surla, Goa, built by the Kadambas of Goa</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the epigraphist D. C. Sircar, inscriptions have played a vital role in the re-construction of history of literature in India as well as the political history of the kingdoms during the early centuries of the first millennium. Some inscriptions mention names of noted contemporary and earlier poets (Aihole inscription of Ravikirti which mentions the Sanskrit poets Kalidasa and Bharavi). The development of versification and the <i>Kavya</i> style ("epic") of poetry appears first in inscriptions before making their appearance in literature. Further some <i>Kavya</i> poets were the authors of inscriptions too (Trivikramabhatta composed the Bagumra copper plates and the Sanskrit classic <i>Nalachampu</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-kavya_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kavya-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early centuries of the first millennium, inscriptions in the Deccan were predominantly in the Prakrit language. Then came a slow change with records appearing in bilingual Sanskrit-Prakrit languages around the middle of the fourth century, where the genealogy information is in Sanskrit while the functional portion was in Prakrit.<sup id="cite_ref-prakrit_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prakrit-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around the fifth century, Prakrit fell out of use entirely and was replaced by the Dravidian languages. In the Kannada speaking regions in particular, the trend was to inscribe in Sanskrit entirely or in Sanskrit-Kannada.<sup id="cite_ref-cojunct_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cojunct-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The credit of the development of Kannada as a language of inscriptions between the fourth and sixth centuries goes to the Kadambas, the Gangas and the Badami Chalukyas. Among the early ones are the Halmidi stone inscription and the Tagare copper plates which are ascribed to the Kadambas. While the main content of the inscriptions were in Sanskrit, the boundary specifications of the land grant were in Kannada. In subsequent two centuries, not only do inscriptions become more numerous and longer in size, these inscriptions show a significant increase in the usage of Kannada, though the invocatory, the implicatory and the panegyric verses are in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-tagare_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagare-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Settar points out that there are inscriptions where the implicatory verses have been translated verbatim into Kannada also. In fact Kannada composed in verse meters start making their appearance in inscriptions even before being committed to literature.<sup id="cite_ref-metre_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metre-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inscriptions in Sanskrit and Kannada are the main sources of the Kadamba history. The Talagunda, Gudnapur, Birur, Shimoga, Muttur, Hebbatta, <a href="/wiki/Chandravalli" title="Chandravalli">Chandravalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halasi" title="Halasi">Halasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halmidi_inscription" title="Halmidi inscription">Halmidi inscription</a> are some of the important inscriptions that throw light on this ancient ruling family of Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-light_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions of the Kadambas in Sanskrit and Kannada ascribed to Kadamba branches have been published by epigraphists Sircar, Desai, Gai and Rao of the Archaeological Survey of India.<sup id="cite_ref-inscriptions_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inscriptions-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kadambas minted coins, some of which have Kannada legends which provide additional numismatic evidence of their history.<sup id="cite_ref-coins1_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coins1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kadambas (along with their contemporary Ganga dynasty of Talakad) were the first rulers to use Kannada as an additional official administrative language, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 450</span>. The historian Kamath claims Kannada was the common language of the region during this time. While most of their inscriptions are in Sanskrit, three important Kannada inscriptions from the rule of the early Kadambas of Banavasi have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldest_inscription_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldest_inscription-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oldest1_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldest1-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oldest2_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldest2-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent reports claim that the discovery of a 5th-century Kadamba copper coin in Banavasi with <a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada script</a> inscription <i>Srimanaragi</i> indicating that a mint may have existed in Banavsi that produced coins with Kannada legends at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-banavasi_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-banavasi-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the Talagunda Lion balustrade inscription at the Praneshvara temple during excavations in 2013, and its publication by the <a href="/wiki/Archeological_Survey_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeological Survey of India">ASI</a> in 2016, has shed more light on the politics of language during the early Kadamba era. The bilingual inscription dated to 370 CE written in Sanskrit and Kannada is now thought to be the oldest inscription in the Kannada language.<sup id="cite_ref-balustrade_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-balustrade-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_times">In modern times</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kadambotsava</i> ("The festival of Kadamba") is a festival that is celebrated every year by the Government of Karnataka in honor of this kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-kadambotsava_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadambotsava-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of the first native Kannada kingdom is celebrated by a popular Kannada film, <i><a href="/wiki/Mayura_(film)" title="Mayura (film)">Mayura</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Dr._Rajkumar" title="Dr. Rajkumar">Raj Kumar</a>. It is based on a popular novel written in 1933 with the same name by <a href="/wiki/Devudu_Narasimha_Sastri" title="Devudu Narasimha Sastri">Devudu Narasimha Sastri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deva_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deva-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 May 2005 Defence minister of India <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> commissioned India's most advanced and first dedicated military naval base named INS Kadamba in <a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-INS_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INS-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Goa" title="Government of Goa">Indian state government of Goa</a> owned bus service is named after the Kadambas Dynasty and is known as <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Transport_Corporation" title="Kadamba Transport Corporation">Kadamba Transport Corporation</a> (KTCL).The royal lion emblem of the Kadambas is used a logo on its buses. The lion emblem logo became an integral part of KTCL since its inception in 1980 when the corporation was set up to provide better public transport service.