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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الله في الأديان الإبراهيمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الله في الأديان الإبراهيمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%88%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="ইব্রাহিমীয় ধর্মে ঈশ্বর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইব্রাহিমীয় ধর্মে ঈশ্বর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_sa_Abrahamikong_relihiyon" title="Dios sa Abrahamikong relihiyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dios sa Abrahamikong relihiyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9u_en_les_religions_abrah%C3%A0miques" title="Déu en les religions abrahàmiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Déu en les religions abrahàmiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="خدا در دین‌های ابراهیمی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدا در دین‌های ابراهیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andriamanitra_ao_amin%27_ny_fivavahana_abrahamika" title="Andriamanitra ao amin' ny fivavahana abrahamika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andriamanitra ao amin' ny fivavahana abrahamika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="ආබ්‍රහමික ආගම්වල දෙවියන්වහන්සේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආබ්‍රහමික ආගම්වල දෙවියන්වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0brahim%C3%AE_dinlerde_Tanr%C4%B1" title="İbrahimî dinlerde Tanrı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbrahimî dinlerde Tanrı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5576009#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a>—the belief that there is only one deity—is the focus of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, which like-mindedly <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">conceive God</a> as the all-powerful and all-knowing deity<sup id="cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociology_of_Religion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from whom <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> received a divine revelation, according to their respective <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">narratives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent Abrahamic religions are <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-British-Library_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British-Library-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They, alongside <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-British-Library_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British-Library-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-British-Library_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British-Library-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all share a common core foundation in the form of worshipping Abraham's God, who is identified as <i><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and called <i><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the Abrahamic religions share similar features distinguishing them from <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">other categories of religions</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Bremer_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremer_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>all of their theological traditions are, to some extent, influenced by the depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">God of Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>all of them trace their roots to Abraham as a common <a href="/wiki/Abraham%27s_family_tree" title="Abraham's family tree">genealogical</a> and spiritual <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">patriarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the Abrahamic tradition, God is <a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">one</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">eternal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">creator of the universe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociology_of_Religion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God is typically referred to with masculine grammatical articles and pronouns only,<sup id="cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociology_of_Religion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSSR_2024_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSSR_2024-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is further held to have the properties of <a href="/wiki/Sacredness" title="Sacredness">holiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresence</a>. Adherents of the Abrahamic religions believe that God is also <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a>, meaning that he is outside of both space and time and therefore <a href="/wiki/Incorporeality" title="Incorporeality">not subject to anything within his creation</a>, but at the same time a <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal God</a>: intimately involved, listening to individual prayer, and reacting to the actions of his creatures. </p><p>With regard to Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religion scholars</a> have differed on whether <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a> belongs with mainstream Christian tradition as a whole (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a>), with some asserting that it amounts to a distinct Abrahamic religion in itself due to <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Nicene_Christianity" title="Mormonism and Nicene Christianity">noteworthy theological differences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eliason_2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliason_2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rastafari, the heterogenous movement that originated in <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> in the 1930s, is variously classified by religion scholars as either an international socio-religious movement, a distinct Abrahamic religion, or simply a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Shema Yisrael</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg/240px-YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg/360px-YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg/480px-YHWH_on_Mesha_Stele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a> bears the earliest known reference (840 BCE) to the Israelite god <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Judaism, the oldest Abrahamic religion, is based on a strict, <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive monotheism">exclusive monotheism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finding its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">sole veneration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999362–363_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999362–363-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetz2000916–917_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetz2000916–917-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gruber_2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruber_2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the predecessor to the Abrahamic conception of God.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names of God</a> used most often in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהוה</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">YHWH</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Sasson_2018_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Sasson_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews traditionally do not pronounce it, and instead refer to God as <i><a href="/wiki/Names_and_Titles_of_God_in_Judaism#HaShem" class="mw-redirect" title="Names and Titles of God in Judaism">HaShem</a></i>, literally "the Name". In prayer, the Tetragrammaton is substituted with the pronunciation <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Adonai" title="Names of God in Judaism">Adonai</a>, meaning "My Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-Moberly_1990_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moberly_1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is referred to primarily in the Torah: "<a href="/wiki/Shema_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Shema Yisrael">Hear O Israel: the LORD is our God, the LORD is One</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0506.htm#4">Deuteronomy 6:4</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Moberly_1990_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moberly_1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God is conceived as unique and perfect, free from all faults, deficiencies, and defects, and further held to be <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, and completely <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a> in all of his attributes, who has no partner or equal, being the sole creator of everything in existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moberly_1990_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moberly_1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lebens_2022_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebens_2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Angelini_2021_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Judaism" title="Aniconism in Judaism">God is never portrayed in any image</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Angelini_2021_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of God as a <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">duality</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a> is heretical in Judaism—it's considered akin to <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Angelini_2021_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angelini_2021-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Torah specifically forbade ascribing partners to share his singular sovereignty,<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moberly_1990_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moberly_1990-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as he is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">absolute one</a> without a second, indivisible, and incomparable being, who is similar to nothing and nothing is comparable to him.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lebens_2022_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebens_2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, God is unlike anything in or of the world as to be beyond all forms of human thought and expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lebens_2022_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebens_2022-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God in Judaism is conceived as <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999361–362_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999361–362-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_2019_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unique, benevolent, eternal, the creator of the universe, and the <a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">ultimate source of morality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the term <i>God</i> corresponds to an actual ontological reality, and is not merely a projection of the human psyche.