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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr">社區衛生（英語：Community health）是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="公共衛生">公共衛生</a>裡面的一個分支項目，重點是居住在當地的人口是影響到自己或是他人健康的決定因素，相對的，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境衛生（页面不存在）">環境衛生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:environmental health">environmental health</a>）則側重在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="生態環境">生態環境</a>，及生態環境對居住在當地人口健康上的影響。 社區衛生是醫學和臨床科學中的主要研究領域，重點在維護、保護、和改善人群和社區的健康狀況。這是一個獨特的研究領域，可在公共衛生或環境衛生項下，做一個單獨的科目講授。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="世界衛生組織">世界衛生組織</a>（簡稱為WHO）把社區衛生定義為：<blockquote>對特定的人，在他們所居住特定的環境裡面，利用環境的、社會的、和經濟的資源，維持他們的情感上和身體上的健康，促進敬業樂群，並滿足需求。<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></blockquote>社區中所發生的醫療處置可分為三類：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9D%E7%B4%9A%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="初級醫療衛生（页面不存在）">初級醫療衛生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/primary_healthcare" class="extiw" title="en:primary healthcare">primary healthcare</a>），二級醫療衛生，和三級醫療衛生（請參考<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="醫療衛生">醫療衛生</a>中的英文secondary care及tertiary care）。每個類別，針對社區或者人群，有不同的關注程度和不同的處理方式。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>，社區衛生的發展根植於初級醫療衛生所累積的成果。<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 初級醫療衛生計劃的目的在減少<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E9%9A%AA%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="危險因子">危險因子</a>，並推動促進健康，和預防疾病。二級醫療衛生與"醫院護理"有關，<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E8%A8%BA%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="急診護理">急診護理</a>會在<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2" title="醫院">醫院</a>裡面處理。三級醫療衛生，通常是指涉及疾病或殘疾處置的高度專業化的護理。 社區衛生計劃的成功，有賴於運用一對一，或一對多的溝通（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="大眾傳播">大眾傳播</a>），將資訊從醫事人員傳遞給普通大眾。最新的溝通方式是運用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E7%87%9F%E9%8A%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="醫療衛生營銷（页面不存在）">醫療衛生營銷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/health_marketing" class="extiw" title="en:health marketing">health marketing</a>）來促進及推廣正確的醫療衛生訊息。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="衡量社區衛生">衡量社區衛生</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：衡量社區衛生">编辑</a>]</div> 社區衛生通常由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="地理信息系统">地理信息系統</a>（簡稱為GIS）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口學</a>資料來衡量。當鄰里位置數據不足時，可以使用地理信息系統將其定義為子社區。<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> 傳統上，社區衛生是採用抽樣數據，然後將其與已有的完整數據作比較，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%8E%A1%E8%A8%AA%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國民健康採訪調查（页面不存在）">國民健康採訪調查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Interview_Survey" class="extiw" title="en:National Health Interview Survey">National Health Interview Survey</a>）或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%88%87%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國民健康與營養檢定調查（页面不存在）">國民健康與營養檢定調查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_and_Nutrition_Examination_Survey" class="extiw" title="en:National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey">National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 隨著技術的發展，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="信息系统">信息系統</a>有能力為小型社區、城市、還有城鎮儲存更多數據；與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="人口普查">人口普查</a>數據不同的是，普查數據是根據總人口的大眾資料，來產生概括性小眾人口的信息。地理信息系統可提供更精確的社區資源信息，甚至細分到只包括街坊鄰居的層級。<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 地理信息系統的易用性，加上在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%B4%9A%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="等級線性模型">等級線性模型</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="空间分析">空間分析</a>方法上的進展，使研究人員更易於取得和生成與一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%88%90%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="建成環境">建成環境</a>相關的數據。<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="社群媒體">社交媒體</a>也可在衛生信息分析中發揮重要的作用。<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> 研究發現，社交媒體能夠影響人們，並改變其不健康的行為，並鼓勵人們採取能夠改善他們健康狀況的干預措施。<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a> 社交媒體統計數據，加上和地理信息系統的結合，可為研究人員提供更完整的社區數據，讓他們更了解當地的健康和福祉狀況。<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社區衛生類別">社區衛生類別</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：社區衛生類別">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="初級醫療衛生和初級預防">初級醫療衛生和初級預防</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：初級醫療衛生和初級預防">编辑</a>]</div> 社區的醫療衛生促進是強調<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="預防醫學">初級預防</a>，和針對社區人群的集體預防（傳統預防）。<a href="#cite_note-pmid12660197-10">[10]</a>社區衛生的目標是讓社區中的個人生活方式得到改善，或是能取得醫療衛生服務。初級醫療衛生由<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E4%BA%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%A1" title="醫事人員">醫事人員</a>提供（他們是患者最先見到的人員），醫事人員可能會將患者轉介到二級，或三級的醫療衛生層級。 初級預防是指及早避開，還有辨識出那些可能會導致某些疾病和殘疾的危險因素。社區衛生要做的工作，主要包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a>、課堂教學、和公眾宣傳活動，這都是社區可利用到的初級預防技巧，作為改變某些衛生行為的良好例證。