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches_of_Kadamba_dynasty">Branches of Kadamba dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Branches of Kadamba dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Goa" title="Kadambas of Goa">Kadambas of Goa</a> <ul><li>ruled Goa from the 10th to the 14th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-kadamb_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kadamb-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Hangal" title="Kadambas of Hangal">Kadambas of Hangal</a> <ul><li>ruled from around the 10th century to the 14th century CE.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Goa" title="Kadambas of Goa">Kadambas of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">History of South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Goa" title="History of Goa">History of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_architecture" title="Kadamba architecture">Kadamba architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_Empires_and_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu Empires and Dynasties">List of Hindu Empires and Dynasties</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRam_Bhushan_Prasad_Singh" class="citation book cs1">Ram Bhushan Prasad Singh. <i>Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka C. A.D. 500-1200</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+in+Early+Medieval+Karnataka+C.+A.D.+500-1200&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.au=Ram+Bhushan+Prasad+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidya_Dhar_Mahajan" class="citation book cs1">Vidya Dhar Mahajan. <i>Ancient India</i>. S. Chand. p. 438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.au=Vidya+Dhar+Mahajan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naga-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-naga_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthikaje,_Mangalore" class="citation web cs1">Arthikaje, Mangalore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907040452/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">"History of Karnataka-The Shatavahanas-10, section:Origin of the Kadambas"</a>. 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 7 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Karnataka-The+Shatavahanas-10%2C+section%3AOrigin+of+the+Kadambas&rft.pub=1998-00+OurKarnataka.Com%2C+Inc&rft.au=Arthikaje%2C+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourkarnataka.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maju-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maju_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maju_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar (1986), p.237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-man-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-man_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann (2011), p. 227</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-local_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaurasia (2002), p.252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sub-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sub_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003), p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-totem-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-totem_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.N. Nandi in Adiga (2006), p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-light-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-light_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp. 30-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hariti-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hariti_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p.99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Desikachari1991" class="citation book cs1">T. Desikachari (1991). <i>South Indian Coins</i>. Asian Educational Services. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Coins&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1991&rft.au=T.+Desikachari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hal-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hal_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rao, Seshagiri in Amaresh Datta (1988), p. 1717</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-domain-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-domain_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minahan (2012), p. 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-origin_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath, S.U. (1980), p.30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grass-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grass_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grass_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp. 30–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-change-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-change_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-change_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-change_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-change_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-change_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-change_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen (1999), p. 468</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraes1990" class="citation book cs1">Moraes, George M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUX8-PzWohgC"><i>The Kadamba Kula: A History of Ancient and Mediaeval Karnataka</i></a>. 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(1984), p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grass2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grass2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashva-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashva_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashva_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashva_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashva_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashva_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashva_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003), pp.26, 161–162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malaprabha-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malaprabha_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh, K.V. 