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuling_2020_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuling_2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional interpretations of Judaism generally emphasize that God is <a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">personal</a> yet also transcendent and able to intervene in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Sasson_2018_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Sasson_2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while some modern interpretations of Judaism emphasize that God is an <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism#Non-personal" title="God in Judaism">impersonal</a> force or ideal rather than a supernatural being concerned with the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tuling_2020_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuling_2020-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God (Christianity)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st-century</a> <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a> from a sect of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Apocalypticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a> within the realm of <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hurtado_2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado_2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus shares most of its beliefs about God, including his <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a>, his role as creator of all things, his personality, <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendence</a> and ultimate unity, with the innovation that <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a> is considered to be, in one way or another, the fulfillment of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophecies">biblical prophecies</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Jewish Messiah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">completion of the Law of the prophets of Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son of God</a>, and/or the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation of God himself as a human being</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_2019_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehrman_2005_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrman_2005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hurtado_2005_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurtado_2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bermejo-Rubio_2017_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermejo-Rubio_2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> believe Jesus to be the incarnated Son of God, which is the main theological divergence with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive monotheism">exclusive monotheism</a> of the other Abrahamic religions: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_the_unity_of_religion" title="Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion">Baháʼí Faith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leone_2016_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leone_2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_2019_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bermejo-Rubio_2017_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bermejo-Rubio_2017-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelColle_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although personal <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> is implicitly stated in Judaism, personal salvation by grace and a recurring emphasis in <a href="/wiki/Christian_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian doctrine">orthodox theological beliefs</a> is particularly emphasized in Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelColle_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often contrasting this with a perceived <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">over-emphasis in law observance</a> as stated in <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>, where it is contended that a belief in an intermediary between man and God or in the multiplicity of persons in the Godhead is against the <a href="/wiki/Noahide_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Noahide laws">Noahide laws</a>, and thus <a href="/wiki/Shituf" title="Shituf">not monotheistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">mainstream Christianity</a>, theology and beliefs about God are enshrined in the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a>, which holds that the three persons of the trinity are distinct but all of the same indivisible essence, meaning that the Father is God, the Holy Spirit is God, and the Son is God, yet there is one God as there is one indivisible essence.<sup id="cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelColle_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mainstream Christian doctrines were largely formulated at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> and are enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelColle_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Trinitarian view emphasizes that <a href="/wiki/Will_of_God" title="Will of God">God has a will</a>, and that <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> has two natures, divine and human, though these are never in conflict but joined in the <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">hypostatic union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelColle_2001-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mormonism">Mormonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mormonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">God in Mormonism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_practices_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/200px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/300px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>In his 1838 personal history, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> wrote that he had <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">seen two personages</a> in the spring of 1820. In 1843, Smith stated that these personages, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, had separate, tangible bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the belief system held by the Christian churches that adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon denominations</a>, including <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), the term <i>God</i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <i><a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a></i> means a council of three distinct gods: Elohim (the Eternal Father), <a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, Jesus Christ), and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Ghost</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Non-trinitarian conception of the Godhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Father and Son have perfected, material bodies, while the Holy Ghost is a spirit and does not have a body.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This differs significantly from mainstream Christian Trinitarianism; in Mormonism, the three persons are considered to be physically separate beings, or personages, but united in will and purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the term <i>Godhead</i> differs from how it is used in mainstream Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoM_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This description of God represents the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a> of the LDS Church, established early in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2003-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A small minority of Christians, largely coming under the heading of <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, hold <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Non-trinitarian conceptions of God</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style=";">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Allah" title="Category:Allah">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy"><img alt=""Allah" in Arabic calligraphy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/185px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/278px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/370px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2077" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> <a href="/wiki/Jalla_Jalaluhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalla Jalaluhu"> Jalla Jalālah</a></i><br />in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Islam" title="Attributes of God in Islam">Attributes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Phrases_and_expressions" title="Allah">Phrases and expressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_of_God_in_Islam" title="Throne of God in Islam">Throne of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism_and_corporealism_in_Islam" title="Anthropomorphism and corporealism in Islam">Anthropomorphism and corporealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Expressions and phrases</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbih (Subhan Allah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir (Allahu Akbar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd (Praise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawqala" title="Hawqala">Hawqala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27awwudh" title="Ta'awwudh">Ta'awwudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inna_Lillahi_wa_inna_ilayhi_raji%27un" title="Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un">Inna Lillahi wa inna ilayhi raji'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahumma" title="Allahumma">Allahumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be,_and_it_is" title="Be, and it is">Be, and it is</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk (polytheism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Iman (belief)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan (development)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nifaq">Nifaq (hypocrisy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kufr (disobidience/denial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Ta'til (denial of divine attributes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih (transcendance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bila_Kayf" title="Bila Kayf">Bila Kayf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">Tafwid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scripture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas">Al-Ikhlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throne_Verse" title="Throne Verse">Throne Verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_Light" title="Verse of Light">Verse of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27awwidhatayn" title="Al-Mu'awwidhatayn">Al-Mu'awwidhatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Qudsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith Qudsi">Hadith Qudsi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:2px 0px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style=";;background: ;padding:0.1em 0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">Inshallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah" title="Mashallah">Mashallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Alhamdulillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazakallah" title="Jazakallah">Jazakallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fi_sabilillah" title="Fi sabilillah">Fi sabilillah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ism_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Ism al-A'zam">Al-Ism al-A'zam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaib">Ghaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">Ilah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid ;border-bottom:1px solid ;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Allah" title="Category:Allah">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Allah" title="Template:Allah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Allah" title="Template talk:Allah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Allah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Allah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, God (<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلل‍َّٰه</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Allāh</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ɑɫˈɫɑː(h)]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Ar-Allah.oga\/Ar-Allah.