經過精心的設計和制定的預防方案，可有效地預防<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="兒童">兒童</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4" title="青少年">青少年</a>成長期間面臨的各種問題。<a href="#cite_note-Nation_2003-11">[11]</a> 前述的做法也適用於所有群體和階層的人。預防計劃是醫事人員可用來對個人、群體、以及社區衛生，產生重大影響的工具之一。<a href="#cite_note-Nation_2003-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="二級醫療衛生和二級預防">二級醫療衛生和二級預防</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：二級醫療衛生和二級預防">编辑</a>]</div> 個人環境得到改善，社區衛生也會跟著改善。社區衛生狀況取決於一個社區中的環境特徵、行為特徵、和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E5%8A%9B" title="團體凝聚力">社會凝聚力</a>。<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> 對環境進行適當的修改，可以幫助避免不良行為，和不良衛生的後果。 二級預防指的是疾病或殘疾發生後，患者生活方式或環境的改善。這種預防措施可讓患者的生活更輕鬆，因為事實上疾病或殘疾已經發生，無法預防。二級預防的一個例子是，為那些<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3" title="職業災害">職業傷害</a>所產生下腰痛的人，提供防止其健康狀況繼續惡化的策略。在這個例子看來，二級預防的所能做的，甚至比一級預防的功效會更高。<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="慢性病自我管理計劃">慢性病自我管理計劃</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：慢性病自我管理計劃">编辑</a>]</div> 在過去的幾十年中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%97%85" title="慢性病">慢性病</a>一直呈現不斷成長的趨勢，在2012年，美國有近50％的成年人受到它的影響。<a href="#cite_note-:152-14">[14]</a> 這些疾病包括有<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%AE%E5%96%98" title="哮喘">哮喘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E8%8A%82%E7%82%8E" title="关节炎">關節炎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%85" title="糖尿病">糖尿病</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E5%A3%93" title="高血壓">高血壓</a>。雖然這些症狀並無立即致命的風險，但它們給日常生活帶來沉重的負擔，無論是在社會上，都還是在經濟上，影響到個人、家庭、和所在社區的生活品質。處理慢性病的費用約占美國醫療衛生支出的70％，每年在此的花費高達近6,500億美元。 有不少，而且數目仍在增長的社區醫事機構，開始制定自我管理計劃，以協助患者正確地管理自己的行為，以及改變生活方式。<a href="#cite_note-:102-15">[15]</a> 這些預防性程序與臨床病人護理不同，可促使病人受到進一步教育，讓他們了解自己的的健康狀況，把健康擺在第一的行為納入自己的生活方式裡面。<a href="#cite_note-:122-16">[16]</a> 這些做法的特徵包括： <ul><li>將患有類似慢性疾病的患者分組，一起討論與疾病相關的事務和行為，以便改善整個群體的健康狀況</li> <li>透過日常疾病的監測，來提高患者改善的責任感</li> <li>開發廉價且大眾熟悉的慢性病自我管理計劃，用來幫助改善患者的整體健康狀況，及他們的生活品質，同時又耗用較少的醫療資源，例如就診，還有急診護理。<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:82-18">[18]</a></li></ul> 此外，更好的自我監控技能可幫助患者有效的利用醫事人員的時間，最終是導致更好的護理效果。<a href="#cite_note-:112-19">[19]</a> 許多自我管理計劃是經過醫事人員進行，或者是經由醫事人員對罹患類似疾病的患者提供訓練。將患者領導的自我管理計劃，和專業領導的成果拿來比較，兩者尚無明顯差異。<a href="#cite_note-:82-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_the_chronic-disease_self-management_program_by_ZIP_Code_and_rurality.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_of_the_chronic-disease_self-management_program_by_ZIP_Code_and_rurality.png/220px-Distribution_of_the_chronic-disease_self-management_program_by_ZIP_Code_and_rurality.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_of_the_chronic-disease_self-management_program_by_ZIP_Code_and_rurality.png/330px-Distribution_of_the_chronic-disease_self-management_program_by_ZIP_Code_and_rurality.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Distribution_of_the_chronic-disease_self-management_program_by_ZIP_Code_and_rurality.png/440px-Distribution_of_the_chronic-disease_self-management_program_by_ZIP_Code_and_rurality.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>參與美國郊區慢性病自我管理教育計劃（簡稱為CDSME）的人口分佈圖，他們大約佔全國郊區人口的22.1%到24.4%。</figcaption></figure> 關於這些管理計劃的功效，以及它們如何有效地影響患者的行為，以及患者了解他們自己的健康狀況，存有許多爭論。一些研究認為，自我管理計劃能有效改善患者的生活品質，並減少醫療衛生支出和就診次數。在2001年所做的一項研究，透過為期1年和2年的醫療資源利用和自我管理後，對患者的健康狀況作評估，以確定慢性病自我管理計劃的有效性。在對800名罹患各類型的慢性病（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="心臟病">心臟病</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%A2%A8" title="中風">中風</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E8%8A%82%E7%82%8E" title="关节炎">關節炎</a>）的患者作分析，研究發現在2年後，健康狀況有顯著改善，進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E8%A8%BA%E5%AE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="急診室">急診室</a>，還有醫師就診次數也減少（1年後的結果也很顯著）。研究結論是，這些低成本的自我管理計劃，可減少醫療衛生服務的利用，並改善患者的整體健康。<a href="#cite_note-:92-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="美國衛生及公共服務部">美國衛生及公共服務部</a>之下的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E9%99%A2_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" title="國家衛生院 (美國)">國家衛生院</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> 在2003年所做的另一項研究，對一項為期7週的慢性病自我管理計劃做分析（這計劃是在18歲以上，患有一種或多種慢性病的群體中進行），針對計劃的成本效益和健康功效。他們觀察到與上面所述的模式有類似的結果，例如健康狀況改善、進急診室和醫師就診次數的減少、醫院就診時間的縮短。他們還注意到，在測量住院費用，和急診室費用後發現，這種自我管理計劃帶來的節省為每人近489美元。<a href="#cite_note-:72-22">[22]</a>最後，在2005年所做的一項對於多個慢性疾病自我管理計劃的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="元分析">整合分析</a>研究，這分析研究專門針對高血壓、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E5%85%B3%E8%8A%82%E7%82%8E" title="骨关节炎">骨關節炎</a>、和糖尿病，對不同的干預組做比較以及對比。結論是糖尿病和高血壓的自我管理計劃，在整體健康上，有顯著臨床上的益處。<a href="#cite_note-:102-15">[15]</a> 另一方面，有些對慢性病自我管理計劃的研究發現，它們的的有效性乏善可陳。在之前的2005年，有個在<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="澳大利亞">澳大利亞</a>的研究，發現對骨關節炎自我管理計劃的健康益處，以及所有計劃的成本效益沒有臨床上的益處。<a href="#cite_note-:102-15">[15]</a> 此外，在2004年，有一篇<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="文獻評論">文獻評論</a>，根據疾病種類，分析慢性病自我管理教育計劃的變異性，以及它們的重疊相似性，研究人員發現 "對某些慢性病，只有小，或者只有輕微的影響而已"，他們的建議是需再做進一步的研究。