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New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. pp. 60, 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0592-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0592-5"><bdi>81-208-0592-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+II%3A+THE+POLITICAL+CONDITION+OF+INDIA+BEFORE+THE+RISE+OF+GUPTAS+-+EASTERN+INDIA&rft.btitle=Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Imperial+Guptas&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=60%2C+61&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=81-208-0592-5&rft.aulast=Agrawal&rft.aufirst=Ashvini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhRjC5IaJ2zcC%26q%3DSatrubhanja%2BAsanpat%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belvola-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belvola_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belvola_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2006), pp. 55–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palli-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palli_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2006), pp. 36–87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-draught-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-draught_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2006), pp. 65–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-areca-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-areca_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2008), pp. 47–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-layout-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-layout_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2006), pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tank-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tank_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2006), p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gavundi-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gavundi_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Upendra (2008), p. 593</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sule-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sule_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2006), pp. 71–86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phenomena-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phenomena_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian ((2003), p.188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muruga-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muruga_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), pp. 381–382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapalika-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kapalika_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian (2003), p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalamukha-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kalamukha_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sastri (1955), p. 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-special-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-special_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2006), pp.280-281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-param-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-param_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sircar (1971), p.54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buddha-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buddha_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buddha_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buddha_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp. 36–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hari-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hari_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sircar (1971), p.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vedas-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vedas_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vedas_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vedas_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthikaje,_Mangalore" class="citation web cs1">Arthikaje, Mangalore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907040452/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">"History of Karnataka-The Shatavahanas-10, section: Education and Religion"</a>. 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 7 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Karnataka-The+Shatavahanas-10%2C+section%3A+Education+and+Religion&rft.pub=1998-00+OurKarnataka.Com%2C+Inc&rft.au=Arthikaje%2C+Mangalore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourkarnataka.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ascetic-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ascetic_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga 92006), pp. 249–252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hima-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hima_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ray (2019), Chapter-Introduction, Section-Perception: Buddhist Banavasi, Past and Present</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-varna-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-varna_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, R.B.P. (2008), pp. 72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marriage-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marriage_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar (1977), pp. 201–202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saka-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saka_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majumdar (1977), pp. 202–203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parrot-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parrot_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Singh, Upendra, (2008), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuppatur-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kuppatur_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamat, J.K. (1980), p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sati-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sati_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar (1956), pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manu-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manu_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar (1956), p.119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harsha-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harsha_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar (1956), p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chaste-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chaste_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar (1956), pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heaven-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heaven_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heaven_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar (1956), p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nurse-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nurse_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar (1956), p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popular-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popular_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar (1956), pp. 128–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appeal-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-appeal_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altekar (1956), pp. 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gym-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gym_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamat, J.K. (1980), p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrestle-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wrestle_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamat, J.K. (1980), p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agni-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agni_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamat, J.K. (1980), p.