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Allah.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Ar-Allah.oga/Ar-Allah.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Allah.oga" title="File:Ar-Allah.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, lit. "the God")<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the supreme being, all-powerful and all-knowing creator, sustainer, ordainer, and judge of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EoQ-Quran_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-Quran-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esp22_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esp22-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam puts a heavy emphasis on the conceptualization of God as strictly singular (<i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered to be unique (<i>wahid</i>) and inherently one (<i>ahad</i>), all-merciful and omnipotent.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/99_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="99 Names of God">99 Names of God</a> (<i>al-asma al-husna</i>, lit. meaning: "The best names") each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of God.<sup id="cite_ref-Ben_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncMMENA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncMMENA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these names refer to Allah, considered to be the supreme and all-comprehensive divine Arabic name.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tao-Islam_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao-Islam-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Entirely Merciful" (<i>al-Rahman</i>) and "the Especially Merciful" (<i>al-Rahim</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ben_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncMMENA_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncMMENA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islam rejects the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> and the notion of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal God">personal God</a> as <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a>, because it is seen as demeaning to the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendence of God">transcendence of God</a>. The Quran prescribes the fundamental transcendental criterion in the following verses: "The Lord of the heavens and the earth and what is between them, so serve Him and be patient in His service. Do you know any one equal to Him?" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D19%3Averse%3D65">19:65</a>); "(He is) the Creator of the heavens and the earth: there is nothing whatever like unto Him, and He is the One that hears and sees (all things)" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D42%3Averse%3D11">42:11</a>); "And there is none comparable unto Him" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D112%3Averse%3D4">112:4</a>). Therefore, Islam strictly rejects all forms of anthropomorphism and <a href="/wiki/Anthropopathism" title="Anthropopathism">anthropopathism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Concept_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept of God">concept of God</a>, and thus categorically rejects the Christian concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> or division of persons in the <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Godhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslims believe that Allah is the same God worshipped by the members of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> that preceded Islam, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D29%3Averse%3D46">29:46</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Peters1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creation and ordering of the universe is seen as an act of prime mercy for which all creatures sing his glories and bear witness to his unity and lordship. According to the Quran: "No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all vision. He is above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D6%3Averse%3D103">6:103</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-esp22_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esp22-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly to Jews, Muslims <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">explicitly reject the divinity of Jesus</a> and don't believe in him as the incarnated God or Son of God, but instead consider him a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">human prophet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Messiah in Islam">promised Messiah</a> sent by God, although the Islamic tradition itself is not unanimous on the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_Jesus%27_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic views on Jesus' death">question of Jesus' death and afterlife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: #FF8C00;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Category:Bahá'í Faith">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols#Nine-pointed_star" title="Baháʼí symbols"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/80px-Bahai_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/120px-Bahai_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/160px-Bahai_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Central figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">The Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Basics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_teachings" title="Baháʼí teachings">Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Unity of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_the_unity_of_humanity" title="Baháʼí Faith and the unity of humanity">Unity of humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_the_unity_of_religion" title="Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion">Unity of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_laws" title="Baháʼí laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Day_Feast" title="Nineteen Day Feast">Nineteen Day Feast</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key scripture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n" title="Kitáb-i-Íqán">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Words" title="Hidden Words">The Hidden Words</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Answered_Questions" title="Some Answered Questions">Some Answered Questions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Other Texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh">Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_administration" title="Baháʼí administration">Administrative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian (Baháʼí Faith)">The Guardianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly" title="Spiritual Assembly">Spiritual Assemblies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="History of the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_timeline" title="Baháʼí timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hands_of_the_Cause" title="Hands of the Cause">Hands of the Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="List of Baháʼís">Other Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_the_Living" title="Letters of the Living">Letters of the Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mull%C3%A1_Husayn" title="Mullá Husayn">Mullá Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1hirih" title="Táhirih">Táhirih</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">House of Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh">Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiblih" title="Qiblih">Qiblih</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Shrine of the Báb">Shrine of the Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADy%C3%A1h-Ch%C3%A1l" title="Síyáh-Chál">Síyáh-Chál</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre" title="Baháʼí World Centre">World Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_pilgrimage" title="Baháʼí pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasjil" title="Tasjil">Tasjil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_development_and_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Socioeconomic development and the Baháʼí Faith">Socioeconomic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)">Progressive revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_cosmology" title="Baháʼí cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols" title="Baháʼí symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_views_on_homosexuality" title="Baháʼí views on homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_views_on_science" title="Baháʼí views on science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_prophecies" title="Baháʼí prophecies">Prophecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_orthography" title="Baháʼí orthography">Orthography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #FF8C00;border-bottom:1px solid #FF8C00;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols#Nine-pointed_star" title="Baháʼí symbols"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/16px-Bahai_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/24px-Bahai_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/32px-Bahai_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Category:Bahá'í Faith">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_sidebar" title="Template:Baháʼí sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_sidebar" title="Template talk:Baháʼí sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baháʼí sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">God in the Baháʼí Faith</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_cosmology" title="Baháʼí cosmology">Baháʼí cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_teachings" title="Baháʼí teachings">Baháʼí teachings</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">writings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> describe a <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>, personal, inaccessible, omniscient, omnipresent, imperishable, and almighty God who is the creator of all things in the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-BFaith-74_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFaith-74-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> is thought to be eternal, without a beginning or end.