<a href="#cite_note-:122-16">[16]</a> 一些計劃正在尋求把自我管理計劃，整合到傳統的<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="醫療系統">醫療系統</a>中，特別是初級醫療衛生，以結合行為改善，並減少慢性病患者日益增加的就診機次數。<a href="#cite_note-:33-23">[23]</a> 但是，他們認為，嚴重的局限性會阻礙這些計劃發揮其全部潛力。慢性病自我管理教育計劃的局限性包括：<a href="#cite_note-:112-19">[19]</a> <ul><li>方案中<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="少數民族">少數族裔</a>文化代表性不足</li> <li>自我管理計劃中缺乏醫學/衛生專業人士涉入（尤其是在初級醫療衛生的階段）</li> <li>在社區內推動這種計劃的方式過於低調</li> <li>聯邦/州政府未能提供足夠的經費</li> <li>慢性病患者參與度不足</li> <li>計劃本身的有效性/可靠性不確定</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="三級醫療衛生">三級醫療衛生</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：三級醫療衛生">编辑</a>]</div> 在三級醫療衛生中，社區衛生受到影響的部分是人口中的某些患者需要被轉診給專家，接受更進一步的的治療。在某些國家裡，醫學專業的子專業人員比初級醫療衛生專家更多。<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> 醫療衛生資源不平等，與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%89%B9%E6%9D%83" title="社会特权">社會特權</a>，和社會資源的分配方式有直接關係。<a href="#cite_note-:2-12">[12]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>以人為中心的初級醫療衛生護理，和傳統的醫療衛生護理不同之處 <a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>在診所或在醫院門診部的門診護理 </th> <th>疾病控制計劃 </th> <th>以人為中心的初級醫療衛生護理 </th></tr> <tr> <td>重心在看病及治病 </td> <td>重心在需要優先處理的疾病 </td> <td>重心在醫療衛生的需求 </td></tr> <tr> <td>關係僅在問診時發生 </td> <td>關係僅發生在執行的計劃上 </td> <td>維持持續的個人關係 </td></tr> <tr> <td>陣發性的治療護理 </td> <td>針對特定計劃執行的疾病控制干預 </td> <td>全面性、持續性、以個人為中心的護理 </td></tr> <tr> <td>責任僅在問診當時給予患者有效，安全的診斷 </td> <td>責任僅在針對特定群體中的特定疾病的控制 </td> <td>責任在於社區人們生命週期內的醫療衛生事項，責任在於解決針對健康不利的因素 </td></tr> <tr> <td>使用者為接受護理的患者 </td> <td>人口群體是疾病控制干預的服務對象 </td> <td>在社區的人們是管理他們自身的醫療衛生事務的合作夥伴 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社區衛生面臨的挑戰和困難">社區衛生面臨的挑戰和困難</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：社區衛生面臨的挑戰和困難">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Table_2_Summary_of_Governance_Issues,_Strategies,_and_Problems.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Table_2_Summary_of_Governance_Issues%2C_Strategies%2C_and_Problems.tif/lossy-page1-550px-Table_2_Summary_of_Governance_Issues%2C_Strategies%2C_and_Problems.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="550" height="498" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Table_2_Summary_of_Governance_Issues%2C_Strategies%2C_and_Problems.tif/lossy-page1-825px-Table_2_Summary_of_Governance_Issues%2C_Strategies%2C_and_Problems.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Table_2_Summary_of_Governance_Issues%2C_Strategies%2C_and_Problems.tif/lossy-page1-1100px-Table_2_Summary_of_Governance_Issues%2C_Strategies%2C_and_Problems.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1399" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption> 摘要的治理问题、治理的議題、策略、還有新的/老的問題。<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B7%E6%9C%89%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%A9%E5%88%87%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="具有文化適切性的醫療衛生（页面不存在）">具有文化適切性的醫療衛生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_healthcare" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural competence in healthcare">Cultural competence in healthcare</a>）</div> 社區衛生的複雜性及其本身的各種問題，會讓研究人員難以評估和找出解決方案。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%90%E5%90%88%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="結合社區參與的研究工作（页面不存在）">結合社區參與的研究工作</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-based_participatory_research" class="extiw" title="en:Community-based participatory research">Community-based participatory research</a>）（簡稱為CBPR）是結合社區的參與、探究、和採取行動的獨特替代方法。<a href="#cite_note-:1-26">[26]</a> 結合社區參與的研究工作，可幫助研究人員，從更廣泛的角度去解決社區問題，並與社區中的人們一起尋求結合文化的、有效、和可靠的方法和路徑。<a href="#cite_note-:1-26">[26]</a> 其他問題涉及醫療服務的取得，以及費用。世界上絕大部分的國家地區並沒有足夠的<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="醫療保險">醫療保險</a>覆蓋。<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a> 在低收入國家，由公家/政府支付的醫療衛生經費低於總支出的40％。<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a> 開發中國家的衛生部門無法將國家的主管部門，與地方政府，以及社區行動聯繫起來，因此社區衛生，甚至是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全民衛生（页面不存在）">全民衛生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polulation_health" class="extiw" title="en:polulation health">polulation health</a>）都無法受到資助。<a href="#cite_note-:3-27">[27]</a> 在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E8%80%85%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B3%E4%BB%B7%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="患者保护与平价医疗法案">患者保護與平價醫療法案</a>》（簡稱為ACA，或是PPACA）通過後，把<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="社區衛生中心">社區衛生中心</a>的運作方式和既有政策做了改變，產生重大的影響。<a href="#cite_note-:4-28">[28]</a> PPACA透過增加經費，擴大<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A3%9C%E5%8A%A9" title="聯邦醫療補助">聯邦醫療補助</a>（簡稱為Medicaid）保險覆蓋的範圍、改革支付系統、撥款15億美元來增加人力和促進訓練，直接對社區衛生中心發生影響。<a href="#cite_note-:4-28">[28]</a> PPACA所造成的影響、重要性、和成功程度仍在研究之中，結果可用來確定社區衛生的標準，以及個人的健康如何受到這個法案的影響。