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archer-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archer_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamat, J.K. (1980), p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waterhole-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-waterhole_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamat, J.K. (1980), pp. 75–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satkarni-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-satkarni_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satkarni_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adiga (2006), p.287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stepped-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stepped_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath, S.U. (1980), pp37-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-capital-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-capital_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-capital_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-capital_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapur (2010), p. 540</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-architecture-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-architecture_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-architecture_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-halasi-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-halasi_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chugh (2017), chapter 2.1, section: Vishnu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-surla-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-surla_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p.347</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taraka-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taraka_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p.330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madhu-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madhu_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 323</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratti-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ratti_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kavya-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kavya_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satyanath T.S. in Knauth & Dasgupta (2018), p.123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prakrit-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prakrit_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saloman (1998), pp.90-92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cojunct-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cojunct_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saloman (1998), p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagare-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tagare_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satyanath T.S. in Knauth & Dasgupta (2018), pp.125-126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metre-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metre_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Satyanath T.S. in Knauth & Dasgupta (2018), p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inscriptions-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inscriptions_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._D.C._Sircar,_Dr._P.B.Desai,_Dr._G.S._Gai,_N._Lakshminarayana_Rao" class="citation web cs1">Dr. D.C. Sircar, Dr. P.B.Desai, Dr. G.S. Gai, N. Lakshminarayana Rao. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/">"Indian Inscriptions-South Indian Inscriptions, vol 15,18"</a>. <i>What Is India News Service, Friday, 28 April 2006</i>. Archaeological Survey of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=What+Is+India+News+Service%2C+Friday%2C+28+April+2006&rft.atitle=Indian+Inscriptions-South+Indian+Inscriptions%2C+vol+15%2C18&rft.au=Dr.+D.C.+Sircar%2C+Dr.+P.B.Desai%2C+Dr.+G.S.+Gai%2C+N.+Lakshminarayana+Rao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finscriptions.whatisindia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coins1-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coins1_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldest_inscription-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldest_inscription_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A report on Halmidi inscription, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuralidhara_Khajane2003" class="citation news cs1">Muralidhara Khajane (3 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031124063238/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm">"Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm">the original</a> on 24 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Halmidi+village+finally+on+the+road+to+recognition&rft.date=2003-11-03&rft.au=Muralidhara+Khajane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2003%2F11%2F03%2Fstories%2F2003110304550500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldest1-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oldest1_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ramesh, K.V. (1984), p.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldest2-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oldest2_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath, S.U. (1980), p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-banavasi-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-banavasi_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDH_News_Service_Mysore2006" class="citation web cs1">DH News Service Mysore (7 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061006041816/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb72006/state171017200626.asp">"5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb72006/state171017200626.asp">the original</a> on 6 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=5th+century+copper+coin+discovered+at+Banavasi&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft.au=DH+News+Service+Mysore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fdeccanherald%2Ffeb72006%2Fstate171017200626.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-balustrade-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-balustrade_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/content/591046/kannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html">"Kannada inscription at Talagunda may replace Halmidi as oldest"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. 12 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Kannada+inscription+at+Talagunda+may+replace+Halmidi+as+oldest&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F591046%2Fkannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadambotsava-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kadambotsava_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kadambotsava</i> is held at Banavasi as it is here that the Kadamba kings organized the spring festival every year. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Correspondent2006" class="citation news cs1">Staff Correspondent (20 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090446/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/20/stories/2006012003990300.htm">"Kadambotsava in Banavasi from today"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/20/stories/2006012003990300.htm">the original</a> on 1 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kadambotsava+in+Banavasi+from+today&rft.date=2006-01-20&rft.au=Staff+Correspondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2006%2F01%2F20%2Fstories%2F2006012003990300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deva-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deva_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Das (2005), p.647</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-INS-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-INS_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Defense Minister Pranab Mukherjee opened the first phase of India's giant western naval base INS Kadamba in <a href="/wiki/Karwar" title="Karwar">Karwar</a>, Karnataka state, on 31 May. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/india-opens-major-naval-base-at-karwar-0647/">"India Opens Major Naval Base at Karwar"</a>. <i>Defence Industry Daily</i>. 21 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defence+Industry+Daily&rft.atitle=India+Opens+Major+Naval+Base+at+Karwar&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseindustrydaily.com%2Findia-opens-major-naval-base-at-karwar-0647%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kadamba-dynasty-logo-to-be-reinstaed-on-goa-govt-buses/articleshow/2978077.cms">"Kadamba dynasty logo to be reinstaed on Goa govt buses"</a>. <i>The Economic times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+times&rft.atitle=Kadamba+dynasty+logo+to+be+reinstaed+on+Goa+govt+buses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fkadamba-dynasty-logo-to-be-reinstaed-on-goa-govt-buses%2Farticleshow%2F2978077.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kadamb-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kadamb_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Souza1990" class="citation book cs1">de Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). <i>Goa Through the Ages: An economic history</i>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7022-259-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7022-259-1"><bdi>81-7022-259-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goa+Through+the+Ages%3A+An+economic+history&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-7022-259-1&rft.aulast=de+Souza&rft.aufirst=Teotonio+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book">Book</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdiga2006" class="citation book cs1">Adiga, Malini (2006) [2006]. <i>The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030</i>. Chennai: Orient Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-2912-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-2912-5"><bdi>81-250-2912-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Southern+Karnataka%3A+Society%2C+Polity+and+Culture+in+the+early+medieval+period%2C+AD+400%E2%80%931030&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-250-2912-5&rft.aulast=Adiga&rft.aufirst=Malini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltekar1956" class="citation book cs1">Altekar, Ananth Sadashiv (1956) [1956]. <i>The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization, from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0325-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0325-6"><bdi>81-208-0325-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Position+of+Women+in+Hindu+Civilization%2C+from+Prehistoric+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=81-208-0325-6&rft.aulast=Altekar&rft.aufirst=Ananth+Sadashiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra,_Ravindran_&_Subrahmanian2003" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, Ravindran & Subrahmanian, Nilakanta K.A. (2003) [2003]. <i>History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Part 1</i>. New Delhi: Chand Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-0153-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-0153-7"><bdi>81-219-0153-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+South+India+%28Ancient%2C+Medieval+and+Modern%29%2C+Part+1&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Chand+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=81-219-0153-7&rft.aulast=Chopra%2C+Ravindran+%26+Subrahmanian&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta+K.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002) [2002]. <i>History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D</i>. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-00275" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-00275"><bdi>978-81-269-00275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+India%3A+Earliest+Times+to+1000+A.+D&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-00275&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChugh2017" class="citation book cs1">Chugh, Lalit (2017) [2017]. <i>Karnataka's Rich Heritage – Temple Sculptures & Dancing Apsaras: An Amalgam of Hindu Mythology, Natyasastra and Silpasastra</i>. Chennai: Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-947137-36-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-947137-36-3"><bdi>978-1-947137-36-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karnataka%27s+Rich+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Temple+Sculptures+%26+Dancing+Apsaras%3A+An+Amalgam+of+Hindu+Mythology%2C+Natyasastra+and+Silpasastra&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-947137-36-3&rft.aulast=Chugh&rft.aufirst=Lalit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sisir Kumar (2005) [2005]. <i>History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy</i>. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7201-798-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7201-798-7"><bdi>81-7201-798-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+1911-1956%2C+struggle+for+freedom+%3A+triumph+and+tragedy&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7201-798-7&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshit1980" class="citation book cs1">Dikshit, Durga Prasad (1980) [1980]. <i>Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami</i>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+the+Ch%C4%81lukyas+of+Badami&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Dikshit&rft.aufirst=Durga+Prasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1995" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Adam (1995) [1995]. <i>Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-312-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-312-4"><bdi>81-7017-312-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Temple+Architecture%3A+Form+and+Transformation-The+Karnata+Dravida+Tradition+7th+to+13th+Centuries&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-7017-312-4&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2001" class="citation book cs1">Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. <i>A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present</i>. Bangalore: Jupiter Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7796041">7796041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+history+of+Karnataka+from+pre-historic+times+to+the+present&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Jupiter+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7796041&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Suryanath+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamat1980" class="citation book cs1">Kamat, Jyothsna K. (1980) [1980]. <i>Social Life in Medieval Karnataka</i>. Bangalore: Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7173416">7173416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Life+in+Medieval+Karnataka&rft.place=Bangalore&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7173416&rft.aulast=Kamat&rft.aufirst=Jyothsna+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2010" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Kamalesh (2010) [2010]. <i>Portraits of a Nation: History of Ancient India: History</i>. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-52122" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-52122"><bdi>978-81-207-52122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+a+Nation%3A+History+of+Ancient+India%3A+History&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-207-52122&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Kamalesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh1984" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh, K.V. (1984) [1984]. <i>Chalukyas of Vatapi</i>. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13869730">13869730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chalukyas+of+Vatapi&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Agam+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13869730&rft.aulast=Ramesh&rft.aufirst=K.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1977" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977) [1977]. <i>Ancient India</i>. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0436-8"><bdi>81-208-0436-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidass+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=81-208-0436-8&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar_&_Altekar1986" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar & Altekar, Ramesh Chandra & Ananth Sadashiv (1986) [1986]. <i>Vakataka - Gupta Age Circa 200-550 A.D</i>. 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New Age Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-1198-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-224-1198-3"><bdi>81-224-1198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=New+Age+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-224-1198-3&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, R.B.P (2008) [2008]. <i>Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3323-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3323-4"><bdi>978-81-208-3323-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism+in+Early+Medieval+Karnataka&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3323-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R.B.P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008) [2008]. <i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India:From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i>. India: Pearsons Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3AFrom+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Pearsons+Education&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar1971" class="citation book cs1">Sircar, Dineshchandra (1971) [1971]. <i>Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120827905" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120827905"><bdi>978-8120827905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Religious+Life+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidass&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-8120827905&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=Dineshchandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_dynasty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907040452/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">"History of Karnataka – The Shatavahanas-10, Arthikaje"</a>. OurKarnataka.Com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 7 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Karnataka+%E2%80%93+The+Shatavahanas-10%2C+Arthikaje&rft.pub=OurKarnataka.Com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourkarnataka.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com">"Indian Inscriptions"</a>. <i>Archaeological Survey of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=5th+century+copper+coin+discovered+at+Banavasi&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fdeccanherald%2Ffeb72006%2Fstate171017200626.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031124063238/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm">"Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 3 November 2003. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="background:lightyellow"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 5px; background: #EEDC82; font-size:135%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History of Karnataka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GBerunda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/135px-GBerunda.JPG" decoding="async" width="135" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/203px-GBerunda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/GBerunda.JPG/270px-GBerunda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_medieval_Karnataka" title="Political history of medieval Karnataka">Political history of medieval Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Karnataka" title="Etymology of Karnataka">Origin of Karnataka's name</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Polities</div><div 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Nayakas of Keladi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Nayakas of Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleri_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Haleri Kingdom">Haleri Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_kingdoms_of_India111" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Template talk:Middle kingdoms of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadamba+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka806" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Karnataka_topics" title="Template talk:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Karnataka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Seal_of_Karnataka_State_of_Karnataka806" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Karnataka,_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Karnataka"><img alt="Seal of Karnataka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/25px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/38px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png/50px-Flag_of_Karnataka%2C_India.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="454" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_state_symbols" title="List of Karnataka state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Karnataka" title="Emblem of Karnataka">Emblem of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_songs" title="List of Indian state songs">Song</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Bharata_Jananiya_Tanujate" title="Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate">Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_roller" title="Indian roller">Indian roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Lotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">Fruit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mangifera_indica" title="Mangifera indica">Mango</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Hypselobarbus_carnaticus" title="Hypselobarbus carnaticus">Carnatic carp</a></li> <li>Insect: <a href="/wiki/Troides_minos" title="Troides minos">Southern birdwing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka" title="Category:Karnataka">Overviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka#Climate" title="Karnataka">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Karnataka" title="Demographics of Karnataka">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karnataka" title="Economy of Karnataka">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karnataka" title="Education in Karnataka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_arts_of_Karnataka" title="Folk arts of Karnataka">Folk arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Karnataka" title="Sports in Karnataka">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Karnataka" title="Transport in