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though transcendent and inaccessible directly,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438–446">: 438–446 </span></sup> God is nevertheless seen as conscious of the creation,<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438–446">: 438–446 </span></sup> with a will and purpose that is expressed through messengers recognized in the Baháʼí Faith as the <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestations of God</a><sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> (all the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Judaism" title="Prophets in Judaism">Jewish prophets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Muhammad in the Baháʼí Faith">Muhammad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438–446">: 438–446 </span></sup> The purpose of the creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator,<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111">: 111 </span></sup> through such methods as <a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith">prayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">reflection</a>, and being of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_the_unity_of_humanity" title="Baháʼí Faith and the unity of humanity">service to humankind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hatcher_huri_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hatcher_huri-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through his intermediaries, the prophets and messengers who have founded various <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religions</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">beginning of humankind</a> up to the present day,<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107–108">: 107–108 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438–446">: 438–446 </span></sup> and will continue to do so in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438–446">: 438–446 </span></sup> </p><p>The Manifestations of God reflect divine attributes, which are creations of God made for the purpose of spiritual enlightenment, onto the physical plane of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-BFaith-123-126_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFaith-123-126-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Baháʼí view, all physical beings reflect at least one of these attributes, and the human <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> can potentially reflect all of them.<sup id="cite_ref-GH_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baháʼí conception of God rejects all <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a>, and incarnationist beliefs about God.<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106">: 106 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Canaanite religion">Ancient Canaanite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Argument from morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">Ethical monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_God_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="Evil God Challenge">Evil God Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_of_Abraham" title="God of Abraham">God of Abraham</a></i> (Yiddish prayer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_therapeutic_deism" title="Moralistic therapeutic deism">Moralistic therapeutic deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_theology" title="Outline of theology">Outline of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic Neopaganism">Semitic Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Satanism" title="Theistic Satanism">Theistic Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></i> (primitive monotheism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_the_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence in the Bible">Violence in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_the_Quran" title="Violence in the Quran">Violence in the Quran</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic god</a> <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> is indeed the most ancient predecessor to the Abrahamic god,<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl_2021_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl_2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2000_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999352–365_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999352–365-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this specifically refers to the ancient ideas <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> once encompassed in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Hebrew religion">Ancient Hebrew religion</a>, such as being a <a href="/wiki/Storm_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm god">storm-</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_god" class="mw-redirect" title="War god">war-god</a>, living on mountains, or controlling the weather.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl_2021_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl_2021-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2003_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2000_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr199563–65,_71–72_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr199563–65,_71–72-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999361–362_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999361–362-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in this page's context, "Yahweh" is used to refer to God as conceived in the Ancient Hebrew religion, and should not be referenced when describing his later worship in today's Abrahamic religions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sociology_of_Religion-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChristianoKivistoSwatos2015" class="citation book cs1">Christiano, Kevin J.; Kivisto, Peter; Swatos, William H. Jr., eds. (2015) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EYtjY7GJav4C&pg=PA254">"Excursus on the History of Religions"</a>. <i>Sociology of Religion: Contemporary Developments</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Creek,_California" title="Walnut Creek, California">Walnut Creek, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/AltaMira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AltaMira Press">AltaMira Press</a>. pp. 254–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3512222">10.2307/3512222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1691-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-1691-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-1691-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3512222">3512222</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001035412">2001035412</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154932078">154932078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excursus+on+the+History+of+Religions&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Religion%3A+Contemporary+Developments&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&rft.pages=254-255&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3512222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3512222&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001035412&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154932078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-1691-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEYtjY7GJav4C%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman_2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_2010_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_2010_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_2010_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman_2010_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoort2010" class="citation book cs1">Noort, Ed (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-R5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">"Abraham and the Nations"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Martin_Goodman_(historian)" title="Martin Goodman (historian)">Goodman, Martin</a>; van Kooten, George H.; van Ruiten, Jacques T.A.G.M. (eds.). <i>Abraham, the Nations, and the Hagarites: Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Perspectives on Kinship with Abraham</i>. Themes in Biblical Narrative: Jewish and Christian Traditions. Vol. 13. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 3–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004216495_003">10.1163/9789004216495_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21649-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21649-5"><bdi>978-90-04-21649-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1388-3909">1388-3909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abraham+and+the+Nations&rft.btitle=Abraham%2C+the+Nations%2C+and+the+Hagarites%3A+Jewish%2C+Christian%2C+and+Islamic+Perspectives+on+Kinship+with+Abraham&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Themes+in+Biblical+Narrative%3A+Jewish+and+Christian+Traditions&rft.pages=3-33&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1388-3909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004216495_003&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21649-5&rft.aulast=Noort&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-R5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British-Library-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-British-Library_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British-Library_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British-Library_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British-Library_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British-Library_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-British-Library_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Abulafia" title="Anna Abulafia">Abulafia, Anna Sapir</a> (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions">"The Abrahamic religions"</a>. <i>www.bl.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150432/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bl.uk&rft.atitle=The+Abrahamic+religions&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=Anna+Sapir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fsacred-texts%2Farticles%2Fthe-abrahamic-religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlin_2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_2011_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmanSommer2011" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Maxine; Sommer, Benjamin D. 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In <a href="/wiki/Adele_Berlin" title="Adele Berlin">Berlin, Adele</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 294–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199730049.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199730049.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199759279" title="Special:BookSources/9780199759279"><bdi>9780199759279</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010035774">2010035774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GOD&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=294-297&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010035774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199730049.