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="南半球的社區衛生">南半球的社區衛生</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：南半球的社區衛生">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83" title="南半球">南半球</a>地區接觸到社區衛生的機會，會受到地理位置的可及性（從服務點到用戶的實際距離）、可用性（適當的護理類型、服務提供者、和藥物器械）、財務可及性（患者購買的意願和能力）、和可接受性（服務提供者對患者的本身，以及患者所屬社區的社會和文化規範的回應）<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6%E8%BD%AC%E5%8F%98" title="流行病学转变">流行病學轉變</a>現象正促使開發中國家在疾病上的負擔，由傳染病轉移到非傳染病，但在南半球的部分地區，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞">南亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="中東">中東</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲">撒哈拉以南非洲</a>，這種轉變仍處於早期的階段。<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>開發中國家的兩種現象給位於南半球，醫療衛生服務不足的社區造成"醫療<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A5%B2%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE" title="世襲貧窮">貧困陷阱</a>"-一是引入公共醫療衛生服務要收取費用，二是患者支付<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BB%98%E8%B2%BB%E7%94%A8" title="自付費用">自付費用</a>來取得私人醫療衛生服務。<a href="#cite_note-:83-31">[31]</a>南部非洲的中低收入社區利用私營醫療衛生服務治療諸如<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%A7%E7%96%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="瘧疾">瘧疾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="結核病">結核病</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="性傳染病">性傳染病</a>的情況日漸增多。<a href="#cite_note-:83-31">[31]</a>這種護理的特點是取得更靈活、等待時間更短、選擇更多。服務於低收入社區的私人<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E8%80%85" title="醫療衛生提供者">醫療衛生提供者</a>通常不具執照，也未受過訓練。一些政策制定者建議開發中國家的政府利用培養私人服務提供者，來擺脫由國家提供醫療服務的責任<a href="#cite_note-:83-31">[31]</a>。 社區衛生經常被用為公共醫療衛生的干預措施，以便社區有能力能自力更生，並能控制影響健康的因素。<a href="#cite_note-:93-32">[32]</a> 社區衛生工作者能利用他們的一手經驗，或者當地的知識，在科學家和政策制定者設計衛生干預措施時，提供補充的信息。<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> 事實證明，透過降低<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF" title="營養不良">營養不良</a>比率、改善母嬰健康、以及預防和管理<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="愛滋病">愛滋病</a>，這些社區衛生工作者所做的干預，可改善開發中國家的初級醫療衛生，和護理品質。<a href="#cite_note-:103-34">[34]</a> 社區衛生工作者還被證明可以通過改善糖尿病、高血壓、和心血管疾病患者的臨床治療成果，而增強慢性疾病的管理。<a href="#cite_note-:103-34">[34]</a> 南半球的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E6%B0%91%E7%AA%9F" title="貧民窟">貧民窟</a>居民面臨由於暴力，和道路交通事故引起的傳染病、非傳染疾病、還有傷殘的威脅。<a href="#cite_note-:113-35">[35]</a> 在城市內所做的參與性，多目標的貧民窟的改造，大幅把影響到有關健康的社會因素（例如安全住房、食物獲取、政治和性別權利、教育、和就業狀況）改善。人們正致力，讓城市貧民參與項目和政策的設計與實施。經由各國的貧民窟升級，各國體認到並承認城市窮人的權利，以及滿足他們在基本服務上的需求。升級的範圍從小規模的部門特定項目（如供水龍頭，鋪砌道路）到綜合性住房，和基礎設施項目（即自來水，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="下水道">下水道</a>）不等。其他項目則是把社會計劃中的環境互動，和政治授權結合在一起。最近，貧民窟改造項目也可避免居民在改造過程中發生流離失所的情況，並注意到有關適應<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="氣候變遷">氣候變遷</a>的新問題。透過讓貧民窟居民得到身份及居住權的合法化，貧民窟改造可以替代貧民窟的拆除，而改造本身可以解決社區人口健康的結構性因素。<a href="#cite_note-:113-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="學術資源">學術資源</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：學術資源">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯普林格城市衛生雜誌（页面不存在）">斯普林格城市衛生雜誌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Urban_Health,_Springer" class="extiw" title="en:Journal of Urban Health, Springer">Journal of Urban Health, Springer</a>），雙月刊。 ISSN 1468-2869（電子版）ISSN 1099-3460（紙版）。</li> <li>國際社區健康教育季刊（International Quarterly of Community Health Education）， <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Publications">Sage Publications</a>。 ISSN 1541-3519（電子版），ISSN 0272-684X（紙版）。</li> <li>全球公共衛生（Global Public Health）月刊，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Informa_Healthcare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Informa Healthcare（页面不存在）">Informa Healthcare</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa_Healthcare" class="extiw" title="en:Informa Healthcare">Informa Healthcare</a>）。 ISSN 1744-1692（紙版）。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯普林格社區健康雜誌（页面不存在）">斯普林格社區健康雜誌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Community_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Journal of Community Health">Journal of Community Health</a>）。 ISSN 1573-3610。</li> <li>家庭和社區健康（Family and Community Health），<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lippincott Williams & Wilkins（页面不存在）">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins" class="extiw" title="en:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins">Lippincott Williams & Wilkins</a>）。 ISSN 0160-6379（電子版）。</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%83%E9%80%B2%E8%88%87%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康促進與教育（页面不存在）">健康促進與教育</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Promotion_Practice" class="extiw" title="en:Health Promotion Practice">Health Promotion Practice</a>），雙月刊，<a href="/wiki/Sage_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Publications">Sage Publications</a>。 ISSN 1552-6372（電子版）ISSN 1524-8399（紙版）。</li></ul> <ul><li>衛生服務研究與政策雜誌（Journal of Health Services Research and Policy），<a href="/wiki/Sage_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Publications">Sage Publications</a>。 ISSN 1758-1060（電子版）ISSN 1355-8196（紙版）。</li></ul> <ul><li>BMC健康科學研究（BMC Health Sciences Research），<a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomed_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomed Central（页面不存在）">Biomed Central</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomed_Central" class="extiw" title="en:Biomed Central">Biomed Central</a>）。 