Karnataka">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Karnataka" title="Wildlife of Karnataka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Karnataka" title="Category:History of Karnataka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoghavarsha" title="Amoghavarsha">Amoghavarsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balligavi" title="Balligavi">Balligavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_Raya_II" title="Deva Raya II">Deva Raya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvinita" title="Durvinita">Durvinita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Halebidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Coorg" title="Kingdom of Coorg">Kingdom of Coorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmidi" title="Halmidi">Halmidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampi" title="Hampi">Hampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kadamba dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Kalyani Chalukyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Nayakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivappa_Nayaka" title="Shivappa Nayaka">Shivappa Nayaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittur_Chennamma" title="Kittur Chennamma">Kittur Chennamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasharma" title="Mayurasharma">Mayurasharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulakeshin_II" title="Pulakeshin II">Pulakeshin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sringeri" title="Sringeri">Sringeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangapatna" title="Srirangapatna">Srirangapatna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Karnataka" title="Unification of Karnataka">Unification of Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuvardhana" title="Vishnuvardhana">Vishnuvardhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veera_Ballala_II" title="Veera Ballala II">Veera Ballala II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">Vikramaditya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Karnataka" title="Administrative divisions of Karnataka">divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_division" title="Bangalore division">Bangalore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Urban_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Urban district">Bangalore Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_Rural_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore Rural district">Bangalore Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitradurga_district" title="Chitradurga district">Chitradurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davanagere_district" title="Davanagere district">Davanagere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolar_district" title="Kolar district">Kolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoga_district" title="Shimoga district">Shimoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumakuru_district" title="Tumakuru district">Tumakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanagara_district" title="Ramanagara district">Ramanagara </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikkaballapura_district" title="Chikkaballapura district">Chikkaballapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_division" title="Belagavi division">Belagavi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagalkot_district" title="Bagalkot district">Bagalkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belagavi_district" title="Belagavi district">Belagavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Karnataka" title="Bijapur district, Karnataka">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharwad_district" title="Dharwad district">Dharwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haveri_district" title="Haveri district">Haveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kannada" title="Uttara Kannada">Uttara Kannada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_division" title="Kalaburagi division">Kalaburagi division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballari_district" title="Ballari district">Ballari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidar_district" title="Bidar district">Bidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaburagi_district" title="Kalaburagi district">Kalaburagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koppal_district" title="Koppal district">Koppal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raichur_district" title="Raichur district">Raichur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_district" title="Vijayanagara district">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadgir_district" title="Yadgir district">Yadgir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_division" title="Mysore division">Mysore division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamarajanagar_district" title="Chamarajanagar district">Chamarajanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur_district" title="Chikmagalur district">Chikmagalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada" title="Dakshina Kannada">Dakshina Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_district" title="Hassan district">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandya_district" title="Mandya district">Mandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_district" title="Udupi district">Udupi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Karnataka" title="Geography of Karnataka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Cities and towns in Karnataka">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Karnataka" title="List of districts of Karnataka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Rivers of Karnataka">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Karnataka" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Karnataka">Dams and reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taluks_of_Karnataka" title="List of taluks of Karnataka">Taluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Villages in Karnataka">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullayyana_Giri" title="Mullayyana Giri">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayalu_Seeme" title="Bayalu Seeme">Bayalu Seeme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malenadu" title="Malenadu">Malenadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanara" title="Kanara">Kanara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Culture of Karnataka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buta_Kola" title="Buta Kola">Buta Kola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidriware" title="Bidriware">Bidriware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channapatna_toys" title="Channapatna toys">Channapatna toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Chitrakala_Parishath" title="Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath">Chitrakala Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaarudi_Gombe" title="Gaarudi Gombe">Gaarudi Gombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkal_sari" title="Ilkal sari">Ilkal sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamsale" title="Kamsale">Kamsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Karnatik music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuti" title="Kasuti">Kasuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedda" title="Khedda">Khedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_Dasara" title="Mysore Dasara">Mysore Dasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togalu_gombeyaata" title="Togalu gombeyaata">Togalu