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199759279&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft.au=Sommer%2C+Benjamin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-Sasson_2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Sasson_2018_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Sasson_2018_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Sasson_2018_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson2019" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, Hillel (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKjDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">"Conditional Presence: The Meaning of the Name YHWH in the Bible"</a>. <i>Understanding YHWH: The Name of God in Biblical, Rabbinic, and Medieval Jewish Thought</i>. Jewish Thought and Philosophy (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Basingstoke" title="Basingstoke">Basingstoke</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 25–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-32312-7_2">10.1007/978-3-030-32312-7_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32312-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-32312-7"><bdi>978-3-030-32312-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213883058">213883058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conditional+Presence%3A+The+Meaning+of+the+Name+YHWH+in+the+Bible&rft.btitle=Understanding+YHWH%3A+The+Name+of+God+in+Biblical%2C+Rabbinic%2C+and+Medieval+Jewish+Thought&rft.place=Basingstoke+and+New+York&rft.series=Jewish+Thought+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=25-63&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213883058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-32312-7_2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-32312-7&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKjDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyclopediaofIslam-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyclopediaofIslam_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardet1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gardet, Louis (1960). "Allāh". In <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E. J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a>; Lewis, B.; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a></i>. 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(2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GE3YBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">"Abrahamic religions"</a>. <i>Formed From This Soil: An Introduction to the Diverse History of Religion in America</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester, West Sussex</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781394260959">10.1002/9781394260959</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8927-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8927-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-8927-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014030507">2014030507</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:127980793">127980793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abrahamic+religions&rft.btitle=Formed+From+This+Soil%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Diverse+History+of+Religion+in+America&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781394260959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A127980793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014030507&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8927-9&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGE3YBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hughes_2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2012_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hughes_2012_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_W._Hughes" title="Aaron W. Hughes">Hughes, Aaron W.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0K3Ia1rQCZEC&pg=PA15">"What Are "Abrahamic Religions"?"</a>. <i>Abrahamic Religions: On the Uses and Abuses of History</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 15–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199934645.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199934645.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993464-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993464-5"><bdi>978-0-19-993464-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157815976">157815976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+Are+%22Abrahamic+Religions%22%3F&rft.btitle=Abrahamic+Religions%3A+On+the+Uses+and+Abuses+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15-33&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157815976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199934645.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993464-5&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0K3Ia1rQCZEC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociology_of_Religion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-British-Library_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British-Library-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bremer_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremer_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-Sociology_of_Religion_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociology_of_Religion-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goodman_2010_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-British-Library_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British-Library-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bremer_2015_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bremer_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes_2012_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSSR_2024-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSSR_2024_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpenieksBonhag2024" class="citation journal cs1">Upenieks, Laura; 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(ed.). <i>Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Urbana,_Illinois" title="Urbana, Illinois">Urbana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. pp. 76–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02609-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02609-6"><bdi>978-0-252-02609-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142892455">142892455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+Mormonism+Christian%3F+Reflections+on+a+Complicated+Question&rft.btitle=Mormons+and+Mormonism%3A+An+Introduction+to+an+American+World+Religion&rft.place=Urbana+and+Chicago&rft.pages=76-98&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142892455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02609-6&rft.aulast=Shipps&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjsokQJDKJ7cC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Q._Mason" title="Patrick Q. 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Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afkRDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">"El, Yahweh, and the Original God of Israel and the Exodus"</a>. <i>The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 133–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008">10.1093/019513480X.003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513480-3"><bdi>978-0-19-513480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El%2C+Yahweh%2C+and+the+Original+God+of+Israel+and+the+Exodus&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Biblical+Monotheism%3A+Israel%27s+Polytheistic+Background+and+the+Ugaritic+Texts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=133-148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F019513480X.003.0008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513480-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafkRDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_2000-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2000_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_2000_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA384">"El"</a>. In Freedman, David Noel; Myer, Allen C. (eds.). <i>Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wm._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. B. Eerdmans">Wm. B. Eerdmans</a>. pp. 384–386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-503-2"><bdi>978-90-5356-503-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=El&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=384-386&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-503-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRtUqxkB7wkC%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999352–365-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999352–365_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999">Van der Toorn 1999</a>, pp. 352–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr199563–65,_71–72-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr199563–65,_71–72_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNiehr1995">Niehr 1995</a>, pp. 63–65, 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999361–362-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999361–362_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1999361–362_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999">Van der Toorn 1999</a>, pp. 361–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moberly_1990-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moberly_1990_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moberly_1990_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moberly_1990_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moberly_1990_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoberly1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._W._L._Moberly" title="R. W. L. Moberly">Moberly, R. W. L.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZs3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA209">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Yahweh is One": The Translation of the Shema"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Emerton" title="John Emerton">Emerton, J. A.</a> (ed.). <i>Studies in the Pentateuch</i>. <a href="/wiki/Vetus_Testamentum" title="Vetus Testamentum">Vetus Testamentum: Supplements</a>. Vol. 41. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 209–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004275645_012">10.1163/9789004275645_012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27564-5"><bdi>978-90-04-27564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Yahweh+is+One%22%3A+The+Translation+of+the+Shema&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Pentateuch&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Vetus+Testamentum%3A+Supplements&rft.pages=209-215&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004275645_012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27564-5&rft.aulast=Moberly&rft.aufirst=R.