ISSN 1472-6963（電子）。</li></ul> <ul><li>健康服務研究（Health Services Research）。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiley-Blackwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiley-Blackwell（页面不存在）">Wiley-Blackwell</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" class="extiw" title="en:Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>）。 ISSN 1475-6773（電子版）。</li></ul> <ul><li>健康交流與讀寫能力：帶註釋的書目（Health Communication and Literacy: An Annotated Bibliography），魁北克讀書識字中心（Centre for Literacy of Quebec）。 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0968103456" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0968103456</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社區心理健康服務（页面不存在）">社區心理健康服務</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_mental_health_service" class="extiw" title="en:Community mental health service">Community mental health service</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%B2%E4%B8%8A%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="網上健康社群（页面不存在）">網上健康社群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_health_communities" class="extiw" title="en:Online health communities">Online health communities</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A3%E7%8D%84%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="監獄改革（页面不存在）">監獄改革</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_reform" class="extiw" title="en:Prison reform">Prison reform</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%AD%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緬甸馬圭社區衛生大學（页面不存在）">緬甸馬圭社區衛生大學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Community_Health,_Magway" class="extiw" title="en:University of Community Health, Magway">University of Community Health, Magway</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading 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Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780262270809" title="Special:网络书源/9780262270809">ISBN 9780262270809</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/62896609">OCLC 62896609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&rft.au=Corburn%2C+Jason.&rft.btitle=Street+science+%3A+community+knowledge+and+environmental+health+justice&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780262270809&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62896609&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:103-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:103_34-0">34.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:103_34-1">34.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Javanparast S, Windle A, Freeman T, Baum F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6186464">Community Health Worker Programs to Improve Healthcare Access and Equity: Are They Only Relevant to Low- and Middle-Income Countries?</a>. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. July 2018, 7 (10): 943–954. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6186464">PMC 6186464</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316247">PMID 30316247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15171%2Fijhpm.2018.53">doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2018.53</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&rft.atitle=Community+Health+Worker+Programs+to+Improve+Healthcare+Access+and+Equity%3A+Are+They+Only+Relevant+to+Low-+and+Middle-Income+Countries%3F&rft.au=Baum%2C+F&rft.au=Freeman%2C+T&rft.au=Windle%2C+A&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Javanparast&rft.date=2018-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Health+Policy+and+Management&rft.pages=943-954&rft.volume=7&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6186464&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6186464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15171%2Fijhpm.2018.53&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30316247&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:113-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:113_35-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:113_35-1">35.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Corburn J, Sverdlik A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409543">Slum Upgrading and Health Equity</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. March 2017, 14 (4): 342. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5409543">PMC 5409543</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28338613">PMID 28338613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph14040342">doi:10.3390/ijerph14040342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&rft.atitle=Slum+Upgrading+and+Health+Equity&rft.au=Sverdlik%2C+A&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Corburn&rft.date=2017-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.pages=342&rft.volume=14&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5409543&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5409543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph14040342&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28338613&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀">延伸閱讀</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Agafonow, Alejandro. Setting the bar of social enterprise research high. Learning from medical science. Social Science & Medicine. 