gombeyaata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_cuisine" title="Udupi cuisine">Udupi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicians_of_the_Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Musicians of the Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Literature of Karnataka">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_milestones_in_Kannada_literature" title="List of milestones in Kannada literature">Milestones</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epics_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of epics in the Kannada language">Epics</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Kannada_literature" title="Medieval Kannada literature">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_literature" title="Rashtrakuta literature">Rashtrakuta</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_literature" title="Western Ganga literature">Western Ganga</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_literature_in_Kannada" title="Western Chalukya literature in Kannada">Western Chalukya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_literature" title="Hoysala literature">Hoysala</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_literature_in_Kannada" title="Vijayanagara literature in Kannada">Vijayanagara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachana</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysore_literature_in_Kannada" title="Mysore literature in Kannada">Mysore</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yakshagana_plays_in_the_Kannada_language" title="List of Yakshagana plays in the Kannada language">Play</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Kannada_literature" title="Modern Kannada literature">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Parishat" title="Kannada Sahitya Parishat">Kannada Sahitya Parishat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Sahitya_Sammelana" title="Kannada Sahitya Sammelana">Kannada Sahitya Sammelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Karnataka_literature" title="List of Karnataka literature">Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannada_poets" title="Category:Kannada poets">Noted poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaga" title="Asaga">Asaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunavarma_I" title="Gunavarma I">Gunavarma I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adikavi_Pampa" title="Adikavi Pampa">Adikavi Pampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponna_(poet)" title="Ponna (poet)">Sri Ponna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranna_(Kannada_poet)" title="Ranna (Kannada poet)">Ranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devar_Dasimayya" title="Devar Dasimayya">Devar Dasimayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara_(poet)" title="Harihara (poet)">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavanka" title="Raghavanka">Raghavanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrabhatta" title="Rudrabhatta">Rudrabhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janna" title="Janna">Janna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Vyasa" title="Kumara Vyasa">Kumara Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarasa" title="Chamarasa">Chamarasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nijaguna_Shivayogi" title="Nijaguna Shivayogi">Nijaguna Shivayogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnakaravarni" title="Ratnakaravarni">Ratnakaravarni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Dasa" title="Vijaya Dasa">Vijaya Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dasa" title="Gopala Dasa">Gopala Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Kannada_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmisa" title="Lakshmisa">Lakshmisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvajna" title="Sarvajna">Sarvajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishunala_Sharif" title="Shishunala Sharif">Shishunala Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaraja_Wadiyar_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnaraja Wadiyar III">Krishnaraja Wadiyar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._R._Bendre" title="D. R. Bendre">D. R. Bendre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrishna_Adiga" title="Gopalakrishna Adiga">Gopalakrishna Adiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._Seetharamaiah" title="V. Seetharamaiah">V. Seetharamaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Narasimhaswamy" title="K. S. Narasimhaswamy">K. S. Narasimhaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._V._Gundappa" title="D. V. Gundappa">D. V. Gundappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._S._Shivarudrappa" title="G. S. Shivarudrappa">G. S. Shivarudrappa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karnataka" title="Category:People from Karnataka">People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Karnataka_society" title="Category:Karnataka society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka ethnic groups">Karnataka ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Karnataka" title="List of people from Karnataka">List of people from Karnataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Karnataka" title="Tourism in Karnataka">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Karnataka" title="List of beaches in Karnataka">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dams_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Dams in Karnataka">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Forts in Karnataka">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Karnataka" title="Category:National parks in Karnataka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka">Hindu temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jain_temples_in_Karnataka" title="Category:Jain temples in Karnataka">Jain temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_awards_and_decorations_of_Karnataka" title="Category:Civil awards and decorations of Karnataka">Awards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna" title="Karnataka Ratna">Karnataka Ratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampa_Award" title="Pampa Award">Pampa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrupatunga_Award" title="Nrupatunga Award">Nrupatunga Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava_Puraskara" title="Basava Puraskara">Basava Puraskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajyotsava_Prashasti" title="Rajyotsava Prashasti">Rajyotsava Prashasti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakanachari_Award" title="Jakanachari Award">Jakanachari Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnashilpi_Venkatappa_Award" title="Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award">Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_Award" title="Kempegowda Award">Kempegowda Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Karnataka" title="Media in Karnataka">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_cinema" title="Kannada cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_newspapers" title="List of Kannada-language newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_magazines" title="List of Kannada-language magazines">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_television_channels" title="List of Kannada-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kannada-language_radio_stations" title="List of Kannada-language radio stations">Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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