+W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZs3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebens_2022-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lebens_2022_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebens_2022_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebens_2022_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebens2022" class="citation book cs1">Lebens, Samuel (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYlUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT90">"Is God a Person? Maimonidean and Neo-Maimonidean Perspectives"</a>. In Kittle, Simon; Gasser, Georg (eds.). <i>The Divine Nature: Personal and A-Personal Perspectives</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 90–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003111436">10.4324/9781003111436</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367619268" title="Special:BookSources/9780367619268"><bdi>9780367619268</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021038406">2021038406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245169096">245169096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+God+a+Person%3F+Maimonidean+and+Neo-Maimonidean+Perspectives&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Nature%3A+Personal+and+A-Personal+Perspectives&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=90-95&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003111436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245169096%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2021038406&rft.isbn=9780367619268&rft.aulast=Lebens&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYlUEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angelini_2021-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angelini_2021_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelini2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Angelini, Anna (2021). "Les dieux des autres: entre «démons» et «idoles»". <i>L'imaginaire du démoniaque dans la Septante: Une analyse comparée de la notion de "démon" dans la Septante et dans la Bible Hébraïque</i>. Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism (in French). Vol. 197. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 184–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004468474_008">10.1163/9789004468474_008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46847-4"><bdi>978-90-04-46847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+dieux+des+autres%3A+entre+%C2%ABd%C3%A9mons%C2%BB+et+%C2%ABidoles%C2%BB&rft.btitle=L%27imaginaire+du+d%C3%A9moniaque+dans+la+Septante%3A+Une+analyse+compar%C3%A9e+de+la+notion+de+%22d%C3%A9mon%22+dans+la+Septante+et+dans+la+Bible+H%C3%A9bra%C3%AFque&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Supplements+to+the+Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.pages=184-224&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004468474_008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46847-4&rft.aulast=Angelini&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard_2019-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_2019_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_2019_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_2019_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_2019_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_K._Bernard" title="David K. Bernard">Bernard, David K.</a> (2019) [2016]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0AD1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">"Monotheism in Paul's Rhetorical World"</a>. <i>The Glory of God in the Face of Jesus Christ: Deification of Jesus in Early Christian Discourse</i>. Journal of Pentecostal Theology: Supplement Series. Vol. 45. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 53–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39721-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39721-7"><bdi>978-90-04-39721-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-7393">0966-7393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monotheism+in+Paul%27s+Rhetorical+World&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+God+in+the+Face+of+Jesus+Christ%3A+Deification+of+Jesus+in+Early+Christian+Discourse&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Journal+of+Pentecostal+Theology%3A+Supplement+Series&rft.pages=53-82&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=0966-7393&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39721-7&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0AD1DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikiprowetzky1975" class="citation journal cs1">Nikiprowetzky, V. 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Feldt, Laura; Valk, Ülo (eds.). "The Process of Jesus' Deification and Cognitive Dissonance Theory". <i><a href="/wiki/Numen_(journal)" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a></i>. <b>64</b> (2–3). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 119–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341457">10.1163/15685276-12341457</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5276">1568-5276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44505332">44505332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148616605">148616605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Process+of+Jesus%27+Deification+and+Cognitive+Dissonance+Theory&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=119-152&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148616605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1568-5276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-12341457&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44505332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bermejo-Rubio&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelColle_2001-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DelColle_2001_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Colle2001" class="citation book cs1">Del Colle, Ralph (2001) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hvCmnn4Tq20C&pg=PA121">"Part II: The content of Christian doctrine – The Triune God"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Colin_Gunton" title="Colin Gunton">Gunton, Colin E.</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Christian Doctrine</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 121–140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL0521471184.009">10.1017/CCOL0521471184.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139000000" title="Special:BookSources/9781139000000"><bdi>9781139000000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+II%3A+The+content+of+Christian+doctrine+%E2%80%93+The+Triune+God&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=121-140&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL0521471184.009&rft.isbn=9781139000000&rft.aulast=Del+Colle&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhvCmnn4Tq20C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-seven-noachide-laws">"Jewish Concepts: The Seven Noachide Laws"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i>. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE). 2021 [2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210052305/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-seven-noachide-laws">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Even though the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> stipulate that <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Judaism" title="Capital punishment in Judaism">a non-Jew who violated the Noachide laws was liable to capital punishment</a>, contemporary authorities have expressed the view that this is only the maximal punishment. According to this view, there is a difference between Noachide law and halakhah. According to halakhah, when a Jew was liable for capital punishment it was a mandatory punishment, provided that all conditions had been met, whereas in Noachide law death is the maximal punishment, to be enforced only in exceptional cases. In view of the strict monotheism of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Islam">Muslims were considered as Noachides</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">the status of Christians was a matter of debate</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">late Middle Ages</a>, however, Christianity too has come to be regarded as Noachide, on the ground that <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarianism</a> is not forbidden to non-Jews.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Concepts%3A+The+Seven+Noachide+Laws&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.pub=American%E2%80%93Israeli+Cooperative+Enterprise+%28AICE%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-seven-noachide-laws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theokritoff_2010-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theokritoff_2010_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobrinskoy2010" class="citation book cs1">Bobrinskoy, Boris (2010) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jP2vivMSezMC&pg=PA49">"Part I: Doctrine and Tradition – God in Trinity"</a>. In Cunningham, Mary B.; Theokritoff, Elizabeth (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Orthodox Christian Theology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 49–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCCOL9780521864848.004">10.1017/CCOL9780521864848.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139001977" title="Special:BookSources/9781139001977"><bdi>9781139001977</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Doctrine+and+Tradition+%E2%80%93+God+in+Trinity&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Orthodox+Christian+Theology&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pages=49-62&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCCOL9780521864848.004&rft.isbn=9781139001977&rft.aulast=Bobrinskoy&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjP2vivMSezMC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-Livingstone_2005-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross-Livingstone_2005_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._L._Cross" title="F. L. Cross">Cross, F. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Livingstone" title="Elizabeth Livingstone">Livingstone, E. A.</a>, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1652">"Doctrine of the Trinity"</a>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (3rd Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1652–1653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780192802903.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doctrine+of+the+Trinity&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=1652-1653&rft.edition=3rd+Revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780192802903.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoM-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoM_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonBurgonTurnerLargey1992" class="citation cs2">Robinson, Stephen E.; Burgon, Glade L.; Turner, Rodney; Largey, Dennis L. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/God_the_Father">"God the Father"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H.</a> (ed.), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 548–552, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-879602-4"><bdi>978-0-02-879602-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+the+Father&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=548-552&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=978-0-02-879602-4&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft.au=Burgon%2C+Glade+L.&rft.au=Turner%2C+Rodney&rft.au=Largey%2C+Dennis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FGod_the_Father&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2003-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2003_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Davies" title="Douglas Davies">Davies, Douglas J.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fw8DIziwEDsC&pg=PA67">"Divine–human transformations: God"</a>. <i>An Introduction to Mormonism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 67–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511610028.004">10.1017/CBO9780511610028.