2018, 214: 49–56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30149199">PMID 30149199</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2018.08.020">doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.08.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&rft.atitle=Setting+the+bar+of+social+enterprise+research+high.+Learning+from+medical+science&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.aulast=Agafonow&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+%26+Medicine&rft.pages=49-56&rft.volume=214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2018.08.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30149199&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>John Sanbourne Bockoven (1963). Moral Treatment in American Psychiatry, New York: Springer Publishing Co.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">缺少ISBN</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/whatishm.htm">Health marketing- CDC</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101018041524/https://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/whatishm.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health">Environmental health</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A2%83%E5%AD%B8" title="優境學">優境學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA" title="全民健康保險">全民健康保險</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E7%85%A7%E8%AD%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="長期照護">長期照護</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">风险管理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">醫用微生物及免疫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="医学社会学">医学社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E8%A9%95%E4%BC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康影響評估（页面不存在）">健康影響評估</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" class="extiw" title="en:Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="健康素養">健康素養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="衛生政策">衛生政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="心理健康">心理健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="全球化與疾病">全球化與疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="生殖健康">生殖健康</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="社会心理学">社会心理学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%B8%8E%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康与疾病社会学（页面不存在）">健康与疾病社会学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" class="extiw" title="en:Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境衛生（页面不存在）">環境衛生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental health">Environmental health</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="預防醫學">預防醫學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%83%E8%BF%9B" title="健康促进">健康促进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E8%AF%84%E4%BC%B0" title="风险评估">风险评估</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="卫生学">卫生学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">食品安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%97%E6%89%8B" title="洗手">洗手</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%8E%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感染预防与控制（页面不存在）">感染预防与控制</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_prevention_and_control" class="extiw" title="en:Infection prevention and control">Infection prevention and control</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%85%94%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" title="口腔衛生">口腔衛生</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毒理學測試（页面不存在）">毒理學測試</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology_testing" class="extiw" title="en:Toxicology testing">Toxicology testing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="職業安全健康">職業安全健康</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E7%97%85" title="职业病">职业病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="人因工程学">人因工程学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E6%A5%AD%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="職業衛生">职业卫生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational hygiene">Occupational hygiene</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="职业医学">职业医学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%8A%A4%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="职业健康护理（页面不存在）">职业健康护理</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" class="extiw" title="en:Occupational health nursing">Occupational health nursing</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BA%BA%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="病人安全">病人安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="安全性行為">安全性行為</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD" title="卫生设施">卫生设施</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%84" title="粪口路径">粪口路径</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%92%E4%BE%BF" title="露天排便">露天排便</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="下水道">下水道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E5%A1%AB" title="堆填">垃圾掩埋場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%9D%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="自来水">自来水</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="风险管理">風險溝通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E7%83%9F" title="戒烟">戒烟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="病媒控制">病媒控制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人口健康（页面不存在）">人口健康</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_health" class="extiw" title="en:Population health">Population health</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="儿童死亡率">儿童死亡率</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">社區衛生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球健康（页面不存在）">全球健康</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_health" class="extiw" title="en:Global health">Global health</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="醫療系統">醫療系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="婴儿死亡率">婴儿死亡率</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%BA%90%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开源健康软件列表（页面不存在）">开源健康软件</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of open-source health software">List of open-source health software</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="健康的社会决定因素">健康的社会决定因素</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康平等（页面不存在）">健康平等</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_equity" class="extiw" title="en:Health equity">Health equity</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="种族与健康（页面不存在）">种族与健康</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_health" class="extiw" title="en:Race and health">Race and health</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">计算机科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康不平等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="人口老化">人口老化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="少子化">少子化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="優生學">優生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2" title="自殺預防">自殺預防</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会医学（页面不存在）">社会医学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Social medicine">Social medicine</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生物& 流行病統計</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="假說檢定">統計學假說</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%B7%AE%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="方差分析">方差分析(ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B4%E6%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="迴歸分析">迴歸分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="ROC曲线">ROC曲线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%BE%92%E9%A0%93t%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A" title="司徒頓t檢定">学生t检验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C" title="Z检验">Z检验</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="病例對照研究">病例對照研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="随机对照试验">随机对照试验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="临床流行病学">临床流行病学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA" title="相對風險">相對風險</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統計軟體列表（页面不存在）">統計軟體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of statistical software">List of statistical software</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="統計分析系統">SAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">傳染病流行病 的疾病防治</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%80%85" title="帶原者">帶原者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="性傳染病">性傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗管制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="法定傳染病">法定傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85" title="流行病">流行病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="流行病列表">列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">疫情監測</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E7%96%AB" title="檢疫">檢疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="健康经济学">醫療經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8C%81%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2" title="保持社交距離">保持社交距離</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶病（页面不存在）">熱帶病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="食品卫生">食品卫生</a> 及安全管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>食品 