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-61002-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-61002-8"><bdi>978-0-511-61002-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/438764483">438764483</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146238056">146238056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divine%E2%80%93human+transformations%3A+God&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Mormonism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=67-77&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F438764483&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146238056%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511610028.004&rft.isbn=978-0-511-61002-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfw8DIziwEDsC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term with its distinctive Mormon usage first appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Faith" title="Lectures on Faith">Lectures on Faith</a></i> (published 1834), Lecture 5 ("We shall in this lecture speak of the Godhead; we mean the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit."). The term <i>Godhead</i> also appears several times in Lecture 2 in its sense as used in the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a>, meaning <i>divinity</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-Quran-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EoQ-Quran_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöwering2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_B%C3%B6wering" title="Gerhard Böwering">Böwering, Gerhard</a> (2006). "God and his Attributes". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a></i>. Vol. II. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14743-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14743-0"><bdi>978-90-04-14743-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+and+his+Attributes&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00075&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14743-0&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6wering&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esp22-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esp22_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esp22_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a> (2016) [1988]. <i><a href="/wiki/Islam:_The_Straight_Path" title="Islam: The Straight Path">Islam: The Straight Path</a></i> (Updated 5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063215-1"><bdi>978-0-19-063215-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153364691">153364691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=Updated+5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153364691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063215-1&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Esposito" title="John Esposito">Esposito, John L.</a> (2016) [1988]. <i><a href="/wiki/Islam:_The_Straight_Path" title="Islam: The Straight Path">Islam: The Straight Path</a></i> (Updated 5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063215-1"><bdi>978-0-19-063215-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153364691">153364691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+The+Straight+Path&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=88&rft.edition=Updated+5th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153364691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063215-1&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Allah." <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ben_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentley1999" class="citation book cs1">Bentley, David (September 1999). <i>The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book</i>. William Carey Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87808-299-5"><bdi>978-0-87808-299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+99+Beautiful+Names+for+God+for+All+the+People+of+the+Book&rft.pub=William+Carey+Library&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=978-0-87808-299-5&rft.aulast=Bentley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncMMENA-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncMMENA_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncMMENA_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, <i>Allah</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tao-Islam-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tao-Islam_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annemarie Schimmel,<i>The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic</i>, SUNY Press, p.206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZulfiqar_Ali_Shah2012" class="citation book cs1">Zulfiqar Ali Shah (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=164ZDAAAQBAJ"><i>Anthropomorphic Depictions of God: The Concept of God in Judaic, Christian, and Islamic Traditions: Representing the Unrepresentable</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Islamic_Thought" title="International Institute of Islamic Thought">International Institute of Islamic Thought</a> (IIIT). pp. 48–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-583-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-583-7"><bdi>978-1-56564-583-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropomorphic+Depictions+of+God%3A+The+Concept+of+God+in+Judaic%2C+Christian%2C+and+Islamic+Traditions%3A+Representing+the+Unrepresentable&rft.pages=48-56&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought+%28IIIT%29&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-583-7&rft.au=Zulfiqar+Ali+Shah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D164ZDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZafar_Isha_AnsariIsma'il_Ibrahim_Nawwab2016" class="citation book cs1">Zafar Isha Ansari; Isma'il Ibrahim Nawwab, eds. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zcd7DQAAQBAJ"><i>The Different Aspects of Islamic Culture: The Foundations of Islam</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Publishing">UNESCO Publishing</a>. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104258-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104258-4"><bdi>978-92-3-104258-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Different+Aspects+of+Islamic+Culture%3A+The+Foundations+of+Islam&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104258-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcd7DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peters1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.E. Peters, <i>Islam</i>, p.4, Princeton University Press, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cole" title="Juan Cole">Cole, Juan</a> (March 2021). <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stausberg" title="Michael Stausberg">Stausberg, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Engler" title="Steven Engler">Engler, Steven</a> (eds.). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It was made to appear to them so': the Crucifixion, Jews, and Sasanian war propaganda in the Qur'ān". <i><a href="/wiki/Religion_(journal)" title="Religion (journal)">Religion</a></i>. <b>51</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 404–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0048721X.2021.1909170">10.1080/0048721X.2021.1909170</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-1151">1096-1151</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/76615899">76615899</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/186359943">186359943</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233646869">233646869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=%27It+was+made+to+appear+to+them+so%27%3A+the+Crucifixion%2C+Jews%2C+and+Sasanian+war+propaganda+in+the+Qur%27%C4%81n&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=404-422&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233646869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0048721X.2021.1909170&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F186359943&rft.issn=1096-1151&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F76615899&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Said_Reynolds" title="Gabriel Said Reynolds">Reynolds, Gabriel S.</a> (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.nd.edu/~reynolds/index_files/jesus%20dead%20or%20alive.pdf">"The Muslim Jesus: Dead or Alive?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)</i>. <b>72</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 237–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X09000500">10.1017/S0041977X09000500</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40379003">40379003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27268737">27268737</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617010816/https://www3.nd.edu/~reynolds/index_files/jesus%20dead%20or%20alive.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies+%28University+of+London%29&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Jesus%3A+Dead+or+Alive%3F&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-258&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27268737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40379003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X09000500&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.nd.edu%2F~reynolds%2Findex_files%2Fjesus%2520dead%2520or%2520alive.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1991" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Neal (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ht1hpisBQF0C&pg=PA106">"The Crucifixion – Non-Muslim Approaches"</a>. <i>Christ in Islam and Christianity: The Representation of Jesus in the Qur'an and the Classical Muslim Commentaries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. pp. 106–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0558-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-0558-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169122179">169122179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Crucifixion+%E2%80%93+Non-Muslim+Approaches&rft.btitle=Christ+in+Islam+and+Christianity%3A+The+Representation+of+Jesus+in+the+Qur%27an+and+the+Classical+Muslim+Commentaries&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pages=106-140&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169122179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0558-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dht1hpisBQF0C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFaith-74-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFaith-74_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcherMartin1985" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, William S.; Martin, J. Douglas (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahfaithemer00hatc/page/74"><i>The Baháʼí Faith</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)#Harper_&_Row_(1962–1990)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Row</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065441-2"><bdi>978-0-06-065441-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-06-065441-2&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft.au=Martin%2C+J.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahfaithemer00hatc%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSmith-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter (2008). <i>An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Baha%27i+Faith&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica1992" class="citation book cs1">Britannica (1992). "The Baháʼí Faith". In Daphne Daume; Louise Watson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1988britannicabo0000daum"><i>Britannica Book of the Year</i></a>. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-486-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-486-4"><bdi>978-0-85229-486-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.btitle=Britannica+Book+of+the+Year&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-486-4&rft.au=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1988britannicabo0000daum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cole" title="Juan Cole">Cole, Juan</a> (30 December 2012) [15 December 1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i">"BAHAISM i. The Faith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. Vol. III/4. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. pp. 438–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6391">10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6391</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2330-4804">2330-4804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123112620/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/bahaism-i">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BAHAISM+i.+The+Faith&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=438-446&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=2012-12-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6391&rft.issn=2330-4804&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbahaism-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hatcher_huri-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hatcher_huri_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hatcher, John S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-16</span></span> – via Bahá'í Library Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Studies&rft.atitle=Unveiling+the+Hur%C3%AD+of+Love&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=-38&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fhatcher_unveiling_huri_love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFaith-123-126-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFaith-123-126_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcherMartin1985" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, William S.; Martin, J. Douglas (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bahfaithemer00hatc/page/123"><i>The Baháʼí Faith</i></a>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)#Harper_&_Row_(1962–1990)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Row</a>. pp. 123–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065441-2"><bdi>978-0-06-065441-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=123-126&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-06-065441-2&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft.au=Martin%2C+J.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbahfaithemer00hatc%2Fpage%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GH-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GH_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaiedi2008" class="citation book cs1">Saiedi, Nader (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gateheartunderst00saie/page/n171"><i>Gate of the Heart</i></a></span>. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 163–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-035-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55458-035-4"><bdi>978-1-55458-035-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Archive.org</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gate+of+the+Heart&rft.place=Waterloo%2C+Ontario%2C+Canada&rft.pages=163-180&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55458-035-4&rft.aulast=Saiedi&rft.aufirst=Nader&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgateheartunderst00saie%2Fpage%2Fn171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz2000" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Arnold Gottfried (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA916">"Monotheism"</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+One%3A+God+%E2%80%93+Chapter+II%3A+The+Biblical+Belief+in+God&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Christianity&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=116-136&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169456327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004103523&rft.isbn=9781586170295&rft.aulast=Ratzinger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLJlkwvExekkC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Said_Reynolds" title="Gabriel Said Reynolds">Reynolds, Gabriel S.</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxHPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">"God of the Bible and the Qur'an"</a>. <i>Allah: God in the Qurʾān</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 203–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvxkn7q4">10.2307/j.ctvxkn7q4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24658-2"><bdi>978-0-300-24658-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvxkn7q4">j.ctvxkn7q4</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2019947014">2019947014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226129509">226129509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+of+the+Bible+and+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=Allah%3A+God+in+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=203-253&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvxkn7q4%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvxkn7q4&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2019947014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226129509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24658-2&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsxHPDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRömer2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R%C3%B6mer" title="Thomas Römer">Römer, Thomas</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z59XCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Invention of God</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674915732">10.4159/9780674915732</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50497-4"><bdi>978-0-674-50497-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvjsf3qb">j.ctvjsf3qb</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170740919">170740919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+God&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674915732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170740919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvjsf3qb%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50497-4&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ59XCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Smith" title="Mark S. Smith">Smith, Mark S.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LtGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">"YHWH's Original Character: Questions about an Unknown God"</a>. In Van Oorschot, Jürgen; Witten, Markus (eds.). <i>The Origins of Yahwism</i>. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft. Vol. 484. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 23–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110448221-002">10.1515/9783110448221-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042538-3"><bdi>978-3-11-042538-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:187378834">187378834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=YHWH%27s+Original+Character%3A+Questions+about+an+Unknown+God&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yahwism&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.series=Beihefte+zur+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+alttestamentliche+Wissenschaft&rft.pages=23-44&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A187378834%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110448221-002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042538-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8LtGDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Van der Toorn, Karel</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA352">"God (I)"</a>. In Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter W. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 352–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi">10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6"><bdi>978-90-04-11119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+%28I%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=352-365&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godi&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11119-6&rft.aulast=Van+der+Toorn&rft.aufirst=Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Horst1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Willem_van_der_Horst" title="Pieter Willem van der Horst">Van der Horst, Pieter W.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA365">"God (II)"</a>. 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(eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a></i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 365–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godii">10.1163/2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godii</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6"><bdi>978-90-04-11119-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God+%28II%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Deities+and+Demons+in+the+Bible&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=365-370&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7802_DDDO_DDDO_Godii&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11119-6&rft.aulast=Van+der+Horst&rft.aufirst=Pieter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=God_in_Abrahamic_religions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Abulafia" title="Anna Abulafia">Abulafia, Anna Sapir</a> (23 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions">"The Abrahamic religions"</a>. <i>www.bl.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712150432/https://www.bl.uk/sacred-texts/articles/the-abrahamic-religions">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bl.uk&rft.atitle=The+Abrahamic+religions&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=Anna+Sapir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fsacred-texts%2Farticles%2Fthe-abrahamic-religions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmzallag2018" class="citation web cs1">Amzallag, Nissim (August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/2018/08/amz428015">"Metallurgy, the Forgotten Dimension of Ancient Yahwism"</a>. <i>The Bible and Interpretation</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726101534/https://bibleinterp.arizona.edu/articles/2018/08/amz428015">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+and+Interpretation&rft.atitle=Metallurgy%2C+the+Forgotten+Dimension+of+Ancient+Yahwism&rft.date=2018-08&rft.aulast=Amzallag&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbibleinterp.arizona.edu%2Farticles%2F2018%2F08%2Famz428015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGod+in+Abrahamic+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaster2020" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gaster, Theodor H. (26 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism/Biblical-Judaism-20th-4th-century-bce">"Biblical Judaism (20th–4th century BCE)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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