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="食品添加劑">添加劑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食品微生物学（页面不存在）">微生物学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="食品安全">安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%BB%91%E5%BF%83%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="Category:黑心食品">食品安全丑闻</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="食品加工">食品加工</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%84%AA%E8%89%AF%E8%BE%B2%E7%94%A2%E5%93%81%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E%E6%A8%99%E7%AB%A0" title="台灣優良農產品證明標章">CAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好生产规范">良好生产规范</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E5%AE%B3%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%B6%E9%BB%9E" title="危害分析重要管制點">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E5%A5%BD%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" title="良好农业规范">良好农业规范</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" class="mw-redirect" title="Halal">Halal</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F" title="清真">清真認證</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="食品技术">食品技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="轉基因">基因改造</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81" title="基因改造食品">基因改造食品</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">健康行為科學</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="創新擴散理論">創新擴散理論</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="健康信念模式（页面不存在）">健康信念模式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_belief_model" class="extiw" title="en:Health belief model">Health belief model</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性行為模式（页面不存在）">理性行為模式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_emotive_behavior_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Rational emotive behavior therapy">Rational emotive behavior therapy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="計畫行為理論">計畫行為理論</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="階段變化模式（页面不存在）">階段變化模式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" class="extiw" title="en:Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會認知理論">社會認知理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會支持理論">社會支持理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD" title="健康传播">健康传播</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Precede_porceed%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Precede porceed模式（页面不存在）">precede porceed模式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRECEDE-PROCEED" class="extiw" title="en:PRECEDE-PROCEED">PRECEDE-PROCEED</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%87%9F%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社區健康營造（页面不存在）">社區健康營造</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_health" class="extiw" title="en:Community health">Community health</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態模式（页面不存在）">生態模式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem model">Ecosystem model</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織， 教育， 和歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%BB%81%E6%89%80%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="世界廁所組織">世界廁所組織</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒比公共卫生局（页面不存在）">加勒比公共卫生局</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" class="extiw" title="en:Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a>）</li> <li>中华人民共和国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%B1%80" title="国家疾病预防控制局">国家疾病预防控制局</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="中国疾病预防控制中心">中国疾病预防控制中心（CCDC）</a></li></ul></li> <li>歐洲 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="歐洲疾病預防控制中心">歐洲疾病預防控制中心（ECDC）</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会（页面不存在）">欧洲议会环境，公共卫生和食品安全委员会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" class="extiw" title="en:European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>美国 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%8E%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="美国疾病控制与预防中心">美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%B1%80" title="美國公共衛生局">美國公共衛生局</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生教育委员会（页面不存在）">公共卫生教育委员会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>印度<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卫生和家庭福利部（页面不存在）">卫生和家庭福利部</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" class="extiw" title="en:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="健康教育">健康教育</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共卫生理学学士（页面不存在）">公共卫生理学学士</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" class="extiw" title="en:Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="公共卫生博士">公共卫生博士</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·李斯特">约瑟夫·李斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B1%B1%E9%A1%8D" title="瑪格麗特·山額">山額夫人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·斯诺 (医学家)">约翰·斯诺</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克（页面不存在）">薩拉·約瑟芬·貝克</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" class="extiw" title="en:Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E9%BE%8D" title="瑪莉·馬龍">傷寒瑪莉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="鐳女郎">鐳女郎</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%9A%84%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病的細菌理論（页面不存在）">疾病的細菌理論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會衛生運動（页面不存在）">社會衛生運動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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